~.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

149

For the equilibrium of the beam, taklngmomel'l.ts aqout A, we have,

tV i x ~ l

l=

b.'

Va

..

:w Z
Vb=:3

..

= -wZ2 - -wl3 =wi6

. ,,',',...";:.... :.

Consider any section X distant x from the end A. S.F. and B.M. at this section are given b~

S _ wZ x wx wl wx 2
x - 6-"2'-Z-=6-2l
wx 2

wZ

wx 3

wZ

M = -X---.-==-x--x
6
2l
36
6l'
Hence the S.F. diagram is a parabolic curve and the B.M. diagram is a cubic curve

wzi

At

x= 0, S.F. = 6;

At

wl wl 2
.--W..L
x= l S.F.= - - - = - - '
,
6
2Z
3
~= 0, ~\: =0;

At

x = Z M = wZ .1 ~ wl
t
-'
' .\:
6
61
Let the S.F. be zero at a distance x fromA .

.. Equating the S.F. to zero, we have,

Max. B.M. occurs at x

= ..J3

from A

Problem 172. The intensity of loading on a simplysupported bewn of 5 meters span increases unifonnly
from 8 kNI,n at.one end to 16 kNlm. at the other end. .Find the position and l1wgnitude of the lnaximllln
bending moment, Also draw shear force and Bending Moment diagrams.
Solution. The trapezoidal loading on the beam consists of a uniformly distributed load and a
triangular loading as shown in Fig. 197.
Reactions:
Taking moments about the end A, we have
,

~l [~

Vb X 5 = [8 x 5 x 2 + 2 x 8 x 5
.

x~]
3

100
3
Va = Total load - Vb

V=-hN
b

100

100

80

= [ 8x5+-x8x5 --kN=60--==-kN
2
3
3
3
Consider any section XX at a distance x from A
Load intensity at the section XX

=8 + "5x x 8 =8 + 1.6 x

S.F. Analysis
S.F. at the section XX

..

= -803 - 8x - -12 x x 1.6 x

80

'.

S=--8x-0.8x
.
3
The S.F. dia'gr~mfollows aparaboIlc law
At
~,~,.Q., if'at ,4

\
150

\_G~' ~

tv

' 8kN/m

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

---~~~~~~~~~[J[]~~][~~~[J[]~
-

8kN/m
8kN/ni

80 kN
3

80 kN r-_--:P...:a:!..:ra~b~oJjc
3

A!.

CUrve

2~1~_u
1..

!______~100
akN

S.F. pialram

37.61 kNm

+
A

E
B.M. Diacram
Fig. 197.

S = SO kN
3
x= 5 m, i.e., atB,
SO
?
100
S --Sx 5-0.S x 5- = - - k N
3
3

At

Section of Zero Shear

Equating the general expression for shear force to zero,
SO
3

- - Sx-O.Sx = 0
3x2

+ 30x-:-100 = 0
Solving, we get = 2.637 m.
B.M. Analysis
SO
Sx x2 1
x
B.M. at any secti6nXX= M= - x - - - - - x xx 1.6 x x3

SO

O.S

M= -x-4x - - x

3
3
TheB.M. diagram follows a cubic law.
Maximum bending occurs at the section of zero shear, i.e., at a distance of 2.637 metres from A.
,

Maximum, bending moment

O':S
' 3
= -'SO3- x 2.637 -A(2.637t
- -,- (2:637) =37.615 kNm
",3
' ?

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

151

- Problem 173. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagram, for the simply sitpported bewn shown in Fig. 198.
Solution. Let Va and Vb be the reactions, at the supports A and B.
Taking'moments about A,
'V X 6
b

1
=30 X 5 + -x
2 3 x 20 x 3;,

:. Vb

=40 kN i

,.
1
'
Total load applied on the beam = 30 + 2" x 3 x 20 = 60 kN
..

Va = 60 - 40 = 20 kN
20~N/m

30kN

~' '_
.
'-'-""'I
;
\ "\
D
E

~
J

-11'~3 ~.lm-4-1m-l.
,'/
",
.

