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149
tV i x ~ l
l=
b.'
Va
..
:w Z
Vb=:3
..
. ,,',',...";:.... :.
Consider any section X distant x from the end A. S.F. and B.M. at this section are given b~
S _ wZ x wx wl wx 2
x - 6-"2'-Z-=6-2l
wx 2
wZ
wx 3
wZ
M = -X---.-==-x--x
6
2l
36
6l'
Hence the S.F. diagram is a parabolic curve and the B.M. diagram is a cubic curve
wzi
At
x= 0, S.F. = 6;
At
wl wl 2
.--W..L
x= l S.F.= - - - = - - '
,
6
2Z
3
~= 0, ~\: =0;
At
x = Z M = wZ .1 ~ wl
t
-'
' .\:
6
61
Let the S.F. be zero at a distance x fromA .
= ..J3
from A
Problem 172. The intensity of loading on a simplysupported bewn of 5 meters span increases unifonnly
from 8 kNI,n at.one end to 16 kNlm. at the other end. .Find the position and l1wgnitude of the lnaximllln
bending moment, Also draw shear force and Bending Moment diagrams.
Solution. The trapezoidal loading on the beam consists of a uniformly distributed load and a
triangular loading as shown in Fig. 197.
Reactions:
Taking moments about the end A, we have
,
~l [~
Vb X 5 = [8 x 5 x 2 + 2 x 8 x 5
.
x~]
3
100
3
Va = Total load - Vb
V=-hN
b
100
100
80
= [ 8x5+-x8x5 --kN=60--==-kN
2
3
3
3
Consider any section XX at a distance x from A
Load intensity at the section XX
=8 + "5x x 8 =8 + 1.6 x
S.F. Analysis
S.F. at the section XX
..
'.
S=--8x-0.8x
.
3
The S.F. dia'gr~mfollows aparaboIlc law
At
~,~,.Q., if'at ,4
\
150
\_G~' ~
tv
' 8kN/m
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
---~~~~~~~~~[J[]~~][~~~[J[]~
-
8kN/m
8kN/ni
80 kN
3
80 kN r-_--:P...:a:!..:ra~b~oJjc
3
A!.
CUrve
2~1~_u
1..
!______~100
akN
S.F. pialram
37.61 kNm
+
A
E
B.M. Diacram
Fig. 197.
S = SO kN
3
x= 5 m, i.e., atB,
SO
?
100
S --Sx 5-0.S x 5- = - - k N
3
3
At
- - Sx-O.Sx = 0
3x2
+ 30x-:-100 = 0
Solving, we get = 2.637 m.
B.M. Analysis
SO
Sx x2 1
x
B.M. at any secti6nXX= M= - x - - - - - x xx 1.6 x x3
SO
O.S
M= -x-4x - - x
3
3
TheB.M. diagram follows a cubic law.
Maximum bending occurs at the section of zero shear, i.e., at a distance of 2.637 metres from A.
,
O':S
' 3
= -'SO3- x 2.637 -A(2.637t
- -,- (2:637) =37.615 kNm
",3
' ?
151
- Problem 173. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagram, for the simply sitpported bewn shown in Fig. 198.
Solution. Let Va and Vb be the reactions, at the supports A and B.
Taking'moments about A,
'V X 6
b
1
=30 X 5 + -x
2 3 x 20 x 3;,
:. Vb
=40 kN i
,.
1
'
Total load applied on the beam = 30 + 2" x 3 x 20 = 60 kN
..
Va = 60 - 40 = 20 kN
20~N/m
30kN
~' '_
.
'-'-""'I
;
\ "\
D
E
~
J
-11'~3 ~.lm-4-1m-l.
,'/
",
.
"~m
Fig.l!lR.
,20kN/m
30kN
d:.
A~D
Elm.I~.lmlm=J.
I
V.,20kN:
20~N
I
I
I .
':. 1
1.,.l67
20
C I - 2
I
I
I
I
I
ID
IE
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S.,.- lDiagram
I
38.
50
20~N
1:
V'f'kN
.
I
I
I
I
--t-I B
419m
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4D
40 N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
140kNm
C,
'
D
~ .... Dia,ram
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Fig.1U9.
20x
Consider any section X in CD distant x from C. Load intensity at the section X = -31
20x
S.F. at the section X = S = 20 - - x. - . .'
At
At
,
10 2
S =20--x
x3
x= 0, S;F. = +20 kN
.
. 10 .2
;~.;::: 1m, S.F. = 20 - 3"(1) = + 16.67 kN
I
,I
I
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
152
At
.
10 ( ) ? .
x = 2m, S.F. = 20 - 3. 2 ~ = + 6.67 kN
At
= -10. kN
At
= 1, B.M.
=20(1+1) -
10
3.
9 (1)
=+38.39 :!?-Nm
At
10
3
= ,2, B.M. = +20(1+2) - '9(2) = +51.11 hNm
At
= 3, B.M.
10 '
= +20(1 +3) - 9 (3)3 = +50. hNm
f
a~
..
Va. = Vb = W
I-- a - ..-t~
- - - -----it---
~ =\f '
Va =W
1
D
"
,.':..
by
M :1.. = - Wx + w(. x - a) = - Wa
B.M. ~'l.L 1.J = -Wa, B.M. at C = 0
(v"ii) Beam with overhang at one en,d and carrying a
uniformly distributed load over the whole length.
Fig 201 shows a simply supported beam ABC with
supports~t A and B, 6 metres apartwith an overhang BC 2
metres long. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load
of 15 kNlm. Let us construct the S.F. and B.M. diagrams
for .this
B
'.
S.F. Diagram
"
"
~IIIIIIIIIIII~lllllllliur
Wa
Wa -
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 200.
153
'
~= 2.67
In.''
B.M. at A = 0
Ati~hy .section in AB distant x from A, the B.M. is given by,
J'
;f
15x
M = 40x - - - = 40x - 7.5 x 2
\'
"rr
1: -
15kN/m
'.=:-
~D ~
\'to
~~'~)
.A~IC
40kN
S.F. Diagram
50kN
53.3kNm
30kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 201.
"3'17,.
8 ,(8)2
lHax
= 40 x- -7.5 -3
3
is,
160
,:
= +-3-= +53.3
hNm
2
=-
.'
B.M. at x 6 In, i.e. at B Mb
40 X 6 - 7,5X 6
30 hNm
or, alternatively, B.M. at B, taking moments, of the forces on the right side of B:
M
= -15 X 2 X
2
2
=-30 hN,n
JI
154
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Since at x.=
a sectionw here tlle B.M. iszE:!l'o. This section can be determined .byequa ting the>general expression
forB:M>ofzero:,
i.e;; by tntr" equutlDn. 40x -7.5x2 = 0
0
.t (40 ;..,.7.5x)<:;:0
x=
0,
and
A. r.a~
On an Q~o.naatt.no.l 0
VA = 4 0 k N ' . :V()::40kN _
40kN
16
AO="3 m.
T~ Hoint 0 !y'here the B~M. is zero i~ed the point of J
cQatrafleXll n? gr ~t of inflexion. '
For all sectiQI;u3,froJ,1l,Ato. DtheB.M~ is ofscigg:ingtype
while for all section between 0 and C the H.M. is ,of the
hogging type.
Sonte Integresting Observations
For'the beam discussed above the H.M. at A is zero and
A
the H.M. at 0 is ~lso zero and the distance AO
~
':,jOkN'
Fig. 202.
16
=-S-m.,
Suppose a simply supported beam AD has a span of
16
""3
m.
= 40 kN
distributed load of 15 kNlm over the span, each vertica"l reaction would be .!..(15 x 16)
/'
2
3
15kN/m
(a)
15kN/m
(b)
A~O
40kN
'
40kN
40kN
.,
""~~. ,
15lcN/m
o .'
(r)
Ji
Vb =80kN
(c)
(,)
s.,.
kN 50kN
D~alram
l~.,.
.5'33kNm.
l
I
I
.
.
O~C
Jtlf
(d)
(e)
mB 2mJ
I
,I
ADO
S.'. Dialram
(h)
~
30kNm
B.M. Dlalram
"
f'
155
= +sx
(16)2
160
3' = +-3-
It may be noted that the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for this beam AO are exactly the same as the,
S.F. and B.M. diagrams -for the portion AO of the beam A B C . '
,
Hence for analysis purposes we may consider AO as a separate simply supported beam supported
at A -and at 'the end a of a double cantileve~ aBC. The S.F. and B.M. diagr~ms for the double
cantilever aBC. of the gh:en beam can be dr~wn easily by drawing the corresponding diagram for
the double cantilever aBC.
Problem 175. A sim,ply supported beam ABC with supports at A and B, 6 m,etres apart and
with an overhang BC 2 metres long carrles a uniformly distributed load of 15 hN per m,etre over the
whole length as shown in Fig. 180. Draw S.p. and B.M. diagrams.
t---
pfUtion.
' .
,-
8'
6m
V X 6 = 15 X 8 X b
-2
V = 80 kNb
15kN/m
A~C
B .
'
Va =40kN
2m
V,b
---J
=80kN
40kN
'
Va = Total load - Vb
= (15 X 8) - 80 = 40 I?-N
S.F. analysis. At any section AB
distant x from A,
Shear force = S = 40 - 15 x
At x = O,S = + 40 kN'
At x = 6 m,S == 40 - 15 X 6 = -50 I?-N
Section of zero shear. Equating the
general expression for shear force to zero.
40 -15 x 0
S.F. Diagram
53.3kNm
50kN
..
x=
40
15 = 3"
= 2.67 m,
Shear force
Atx = 0
S
At x = 2 m, S
B.M. analysis.
= S = + 15x
=0
== 15 X 2 = + 3017,N
At any section in AB, distant x from A,
Bending moment
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 204
X
= M== 40x-15 x 2
M= 40x - 7.5x2
This is a parabolic law.
At x = 0,
M=0
At x = 6 In,
M = 40 X 6 - 7.5 X 62 = -30 kNm
Maximum hending moment which occurs at the section' of zero shear
,
(8)2
== M = 40 X - - 7.5 e
3
3
x2
=. M = -15 - 2
30kNm
..
STRENGTH OF M.ATERIALS
,.
M = -7.5x2 This is a parabolic law.
At x = 0,
11'1 = 0
At M=i2 m,
M = -7.5 X 22 = - 30 l?-Nm.
(ix) Siinply supported beam with equal overhangs and carrying a uniformly distributed load of
LV per ~l:tni(rlln over the Whole length.
,
,
Fig. 205 shows a beam EABD of length (l + 2a) with supports at A and B so that AB = 1 and AE
''
'~i3IJ=a
Let the beam carry a uniformly' ,distributed load ofw per unit run over the whole length.
Si~nce the loading is symmetrical on the beam, each vertical reaction equals half the total load
on the beam.
"
Let Va and V/J be the reactions at A and B.
,
w(1+2a)
Va = V/J =
2
S.F. at any section in EA distant x from E is given
,
by
S x =- wx
At
x = 0, i.e., atE, Sx =0
At x = a i.e., just on the hand side of A, Sx = -wa
At any section in AB distant x from E the S.F. is
given by
w
'8eX == V - wx= -2 (l +,2cd- wx
At x = a, i.e., just on the right hand side of A,
w
,wI
S '= '---:.. (1 + 2a) - wa = + -
~'
2
At x = (a + 1), just on the left hand side of B
~A
wa
from +
to -
~!'J
A~B
~Ol'
02~
wa.2
'
'2
'2
wl
wl
~IHIlIB
S.F. Diagram
i:-(l2 -4(2) ,
' w a2
fIttnx
I~c
(l
'1'a"
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 205
wi
wx~
M.. = - ~
(hogsing)
x = 0, i.e., at fE,
B.M. = 0
x = a, i.e., at A,
At
At
B.M.
wa 2
= Mx =-2
(hogging)
wa 2
Hence from E to A the B.M. increases from zero at E to -2- (hogging) at A, following a
"
",
' 2
(hogging) at
B,
SHEAR
x
At
...
.wa-
M =--,2
x =a
At
'
.',
1,
(l +2a) (a +- - a) - (a
2.,
2
M =('
+-2)'I ?}
Z -
w?
?
M = - (l- - 4a-)
8'
We find from the above discussion that the B.M. for the overhanging parts EA and BD are of the
hogging type.
!
w?
"8
(l- - 4a-)
2
Case ({1). When'Z2 > 4a 1i.e., 1 > 2a
For this case (Z' _ 4a2 ) is positive. Hence, M c is positive and the B.M. diagram will be as shown in
Fig. 205.
