Thevenin PDF

5: Thvenin and Norton
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Determining Thevenin
Values
Thevenin of Complicated
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Equivalents
Thevenin and Norton: 5 1 / 11
Equivalent Networks
Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Equivalent Networks
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

Use nodal analysis:
XV
KCL@X: X
=0
1 6+
2
I =0
KCL@V: V X
2
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Equivalent Networks
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Use nodal analysis:
XV
KCL@X: X
=0
1 6+
2
I =0
KCL@V: V X
2
Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
Equivalent Networks
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Use nodal analysis:
XV
KCL@X: X
=0
1 6+
2
I =0
KCL@V: V X
2
There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:
Equivalent Networks
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Use nodal analysis:
XV
KCL@X: X
=0
1 6+
2
I =0
KCL@V: V X
2
Equivalent Networks
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Use nodal analysis:
XV
KCL@X: X
=0
1 6+
2
I =0
KCL@V: V X
2
These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

between V and I is exactly the same in each case.
Equivalent Networks
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Use nodal analysis:
XV
KCL@X: X
=0
1 6+
2
I =0
KCL@V: V X
2
These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

between V and I is exactly the same in each case.
The last two are particularly simple and are called the Norton and Thvenin
equivalent networks.
Thvenin Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Thvenin Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
We can replace the shaded part of the
circuit with its Thvenin equivalent
network.
Thvenin Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
network.
Thvenin Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
network.
The voltages and currents in the unshaded
part of the circuit will be identical in both
circuits.
Thvenin Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
network.
circuits.
The new components are called the
Thvenin equivalent resistance, RT h , and
the Thvenin equivalent voltage, VT h , of
the original network.
Thvenin Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
network.
circuits.
The new components are called the
Thvenin equivalent resistance, RT h , and
the Thvenin equivalent voltage, VT h , of
the original network.
This is often a useful way to simplify a complicated circuit (provided that

you do not want to know the voltages and currents in the shaded part).
Thevenin Circuit Properties
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has

a straight line characteristic with
the equation:
V = RT h I + VT h
I=
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
1
RT h V
VT h
RT h
0
I (mA)

Equivalents
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

the equation:
V = RT h I + VT h
I=
1
RT h V
VT h
RT h
0
I (mA)

Equivalents
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Three important quantities are:

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h .
(X-intercept: o)
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

the equation:
V = RT h I + VT h
I=
1
RT h V
0
I (mA)

Equivalents
VT h
RT h
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)

VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = R
Th
(X-intercept: o)
(Y-intercept: x)
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

the equation:
V = RT h I + VT h
I=
1
RT h V
0
I (mA)

Equivalents
VT h
RT h
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)

VT h
Th
(X-intercept: o)
(Y-intercept: x)
dI
= R1T h .
Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is dV
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

the equation:
V = RT h I + VT h
I=
1
RT h V
0
I (mA)

Equivalents
VT h
RT h
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)

VT h
Th
(X-intercept: o)
(Y-intercept: x)
dI
= R1T h .
If we know the value of any two of these three quantities, we can work out
VT h and RT h .
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

the equation:
V = RT h I + VT h
I=
1
RT h V
0
I (mA)

Equivalents
VT h
RT h
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)

VT h
Th
(X-intercept: o)
(Y-intercept: x)
dI
= R1T h .
If we know the value of any two of these three quantities, we can work out
VT h and RT h .
In any two-terminal circuit with the same characteristic, the three quantities
will have the same values. So if we can determine two of them, we can
work out the Thvenin equivalent.
Determining Thevenin Values

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
We need any two of the following:

Open Circuit Voltage:
Short Circuit Current:
Thvenin Resistance:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

Thvenin Resistance:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

We known that I1k = 6 because there is nowhere else for the current to go.
So VOC = 6 1 = 6 V.

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
Thvenin Resistance:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

We known that I1k = 6 because there is nowhere else for the current to go.
So VOC = 6 1 = 6 V.