"~m

Fig.l!lR.

,20kN/m

30kN

d:.

A~D
Elm.I~.lmlm=J.
I

V.,20kN:

20~N

I
I

I .

':. 1

1.,.l67

20

C I - 2

I
I
I
I
I

ID

IE

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I

S.,.- lDiagram
I

51.11 152 .66

38.

50

20~N

1:

V'f'kN
.

I
I
I
I

--t-I B

419m

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I

4D

40 N

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I

140kNm

C,

'
D
~ .... Dia,ram

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Fig.1U9.

S.F. Al1:alysis : S.F. at any section in AC = +20 kN

20x
Consider any section X in CD distant x from C. Load intensity at the section X = -31
20x
S.F. at the section X = S = 20 - - x. - . .'

At
At

,
10 2
S =20--x
x3
x= 0, S;F. = +20 kN
.
. 10 .2
;~.;::: 1m, S.F. = 20 - 3"(1) = + 16.67 kN

I
,I
I

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

152
At

.
10 ( ) ? .
x = 2m, S.F. = 20 - 3. 2 ~ = + 6.67 kN

rx = 3m, S.F. = 20 - 310 (3t

?

At

= -10. kN

Section of zero shear

Equating the general expression for shear force to zero,
10?
'r;;
20--x~ = 0
x 2 =6
... x = v6 = 2.449 In Fron1- C
3
S.F. at any section in DE = +30 - 40 = -10 kN
S.F. at any section in EB = -40 hN
B.M. Analysis
B.M. at A =. 0
B.M. at d = 20 X 1 ~.f2D kNm
.'
At a section in CD distant X froni C
1
20x x
10 3
B.M. = M." = 20(1 + x) .c.. 2" x . -3- . 3 .. Mx = 20(1 + x) - 9 x
At

x == 0, B.M. == +20 7?-Nm

At

= 1, B.M.

=20(1+1) -

10
3.
9 (1)

=+38.39 :!?-Nm

At

10
3
= ,2, B.M. = +20(1+2) - '9(2) = +51.11 hNm

At

= 3, B.M.

10 '
= +20(1 +3) - 9 (3)3 = +50. hNm

At the section to zero shear, i.e., at x = 2.449 m

.
10
.'
'. ,- .
Mmax = 20(1 + 2.449) -' 9" (2.499)3 ~.+52Ji6 kNm
i

H.M. at E = + 40 K1 =+40 hNm

B.M. atB= O.
Problem 174. A beam oflength (l + 2a) has supports l apart with an overhang a on each side. The
beam carries a concentrated load Wat each end. Construct shear force and bending mOl1wnt diagrams.
Solution. Let DABC be the ,beam of length (l + 2a).
.
Let the supports be at Aand Eso t h a t "
W
DA = BC == a
..
AB = l
L
_ _ _,.!;A~_ _ _ _ _ _ _TB:...--_~Each vertical reaction == W
~., .
.

f
a~
..
Va. = Vb = W
I-- a - ..-t~

- - - -----it---

S.F. at any section between D and A = -W

S.F. at any section between Band C = +W
S.F. at any section between A and B = 0
B.M. atD= 0 B.M. atA =-Wa
At any section inAB distant x from D the B.M. is given

~ =\f '

Va =W

1
D

"

,.':..

by

M :1.. = - Wx + w(. x - a) = - Wa
B.M. ~'l.L 1.J = -Wa, B.M. at C = 0
(v"ii) Beam with overhang at one en,d and carrying a
uniformly distributed load over the whole length.
Fig 201 shows a simply supported beam ABC with
supports~t A and B, 6 metres apartwith an overhang BC 2
metres long. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load
of 15 kNlm. Let us construct the S.F. and B.M. diagrams
for .this

B
'.

S.F. Diagram

"

"

~IIIIIIIIIIII~lllllllliur
Wa

Wa -

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 200.

153

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

Let Va and VI} be the vertical reactions at A and B.