, there will be two" points of contraflexure 1 and 2 between A and B.
F or this case
The p'ositio of these points can be determined by equating the general expression for B.M. for
ns
any sectioninAB to zero.
We know at any section in AB distant x from E the B.M. is given by,
Mx =
Z- {(l + 2'a)(x -
2
a) - x }
we have,
Z- {(I + 2a)(x -
a) - x-} = 0
2
e(l + 2a)(x - a) - x = 0
x 2 ~ (2a + l)x + a(2a + l) = 0
x = (2a + Z)
But
( +"2I) "21.J?1- ,a
'J
4a-
l
EC = a + 2
~..JZ'" 4al
point C of beam.
' .
Hence distance between the two points of contraflexure = 1 2 = .JZ2"i.
Hence the part 01 02 alone can be regarded as a separate simply supported beam.
B.M. at the centre is
4a~
'
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
E(
-=.J
"
a= L/2
V - w(l+2a)
.2
\.
000001~ooooog:oOOO~1~OOO OD
a= ll2
\,\
l..:-
V. _w(l +2a)
b-
wl
wl
.2~C2~
~~'CQQfij)~D
wl
wl
"2"
S.F. Diagram
B"
~
wa2
w'a2
"2"
B.M. Dia-gram
(a)
'
"2"
B.M,. Diagram
(b)
Fig. 206
(010 2 )2 - w
W X
- 88
4a 2 i.e., 1= 2a
w?
(12
-
2)
(.'
as obtained beLore.
The B.M. diagram between A and B will just touch the span at the middle point. The beam is
",i:I""VJ"'''''''''U to only hQgging bending moments. The points of contra flexure 0 and O will coincide with C.
1
2
Fig. 206 (a) shows the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for this case
B.M. at C = Me
12
=8w?
(1- - 4a-)
?
< 4a2
w
?
?
Me = -"2 (4a- -1-).
..
Hence for this case, the B.M. will be zero only ,at the ends A and D and at all other sections the
; will be of the hogging type.
Problem 176. Draw 'shear force andB,endling MOlnent diagram,s for the beam shown in Fig. 207.
Solution. Taking moments about A, 'Vb X 10 = 10 X 14(7 - 3)
Vb = 56 kN t
:. Va (10 X 14) - 56 84 kN t
S.F. Analysis. S.F. at C= 0; S.F. on LHS:ofA = -10 X 3= -30 kN
S.F. on RHS of A = - 30 + 84 = +54 KN;
S.F. on LHS of B =84 -105 13 =-46 kN
on RHS ofB =- 46+ 56 = +10KN;
S.F. atD= 0
of ~ero shear. Let'the shear force be zero at a section distant x from A.
"""''''o?'" ...... ''' the shear force to zero,
10 (3 + x) =0
:. x + 3 = 8.4'
:. x = 5.4 m
. Analysis B.M. at C = 0
2
;
10x3 :
=- '-,-"-45," kNm'
2, - = "',
.."
10x1 2
B.M. at B = - - 2-
In
=-5 kN'1'
from A,
SHEARFORCERJ\.NDBENDING MOMENTS
.
10kN/m
Oh .
c (llOOOllOOrOllOllOOO
Oll 0 001l- 0 000 OOooOOt
A
B .
.
3m
1 0 m . ..
V =84kN
....
1m
'Vb=56kN
54kN
S.F. Diagram
100.8kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig.
IIIC1X
~07
= 84 x 5.4 -
lOx 8.4 2
2
=+ 100.'8 hNm"
,Points of contraflexure between A and B. Let the H.M.be zero at a distance'x from A. Equating
,
10(x+3)2
=0
2'
x2
"2
2
:. V" =80 llN t
80 = 100 hN t
Consider any section X distant x from the left end
Load intensity a~ the sectionX= lOx Nlm
-
Va
4.50 = 180
Vb
=180 -
.External load acting between the left end C and the section X =
"
,'.'
Moment of the above external load about X = 5x 2
'"3= "3 x
IGO
~I-----~X----~~
c--==~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I-l.50m-~------
Fig. 208
At x = 1.5 In,
S = -5 x lr.'5:ti:-ll.25
At any section in AB, distant x frond C
'
Shear Force = S = 80 - 5x 2
At x =1.50 In,:S = 80 - 5' X 1.5 2 = +68.75 hN
At x = 6 In
S = 80 - 5 x 6~ = -100 I?N
Section of zero shear. Equating the general expression for shear; tozero,
80 - 5x2 = 0
.. x =:4ni,froffi'O,'
B.M. Analysis. At any section in CA distmlt x fro!ll"C.,
.
5 ~3
Bendmg Moment
'= M = --:-x
, '
~
'
At
x = 1.5 In
At
x = 1.50
At
x = 6 m,
lh,
'"
1','5'0)':.'.'t
M
5,
x1.5.o''F,-c:75.625hNm
3
, " , ' 5 '3
M =,80x 4.5 -:"3 x 6 = 0
=":"'7" -
:(1'5
'7(;;'3
"35 x 3
=,0
161
prObl~nraw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam carryin/i the loading shown in
Fig. 209.
C7
2kNrtntffiHIllillJ Iutili! !
C
l-tm.1 .
4kN/m
8m
\-,
I.
2"',.-.1
2+4
2+4
w'=
2+[4~2]X~2+ 2:
(ii) Load on the beam between the left end C and the section X
2x
2
'
2+2+x2
V= ~x=
. 9 X' V=2x+9
2
2'
(iii) Moment o~tlte~bov~d about X
2
_ w' + 2//
I + 2 (2)
..:.j-- (w , + 4) x2 ., M = ( 2x + -9-2x
x
M.' X X
+ 4) -6
;
2 /
w' + 2
3
6
2k
--_.---.-/
1D
B
V.=IBkN
rn-+------- 6m ------+--2m~
6.889kN
S.F. Diagram
I ~lkN
~3.728m---l
B.735kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 210
7.556kN
163
Vb = - 7 - = 3228.6 N.
Va
=Total load -
Vb
= 4900 -
3228.6
=t
1671.4 N
S.F. Calculations
S.F.
S.F.
S.F.
S.F.
between D and
between A and
between C and
between Band
A = - 1000 N
C =- 1000 +i671.4 = + 671.4 N
B = + 1500 - 3228.6 = - 1728.6 N
E = + 1500N
.~c___I-t-\'-3mJ
B
L2m
\.
=\.
1500N
2400N
1000N
4~
7m
1500N
2400N
I
J !-----------~------~-TB--------~JE
I
1000N
L-____ A
. Vb =3228.6N
V. =1671.4N
1500N
1500N
671.4N
1000N
1000N
1728.6N
1728.6N
S.F. Diagram
.
685.6Nm.
+ t- 2.6m --i B
D~~~~~~~~~~~TITnTrrnTnnT~~7E
B.M. Diagram
4500Nm
Fig. 211
B.M .. Calculations
B.M. at D =Mel =0
B.M. atA =Ma =-1000 x 2 = - 2000 Nl1t
B.M. at C = M c = + 1671.4 x 4 - 1000 x 6 Nm = + 685.6 Nm,
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
164
= =-
B.M. at B Mb
1500 x 3 :: - 4500 Nm
B.M. at E =: M e =: 0
Points of contraflexure. There will be two points of contraflexure 01 and 02' One of them
lies between A and C and the other lies between C and B.
Point of contraflexure 0 1 between A and C. Let this point be oX inetres from A. Equating
the bending moment to zero,
1671.4x - 1000 (x + 2) = 0
..
x = 2.98 metres from A.
Point of contraflexure O 2 between C and B. Let this point be x metres from B. Equating
the bending moment to zero,
3228.6x - 1500 (x + 3) :: 3
..
x :: 2.6 metres from B.
Problem 180. A beam, of length L is simply supported on two intermediate sUpports, movable
along the length, with equal overhangs on either side., The supports are so adjusted that the lnaxim,llm
B.M. is the minimltln possible. Determine the position of the supports and draw 'the B.M. and S.F.
diagrams for this position. The beam carries a u.niformly distributed load of w per unit length over
the entire length.
Solution. When the o'verhanging lengths are smalI''there
CD per unit run
will be a sagging 13.M. at midspan and a hogging R.M.over the
supports. If the maximum B.M. should be the minimum possible,
the length of the overhanging portionsll1ust be so adjusted that
the sagging B.M. at midspan equals in magnitude the hogging
B.M. over the supports.
Let the overhanging length at each side be a.
Fig. 212. shows the beam carrying the distributed load over A L..ll.J.U,Uf-~.J.U,UL.loL-\L~L.lL-loL..IoL-' B
O.207L
the whole length.
, ,
wL
Each vertical reaction ::half the total load :: 2
wL
V=V=d2
A~C
wa 2
Hogging B.M. over the supports:: -2Sagging
B.M.
O.207wL
-a)
"4li]D
wl
47
2 O.293wL
W~ (~ -a)"
W;'
Fig. 212
L2
-=La :: a 2
4
L2
a- + La = -
, ?
L)2
L2
L2
L2
:: 4' + 4' = 2
a+'2 :: J2
- l:--~
J2 2 = ~2 (./2 '-1)
a-
165
(-'2 L=(1.41;-1) L
1
- )
2
a 0.207 L
= Hogging B.M. over the supports
a=
wa 2
= _
=,w
-
(0.207
Lt = 0.0214 wL-
= W L2
47
nf>arly
w:::J
'" ,.-~
, ~1-!"
Y
=a
B\,O 0, 0000 [)
"fOOOOOOOOOOQOOOQ-,C
1
a
ft,
"
'wi'
~l'
Vb (/- a)
-c>
v.
,Vb
Fig. 213
Vb = 2(1-a)
w1 2
wl(l- 2a)
Va = wl- 2(1_a) = 2(1-~)
wa 2
Hogging moment at B
-2Maximum positive B.M. will occur at a: section in AB where the shear force is zero. Let this
section be at a distance x from A. Equating the shear force to zero.
V a - wx = 0
wl(l- 2a)
,"
- wx = 0
2(1- 1)
..
1(l- 2a)
2(1- a) ,
,....;...-~
wl(l-2ci)
[(1-2q,),
2(l- a)
wl2(1-'2a)2
4(l- a)2
-"2'
WZ2(Z- 20)2
8(1- a)2
For the condition that the maximum bending moment shall be as smaU.ras possible, the
hogging moment at B and the maximum sagging moment should be numerically equal.
w1 2 (l ~ 2a)2
wa 2
= -2
8([.- a)2
12(1-2a)2
Z(I-2a)
...--:.-...--:.=a2:.
4(l- a)2
2(1- a)
Z2 _ 2al = 2al - 2a
2a 2 - 4al + 12 = 0
a =,
41 ~1612 - 81 2
=a
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
166
a'" (
0.293/
= 0.04292
wZ-
wZ 2
23 nearly.
Problem 182. A beam of uniform, section 10 m,etres long carries a unifonnly distributed
load of 10 !?-N per metre over the whole length and a concentrated load of 10 hN at the right end. If
the beam is freely supported at th.e left end, find the position of the second support so that /11,axi
mum bending moment for the beam shall be as small as possible. Find also the lnaximllln bending
m0111,ent for this case.
Solution. Let the support be at A and B so that the overhang Be = a Inetre
..
AB = (10 - a) lnet;e
.
.,~El.king
10 x 10 x 10 + 10 x 1.0
2
1~
I-----l-a. - - - - t - - -
Va
Fig. 214
600 )
V = ( - - l?-N
b
10- a
.
( 600) 500 - 11 Oa
hN
V a =(10X10)+10- 10-a =
10-a
B.M. at B
=- 10 X a -
a2
10 X -
.
2
Maximum positive B.M. will O(,Cl1r at a section in AJJ.
Let this section be x lne.tres from ;L
S.F. at this section = 0
=- 5a(a + 2)
. V - lOx = 0
a
500 -110a
- lOx = 0
10-a
Maximum :positive B.M. = .
2
500-110a
x= (10 - a)10
50 -lla
---m.
10-a
x- wx
5 (50 -lla)2 _
(10 _ a)2 - 5a(a + 2)
. 5 (50-l1a)
:.
[ (10- a) ]
~1aximum
_
- a(a. + 2)
= 5 X 2.33(2.33
+ 2)
= 50.44
kNm
167
10kN
At Q,OQ.n5~nG.~'~OfgQ~O: c
"2
112 kN
..
