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23/01/2011 10:28
Issue 4
Rachel Blau DuPlessis Considering the long poem:
genre problems
Will Rowe - Johan de Wit's
'Up To You Munro'
Johan de Wit - Statements
- Anything goes
Lawrence Upton - Bob
Cobbing: and the book as
medium; designs for poetry
Edmund Hardy - Pipes for
Cut Throats
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Part I.
If the tension between control and out of control is solved for,
the solutions have been genres, or subgenres. Just for
starters, I want to suggest a taxonomy of twentieth century
Long Poemsor broaden Joseph Contes, starting implicitly
with Pound, Williams, Moore, Stein, Eliot, and H.D. 5 To say
most of these modern long poems are hetero-discursive and
hetero-generic is hardly to scratch the surfaceliterally
anything can be found in them: shifting voices, including the
polyvocal and multilingual, analytic claims, exorbitant
intertextual citation (from other poems but also from treatises,
scrapbooks, archives, documents), para-textual apparatuses
(notes, doubled narratives, glosses). In that zone, any textual
mark, glyph or signeven white spacemay be a plausible,
serious event. Often these poems point to paradigm-shattering
critical interpretations of ones culture, both in the sociohistorical and in the literary sense; they seek accountability,
analysis, resistance, even transformation. They might be
mythopoetic, of world-vast spiritual scope, an excoriation or a
satiric resistance to culture and society, a critique by
accumulation of evidence. Sometimes they manifest a
thaumaturgic function for the poem and its central subjectivity
the speaker claims some power of naming, curing,
envisioning a future, reinterpreting, mourning. Often such a
text reorganizes the library; it is a poem that deliberately,
nobly, even maliciously absorbs and transposes Great Works
of the past while adding its own reading list, including itself. 6
[In the genre identification line of thinking, there are now
the following categories. Most readers ought to be able to fill
in appropriate names. 1. Narrative/ Musical/ Mythic Works. 2.
Hyperspace Encyclopedic Epics 3. Works of Seriality 4. Odic
Logbooks of Continuance 5. New Realist Procedurals 6. Long
Poem as Essay or Conceptual Text. After several pages of
definition with examples, I go on:]
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Part II.
Im not straining to be Derridean here, but the essay (1979/
1980; rev. 1986) called The Law of Genre does shed a
pulsing strobe light on our proceedings, and quite dizzyingly. If
we believe Jacques Derrida, this attempt to define the long
poem can have only one finding. If ever there were a genre of
the modern and contemporary long poem as a law, that
law of genre has been mootedas is true of any genre,
according to the slidy sort of law illegally handed down in
Derridas essay. Any genre can only be self-different,
contaminated and parasitic (terms from Acts 227). Derrida: I
submit for your consideration the following hypothesis: a text
would not belong to any genre. Every text participates in one
or several genres, there is no genreless text, there is always a
genre and genres, yet such participation never amounts to
belonging (Acts 230). This both giveth and taketh awayit
postulates genre and displaces its solidity at once by evoking
mobility (as well as, curiously, the agency of the text.). And
all this still in the eyes of the beholder, herself beholden to
tacit genre definitions that are also being undone and
surpassed even as they are postulated. Thus a given genre has
no borders as such, and the fact that no classificatory
boundary represents anything but an oversimplified but porous
bit of fencing or hedging (puns intended) is illustrated by my
taxonomic paragraphs above. But even in a more cunning
universe, to use a genrethe long poemor a historical entity
the 20th and 21st century long poemas a rubric with any
hopes of achieving a genre definition is a doomed undertaking,
doomed to be undermined by plethora simultaneous with
inadequacy. (The problem of control/out of control is here
transferred to reception from production.) A network of genre
relationships overcomes, even clogs any text, so all literature
becomes one extensive textual landscape, while the individual
text, if it has borders at all, is always just a feature in that
larger intertextual landscape. Or perhaps the text is always
mobile, in no one place in this landscape. These slides
between individual text and intertextuality are fundamental to
the literary act; the long poem may be the best symptom.
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Neither a long poem nor any other genre of any artwork can
ever belong to some pure version of genre, but only is able to
be articulated congruent with (not within) a genre because it
loops itself (slitheringly) into genre relationships with other
long poems. The only genre is then literature, or writing,
which is constantly in motion. That is, long poems gyre and
gambol in the wabe (along with everything else). Just as Stein
might be said always to have multiple subplots without there
ever being plot, so the long poem may be said to have
multiple genres without having a single genre. What long
modes do claim is the space-time to register and elaborate
multiple generic activities.
This statement by Derrida is a bit like what Smaro Kamboureli
has said in a necessarily more specific study: that the long
poem is a generic hybridit has (these are her terms) epic,
lyric, quest, documentary and conceptual elements in it. Well
why stop? (She stopped only because she was doing a
taxonomy of the Canadian long poem at a certain era; it
remains a very suggestive and pertinent book.) So there are
as many generic traces in a long poem as there are genres
one might consider. But if this is true of any genre, this
finding, though quite suggestive for the contemporary long
poem, cannot distinguish our genre particularly, except
perhaps by more intense hybridity because of length. If all
genres are, in Bakhtins terms, heteroglossic and
heterogeneric, in Derridas heterogeneous and hybrid, we
still dont have a definition. 8 Except to say these texts are
long, they long for themselves and have generally taken a lot
of time to do, even a lifetime, and a good deal of activity.
Should we still want a genre definition?
Maybe we can have a taxonomy but no final definition; this
endless putting in and taking out of category mimics the
endless cultural acts of the long poem itself: creolized,
inclusive, errant, omnivorous, palimpsestic, and over-written
with more writing.
So to return to this fools-rush-in analysis of Derrida, it is not
so much hybridity and the heterogeneric that are particularly
strikingwe already know this law of genre. The modern
long poem helped to invent that law as did the modern novel.
Indeed, in his analysis of the novel, Bakhtin tried vainly for a
binarist solidity, working to keep poetry in the monologic place
and failingin some measure precisely because the
resurgence of the long poem in modernism outran his
categories.
The more striking postulate in Derridas essay is that any
genre can only be constituted by existing alongside the
shadow of its opposite, only by presenting phantom
alternatives, only by articulating the markable presence of a
counter-law, or alternatives never totally swallowed up by
any crude majoritarian presentation of how long poem might
be defined (Acts 225). Its to Derridas second point, what I
am taking to be traces of its opposite, to which we might now
turn. By one calculus, this simply re-multiplies the notion of
generic plurality and is another way of stating this point. Yet
this statement is very peculiar and suggestive as Derrida turns
to a gender encounter to illustrate it. Genres mix the way the
two genders mixin a kind of odd couple or an odd
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Notes.
1
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I think it was Meret Oppenheim who has a photo of herself--she was a dishas a dish. On a platter, covered with fruits
and veggies, I believe, served up to be eaten. As a satire on
culture, this goes pretty far. Perhaps, however, she should
have been more clearly indicated as dead.
13
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