For the equilibrium of the beam, taking moments about A, we have,
. 'Vb X 6= 15X 8'x4
Vb = 80 hN
V a = 15 X 8 - 80 = 40 hN
,.j"

'

S.F. at the left end = + 40 hN

S.F. just on the left hand side of B = + 40 - 15 X 6 = - 50 hN
S.F. just 0~1 the right hand sid~ of B = + 15X 2 = 30 hN
.
S.E. at C = 0
Fig. 201 shows the S.JZ. diagram.
Let the S ..F. be zero atix lnetres from,A. Equating the S.F. to zero, we get,
S x = 40 - 15x = 0
x =

~= 2.67

In.''

B.M. at A = 0
Ati~hy .section in AB distant x from A, the B.M. is given by,
J'

;f

15x
M = 40x - - - = 40x - 7.5 x 2

\'

"rr
1: -

15kN/m

'.=:-

~D ~

\'to
~~'~)

.A~IC
40kN

S.F. Diagram
50kN
53.3kNm

30kNm

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 201.

Hence the B.M. diagram is parabolic. B.M. at x =

"3'17,.

8 ,(8)2

lHax

= 40 x- -7.5 -3
3

is,
160

,:

= +-3-= +53.3

hNm
2

=-

.'
B.M. at x 6 In, i.e. at B Mb
40 X 6 - 7,5X 6
30 hNm
or, alternatively, B.M. at B, taking moments, of the forces on the right side of B:
M

Section at which the B.M. is zero-

= -15 X 2 X

2
2

=-30 hN,n

JI

154

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

"31.11, -the B.M. is +53.3 kNm. and at x

Since at x.=

=6 ln1the B.M. is 730 kNm'J there must be

a sectionw here tlle B.M. iszE:!l'o. This section can be determined .byequa ting the>general expression
forB:M>ofzero:,
i.e;; by tntr" equutlDn. 40x -7.5x2 = 0
0
.t (40 ;..,.7.5x)<:;:0

x=

0,

and

A. r.a~

On an Q~o.naatt.no.l 0

VA = 4 0 k N ' . :V()::40kN _

40kN
16
AO="3 m.
T~ Hoint 0 !y'here the B~M. is zero i~ed the point of J
cQatrafleXll n? gr ~t of inflexion. '
For all sectiQI;u3,froJ,1l,Ato. DtheB.M~ is ofscigg:ingtype
while for all section between 0 and C the H.M. is ,of the
hogging type.
Sonte Integresting Observations
For'the beam discussed above the H.M. at A is zero and
A
the H.M. at 0 is ~lso zero and the distance AO

Let the B.M. be zero at 0 (Fig. 2(1)

rrn}:1lJJ):r,. .. ". .'. ". "',

....

~
':,jOkN'

Fig. 202.

16
=-S-m.,
Suppose a simply supported beam AD has a span of

16
""3
m.

and is subjected to a uniformly

= 40 kN

distributed load of 15 kNlm over the span, each vertica"l reaction would be .!..(15 x 16)
/'
2
3
15kN/m

(a)

15kN/m

(b)

A~O
40kN

'

40kN

40kN

.,

""~~. ,

15lcN/m

o .'

(r)

Ji

Vb =80kN

(c)
(,)

s.,.

kN 50kN

D~alram

l~.,.
.5'33kNm.
l

I
I

.
.

O~C

Jtlf

(d)

(e)

mB 2mJ

I
,I

ADO

S.'. Dialram
(h)

~
30kNm

B.M. Dlalram

"

f'

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

155

Max. sagging B.M. "Yill OCCllr at the centre and is of magnitude

15

= +sx

(16)2

160
3' = +-3-

hNm. = + 53.3 /:,Nm.