Va ;;;; (20 x' 7) + 10 - 112 :::; 38 kN
S.F, Ca-lcttlations
$,F, just on the right hand side of A ::;: +38 kN
S.F. just on the left hand side of B
:;: 38 - 20 X 5= -62 kN
S.F. jt:lI!~t on the right hand side of B
= + (20 X 2) + 10 = +50 hN
S.F. just g~ the left hand side of C + 10 kN
Let the shear force be zero at x metres from A Equating the shear force to zero~
38 = 20x 0
x ::: 1.90 m.'
B.M. Ca-lculqtions
B,M. atA ~ 0
B.M, at C:;: 0
..
Vb;;
~,OkN/m
. ....
10kN
_~k)\l/m
tODD 00 onQQQOGOf~OQOLc
v. :;:::38kN
'Vb=112kN
38kN'
50kN
B.M.
.. atB
'.
-10
. .
22
x 2 - 20 x-:-60kNm
2
Me :::;
1.9
3.8 X 1.9 - 20 X
- 2
.
B.M.Dia,ram
Fig. 215
= + 36.10 kNm
Point of Contraflexnre
Let the S.M. at the distance x metres from A (between A and B) be zero.
x
x(38 - lOx) = 0
38x- 20 -" 0
2
x = 3.80 metres.
:Problem 184. A beam, AB, 20 metres long supported on two intermediate pri/ps121netres
qpqrt
metretogethhwithconcen;t~(7J,ted loads
{)f 30 kN at the left end A and 50 kN at the right. end B. The props aTe so located that the
,'eaction
i6 the same of each support. Determ.ine the position of the props and draJf R.M. and
BD=20-12-a={8-a)metres
Let Vl and V 2 be the reactions at the left and right supports respectively.
We
have
-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
50kN
3:
V1 =100kN
V2 =lOOkN
50kN
3:
B
VI =100kN
V2
=1()OkN,
68kN
91.7kNm
177kNm
Fig. 216
" The left support is at 5 nwtres from A and the right support is,at 8 - 5 = 3 l1tetres from B
Shear force calculations
S ..F. just on the right hand side of A
= - 30 kN
S.P. just on the left hand sideofC _
30-6 X 5 ..:.;.60 hN
S.F. just on the right hand side of C = - 60 + 100 = +40 hN
S.F. just on the right hand side of'D= + 50 + 6 X 3 = + 68 kN
S.F. just on the left hand~ide of D
= + 68 - 100 = _ 32 hN'--"
Let the S.F. be zero at a distance of x met~rs from A (between the two supports)
Equating the S.F. to zero, we have,
100-30-6x= 0
=-
6x= 70
70
6
2
3
x = -"'- = 11- m
B.M. atA
=0
B.M. at C
52
= M d = - 30 X 5 -:-. 6i X - 2 hNm= - 225 kNm
B.M. at D
32
= M cl = - 50 X 3 - 6 X - 2 hNm, = - 177 kNm
2
B.M. at distance of 11 3 m.etre from A
",
!f
6(1.1~r
, 3,
:::;: M = 100 x 6 - - 30 x l I e
3
3
Solution. Fig. 217 shown the beam ABCD with support at Band C and carrying the load
systexn mentioned in the problem..
A
200N
Aj~Q
?
v~ =1 00 0N
. ,
Fig, 21,7
Let
AB :;; q lnetre
Total load
~OQ
+ V~Q
X 10 ::;: 20QO
2000
It is given
a:;: 1 metre.
S.F.
anqlysis
~h~tant x
1000.,-, 200
-:-c
l~Q~
S.M. anglysis
=0
40
= -"9- = 4.44
13.M. at A = 0
12 '
= 1000 X
'2
= - 290'
Jyl!l.
4.44 2
3.44
200
X
4.44
180
X
-,-,= 777.78 Nm",
" '. '
"
2
22
R.M. at C = - 180 X -
B.M. at D = 0
Points of contraflexul!e between Band C
Let the B.M. be zero at x metres from A
= - 360 Nm
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
170
A=n,
200N
Vc ;:10PkN
Vb =100kN
620N
777,'?8Nm.
Fig. 218
Equ~ting th~
HJVL to zero,
.:.
X2.
'2 :;: 0
80~ + lOO;:: 0
9X2 -
:.
Pr<;lbleIl'). 186. A hortz,ontal begm AD! 10 ,netr~s long carries q l~rdfprmly distrilJl~te~
I qd of 160 Nlm tQgethel w{th a concentrateq lagg of 400 N qt the left end. A. The beam. ~s
Sl~pportf!cl at g point B whioh is 1, m front A CJnd at (] whioh f{;l on. th(3'rtght" ha 1J.d, ha,lf Qf the
1
t~e
end. D:
iPPN
A~"~=:~'~~~P
"~Ph,
,'"
Vb
y~
.,_. "
Qrn,, . , .. , ,".'
,r ,'-
. ~m
J: . , , -
Fi~, ~19
petermin(J the vqlue of Xl if the I1lid-point is a point of contrqfte~lqe and for this arrangement
draw S.F. q,nd B.M. diagrams.
Solution. Fig. 219 shows the beam carrying the load system mentioned in the problem. Let
Vb and Vc be the reactions at the supports Band C
171
Vb
4 - 400 X 5 - 160 X
2 =0
..
Vb
= 1000 N
Since,
Vb + Vc 2000 N
We have
V c = 1000 N
Taking moments about E of the forces on the RHS of E,
52
1000(5 - x) - 160 X
=0
..
x = 3m
Fig. 220 shows the loaded beam showing the actual position of the support C.
S.F. analysis
S.F. just on RHS of A = - 400 N
S.F. just on LHS of B =- 400 - 160 X 1 =- 560 N
S.F. just on RHS of B = - 560 + 1000 = + 440 N
S.F. just on LHS of C = 1000 - 400 - 160 X 7 = - 520 N
S.F. just on RHS of
C = - 520 + 100 = + 480 N
400N
S.F. at D = 0
Section of zero shear. Let G be the
180N/m
section of zero shear. If this section is x
metres from A, equating the S.F. to Zero,
. 1000 - 400 - 160x = 0
: Vb =IOOON
Vc =IOPON
:
x=3.75m
B.M. analysis
:
46~N:
B.M. atA = 0
I
I
B.M. at B
=-
160 x 12
400 X 1 - - - -
::: -480 Nm
I
I
I
..J
AhT~~~~~~~,~~hT~~Trr~~~~~:,D
B.M. at G
3.75 2
160 x
2
400N~
5j60N
3 2 \,
B.M. at C = - 160 X -2" = - 720 Nm
B.M. at D = 0
Points of contraflexure between B and
C
Let a point of contraflexure be x metres
from A
Equating the B.M. to zero,
I
1
.1
" , :3.750:{
=)25 Nm,
----l
::
-1
~215m--l
1
:B
125Nm
A~~TriTrrnT~~~~~MT~TnTrr~nT~~TVQ
x~
1000(x ~ 1)
400x
160
X~'
== 0
15x + 25 ;;; 0
(2x - 5)(x - 5) = 0
x = 2.5m and 5m. "
480Nnl
720Nrn~
2X2 -
t---~""-
5m - - - - r - - - - 5m --------.
Fig. 220
172
Problem 187. Draw the shear force and beJ1,ding mom,enJ~agranl,s for thfJ beqn" $hown
in Fig. ~21. Indicate on the diagrams the values of shear force and bending moment at significant
points. Also show the location and lnagnitude of the nwxilnum bending moment.
Soh,ltion. Let the reaction at the left and right supports be Vb f!nd Vd re$pectively .
. Taking moments about the left Support, we have,
Vel X 12 ~ 2 X 12 X 3 + 8 X 9
Vel
Vb
== 12 hN
2 X 12
+ 8 ,-,- 12. == 20 hN
~l<N/m
~ 3m ~
:
Vb
.".
9m
.,
3IP
,gPi<N
14kN
.
I
I
81,{N
::t
v~ ~12kN
!
!
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
S~f Di~gram
I
I
I
I
I
I
40kNm i
~" . i !}6kN,rn
9:Nm
BJd~
Pif\grAm,
Flg;.
~21
en
173
= -2
32
2
= -9
hN17t
B.M. at C = M c = + 12 X 3 = + 36 hNm
B.M. at D = Mel = 0
'.
:(1
= 1',,1 = 20 X 7 - 2 X
10 2
= 40 hNm
2
Point of contraflexure
Let the B.M. be zero at x metres from A (between the two supports).
Equating the bending moment to zero, we get,
x2
2" '= 0
20(x - 3) - 2
x2
- 20x + 60 = 0
The practical vaille of x should be between 3 and 12.
Solving the equation we get x = 3.67 metres.
2W
Problem 188. Detennine the support reacL/4
tions for the beam shown in Fig. 222 and construct
the bending moment diagram. and shear force diac
gram m.arhing the values of the variolls ordinates.
Solution. Let Va an~ Vb be the vertical reactions at A and B.
2W
Taking moments about the endA, we have
+
j
3
L W 3L
VL+W - L = 2 W . - + - b
W
Vb = 21
V = 3W _ W =W
2
lL/4.f:
Va =W
W
Computations
between A and B = +W
between C and D = + W - 2W = - W A
between D and B = + W - 2W + W =.0
W
S.F. between Band E = + "2
B.M. Computations
B.M. at A = 0
L
WL
B.M. at C =W X 4= +7 (Sagging)
3L
4 - 2W X
WL
-7
B.M. at E = 0
:l~
!E
D'
L - - - - - + - - - L/2--1
W
W/2
D1 ..
L/2
L/4t
L/2--1
Vb =W/2
W
W/2
D
B
,,1/4
S.F. Diagram
L
"2
WL
W/2
t L/4
S.F.
S.F.
S.F.
S.F.
B.M. at D = W X
WL
(hogging)
WL
4
4
B.M. Diagram
(hogging)
Fig. 222
ProbleIll 189. Calculate the reactions {or the beam shown in Fig. 223. Construct the
bending moment and shear force diagrams. Detennine the location of the maximum bending
moment and marh it clearly on the bending moment diagram.
174
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
2"
6 = 80 X
+ 15
Vc = 40 hN
V = 80 + 15 - 40 = 55 hN
(/
S.F. Calculations
S.F. at A = + 55 hN
S.F. at B = 55 - 80 = - 25 l?-N
S.F. between Band C = - 25 hN
S.F. between C and D = + 15 hN
Let the S.F. be the zero at x l71,etres from A.
15kN
80kN
Ar=n~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3m
_c-+---.j. 2m
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
80/3 k~
:
A~~~~WC~~~------------cn+--~----.~ID
1-..--
3m
-i----'l.-II-~--- 3m ----t--- 2m
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
15kN
1rTTTTT'"r-:-1rrrT""'"
~~~~~~~ITnnTrrn~rrn~~~~~~ID
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~Uli~llli~llli~~~~~~~nnTrrnn~~D
30kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 223.
x = 80 X 55 =,.2.0625 m from
B.M. Calculations.
B.M. at A
= Ma =0
B.M. at B = Mb =
55 X 3 - 80 X
2"
hNm = + 45 hNm,
80 (2.0625)2
"3
2
B.M. at C = M c = - 15 X 2 = - 30 hNm
B.M. at D = Mel = 0
175
Point of contraflexure
There will be a point of contraflexure between Band C. Let
this point of contraflexure be at x metre from C Equating the
B.M. to zero. we get.
40x - 15(2 + x) = 0
x = 1.2 In.
X
I
IIIIIIIIII+IIIIIIIIIIIIM
lO~M
8kNm
C2m q: 57
2m
2kNM
2m~
B
2kNM
lOkNM
lOkNM
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 225
Problem 191. Find the reaction at the fixed end of the cantilever loaded as shown in
Fig. 226. Draw also the shear force and the bending moment diagrams.
Solution. Total vertical load on the cantilever = 3 + 2 = 5 hN
Vertical reaction at A = 51?N (upwards)
Taking moments about A
We have the following moment,s:
(i) Couple at B = 2.00 hNm,(anticlochwise)
(ii) Moment due to 3 hN = 3 X 4 = 12 hN1,1l, (clochwise)
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
176
(iii) Couple at D = 3.00 hNm (clochwise)
(iv) Moment due to 2 hN 2 X 8
16 hNm (clochwise).
:. Net moment:::: 29 kNm (clockwise)
Hence at A the fixed support will provide a balancing or reacting moment of 29 hNnL
(o,nticlochwise).
Hence the reaction at A will consist of an upwards reacting force of 5 hN and an anticlockwise reacting moment of 29 hNm.
S.F. between A and C = + 5 hN.
S.F. between C and E = + 2 hN.