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

Thvenin Resistance:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

The 2 k and 1 k resistors are in parallel and so form a current divider in
which currents are proportional to conductances.
1/2
So ISC = 3/2 6 = 2 mA

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

VT h
Short Circuit Current: ISC = R
= 2 mA
Th
Thvenin Resistance:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

The 2 k and 1 k resistors are in parallel and so form a current divider in
which currents are proportional to conductances.
1/2
So ISC = 3/2 6 = 2 mA

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

VT h
= 2 mA
Th
Thvenin Resistance:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Thvenin Resistance:
We set all the independent sources to zero (voltage sources short
circuit, current sources open circuit). Then we find the equivalent
resistance between the two terminals.
The 3 k resistor has no effect so RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k.

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

VT h
= 2 mA
Th
Thvenin Resistance: RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Thvenin Resistance:

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

VT h
= 2 mA
Th
Thvenin Resistance: RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Thvenin Resistance:
Any measurement gives the same result on the equivalent circuit.
Thevenin of Complicated Circuits

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
For a complicated circuit, you can use

nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
equivalent directly in the form:
V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

V = VT h + IRT h .
Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

V = VT h + IRT h .
Step 2: Write down the equations

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

V = VT h + IRT h .
Step 2: Write down the equations
XV
2
X
1
XY
1
=0

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

V = VT h + IRT h .
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
XV
2
Y 3V
1
X
1
XY
1
Y X
1
=0
Y 3
2
=0

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

V = VT h + IRT h .
XV
2
X
1
Y 3V
1
Y X
1
V Y +3
1
V X
2
I =0
XY
1
=0
Y 3
2
=0

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

V = VT h + IRT h .
XV
2
X
1
Y 3V
1
Y X
1
V Y +3
1
V X
2
I =0
XY
1
=0
Y 3
2
=0
Step 3: Eliminate X and Y and

solve for V in terms of I :
V = 57 I
3
5
= RT h I + VT h

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

V = VT h + IRT h .
XV
2
X
1
Y 3V
1
Y X
1
V Y +3
1
V X
2
I =0
XY
1
=0
Y 3
2
=0
Step 3: Eliminate X and Y and

solve for V in terms of I :
V = 57 I
3
5
= RT h I + VT h
Norton Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
source.
KCL:
I IN O +
V
RT h
=0
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Norton Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
KCL:
I IN O + RVT h = 0
I = R1T h V IN O
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Norton Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
KCL:
I IN O + RVT h = 0
I = R1T h V IN O
c.f. Thvenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN O = R
Th
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Norton Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
KCL:
I IN O + RVT h = 0
I = R1T h V IN O
VT h
Same R and IN O = R
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Th
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN O RT h .
Norton Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
KCL:
I IN O + RVT h = 0
I = R1T h V IN O
VT h
Same R and IN O = R
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Th

Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = IN O
Norton Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
KCL:
I IN O + RVT h = 0
I = R1T h V IN O
VT h
Same R and IN O = R
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Th

Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is R1 .
Th
Norton Equivalent
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

source.
KCL:
I IN O + RVT h = 0
I = R1T h V IN O
VT h
Same R and IN O = R
-1
-2
-3
-2
V (V)
Th

Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is R1 .
Th
Easy to change between Norton and Thvenin: VT h = IN O RT h .
Usually best to use Thvenin for small RT h and Norton for high RT h
compared to the other impedances in the circuit.
Power Transfer
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal

network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Power Transfer
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Power Transfer
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
power in RL is PL = I RL =
VT2h RL
(Rth +RL )2
Power Transfer
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
VT2h RL
(Rth +RL )2
0.6
max
0.8
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
RL/Rth
Power Transfer
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
VT2h RL
(Rth +RL )2
To find the RL that maximizes PL :
0=
dPL
dRL
(RT h +RL )2 VT2h 2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

(RT h +RL )4
1
0.6
max
0.8
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
RL/Rth
Power Transfer
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
VT2h RL
(Rth +RL )2