It may be noted that the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for this beam AO are exactly the same as the,
S.F. and B.M. diagrams -for the portion AO of the beam A B C . '
,
Hence for analysis purposes we may consider AO as a separate simply supported beam supported
at A -and at 'the end a of a double cantileve~ aBC. The S.F. and B.M. diagr~ms for the double
cantilever aBC. of the gh:en beam can be dr~wn easily by drawing the corresponding diagram for
the double cantilever aBC.
Problem 175. A sim,ply supported beam ABC with supports at A and B, 6 m,etres apart and
with an overhang BC 2 metres long carrles a uniformly distributed load of 15 hN per m,etre over the
whole length as shown in Fig. 180. Draw S.p. and B.M. diagrams.
t---

pfUtion.

' .

\:::::/ Reactions. Ta~ing moments about

the end A,

,-

8'

6m

V X 6 = 15 X 8 X b
-2
V = 80 kNb

15kN/m

A~C
B .
'

Va =40kN

2m
V,b

---J

=80kN

40kN

'

Va = Total load - Vb
= (15 X 8) - 80 = 40 I?-N
S.F. analysis. At any section AB
distant x from A,
Shear force = S = 40 - 15 x
At x = O,S = + 40 kN'
At x = 6 m,S == 40 - 15 X 6 = -50 I?-N
Section of zero shear. Equating the
general expression for shear force to zero.
40 -15 x 0

S.F. Diagram
53.3kNm

50kN

..

x=

40

15 = 3"

= 2.67 m,

At any section in CB, distance x from

C,

Shear force
Atx = 0
S
At x = 2 m, S
B.M. analysis.

= S = + 15x
=0
== 15 X 2 = + 3017,N
At any section in AB, distant x from A,

Bending moment

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 204
X

= M== 40x-15 x 2

M= 40x - 7.5x2
This is a parabolic law.
At x = 0,
M=0
At x = 6 In,
M = 40 X 6 - 7.5 X 62 = -30 kNm
Maximum hending moment which occurs at the section' of zero shear
,

(8)2

== M = 40 X - - 7.5 e
3
3

= + 160 kNm = + 53.33 kNm

At any section in CB, distant x and C,
Bending moment

x2
=. M = -15 - 2

30kNm

..

STRENGTH OF M.ATERIALS

,.
M = -7.5x2 This is a parabolic law.
At x = 0,
11'1 = 0
At M=i2 m,
M = -7.5 X 22 = - 30 l?-Nm.
(ix) Siinply supported beam with equal overhangs and carrying a uniformly distributed load of
LV per ~l:tni(rlln over the Whole length.
,
,
Fig. 205 shows a beam EABD of length (l + 2a) with supports at A and B so that AB = 1 and AE

''

'~i3IJ=a

Let the beam carry a uniformly' ,distributed load ofw per unit run over the whole length.
Si~nce the loading is symmetrical on the beam, each vertical reaction equals half the total load
on the beam.
"
Let Va and V/J be the reactions at A and B.
,
w(1+2a)
Va = V/J =
2
S.F. at any section in EA distant x from E is given
,

by
S x =- wx
At
x = 0, i.e., atE, Sx =0
At x = a i.e., just on the hand side of A, Sx = -wa
At any section in AB distant x from E the S.F. is
given by
w
'8eX == V - wx= -2 (l +,2cd- wx
At x = a, i.e., just on the right hand side of A,
w
,wI
S '= '---:.. (1 + 2a) - wa = + -

~'

2
At x = (a + 1), just on the left hand side of B

~A

wa

from +

to -

~!'J

A~B

~Ol'

02~

wa.2

'

'2

'2

wl

S x' '= -2 (1' + 2a) - w(a + l) = - - 2

Hence from A to 'B the S.F. change~ uniformly

wl

~IHIlIB

S.F. Diagram
i:-(l2 -4(2) ,

' w a2

fIttnx

I~c

(l

'1'a"

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 205

wi

Hence the, S.F. at C the middle point of the beam is zero.