~kN
3kN
I ;
-~--- 2m -~---
I
I
3 N
Ma=~9kN~
,
/J--;-r--;-~~----~r-----~~~~~~E
Va =5kN
,{i
15kN .
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
5k~
I
I
I
I
I
AI
I
I
IB
IC
IDlE
I
I
I
IC
I
ID
I
I
llkNm
21kNm
29kNm
19kNm
Fig. 226
B.M. Calculations
B.M. at E = 0
B.M. just on the right hand side of D = -2 X2 -4 hNm
B.M. just on the left hand side of D = -4 - 3 = -7 kNl1t
B.M. at C = -2 X 4 - 3 = -11 hNm.
B.M. just on the right hand side of B = - 2 X 6 - 3 - 3 X 2 = - 21 hNm.
B.M. just on the left hand side of B = - 21 + 2 = - 19 hNm.
B.M. at A = - 2 X 8 - 3 - 3 X 4 + 2 = - 29 hNm.
= reacting moment at A.
Problem 192. Find the reaction at the fixed end and draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the cantiliver shown in Fif.!. 227.
Solution. Total vertical load on the cantilever.
= 10 + 20 - 20 = 10 hN (downwards)
:. Vertical reaction at A
= Va = 10 hN (upwards)
177
t= a -' a I a
20kN
10kN
I:
N~
20kN
:
.E
::
: 20kN
V. =10kN
io:B:bil!e::
~h:nr:;~
:a~:k:de of ltOIIIIHlllllr~N
==-
I
I
20kN
2i~llllllllllmllllll\\II\lm~
D
20 x 2
40 hNm
AII
IB
IC
ID
IE
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
B.M. just on left han side of D
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
= - 40 + 120 = + 80 hNm,
I
I
I
B.M. at C = - 20 x 4 '+ 120
I
:
I
:
= + 40 kNm
:
40~~~I~m~.~~40~krrN~lfl
:
B.M. at B
.20k:
I
I
IE
= - 20 x 6 + 120 + 20 x 2
AUllllllllll~~WWWW~~~~~TIrrrrrr~~
= + 20 kNm
40;kNm
B.M. at A
= - 20 X 8 + 120 + 20 X 4 - 10 X 2
Fig. 227
= +20 kNm,
Problem 193. Calculate the reactions at A and B for the beam shown in Fig. 228 and
draw the bending mOlnent and shear force diagrams.
Solution. Let the reaction at A and B be V and Vb repectively. Tanking moments
about A.
a
WL
4L
VL+WL=-+Wwe have
b
Vb
="3
Va = 2W -
t
2
"3
W=
"3
S.F. Calculations
S.F. between A and C = +
4
W
=+-W-W=+3
3
=+W
=Ma =0
B.M. at C
4
L
4
=M =+ -W.-=+-WL
e
3
3
9
=M
=+
de
.! w(' 2L) _ WL = +~ WL
3
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
178
l/3
IW
4Wl
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 228
4
WL - WL,= 9
- - WL
= M db = + -9
WL
B.M. at B = --3" 37. BEAM WITH A COUPLE AT AN INTERMEDIATE POINT
""-Fig. 229. shows a beam AB of span I hinged at the ends A ano R flnd subjected to a clockwise
couple M at C distant a and b from A and B respectively.
M
A
we
Taking moments ab;)t
have
B
t-
!"M
M
..
Vb = -Z- (upwards)
Since there is no external vertical load.
M
.. Va:::: -I (downwards)
M
bet~een
C and B = - -Z-
B.M. atA = 0
B.M. just on the left hand side of C
M
::::- - . a
1
,
- ~.M. just on the right hand side of C
Va
=~
(1)\
'
a--:JL:-.~'-.~-----b4!------~r
\
Vb
=~
Mb.
S.F. Diagram
~~B
A~Ma
.
B.M. Diagram
} 19. :!.2U
179
Iv!
I
=+ - b
B.M. at B = 0
Fig. 229 shows the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam.
Problem 194. Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam, shown in
Fig. 230.
Solution. Let the vertical reactions at A and B be Va and Vb
Taking moments about A we have the following moments.
A
15k~m
lOkN/m
t=:=l~ 205mJ22o5mJ
I
I
J
't
I
I
I
I
10kN/m
I
I
I
15k m
19
2.5kN
I
I
6.25kNm
Fig. 230
(i) 10 X 5 X
B.M. at G
= 52.5 X 5 -
E>2
10 X -
= + 137.50 hNm
B.M. at B = 0
B.M. just op right side of D = -2.5 X 2.5 = -6.25 hNl11..
/
B.M. just on right side of D == - 6.25 + 150 = + 143.75 hNnt.
Problem 195. Construct the bending mOlnent diagram; and shear force diagram, for the
beam, shown in Fig. 231 and 111,arh the values of the important ordinates.
Solution. Taking moments about the end A, we have
Vb X 6 + 12 = 6 X 4 + 6 X 7
6 Vb = 54 ..
Vb = 9 hN
Va = 12 - 9 =. 3 hN
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
180
2m -I.II-.:-2m ~I
6kN
2m
6kN
--<.~l:O---2m l
Vb f'3kN
6~
.!Elm
I
6~N
+:
~~uu~~~~wu~~rr~~~~LU~E
Ie
I
I
S.F. D~alram
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
J
I
I II
I . I
6k1)lrn
I~
.
AI~C
!~E
~~
6kNrn
6kNrn
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 231
181
lOOkN
Ar-----~~--_4~~------_+~~--------~B
2m
2m - - 1 - - -
---::---t--- 3m
Va =69kN
69kN
69kN
B III11
31kN
S.F. Diagram
138kNm
136kNm
.
BCD
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 232.
Problem 197. A bealn AB 8 In long is hinged at A and B and is subjected to a clockwise couple of
60 kNm, at A and an anticlockwise couple of 20 kNm at B. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam.
Solution. Total couple applied on the beam = 60 - 20 = 40 hN,n ( clochwise)
Let V be the vertical reaction at each end. These vertical reactions at A and B will form a
balancing couple against the applied turning couple
:.V X 8 = 40 :. V = 5 hN acting upwards at B and downwards at A
S.F. Diagram" At any section of the beam shear force = -5 hN
B.M. Diagram" B.M. at A = + 60 hNln, B.M. at B = + 20 kNm
At any section~,distant x from A, the B.M. is given by M,,,,= 60 - 5 x
20kNm
60kNm
Ef
l'
8m
V=5kN
V=5kN
5~Ns.F. Diagram
11111 11111
III I
5kN'
60kNm
Nro
111111111111111111111
A
.
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 233.
STRENGTH OF .M.ATERIALb
182
Problenl 198. A horizontal beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a unifonnly
distributed load of 10 hNl1t between the supports placed 10m apart. Anticlochwise moments of
150 hNm and 100 hNm are applied to the left and right ends of the beam at the supports. Determine
the position and maf!nitllde of the maximum bending moment and draw S.F. and B.M. diagram8.
i50kNm
10kN/m
iOOkNm
~OOOOOOOOOOOOOQ[]]QOQOOOOOQOOO~
'I
10m
V=5kN
75kN
t-
V=5kN
A~~-=uJJIUMllB
60kNm
S.F. Diagram
25kN
131.25kNm
150kNm
100kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 234
Vb = 25 hN t
V a = (lOX 10) - 25 = 75 hN
S.F. Diagram. At any section distant x from A, the shear for,ce is given by,
S = 75 - lOx = 0;
At x = 0, S = + 75 hN, At x = 10, S = - 25 hN
Section of zero shear. Equating the general expression for shear force to zero,
75 - lOx = 0
x = 7.5 m
B.M. Diagram. At any section distant x from the end A the Bendin&. Moment is gIVen by,
M = 75x - 5x 2 -150
At
x = 0, M =-150 hNm
At x = 10, M = 750 - 500 -150 = + 100 hNnt
At
x = 7.5 m, M max = 75 X 7.5 - 5 X 7.5 2 - 150 = + 131.25 hNm,
Point of contraflexure. Equating the general expression for B.M. to zero,
75x - 5x2 - 150 = 0
x 2 - 15x + 30 = 0
Solving we get x = 2.375 m.
,r
Probleln 199. Draw B.M. diagram for the cantilever ACB shown in Fig. 235.
Solution. Due to the load of 2 hN applied on the rope
_
(i) a vertical force of 2 hN and a horizontal force of 2 hN are transmitted to D
(ii) A horizontal force of 2 hN is transmitted to E. Consequenty the following forces and
couples are transmitted to the cantilever
(i) A vertical force of 2 hN at C
(ii) Axial force 2 hN at C and 2 hN at B acting in opposite directions
(iii) A clochwise couple of 2 hNm, at C
(iv) An anticlochwise couple of 2 hNm at B.
Reaction at A. Vertical reaction at A = Va = 2 I'lNt
Reacting moment at A = Ma = 4 hNm (anticloch)
i1
A~i1~------------------~--------~
i1
I ..
Ai1-----~~~--------~--~--~
Ma=4kNm
!,
t-----
2m -----'.----I..iii'-S.F. Diagram
2kNm
2kNm
. .
4kNm
8.M. Diagram
Fig. 235
~I
(~x 6 x 4)
+ 6 + 9 = 27 hN
6=
(..!.2 x6 x4 x~)
3
+ (6
2) + (9
4) + 24
Vb = 16 hN
Va = 27 - 16 = 11 hN
Height of the triangular load diagram at a distance x from B =
2x
"'x6 x 4 = ""3
S.F. Diagrmn
S.F. between Band C =
At a section in BE distant x from B,
S.F. = S = -16 +
2x
2" x '""3
x2
S = -16 + -,
At
= 0, S
=-16 hN;
at x = 2, S = -16 +
22
"3 =-14.67 hN
184
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
4kN/m
6kN
. 9kN
24kNm
A~i
-
V =l1kN
2m3
Vb =16kN
llkN
16
S.F. Diagram
24kNm
B.M.Diagram
24kNm
Fig. 236.
x'>
.. 8 =-7 + 3-
22
At
42
X =,
2 8 = -7 + -3 = -5.67 kN
At x = 4, 8 = -7 + - = -1.67 hN
.
3
At a section in DA d~stance x front B
,
x2
x2
S.F. 8 -16 + 9+ 6 +- .. 8=-1 +33
= =
At
42
.x = 4, 8 = -1 + -
B.M. Diagram
At any section in Be, B.M. -24 /?'Nm
At any section in BE distant x {rom B
= +4.33 kN
62
Atx= 6, 8=-1 + -
=+ll/?-N.
2x
x3
M =-24 - -+16x
9
At
~
x = 0, Ai = -24 kNm, At x = 2, M = -24 - - + 16 X 2 = + 7.11 kNm
9
185
=M =-24 -
x3
9 - (x - 2) - -
+ 16 x
x3
=7x -
- 6
= 2, M
2
=7 X 2 - "9
- 6 =+ 7.11 l?-N
At
At
x = 4, M = 7 X.4 -
\'"
4
"9
- 6 = + 14.89 kNm,
x3
4
=4, M =4 - "9
+ 18 = + 14.89 kNm
At
At
x = 6, M = 6 -
"9 + 18 = 0
Point of contraflexure between Band E. Equating the general expression for B.M. in this region to
zero,
x3
x (144 - x 2) = 216
144x - x 3 ::; 216
+ 16 x 0
9
Solving, by trial and error, we get x 1.52 m.
Problem 20LA horizontal beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a uniformly distributed load 10 kN per metre between the supports 10 metres apart. Counterclockwise I1wments of 60 kNm
and 40 kNm repectively are applied to the two ends of the beam at the supports. Draw shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Solution. Fig. 237 shows the beam AB subjected to the loading and end couples mentioned in
. - 24 - -
the problem.
Va -60kN
60kN
V =40kN
b
D~
-
"\
..
~=I~IIIII-1IIIIIB
.
. S.F. Diagram
120kNm
40kN
60kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 237
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
186
xM == 60x - 10 - - 60
2
M == 60x - 5x 2 - 60
At
x == 0,
M = - 60 hNnt
At
x = 10 m,
M = 60 x 10 - 5 >; 10 2 - 60 = + 40 kNm.
B.M. at the section of zero shear (at x = 6 m)
= 60 x 6 - 5 X 6 2 - 60 = + 120 kNm.
Point of contraflexure. Equating the general expression for B.M. to zero,
60x - 5x2 - 60 = 0
x 2 - 12x + 12 = 0
x+ 1.10 m.
Problem 202. Explain the inter-relation between 'bending moment and 'shear force in a beam,.