(RT h +RL )4
VT2h (RT h +RL )2VT2h RL

(RT h +RL )3
1
0.8
0.6
max
0=
dPL
dRL
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
RL/Rth
Power Transfer
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
VT2h RL
(Rth +RL )2
0=
dPL
dRL

(RT h +RL )4

(RT h +RL )3
0.8
0.6
VT2h ((RT h + RL ) 2RL ) = 0
max

Equivalents
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
RL/Rth
Power Transfer
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
VT2h RL
(Rth +RL )2
0=
dPL
dRL

(RT h +RL )4

(RT h +RL )3
0.8
0.6
VT2h ((RT h + RL ) 2RL ) = 0
max

Equivalents
RL = RT h P(max) =
VT2h
4RT h
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
RL/Rth
Power Transfer
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

h
We know I = R VT+R
L
Th
VT2h RL
(Rth +RL )2
0=
dPL
dRL

(RT h +RL )4

(RT h +RL )3
0.8
0.6
VT2h ((RT h + RL ) 2RL ) = 0
max

Equivalents
RL = RT h P(max) =
VT2h
4RT h
For fixed RT h , the maximum power transfer

is when RL = RT h (matched load).
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
RL/Rth
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Sometimes changing between Thvenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.

Suppose we want to calculate I.
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Thvenin: I =
18(10)
5
= 5.6 A
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Thvenin: I =
18(10)
5
= 5.6 A
Thvenin Norton:
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Thvenin: I =
18(10)
5
= 5.6 A
Thvenin Norton:
Parallel resistors make current divider:
2 takes 53 of total current.
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Thvenin: I =
18(10)
5
= 5.6 A
Thvenin Norton:
Superposition: From 6 A: I = 53 6 = 3.6 A.
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Thvenin: I =
18(10)
5
= 5.6 A
Thvenin Norton:
From 5 A: I = 25 5 = 2 A.
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Thvenin: I =
18(10)
5
= 5.6 A
Thvenin Norton:
From 5 A: I = 25 5 = 2 A.
So I = 3.6 + 2 = 5.6 A
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Norton Thvenin: I =
18(10)
5
= 5.6 A
Thvenin Norton:
From 5 A: I = 25 5 = 2 A.
So I = 3.6 + 2 = 5.6 A
If you cant spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
one.
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
one.
Voltage Sources:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
one.
Voltage Sources:
We can use the left
node as the reference
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
one.
Voltage Sources:
We can use the left
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
one.
Voltage Sources:
We can use the left
Current Sources:
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
one.
Voltage Sources:
We can use the left
Current Sources:
KCL gives current into
rightmost node
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
one.
Voltage Sources:
We can use the left
Current Sources:
KCL gives current into
rightmost node
Summary
Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit

How to determine VT h , IN O and RT h
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

Method 1: Nodal analysis
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits

Method 2: Find any two of VOC = VT h , ISC = IN O , RT h
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

RT h is the equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Ohms law is satisfied: VT h = IN O RT h
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Load resistor for maximum power transfer = RT h
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Source Transformation and Rearrangement
Summary
Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thevenin Circuit
Properties
Values
Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Summary

Source Transformation and Rearrangement
For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 5 & A3.

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5: Thvenin and Norton

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

5: Thvenin and Norton

Thevenin and Norton: 5 1 / 11

From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 11

From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 11

From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 11

From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 11

From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 11

From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.

These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 11

From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.

These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 11

Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 11

Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 11

Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 11

Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 11

Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 11

Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed

This is often a useful way to simplify a complicated circuit (provided that

Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 11

Thevenin Circuit Properties

A Thvenin equivalent circuit has

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

5: Thvenin and Norton

Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 11

Thevenin Circuit Properties

A Thvenin equivalent circuit has

5: Thvenin and Norton

Three important quantities are:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 11

Thevenin Circuit Properties

A Thvenin equivalent circuit has

5: Thvenin and Norton

Three important quantities are:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-5225)

Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 11

Thevenin Circuit Properties

A Thvenin equivalent circuit has