For the portion BD, th~ S.F. wili change uniformly\from +w'a at B to zero at D.
At any section in EA, distant x from E, the B.M. is given by
9"

wx~

M.. = - ~

(hogsing)

x = 0, i.e., at fE,
B.M. = 0
x = a, i.e., at A,

At
At

B.M.

wa 2

= Mx =-2

(hogging)

wa 2
Hence from E to A the B.M. increases from zero at E to -2- (hogging) at A, following a
"

parabolic law. Similarly the B.;M. for ,

the
"portion BD will vary from zero at D to wa
2
following a parabolic law.
At any section in AB, distant x from E the B.M. is given by,
. ~ wx 2
, W
' ,
wx 2
(x'- a) - M'= '---..:. ,(t + 2a)(x - a) - 2

",

' 2

(hogging) at

B,

SHEAR

F9RCES AND BENDlNGMOMENTS

M,

x
At

...

=t~ \(Z + 2a)(x - a) ~X'l

= a' and at x = a +- li.e., at A ,and B
'J

.wa-

M =--,2

1 i.e., at the middle point of the b~am

+ "2

x =a

At

(where the S.F. is zero) the B.M. is given by

W

'

.',

1,

(l +2a) (a +- - a) - (a
2.,
2

M =('

+-2)'I ?}
Z -

w?
?
M = - (l- - 4a-)
8'

SOlT/,e iniportant observations:

We find from the above discussion that the B.M. for the overhanging parts EA and BD are of the

hogging type.
!

w?

The B.M. the middle point C = Me =

"8

(l- - 4a-)

2
Case ({1). When'Z2 > 4a 1i.e., 1 > 2a

For this case (Z' _ 4a2 ) is positive. Hence, M c is positive and the B.M. diagram will be as shown in

Fig. 205.
, there will be two" points of contraflexure 1 and 2 between A and B.
F or this case
The p'ositio of these points can be determined by equating the general expression for B.M. for
ns
any sectioninAB to zero.
We know at any section in AB distant x from E the B.M. is given by,

Mx =

Z- {(l + 2'a)(x -

2
a) - x }

Forthe points of contraflexure,

W'?

we have,

Z- {(I + 2a)(x -

a) - x-} = 0
2

e(l + 2a)(x - a) - x = 0
x 2 ~ (2a + l)x + a(2a + l) = 0
x = (2a + Z)

~(2a +.l)' - 40(20 + n

2

But

( +"2I) "21.J?1- ,a

'J

4a-

l
EC = a + 2

Hence the points of contralflexure 01 and 0, are at tl:le distance

~..JZ'" 4al

point C of beam.
' .
Hence distance between the two points of contraflexure = 1 2 = .JZ2"i.
Hence the part 01 02 alone can be regarded as a separate simply supported beam.
B.M. at the centre is

4a~

'

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

w unit per run

E(

-=.J

"

a= L/2

V - w(l+2a)
.2

\.

w uni t per run

000001~ooooog:oOOO~1~OOO OD
a= ll2

\,\

l..:-

V. _w(l +2a)

b-

wl

wl

.2~C2~
~~'CQQfij)~D

wl

wl

"2"

S.F. Diagram

B"

~
wa2

w'a2

"2"

B.M. Dia-gram
(a)

'

"2"

B.M,. Diagram
(b)
Fig. 206

Case (b). When 12 =

(010 2 )2 - w
W X
- 88
4a 2 i.e., 1= 2a

w?

(12
-

2)

(.'

as obtained beLore.

B.M. at C = M~ = 8(1- - 4a-) = O.

?

The B.M. diagram between A and B will just touch the span at the middle point. The beam is
",i:I""VJ"'''''''''U to only hQgging bending moments. The points of contra flexure 0 and O will coincide with C.
1
2
Fig. 206 (a) shows the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for this case

Case (c). When 12 < 4a 2 i.e.'- 11'< 2a

B.M. at C = Me

"Me is 'negative since

12

=8w?
(1- - 4a-)
?

< 4a2
w
?
?
Me = -"2 (4a- -1-).

..