Solution. Fig. 238 shows a beam subjected to an external loading. Consider the equilibrium of
the portion of the beam between sections 1 - 1 and 2 - 2, dx apart, at a distance x from the left support.
Let the shear force at the sections 1- 1 and 2 - 2 be 8 and 8 + 88 respectively.
Let the bending moments at the sections 1- 1 and 2 - 2 be M and M + 8M respectively.
The forces and moments keeping the portion of the beam between the sections 1 - 1 and 2 - 2 in
equilibrium consist of the following:
w per unit rut
(i) upward force 8 at section 1 - 1
(ii) downward force 8 + 88 at section 2 - 2
(iii) downward load w8x
(iv) moments M and (M + 8M).
Resolving the forces on this part vertically, we hav"e,
8 + 88 + w8x = 8
x
3x
"
8 + w8x = 0
M + 8M
=M + 8 . 8x _
2
W
(ox
2
ox
w8x. -
!,
(M+3M)
------
r------
l---~-(1
----- _____ J
S+3S
Fig. 238
n
tion of the load).
Ignoring higher powers of small quantities, and
simplying the relation, we get,
8M=8.8x
oM
W1
~ w/unit run
_ J
~ (5])
x---l
..
~ =8
Fig. 239
i.e., the rate of change of bending moment is equal to the shear force.
"2
I
,.,.
I
187
D8
..
3x =-w
I
2
-.)- - I V1 tx - ,1)
dM
2x ~
we have
dx = VI - w. 2 - WI = VI - WX - WI
d8
--;z; = -
and
=8
.
w = rate of loading at the section X.
Fig. 240 (a) shows a beam AB of span 8 Inetres carrying three point loads applied in an oblique
manner. Let the end A be hinged while the end B be placed on rollers.
20 J3kN
A
40./2kN
60L\
60kN
~5
A2m~2mD2m
2mA
30~N
30~N
40~N
I
I
I
I
I
ha=7417kN
--~~--------4---------~---------+---------.B
Ie
ID
I
I
I
I
I
=;47.5kN
a I
47.6kN
47.5kN
I17.5kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
IE
17J5kN
JD
:e
I
I
I
I
IE
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Vb= 2.5kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
B ,
12.5IkN
I
I
12.5kN
S.F. Di~gram
52J5kN
130~Nm
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A~--------~--------II-~------~~------~B
ID
B.M. Di~gram
74 .7kN
92kN
74 __ilkN
I
I
I
I
I
I
,I
92kN
40kN
I'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
j40kN
I
I
.J
Thrust Diagram
Fig. 240
(
\,
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
188
The various forces can be resolved into their vertical and horizontal components [Fig. 240 (b)].
Total external horizontal load on the beam
40 + 52 - 17.3 = 74.7 kN +The roller support at B cannot provide any horizontal reaction.
Hence the hinged support at A will provide a horizontal reaction of H = 74.7 hN ~ .
Let Va and Vb be the vertical reactions at A and B.
a
Taking moments about A, wE,! get,
Vb x 8 ::: 30 x 2 + 30 x 4 + 40 x 6
420
V = -=52.5hN
b
.,
Va ::: Total vertical load - Vb = 100 - 52.5 = 47.5 hN
The beam being horizontal the shear forces and bending moments are only due to the vertical
components of the external loading.
S.F. between A and C = + 47.5 hN
S.F. between C and D =+ 47.5 - 30 =+ 17.5 hN
S.F. between D and E ::: - 52.5 + 40 ::: - 12.5 !?,N
S.F. between E and B ::: - 52.5 hN
B.M.atA::: 0
B.M. at C ::: M c = + 47.5 x 2::: + 95 hNm
B.M. at D ::: Mel::: + 47.4 x 4 - 30 x 2::: + 130 kNm
B.M.
at E =Me ::: + 52.5 x 2 =+ 105 hNm,
,
B.M. at B::: O.
The Thrust Diagram
The horizontal components of the loads on the beam will introduce axial force or thrust in the
member.
Axial force or thrust between A and C
::: 74.7 kN (compressive)
Thrust between C and D
= 74.7 + 17.3 ::: 92 hN (compressive)
Thrust between D and E .
::: 40 kN (compressive)
::: O.
Thrust between E and B
A diagram which shows the variation of the axial force for all sections of the span is called the
thrust diagram. The thrust diagram for the above beam is shown in Fig. 240 (e).
Probleln 203. A simply supported beam carries inclined loads 100 N, 200 Nand 300 N inclined at
,30 45 and 60 to the vertical as shown in Fig. 241. These loads act at 1117,etre, 2 lnetres and 3 metres
from the left support respectively. If the span is 4 lnetres, draw Shear force, Bending Moment and Thrust
diagrams .
. Solution. The inclined forces are replaced by their vertical and horizontal components.
Now taking moments about the hinged end A,
Vb x 4 ::: (86.6 x 1) + (141.4 x 2) + (150 x 3)
0
Vb = 204.85 Nt
.Resolving horizontally,
S.F. Calcualtions
B.M. Calcualtions
B.M. atA = 0
189
141.4N
86.6N
141.4N
h~a~=~4~5tl~.8~N~====~==========~========~========lB
A
V ='173.15kN
a I
17S.15N
IC
,D
IE
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
17:3 .15N
,I
I
86!55N
86.55N
I
I
I
+
A
IC
I
I
I
54.85N
54.86N
I
I
I
S.F. Dilag ram
I
259.tNm
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
IE
I
I
I
I
I
V b =~04.85kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
"
204.85N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
. I
I
A~'~------~I-C---------I~D~-------7~------~IB
:
B.M. Dfgram
I '
'l2N:
I
451' 2N
451
401.
2N
I
I
I
I
I
4011.2N
259.8N
+
A
D
Thrust Diagram
Fig. 241
I!
:r
I..\
t:t
t
L
Thrust Calcllaltions
S.F. analysis
190
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
10kN
10kN
Q-i0kNm
3kN/m
C(OOOOOOlr~OOQOOO)E
Va =5kN
5kN
Vd =17kN
6kN
5kN
~-?~__~~B________~C~______-+~____~~E
5kN
5kN
S.F. Diagram
llkN
A~------------------------~~~~----~~E
6kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 242
.. S = - 5 - 3x
S.F. at any section in CD, distant x from C = S = 5 - 10 - 3x
At x = 0, S = - 5 hN, At x = 2, S = - 5 - 3 x 2 = - 11 hN
S.F. at any section in DE, distant x from E = S = 3x
At x = 0, S = 0 and at x = 2, S = + 3 x 2 = + 6 hN
The SF at D changes suddenly from - 11 hN to + 6 hN.
B.M. Analysis. B.M. at A = 0
B.M. on LHS of B = + 5 x 2 = + 10 hNnt
B.M. on RHS of B =+ 10 + 10 =+ 20 hNm
B.M. at (; = + 5 x 4 - 10 x 2 + 10 = + 10 Nm
B.M. at D =-3 x 2 x 1 =- 6 hNnt
B.M. atE = 0
Between C and E the B.M. diagram is parabolic.
Point of contraflexure between C and D. Let the point of contraflexure be x metres from D.
17x - 3
x=
(x
+ 2)2
2
= 0
3x2 - 22x + 12 = 0
22 .J484 -144
6
x = 0.5935
111
. ProbleIn 205. The beam ABC shown in Fig. 243 is hinged to the wall at A. A vertical bracket BD
is firmly fixed to the beam at B and a tie DE is hinged to the brachet at D and to the wall at E. Draw S.F.
and B.M. diagrams for the beam ABC when it carries a lwformly distributed load of 4 hN per metre run
ovrer the whole length and a point load of 2 hN at C.
Solution. Let Ve and H c be the vertical and horizontal reactions at E. Let Va. and H a be the
vertical and horizontal reactions at A.
For the equilibrium of the whole structure, taking moments about E, we get
191:
4x3
H X2= - - + 2 x 3
([
2
H = 12 hN
Resolving the fo;ces on the structure horizontally,
we get,
H e = H a = 12 hN
Let the tension in the tie ED be T
Resolving the forces at Ehorizontally and vertically,
we get,
Tcos 8 = H
T sin 8 = V"
V(,
1.5 3
tan 8 = - = - = He
2
4
Vd=9kN
Hd=12kN
2kN
Ha=12~kN~~~~4~kSN~/~m~~~~Oc5~m~.~~
3
3
,.;#
A
2m
B 1m
C
Ve == -4 H e = -4 X 12 = 9 '~N
Va =5kN
Resolving the forces on the whole stn~cture vertically, we get,
9kN
2kN
Va = 4 X 3 + 2 - 9 = 5 hN
Now consider the equalibrium of the beam ABC.
fA
. 2m
B 1m
C
This part is in eq uilibrium under the action of the follow6kNm
ing forces:
Va =5kN
(i) External loading on the beam.
5kN
6kN
(ii) Vertical reaction at A = Va = 5 hN
(iii) Horizontal reaction at A =Ha = 12 hN
(iv) Vertical Component of the tension Tat D = Vcr
--1 11.25m l::s::r:tIJj~c
= Tsin 8 = 9 hN
3kN
(v) Horizontalcomponent of the tension Tat D = Hcl
3.125kNm
= Tcos 8 = 12 hN
2kNm
The effect of the forces Hd = 12 hN and Vel = 9 hN is
the same as that of an upward force of 9 hN and an
anticlockwise couple of 12 X 0.5 = 6 hN171 at B.
4kNm
S.F. Calculations
At any section in AB distant x from A the S.F. is given by,
Fig. 243
S = 5 - 4x
At
x = 0, S = +-5 hN
At
x::: 2 m, i.e., just on the left side of B, S = 5 -:-: 4 X 2
3 hN
S.F. is zero at a distance x from A given by the condition 5 - 4x = 0
'
H.=12kN.~
Jnb~G . ~kn
A1ffI1IIITJfITI
A GDr
=-
i.e., at
x =
4"
M = 5x - - - = 5x -
2
M =0
'I
2x~
At A
i.e., at x = 0
Atx = 2m, i.e., just on the left side of B.
~
M = 5 X 2 - 2 X 22 = + 10....:8 = + 2 kNm
192
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
B.M. at x =
4'
5x5
25
= ---2x-=3.125
4
16
kNm,
12
= 2 +1 X 4 X ---:- = 4 kNm
2
H.M.at C= O.
Problem 206.AB is the vertical post ofa crane,
the sockets at A and B offering no restraint against
bending. The horizontal arm CD is hinged to AB at C
and supported by a strut FE which is freely hinged at
its extremities to AB and CD as shown in Fig. 244. Draw
B.M. diagrams for AB ctnd CD.
Solution. Let P be the thrust in the strut FE
At E, vertical component of P
3
= Ve =P sin 0 = -5 P
t
2m
L~
B
Fig. 244
3
He
"V=-4
e
.
Similarly at F,
.
3
Vertical component of P = V = 5" P J,
4m
3m
HC=14~~~I--------------=t==4---H-e------~1
Horizontal component of P
and
200kN
Vi: =150kN
Ve =350kN
200kN
=H=-P+f
Fig. 245
and
Vc
4
V
3 e
= "-
= 150 kN
Ve = 350 hN
4
1400
-x350=-- kN
3
3
1400
J, and He = -3- kN +-
BM at C = BM at D = 0
B.M. at E = -200
3 = -600 kNm
1400
Horizontal force at C = Equal and opposite to He = -3- kN +Vertical force at C = Equal and opposite to Vc = 150 kN
1400
Horizontal force at F = Hr = -3- kN +Vertica force at F = V =' 350 kN
f
B.M. at C = - 200
1400
B.M. at F= -200 X 5 + -3- X 3 = + 400 kNm
t
2 = - 400 kNm
B.M. at A = B.M. at .~ = 0
193
4m
2m
.~,
~~~,~t~
600kNm
200kN
A-------r-~-----
400
kNm
~kN
3
c-------t--------3m
:~!~ ________
350kN
1400 kN
3
.
2m
B _______
~--------B
B.M.Diagram
for ACFB
200kN
2QOkN
Fig. 246
Problem 207. The structure shown in Fig. 247 is supported on horizontal rollers at D and F
and a vertical roller at E. Four loads are applied as shown.
Calculate(i) the reactions at D, E and F.
W
W12
A
w12 C
rr--~-L-~~~~l
W
2W
B 45
s
W __-+----I-~ -
S-!.:-S
2'
2'
- - - --
G
-----------
Rr=! (3-12)
Fig. 247
1
. s
Fig. 248
a
194
w12.
