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Air and fuel mixture flows through inlet valve and exhaust leaves through exhaust valve
Convertsreciprocating motion to rotary motion using piston and crank shaft
TDC; Top Dead Center: Position of the piston where it forms the smallest volume
BDC; Bottom Dead Center: Position of the piston where it forms the largest volume
Stroke: Distance between TDC and BDC
Bore: Diameter of the piston (internal diameter of the cylinder)
Clearance volume: minimum volume formed
Compression ratio: ratio of maximum volume to minimum volumeVBDC/VTDC
Engine displacement = (# of cylinders) x (stroke length) x (bore area) (usually given in cc or liters)
MEP: mean effective pressure: A const. theoretical pressure that if acts on piston produces work same as
that during an actual cycle
Wnet = MEP x Piston area x Stroke
= MEP x displacement volume
4 Stoke engine
Otto cycle
Compression ratio
Qin = U3-U2
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
For higher efficiency, higher compression ratios are required, as shown below.
However, increase in pressure ratios, would increase the air-fuel temperature above the temperature at
which the mixture can auto-ignite.
This would result in 'engine-knock', reducing the performance of the engine. In order to avoid such situations,
additives are generally added which increases the auto-ignition temperature.
4 Stroke CI engine
Cycle consists of four distinct strokes (processes) as in the case of SI engines, except that the spark plug is
replaced by a fuel injector
Intake
Compression stroke
Power stroke
Exhaust
Here the fuel is injected when the piston approaches TDC, ie when the air is at maximum temperature due to
compression.
The combustion process starts now
The fuel is injected after the piston starts moving down The volume increases, on the other hand, the fuel
evaporates to fill the volume. Thus keeping the pressure inside roughly the same.
Hence the combustion can be considered to occur at constant pressure.
Diesel Cycle
Given:
(1)
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
(2)
Process 2-3: Isobaric heat addition
(3)
Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion
(4)
Thermal efficiency
However a smaller rc yields less net work per cycle, so to achieve the same power at lower rc values higher
engine speeds are required.
Otto and Diesel cycle comparison
Therefore, the efficiency of the diesel cycle is less than that of the otto cycle for the same compression ration.
However, the advantages of Diesel over petrol engines is that we can operate at higher compression ratios
without auto ignition and fuel is less expensive.
Brayton cycle therefore consists of two isobars and two reversible adiabatics (isentropics):
Air is first compressed reversibly and adiabatically
Heat is added to it reversibly at constant pressure
Air expands reversibly, adiabatically in the turbine The heat is removed from the system reversibly at
constant pressure to bring it to original state
P-V, T-S diagram of ideal Brayton Cycle
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-1
Isentropic compression
Constant pressure heat addition
Isentropic expansion
Constant pressure heat removal
Thermal efficiency:
The thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle is
Since processes 1-2 & 3-4 are isentropic between the same pressures :-
T3 is usually fixed by metallurgical limits on turbine blading & T1 is the natural sink temperature for an ideal
cooler. The two dotted cycles show the limits of operation. Consider left hand dotted cycle. Here the
pressure ratio is large & the cycle efficiency approaches the Carnot Efficiency ie T2 has been raised.
Unfortunately the net work output is approaching zero. The other dotted cycle has a reduced T2 & again net
work output is approaching zero. It can be shown that for an ideal cycle with fixed T1 and T3, the value of T2
for maximum work output is:
Irreversibilities and isentropic efficiencies
We shall only consider the effect of irreversibilities upon compression and expansion processes.
Irreversibilities in heaters and coolers who up as pressure drops and are not considered here.
The two T-S diagrams, show the effect on compression and expansion processes in general from state 1 to
state 2. These are analogous to the similar diagrams for the Rankine cycle except that they are processes of
a perfect gas. Then for the steady flow compression process:-