Hence for this case, the B.M. will be zero only ,at the ends A and D and at all other sections the
; will be of the hogging type.
Problem 176. Draw 'shear force andB,endling MOlnent diagram,s for the beam shown in Fig. 207.
Solution. Taking moments about A, 'Vb X 10 = 10 X 14(7 - 3)

Vb = 56 kN t
:. Va (10 X 14) - 56 84 kN t
S.F. Analysis. S.F. at C= 0; S.F. on LHS:ofA = -10 X 3= -30 kN
S.F. on RHS of A = - 30 + 84 = +54 KN;
S.F. on LHS of B =84 -105 13 =-46 kN
on RHS ofB =- 46+ 56 = +10KN;
S.F. atD= 0
of ~ero shear. Let'the shear force be zero at a section distant x from A.
"""''''o?'" ...... ''' the shear force to zero,
10 (3 + x) =0
:. x + 3 = 8.4'
:. x = 5.4 m
. Analysis B.M. at C = 0
2

;
10x3 :
=- '-,-"-45," kNm'
2, - = "',
.."

10x1 2
B.M. at B = - - 2-

the section of zero shear; i.e., at a distance of 5.40

In

=-5 kN'1'

from A,

SHEARFORCERJ\.NDBENDING MOMENTS
.

10kN/m

Oh .
c (llOOOllOOrOllOllOOO
Oll 0 001l- 0 000 OOooOOt
A
B .
.

3m

1 0 m . ..

V =84kN

....

1m

'Vb=56kN

54kN

S.F. Diagram
100.8kNm

B.M. Diagram

Fig.

IIIC1X

~07

= 84 x 5.4 -

lOx 8.4 2
2

=+ 100.'8 hNm"

,Points of contraflexure between A and B. Let the H.M.be zero at a distance'x from A. Equating
,

10(x+3)2

the general expression for B.M. to zero, 84x -

=0

2'

-'-lO.8x + 9=: '0 solving we get,

x = 0.91 mand = 9.89 m
Distarice of point of contraflexure 01 frpm A =0.91 m,
Dist&nce of point of contraflexure 02 from B = 10 - 9.89 = 0.11 m
Problem 177. A Sil1lply supported beam. of length 6 m carries a triangular load whose intensity
vaariesllniformlyfrom zero atth~leftendto 60 llNlm at the right end. It~(J.s oneSllpport.at 1.50 m
frplni:~he',I~ft,:ahdthe()tller:sliPPdrt(ltthetight .end~ . Draw:' S.P: ,ahdB.M, .diagrams'for the . .bea,.m.
1
.
'..
. '.
.
.
Solution. Total load on the beam =
x 6 x 60= 180 kN acting at 2 m from B
..

x2

"2

2
:. V" =80 llN t
80 = 100 hN t
Consider any section X distant x from the left end
Load intensity a~ the sectionX= lOx Nlm
-

Taking moments about B;

..

Va

4.50 = 180
Vb

=180 -

.External load acting between the left end C and the section X =

"
,'.'
Moment of the above external load about X = 5x 2

'"3= "3 x

S.F; Analysis; At any section. in CA distant x from' C

Shear 'Force = 's = - 5x2
At x = 0, S=O

"2 x ',10x =5x

IGO

~I-----~X----~~
c--==~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I-l.50m-~------

Fig. 208

At x = 1.5 In,
S = -5 x lr.'5:ti:-ll.25
At any section in AB, distant x frond C
'
Shear Force = S = 80 - 5x 2
At x =1.50 In,:S = 80 - 5' X 1.5 2 = +68.75 hN
At x = 6 In
S = 80 - 5 x 6~ = -100 I?N

Section of zero shear. Equating the general expression for shear; tozero,
80 - 5x2 = 0
.. x =:4ni,froffi'O,'
B.M. Analysis. At any section in CA distmlt x fro!ll"C.,
.
5 ~3
Bendmg Moment
'= M = --:-x
, '
~
'

At

x = 1.5 In

. At any section in AB, distant x from C.