R e :::
,
Taking moments of the forces on the structure about, F, we have,
r;;
38
r;;
W X - + W v 2 x-+, W v 2 x 28 + W x 8::: W X 8 + W
2
2 .
/2
X 8
+R
cl
X 28
R ::: W (1+5/2)
R =W + w..[2 _ W (1 + 5..[2)
R{::: :
(3 -
../2)
(1 + 5 -/2)
(compressive)
12)
4lV (3 -
(tensile)
r;;
v2).
Peas 30 x
6 x 1.5
4::: - - -
6
X --'
9
2
9
P- -x-=--hN
- 4 .[i 2.[i
,
..
1.5kN/m
Fig.249
6 x 1.5
9
9 9
::: - 2 - - 2.[i cos 30 = "2 -
Vertical reaction at C
9.
:::: 2.[i
SIn 30
= 4.[i h
Now consider the horizontal forces on the member. The B.M. or S.F. at any section of the
member are only due to the horizontal forces. These forces are shown in Fig. 250.
195
---..,...---------
1.863
kNm
~---;B
r-----{!! ____
1.5kN/m
1.5kN/m
~----i
B____________ _
B
2.2SkN
S.F. Diagram
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 250
S.F. Calculations
At any section in AC distant x from A, the S.F. is given by
X
S=--.-=-248
At
A, i.e., at x = 0,
S=0
22
S.F. just above C
--=-0.51'lN
8
At any section in CB distant x from A,- the S.F. is given by
x2
S = ._-+ 2.25
8
22
= - - + 2.25 = + 1.75 kN
8
111,
62
= -,..-+ 2.25 = - 2.25 hN
from A
At
and at
x2 x
x3
M= - - . - = - 8 3
24
x 0, M= 0,
x = 2 rn
M= --hNm.
3
At any section in CB distant x from A the B.M. given by
3
At
x
= - -24
+ 2.25 (x -
2)
= 2 m.
M= --kNln.
At
x = 6 ni.
3
6
= - -2
+ 2.25 (6 4
2) =
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
196
x = 4.243 m
At
4.243 3
M = - - - . + 2.25 x 2.243 hNm = + 1.863 hNnL
24
39. TO OBTAIN THE B.M. DIAGRAM GIVEN THE S.F. DIAGRAM
Fig. 251 shows the S.F. diagram for a beam Alf
.
Let at a se~.tion dista'nt x from A the B.M. and S.F. be M and S:respectively.
dM
S=we have
dx
dM=S. dx
Integrating between A and X
we have
X=X
fdM
x=o
fSdx
o
Fig. 251
But
f Sdx
o
Completing the integration, we get
(M - M) = area of the S.F. diagram between A and X. If at A the B.M. is zero, we have
M a =0
M=-area of the S.F. diagram between A andX'
Hence the B.M. at any section is numerically~qual to the area of the S.F. diagram between
A andX.
..
,
Problem 209. The diagram shown in Fig. 252 is the shear force diagram for a beam which rests
on two supports one being the left hand end. Deduce directly from the S.F. diagram,
(a) B.M. at 2 m intervals along the beam
(b) Loading on the beam
(c) Position of the second support.
Solution. (a) B.M. at 2 m intervals
Since there is a support at the left end A theB.M. at A = 0
At any section X in AB distant x from A. the ordinate of the S.F. diagram
4.5
XE = 10--x=(10-0.75x)
6
(10 + 10 - 0.75 x) x
.. Area of the S.F. diagram between A and X= .
2
lOx _ 0.375 x2
197
2)
lOkN
3kN
3kN
A'-----;~----~B~------~~--~--~cU_~J
.
8m
9kN
10kN
9kN
Fig.252
and B.M. at B
But
Mx
~netres
M~::::
Xl
1VJ' = 46.5 -
=6 m,
1.5 x 6 .....,.0.375
42 = 34.5 kNm
X
6 2 :::: 24 hNm
M'
0.75kNlm
(ii) At B there is an abrupt change in S.F. Hence at B there must be concentrated load.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
198
3kN
3kN
+
9kN
.
AI ...
6m
46.5kNm
..
~ C
IB
9.31m
...
I~
Fig.253
Magnitude of the concentrated load::; Abrupt change in S.F.::; 5.5 + 1.5::; 7 kN
(iii) Since the S.F.uniformly changes from B to C.
!
\1
I
I
I
I
10
(iv) Since the S.F. is constant between C and D at 3 hN there must be a point load of 3 hN at D.
(c) Position of second support
Since the S.F. abruptly changes at C the second support is at C. Reaction at C = abrupt change in
S.F. at C 9 +3 12 hN.
Problelll 210. The shear force diagram for a beam is shown in Fig. 254. Identify the location
and nature of supports. Draw loading and bending moment diagrams showing values of the bending
. I1wlnent at intel'vcils of 2 m. Also show the position and magnitude of the maxinuun bending nwment.
Solution. S.F. at A = +195 kN
:. Reacting force at A = Va = 195 hN t
S.F. uniformly changes from + 195 hN at A to - 165 hN at B
Uniform load intensity between A and C = Rate of change of shear force
= 195-(-165)
I
I
['
60 hNlm
6
There is a sudden change in S.F. at C from -165 hN to + 120 hN
..
Reacting force at C = Vc
= 165 + 120 ::; 285 hNt
The shear force uniformly decreases from + 120 hN at C to zero at D .
.. Uniform load intensity between C and D
::; Rate of change of shear force
120-0
= 60 kNlm
2
Now we know the forces (loads and reacting forces) on the beam.
199
195kN
120kN
A '---.....-.....-------=~--...,.----t__-----"" D
C
I
I
165 k
6ml ________.-r..._ _ :m
x2
M;:;: 195x - 60 -
- 210
I
I
60kN/~
60kN/m
ooooooooooooooooooooooofOOOOOOOD
r
=, . .
dM
For maximum B.M;, - 1- = 0
Va =195kN
ax'
dM
:. dx = 195 - BOx = 0
.. x;:;: 3.25 1/1
2
x=
6m
I
I
I
!
I
2m
Vc =265kN
1~6.~75kN~
:
:+
,..
Fig. 254
.. x=1.36mandx=5.14m.
Problmn 211. A beam ABCD is supported at Band C and has over-hangs AB and CD. The
bending moment diagram for the beam is shown in Fig. 255. Determine the loading diagram and the
shear force diagram for the beam.
Solution. The bending moment diagram is parabolic between A andB. This meansthe loading
on AB is a uniformly distributed load.
Let the loading on AB be w 1 per unit run.
B.M. at B
Ar-----'------..L.------l~-----~
;:;: -w
42
X -
= - 24
.. w l =3 liN/m
/
STRENGTH OF MA'l'ERIAU
200
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
.. I
I
I.
I
4m
6kN
4m
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Vc ,18k
I
I
I
I
6kNI
6kN
+
B
+
C
12kN
12kN
S.F.D.
Fig. 255
The B.M. at F changes abruptly from + 24 kNm on LHS of F to zero on RHS of F. Hence therl
should be an anticlockwise couple of 24 kNm. at F
B.M. diagram is parabolic between F and C
Let the loading on FC be W3 per unit run
B.M. at C = 24 X 10-- 3 X 4 X 12 - 3 X 4 X 6 - 24 - :u 3 X 4 X 2 = _2L
240 - 144 - 72 - 24 - 8 w3 = -24
8 W3 = 24 .. W3 = 3 hNhn
B.M. diagram is linear between C and D
Let the point load at D be W
B.M. at C = - Wx 4 = -24 .. W == 6 hN
Total applied external load = (3 X 4) + (3 X 8) + 6 = 42 kN
But
Vb
= 24 kN t
Vc = 42 - 24 = 18 hN t.
Problem 212. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam ABCD shown in Fig. 256. Note aJ
intern.al hinge is provided at E.
Solution. Consider the part AE
Total load on AE = 20 X 2 = 40 kN
This load is transmitted equally to the support A and at E for the part EBCD
Load transmitted at A = 20 kN
Load transmitted at E = 20 hN
Now consider the continuous beam EBCD. Fig. 256 (c) shows the free B.M.diagram for EBCl
B.M. at B = Mb = 40 kNm (hogging nwment)
Span BC
Area of free B.M. Diagram
= a 1 = 2" x 4 x 80 = 160
4
= - = 2111
2
2 320
Span CD a = - x 4 x 40 = - 2
3
3
Applying the theorem of three- moments for the spans BC and CD
Xl
201
1\
I
!
160 + 16 M
= - x 160 x 2 + - x 320 x 2
c
4
4
160 + 16 M c = 480 + 320
l\1c = 40 hNnl (hagging nwment)
80kN
Ar-----~~---r----_.------._--~------~
Vc~110kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Vd:::t30kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~----~----~------------~----------~D
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A~~~~~~~----------~~~-----=~~ID
6QkN
60kN
60kN
S.F.D.
Fig. 256.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
202
180kNm
Ai,-'=-~r--4~m~~--~6---+~~----~1
B
C
T
m
. I.
6m
T
A
l
90 Nm
90kNm
Fig. 257
alxl =
"2
8 X 120 X 4=1920
"2 X 6 X 90 X 4 - "2 X 6 X 90 X 8
= 1080 - 2160 =-1080
a 2 x2 =
M a =Mc =0
We know
a1x1
60kN
I
180kN~
A rl~____-+~~~!~a=-________~'+I~______~~IC
1'-
Va :::~7 1l)75lcN
: Vb ;;J5 (J37~~N
.
108175kN~
II
I
I
I
J(N~"
l.Q\25~Nm
B.M.D.
~7J1875
I
I
j
I
I
I
A~~~~~",~~~~~~~~~!~~~~~~
<- ..
16;~7pkN
32.8125
kNm '.
~2.81g~
kNm
Fig. 258
,~~
16.875kN
6a x
T
2 2
203
40 Mb
= 15.9375 kN.
Fig. 259
Va + V" + V"
(.!.2 x 6 x 6)
+ 6 + (8
4)
... m
=56
6kN
,I
aJ3kNm
6.2okNm
"
I
I
I
'" " D
g.~;::j
24kNlll
B.M. Diagram
Flg.2GU
,L
'
Vc X 8 + VcXl '12::;: ( ~
+- '(6 X,.6) "+- (8
2 x 6 x 6 x ""-,'
3
,
8 Vc + 12 Vd = 392
2 Vc +- 3 V d ;:::: 98
Taking moments about B,
Vd X6+Vc X2=8X4 X 4
..
3 Vd + Vc:::; 64
From equations (ii) and (iii)
Vc :::: 34 kN, Vd ;:: 10 kN
Va =56 - 34 - 10 =12 llN
X 4" X 10)
,
.. .(ii)
,.Wl)
TSTRENGTH OF MATERIALS
204
B.M. Diagram
Member CD
8 ~
2
= M = lOx -
M = lOx - 4,x2
= O,M= 0
x::: 4, M = 10 X 4 - 4 X 42 = '-24 kNm
At
At
dM
For M to be maximu,IP-, -d...'== 0
x
10 - 8x
M III (IX
Points of contraflexllre
Equating the B.M. to zero,
=0
:.
= 1. 25m
= 10.X 1.25 -
lOx:"':' 4.x2= 0
x(lO - 4x)= 0
x = 0 and x = 2.5 m
MemberAB
At a section distant x from B,
The bending moment is given by,
1
M= 6 x - 6
Alternatively,
Considering AB,
M= (12-6)x-
At
At
x8
M= 6 x - 6
x::: O,M=O
x = 6, M= 0
-X.X.-
Fig. 261
For M to be maximum, dM = 0
dx
dM
dx
=6 -
3x 2
-6
=0
..
= 12
x=2../3m
M IIfflX = 6 X . 2../3 - ~
(2../3)3
6
= 12../3 - 4../3 = 8../3 kNm,
205
wl'2
Alternatively M
I
max
6'2
r;::
= ~ = 8~3 hNl17,.
r;::
9~3
9~3
Problem 215. Fig. shows the 13.M. diagram, for a bewn AB siTitply sllpporte,d at A and B. Draw
the S.F. diagram and the load diagram.
'
Solutio11. Consider the parab~lic part of the B.M. diagram betweenC and B. Let the B.M. at a
distance x from C be equal to M. By the property of the parabola,
=30 -
10 ?