Bending Moment = J..1 = 80 (x :,

At

x = 1.50

At

x = 6 m,

lh,

'"

1','5'0)':.'.'t
M

5,

x1.5.o''F,-c:75.625hNm
3
, " , ' 5 '3
M =,80x 4.5 -:"3 x 6 = 0
=":"'7" -

Maximum bending moment at the section of zero shCbar,L.eJat;={ m

"

:(1'5

'7(;;'3

= M lIlax =,80 (4 - 1.5,0) - - x 4

Point of contraflexure. Equating the general expreSSIon

80 (x - 1.50) -

"35 x 3

=,0

Solving 'by trial and error we ge~ x = 1.5826 n(fr(nii~,(;:~l\

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENJS

161

prObl~nraw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam carryin/i the loading shown in
Fig. 209.

C7
2kNrtntffiHIllillJ Iutili! !
C

l-tm.1 .

4kN/m

nIl III tIn~

8m

\-,

I.

2"',.-.1

Fig. ~uu ' (

~7;
Solution. Let Va and Vb befhe reactions at the left support A- aIid the right support B

2+4

Distance of ::t:~~:~::~1::: ~::::e l:_ft eXn: ~::h:~eam =;2 :2(4) "vi

='5 n
__

2+4

:. Distance of the resultant load from A = 5 - 1 =4 111

-"'---_____ ,

Taking moments about A,

Vb X 6 = 27 x 4
:. Vb = 18/?-N
., Va = 27 - 18 = 9 kN
Some properties of the loading on the beam. Consider any section X at a distance x from the
left end.
(i) Load intensity at the section X

w'=

2+[4~2]X~2+ 2:

(ii) Load on the beam between the left end C and the section X

2x

2
'
2+2+x2
V= ~x=
. 9 X' V=2x+9
2
2'
(iii) Moment o~tlte~bov~d about X
2
_ w' + 2//
I + 2 (2)
..:.j-- (w , + 4) x2 ., M = ( 2x + -9-2x
x
M.' X X

+ 4) -6
;
2 /
w' + 2
3
6
2k

--_.---.-/

1D
B

V.=IBkN

rn-+------- 6m ------+--2m~
6.889kN

S.F. Diagram

I ~lkN

~3.728m---l

B.735kNm

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 210

7.556kN

163

SHEAR FORGES AND BENDING MOMENTS

Solution. Let reactions at A and B be Va and Vb respectively.

Taking moments about A, we have, Vb x 7 + 1000 x 2 = 2400 x 4 + 1500 x 10
22600

Vb = - 7 - = 3228.6 N.
Va

=Total load -

Vb

= 4900 -

3228.6

=t

1671.4 N

S.F. Calculations
S.F.
S.F.
S.F.
S.F.

between D and
between A and
between C and
between Band

A = - 1000 N
C =- 1000 +i671.4 = + 671.4 N
B = + 1500 - 3228.6 = - 1728.6 N
E = + 1500N

.~c___I-t-\'-3mJ
B

L2m

\.
=\.

1500N

2400N

1000N

4~

7m

1500N

2400N

I
J !-----------~------~-TB--------~JE
I

1000N

L-____ A

. Vb =3228.6N

V. =1671.4N

1500N

1500N

671.4N

1000N

1000N
1728.6N

1728.6N

S.F. Diagram
.

685.6Nm.

+ t- 2.6m --i B
D~~~~~~~~~~~TITnTrrnTnnT~~7E

B.M. Diagram

4500Nm

Fig. 211

B.M .. Calculations

B.M. at D =Mel =0
B.M. atA =Ma =-1000 x 2 = - 2000 Nl1t
B.M. at C = M c = + 1671.4 x 4 - 1000 x 6 Nm = + 685.6 Nm,