- x
3
SF =S
= -dM
clx
= At x = 0, S = 0 and at x = 3m
20
s=- - x
"
20
S\= - -
For the part AC the B.M. varies linearly from -60 kNm to + 30 kNm.
lldl between
20
3 - 20 kN
30 + 60' 30
= +
hN
3
e = 30 hN.J,
"
1-1..._ - - -
hNlm
----<.~I.....- - - -
30kNm
A~--------~~----~C----~------~~
60kNm
B.M. Diagram
30k~N~______________3-,OkN
I
A
c~B
20kN
S.F. Diagram
too
30kN
60kNm
20
kN m
/
~QOOOl)OQOOOOOI
20kN
30kN
Fig. 2.62
(anticlocl~wise)
atA.
Problelll 216. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown in Fig. 263.,
Solution. Reaction atB. Horizontal reaction at B = H/J"= P~
Reaction at D. Taking moments about D, Vd X 2a =Pa + Pa :. Vd =Pt
MemberAB. B.M. atA =0, B.M. atB =+Pa
Member BC. B.M. at [) = 0, H.M. at e = + Pa.
Problmll 217. Draw B.M. diagram for the beams AB and DC whose ends Band
to a vertical rigid bar Be.
'1
e are hinged
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
206
P
A
A
Pa
Pa
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 263
4m
I
I
Vd =20kN
T=20kN
2m
I
I
3m
3kN
~B
T=4kN:
V =4kN
a
!:=20kN
T Rigid link
D 1m
E
I
Ma=12kNm
4m
V =20kN 40kN
a
ID
2m
3m
=20 hN
3m
2m
2m
Ma ='12kNm
Rigid
T bar
40kN
I
ID
.. Vel
3m
T=4kNI
D 1m I
Vc =lkN
A~:B
I
80kNm
40kNm
D~C
E
Fig. 264
12kNm
I
I
:.
'e
D
3kNm
Fig. 265
207
;~
,'"
=-8 hN
16kN
A~I
4m
C2ml2m1
4m
~
--
16kN
2m
M. =32kNm
V. =8kN
!~.=8kN
8kN
f,__
2m
8kN
A.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII\.
.
S.F. Diagram
A
.-11
-11111111111111
8kN
8kN
16kNm
i i i i i i I i i i f I i i i I I I i i i I cP <C1! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
[b-
B.M. Diagram
32kNm
Fig. 266
Problem 220. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 267.
0000000000 6)c
AI t~t) (} 0 (} [[0 10kN/m
0 0 000 00 0[OOO~
B
I.
9m
.. I .. 3m
6m
~I
Fig. 267
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
208
lOkN/m
A~aaaQO~""""D""""'OO""""'O"""'~C
Va =30kN
Vb =120kN
V =30kN
c
60kN
,~kN
30kN
~E
AL'
IIIIIIIIII~
LUUJliill
3m'
'
600
.., 60kN
B
.1.'
600
J~
"UK]:'I'
3m '
S.F. Diagram
45kNm
45kNm
135kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig.
~68
=-
B.M. Analysis. At any se'Ction in AB distant x from A, the B.M. is given by M = 30x - 10
M = 30x - 5x2
At x = 0, M = 0
At
x = 9m, M = 30 X 9 - 5 X 9 2 = -135 kNm
At the section of zero shear, i.e. at a' distance of 3 m from A,
The B.M. = M max = 30 X 3 - 5 X 32 = 45 hNm
B.M. at D = 0 (Note there is a hinge at D)
At any section in CD distant x from C, the B.M. is given by
+'
10 x x 2
M = 30x - - ' - :. M 30x - 5x2
2
At
x = 0, M = 0, At x = 6m, M = 0
At
x = 3m, M max = 30 X 3 - 5 X 32 = + 45 hNM
Point of contraflexure in AB. Let the point of contraflexure be at a distance x from A.
x
'2"
209
ALE.1..!
30kN
30kN
IlokN/m
1.5m~ 1m.
1.5m
1I.~195kNm
~~
1.50m
.,'
" , -I
.3m
10kN/m
30kN
,E
1.50m
BfOOOooooQooonon~c
.D
1m
,I5kN
jl5kN
3m
V.'=15kN
,'(l
Va =75kN .
75kN'
I
75kN'
II
I
Ii , i i i i I. i.'" i I i,i II
- 45~N
-rT"T"'\'
'"
I I I I I 1 11111111111
1IIIIIIIIjlllllll'lalllll'rn=.......
:E
cc:z::u::r:u:r: C
,D
15kN
11.25kNm
A
II II IIII II
'1 , , I
1 I i i I 1 I]>.
82.5kNm
B.M. Diagram
195kNm
Fig. 269.
Solution. The beam call be taken to consist of two components namely, (i) a cantiever AEDB
and (ii) Jl simply supported beam BC.
3 x 10
For the beam BC the reaction at C =, Vc
- 2 - = 15 kN
The common reaction- at B = 15 kN acting upwards 011 the beam an<:L.downwards on the
cantilever. Now the S.F. diagram for the cantilever and the simply support beam can he easily drawn.
The B:M. diagram. For the simply supported beam, the B.M. diagram is a parabola whose mid
(
WZ2
ordinate
'PI"
':
10x32
"
= -= - - - = 11.25 kNm
8
8
"r,,";:'::'';:!;7,~;:::~r;:'''"~t:::tr;,-,'
'W
,.
'7.'""~:;';r~im~~
~
we-
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
210
B.M. at B =
B.M. at E =
B.M. at A=
Reactingforce at A
0
B.M. at D = - 15 X 1 = - 15 kNm,
- 15 X 2.5 - 30 X 1.5 = -82.5 kNm
- 15 X 4 -3,0 X 3 - 30 X 1.5 = -195 kNm,
Va 75 kN
Reacting moment at A = Ma = 1951?-Nm (anticlockwise).
= =
Problem 222. Draw shear force and bending lnoment diagram,s for the loaded beam shown
in Fig. 270.
40kN/m
40kN/m
Afuoooo~:ooooon~? 3~ina:f:003:~D
Fig. 270'
Ar
40kN/m
'40kN/m
OOOOOOOOOOOO!
Hingeo.-0000001.D
Be'
".
6m
. 3m
Va =90k~
'.,
Vb =21 OkN
3~.
\ Vo =60kN
90kN
.' .. ,
1.2 25m.1
0
150kN
101.25kNm
A 1"""""""".""",,0
E
1\1 iii iii-iii iii iii iii
(J""'II.!I'I")"D
I I IY -
I - - 4.50m---l
180kNm
Fig. 271
B.M. Analysis. At any section in AB distant x from A, the B.M. is given by, M
M = 90x - 20x2
= 90x -
40
At x = 0, M= O'
-. -I.
fJ!IiIII~l!!i!
211
At
x = 6m, M 90 X 6 - 20 X 6~ = -180 kNm
At
.
.X
2.25m,
M.e == ~O X 2.25
.:.,; 20 X 2.25 2 + 101.25 kNm
?
..
For the pOlnt of contraflexl,1re 90x- 20x~ = 0, :.X = 45,0 I n , .'
..
. 40 X 1.5 2
B.M. at C = B.M. at D = 0, B.M. at F= 60 X 1.5 = + 45 hNm .
..--:::,-,
Prob[e'li.'t
2 .
m) Draw S.F. and B.M,''dfaRram8 fOr 111(1 o('a171 8howh in Fig. 272:
C~:N/m
Illlirmlllll
~
~2mc
D.~
UkN
4m
~.
Fig. 272
- .
..
(1 . ) +
Resolving v;rtically, Va + Vc + Vel =.~
x 6x 6
D.
6 + (8 X 4)
... (i)
:::,Va + Vcc"+ Vd 56
Taking moments about B from the left.
6kN ../Jllir.m~D
B
~'2m"
/
6:N
...
. .......
400
Vd=10kN
Va = 1 2 k N Vc '=34kN
22kN
12kN
I'
A
'\
"I
.UkN-
12~N
12kN
2J3m--l
S.F. Diagram
8,{3kNm
A <'
"7"
24kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 273
~,;,"'~",m~~~~~"--~_-~Him~~~:~l'~"''''''~~~
: .. ,.'
>
sua
;,'
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
212
, 1
"
's'~" at, any section in BA distant x from B = S =6 + (8X 4) + x 2 - 34 - 10
I
S=
2' x 2 -
2'
6 S.F. is zero at x
= 2.J3m
from B.,
At x = 0, S = -6 kN, At x = 6, S = + 12 kN
R.M. analysis. B.M. at D = 0, B.M. at C =' io X 4 - 8
,
8 x 1.25
"
= -24 kNm
= + 6.25 kNm,
X 4x ,2
2= 0
'
:. x(10 - 4x) = 0
:. x = 2.50
Ill,
B.M. atR=O.
, It may be realized that the partAB can b'e considered as a simply supported beam carrying the
triangular load.
,
/'
Z2
,.,;
6 x 62
" ,,'
W.,
Maximum B.M: ,~~;A~ '='gJ3 = 9..[3=
"::.
,x>
,
" -,,:',
"1
, Maximum B.M. occurs,at
sJ3
kNm
Problem 224. Draw 8.P. and B.M. diagrams for members ABC and I;JEF in Fig. 274.
Solution. Consider the, equilibrium of the member DEF. This member is supported at F as a
support and D on the vertical member DC.
Let Vclbe the vertical reaction exerted by the member DC at D. Now DF can be considered as a
simply supported beam.
Taking moments about F, we ,get,"
'Vd X 4 = 8 xl
Vr=,g
Vel 2 kN
," - 2 = 6 kN
S.F. between D and E = 2 kN
S.F. between E and F = - 6 kN
B.M. atD= 0
B.M. atF= 0
B.M: ~t E 2 X 3 + 6 kNm (sagging)
Now consider the member ABC. The loading on the member consists of a uniformly distributed
load of 4kNper metre over the whole length together with a downward point load Vc 2kN at C exerted
by the member, CD. Considering the equilibrium, of this member, taking moments about A, we get
5
Vb X 4 = 4 X 5 X "2 + 2 X 5 :. Vb = 15 kN
Va
=4 X
+ 2 - 15 = 7 kN
S.F. at
A = + 7 hN
S.F. just on the left side of B :::: 7 - 4 X 4 = - 9 kN
S.F. just on the right side of B = - 9 + 15= + 6kN
S.F. at C = 2kN
213
8kN
3m
2m
A. 1 ", M
nl
8t
1m
3m
Vd=2kN
Vd=Vc=2kN
" ~ Vc =2kN
4kN/m,
f'lJ m
V, =8kN
DnO!lOO1lO0~~O!l0j
1m
Vt, =15kN
Va =,?kN
2kN
F
9kN
D ,<""1,[11" I"" "1"
I"
, I!'"
J>,
E
8.125kNm
ti i i II tp> , C
Fig. 274
1.75
m from A
B.M. at 1.,,75
__
_~_
7x - -
=0
~'-:"iI\f_ii!i4iiiiiJIiiikiii;;ii_~~~r"ii~
lit...
STRENGTh OF MATERIALS
214
Problem 225. Draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams for the lnem,ber ABCDE shown in Fig. 275(a).
Solution. Reactions a:t liz,e fixed support A. Reacting horizontal force at A = P ~
,
:
Pl
Re~c..ting-moment'at A
Ma = 2 (anticlockwise)
K
II ~E
.1
' C i"/2'
1/2
.D.
'A~
.
~ PL
iiiii~2
S.F. piagram
PL
J2
D
P
12
B.M. Diagram
(a)
PL
"2
P r
B
.....
.~I
,( b)
Fig. 275
.~.
215
B.M. Diagram,
Mem,ber DE. B.M. at E = 0, B.M. at D = +
,
Pl
"2
Pl
"2
Member CD.
We will consider the effect of the force at E on the member BC. Due to
P and a moment or couple
Pl
"2
th~
force P at E, a force
.
Pl
P
from C, the BM IS given by M = - - r;:: x
2 ....;2
Pl
Atx=O , M=+.2 andatx=l
'2
"";"L"
Pl
M = -2-
Pl
"2
S.F. Diagrahi. There is no sh~ar forc~ for 'the members 'AB and i::D.
Member DE. S.F. at E = 0 S.F. at D =-P
Member BC.
Problem 226. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown'in Fii. 276.'
Solution. Reactions at th,efix,ed support A.Horizontal reacting force at A, Ha = 2 hN +-.
Reacting moment at A, = 2 X 3 = 6 hNm (anticlochwise)
Member CD. At any section distant y from D, the B.M. is given by,
M = 2y, At Y = 0: M = 0, At Y = 2, M = 2 X 2 = 4 kNm
A
Ha=2kN
Ma =6kNm
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 276
Fig. 277
H.a = .10 kN
+-
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
216
-..
C
B
1m
H.=IOk
1
-I
1m
I,
I
I
1ml (+
10kN
+) IO.5m
..
'
1m
'+"-
-D
.Fig.,278
'>
IC
1m
y
5kN~
10kN
- Fig. 279
( ..
I~ ~kN
Fig. 280
=
=
Problem 228. Draw B.At. diagram for the frame shown in Fig. 281.
Solution. At the fixed supbort A.
Reacting force H a '= 5 kN ~
Reacting moment Ma = (3 X 8 X 4) - (5 X 6) =66 kNm (anticlockwise)
Member DC. At any section in DC distant y from D, B.M. is given by, M
Aty = 0,' M= 0, Aty =.4, M'= -20 kNm
Member;BC. At anysection dis'tant x from C, the B.M. is given by,
.
M
I
=- 5 X 4 -
3 -
=-5 Y
:. M
At
x == 0, M: -20 kNln
At x= 8, M == -116 kNm.
Member AB. At any section distant y fr.om A, the B.M. is given by, -(66 + 5y)
At
Y 0,1'4=-66 kNm
Aty = 10,M= -116 kNm
Fig~ _282 shows the B.M. diagram for the frame.-
~~
217
l16JcNm
B,
,20kNm
)00000[:1
Y Y u " C'
\l Y Y Y Y Y
\J
8u]
-10m
A
M.=66kNm
V.~'24kN
Fig. ,2~1
Fig. 282,
Problem 229. Dtaw B.M.diagram for the frame shown in Fig; 283.
v. =l1kN
A
V. =lkN
Fig. 283.
:.
Ya
'-.:.
':
, ' " , ~2
'')
II'
(11)2
= 11 X
./
STRENGTH OFMA'l'ERIALS
218.:
Problem 230. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown in Fig. 284.
1~
I
I
4m
4m
L____ -"
-};,.5r.n D
.Vd =8kN
B.~. -'-1Di8.gr~:n
Va =8kN
.
Rd
S111
Fig. 285
Ed
e == Hd an~ Rd cos e = Vd
tan
e = -v; ="4 :.
Hd =
"4
.
Vd
3
. V =8 kN i and H a =3 kN ~
Vel =8 kNt, :. Hd = "4 (8) =6 kN ~ , .. a
Mem,ber CD. B.M. at every section is zero.
Mem,ber AB. B.M. at any section distant y from A is given by, M = 3y
At Y = 0, M = 0, At Y = 4, M = 3 X 4 = 12 kNm
Member BC. At any section distant x from B, the B.M. is given by, M = 3 X 4 - 8x
M= 12 _ 8x, At x = 0, M= 12 kNm, At x =l:5,'M= 12 - 8 X 1.5 = 0.
Problem 231. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown in Fi{.f. 286.
---.;.
36kNm
C -12kN
I
I
I
I
I
4m
- ---
4m~
I
I
I
I
I
He =!!kN'_J..:...5~.l.-----3~----l_1..!.~A
B.M. Diagram
Vd :i:8kN
. Va =8kN
Fig. 286
Fig. 287
_I
~/
Solution. tan
4
8
e = -1.5
= -,
3
8
3;
e=
"r;::;;:
and cos e= ,r;::;;:' AB =
,,,73...;73
sin
8',;9
16+"', 4
In
= -,2'-,
6 = 12 X 4
:. Vel = 8 I~Nt , Va = 8 hN 4- and lfa = 12 hN fMember AB. At any section distant z from A, the B.M. is given by,
,
M = 12 z sin e- 8z cos 8, M
8,
=12z X
r;::;;: - 8 z x r;::;;:
'...;73
...;73
mm
':
72
,.J7i
72
M= ...;73'
r;::;;: z Atz=O , M=O , Atz= -2
-' M= - - . -2- = 36hNm
Member CD. At any section distant z from D, the B.M. is given by,
M = 8 z cos e = 8z X
z=
At
.J7i
:. M=
24
m
.z, Atz=9,M=0
Member BC. At any section, distant x from C, 'the B.M. is given by, M = 8 (1.5 + x)
At x = 0, M= 12 hNm and at x = 3, M= 8 (1.5 + 3) = 36 hNm.
Problem 232. Find the reactions at the supports for the loaded frame shown in Fig. 288.
Draw also B.M. diagram for the frame.
160kN
160kN
4m
2m
4m
BI
2m
c:
,2m
!
D
2m
IE
IE
4m
4m I
14m
14m
AI
H=40kN~
IF
Va =40kN
f.
H=40kN
Vr =120kN
Fig. 288
Fig. 289
1.33m
4m
..
2m---2m
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 290
Solution. Let Va and Vr be the vertical reactions at A and F. Let Ha and Hr be the ,horizontal
reactions at A and F.
'
Resolving vertically Va + Vr = 160
,"!!'!f..~-"iii~.~jf';;g;@i_ii,~;~eF'~lIli;i;r,~lfi;~~';i,,,~~~mji;IR~-&_~
""eo
$TRENGTH OF MATERIALS
d
At t1i~k-ni:nge C the B.M. is zero
'-:":i}if,
,
:. M;-= Hd X 8 -1 X 8 X 4 0, :. Hel 4 kN ~, :. Ha 4 kN ~
B.M. at A, M(I 0, B.M. at B Mb
4 X 5 ~ -20 kNm
B.M. at E Me = 13-x 2 - 4 X ~.5 = 0, H.M. at C = 0 - '
Member DC. TheH.M. at any section distant y froIl},-D is given by,
y2
y2
M 4y -1'"2 M=4y- 2' Aty 0, M=O
:.
= =
=
= =-
42
, At
== '
0 A. t Y =' 4,'M
Y'=
. 8'.M.
. = 4 X 4 ..;. - 2 = 8 kNm
10kN
c
c
Ha=4kN
Va =13kN
B.M. Diagram
Vd =3kN -
Fig. 292
Fig. 291
(Alternatively CD may be considered as a vertical beam hinged at ends and subjected to the
uniformly distributed loading.
:. Maximum B.M. for CD, which occurs at the middle point to D
WZ2
Ix 8 2 .
- = - - =8kNm.
8
8
Problem 234. Draw'B.M. diagram, for the frame shown in Fig. 293.
Solution~ Taking moments about A, Vb X& = 20 X 4 X 2
':. Vb::;: 20:kNt, :. Va (20X 4) ~ 20 60 kNt
Since a hinge is provided at C, the B.M. at C =0
Taking moments about C from the right, He X 8= 20 X 4! He = 10 kN
....~,.diiJ:~.8;p:i~~,~ L:.I~I-l;~_l::'
W.~.~,
~''''' ._,."";':-L_~,.:,t~;:....;._
..;........!; ,",---,",,_.-
-"~.:"
20 kN/m
m _
5m
A
lOJkN-~:(
/ 'H4
'E
8m
=
*-
'
He=l OkN
B.M. Diagram
Ve =20kN
V4 =60kN
Fig. 294
Fig.293.
~.
4
33
Member BC,. tan e ='
, . -4' sin"e = -5cos
" ,9-= .. ,5. . ;.
M = 60x - 10(5 + y)
_?OX2, M =.60x -
At
dM
dM~
For M to be maximum'-d =0, .'. - d =-20x + 52.5 =0, :. x 2.625 m
.
. x
x .
M= -10 (2.625)2 + 52.5 (2.625) - 50 +18.906 kNm,
max
Point of contraflexure in BC. Equating the general expre ssi 9 n for B.M. to zero,
:. x 2 - 5.25x + 5 = 0
x == 1.25 m and x
="/4'lh.
lOkN
Fig. 295
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
,.: . \m~Jrerun for a distance of 4 metres from the left end. Find the maximum shear force aI).~bending moment
',('\'\,\:a,Uu. draw and S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
"
, '" ~'MMax. + ve S.F. = 80 h N '
,
ax. - ve S.F. = 40 leN
, Max. sagging B.M. = 106.67 hNm at 2
A beam 5 metres long, supported at the ends carries point loads of 140 hN, 60 hN and 80 hN at distance 0.5
metres, 2.5 metres and 3.5 metres respectively from the left end. Find the maximum S.P. and B.M. Draw
S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
.
(Max. + ve S.F. = 80 hN
Max. - ve S.F. = 40 hN
" Max, Sagging B.M. = 170 hNm).
3.' . AbeamABC 5 metre~ long has one support at the end~4,andother support at B 8 metres fromA. It carries
a point load of of 4 hN at the middle point of AB and a point load of 3 hN at C. Draw S.F. and B.M.
diagrams.
(Max. + ve S.F. = 3 hN
l'.lax. - ve S.F. =4 hN
Max. hogging B.M. = 6 hNm at 3 In form A).
4. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 296
\ !
8kN
10kN4kN
.:l
L2m .t2m-.tlm;em-tI~:.5L
5.
12kNw
,",
Fig. 296
[S.F. betw'een A and C = + 6 hN
S.F. between C and D = - 2 hNM ,= 0 B.M. at E abruptly
changes from + 8 hNm to - 4 hNn:
'
S.F. between D ai{d"B = ~12hN M c == 12 hNm
S.F. between Band F= + 4 hN M d =+ 8 hNmMb =- 4 hNm
~=OJ
Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 297.
5kNm
10kNm
(:)
4kNm
2kNm
!(cj0)
I--l~
.1.
1m
.1.'
1m
'.1.
X
1m
(7)"
.1.; 1m ~
Fig. 297
, I
1V!:~;= -4
M{c =
+ 2 hNm].,
~:j::' ~~.
Gta-...
1:_
J
i
t
;~;.
;,;
,
~'
6.
~J
22:3
Draw S.F. and RM. diagrams for the beamshown in Fig. 298;
S.F. at A = 0 S.F. between C and E = - 6 hN
Sba = + 2 hN S.F. :q~tween E and F = + 31~N
Sb C =+8hNMa =O,Mb =-IhNm.Mk+llhNm
'
c
Melc = +5hNm,
Scb
M =0
.','.
Sail = - 6 hN.:;
10kN
2kN/m:.
3kN
7.
'C
7kNm
~3?
A.
. "
"
c:r::l
..
3m
1-
2m~
Fig. 298
Point of contraflexure at 1.127 In from A and 3m from F.
Draw S.F. and RM. diagrams for the members ABeD and EFGH shown in Fig. 299.
6kN
8kN
4kN
3kN,
A
3m
L5m
D
Fig. 299.
M:
Md=O
Member EFGH,' S.F. between E and F= 4hN
Me = 0
S.F.betweenFandI=O
M =-2hNm
f
S.F. between I and G, = - 8hN M,I = -' 2 hNm
S.F. between' G, and iI = + 6hN . M g ;::;- 6 hNm
; ",
~~ ....
8.
,
Mh = 0):
A beam simply supported and withequ~l overhangs, c~lrries
loads as shown in Fig. 300. If W = wl find ra:tio
'\
9.
T for\vhich
w
w unit per run
AOOOOOOOcOPOOOOQ
'I--m I '
I. m~
Fig. 300.
_~)
14
1BE
.,ott~~
.AT ---j O.5m
tn-
~:'4-
2.5m
Fig. 301
10.'Abeam'oflength lhas onestipport at one end and the other support at a distance a fro~ the other end. The
beam carries.a uniformly distributed loadofwperunit run over the whole lenght. Eind-.ihe value of a,
STR~NGTH OF MAT~~IALS~
ZZ4
(i) if the maximum sagging bending moment .equals the l~axim\1Jn hoggingbendirtgmoment, (ii)ifthe
iJ .
9kN
5kN
::~. ,:
n.
8.0kN
i8
:L
10kN
3m
1m
~~~----~------~'C
2m
A
Fig.. 303 .
.
.
Fig. 304'
B.M. producing concavity outside may be treated'as positive.
, .
(Mil = 40 IlNm; Mb =Me + 80 Mym;Md = 0).
14. Calculate the moments at A. B, C and D for the frame shown in Fig~ 305
(Ma =0, Mb =40 kNm, Me =O,Md= 0) ..
15. Draw B.M. diagram for the beam shown in Fig. 306.
Note~
84m,.
3m
16kN/m
~.~A. 4 m
,.
Fig. 305
ooru~ . .
6,
8 :000
,".', ... 3m
Fig..,306.,
(Ma=..;.96 hNm; Mb= Me O,Ma~ ..n.M. (orBC = + 18 hNm).
16. DrawB.M. diagra~ for the frame shown in Fig; 307. .
(Ma := Md 0, Mb -320, Me ==- 160 hNm).
'
':;;~;;~~~-
--"
~-:-"'-",~,,=~,,-c,,;~~~,~,,-