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

164

= =-

B.M. at B Mb
1500 x 3 :: - 4500 Nm
B.M. at E =: M e =: 0
Points of contraflexure. There will be two points of contraflexure 01 and 02' One of them
lies between A and C and the other lies between C and B.
Point of contraflexure 0 1 between A and C. Let this point be oX inetres from A. Equating
the bending moment to zero,
1671.4x - 1000 (x + 2) = 0
..
x = 2.98 metres from A.
Point of contraflexure O 2 between C and B. Let this point be x metres from B. Equating
the bending moment to zero,
3228.6x - 1500 (x + 3) :: 3
..
x :: 2.6 metres from B.
Problem 180. A beam, of length L is simply supported on two intermediate sUpports, movable
along the length, with equal overhangs on either side., The supports are so adjusted that the lnaxim,llm
B.M. is the minimltln possible. Determine the position of the supports and draw 'the B.M. and S.F.
diagrams for this position. The beam carries a u.niformly distributed load of w per unit length over
the entire length.
Solution. When the o'verhanging lengths are smalI''there
CD per unit run
will be a sagging 13.M. at midspan and a hogging R.M.over the
supports. If the maximum B.M. should be the minimum possible,
the length of the overhanging portionsll1ust be so adjusted that
the sagging B.M. at midspan equals in magnitude the hogging
B.M. over the supports.
Let the overhanging length at each side be a.
Fig. 212. shows the beam carrying the distributed load over A L..ll.J.U,Uf-~.J.U,UL.loL-\L~L.lL-loL..IoL-' B
O.207L
the whole length.
, ,
wL
Each vertical reaction ::half the total load :: 2
wL
V=V=d2

A~C

wa 2
Hogging B.M. over the supports:: -2Sagging

B.M.

O.207wL

at the centre of the span

:: w2L(~ -a}~~t2= w2L(~

-a)

"4li]D
wl
47

2 O.293wL

~~qilating the saggi,ng B.M. at midspan to the. hogging B.M.

er the supports,we have; ,

W~ (~ -a)"

W;'

Fig. 212

L2

-=La :: a 2
4

L2
a- + La = -

, ?

L)2

Completing the square, we get, ( a + '2

L2

L2

L2

:: 4' + 4' = 2

a+'2 :: J2

- l:--~
J2 2 = ~2 (./2 '-1)

a-

165

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

(-'2 L=(1.41;-1) L

1
- )
2
a 0.207 L
= Hogging B.M. over the supports

a=

Sagging B.M. at midspan

wa 2

= _

=,w
-

(0.207

Lt = 0.0214 wL-

= W L2
47

nf>arly

S.P. Oalculations. S.F. at A and B= 0

S.F. just on the left side of 0
=-w X 0.207 L =-0.207-wL
S.F, just an the right side of 0
=-0.207 wL + 0.5 wL = + 0.293 wL
S.F. at 111.idspan
=0 S.F. Just on the left side of D
= -0;293 wL '
S.F. Just on the right side of D = +0.293 wL
Pl'obleln 181. A beam, of length 1 carries a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run
on its whole length. It has one support at its left end and the other S'u,ppo'rt is at a distang e a
from th~ other end. Find the value of a so that the maximum bending moment for the beath is
as small as possible. Find also the lnaximltm bending moment for this condition.
Solution. Let ABO be' the beam' 6f)ength 1 with
,

w:::J

'" ,.-~
, ~1-!"
Y

=a

supports at A, and "B ,so that,',t, he overhang BO

Taking moments about A,

B\,O 0, 0000 [)
"fOOOOOOOOOOQOOOQ-,C
1
a

ft,

"

'wi'

~l'

Vb (/- a)

-c>

v.

,Vb

Fig. 213

Vb = 2(1-a)
w1 2
wl(l- 2a)
Va = wl- 2(1_a) = 2(1-~)

wa 2

Hogging moment at B
-2Maximum positive B.M. will occur at a: section in AB where the shear force is zero. Let this
section be at a distance x from A. Equating the shear force to zero.
V a - wx = 0
wl(l- 2a)
,"
- wx = 0
2(1- 1)

..

1(l- 2a)
2(1- a) ,

,....;...-~

Maximum sagging moment at the above section

wx 2

wl(l-2ci)

= Vax - -2- = 2(? - a)

[(1-2q,),
2(l- a)

wl2(1-'2a)2
4(l- a)2

-"2'

WZ2(Z- 20)2

8(1- a)2

For the condition that the maximum bending moment shall be as smaU.ras possible, the
hogging moment at B and the maximum sagging moment should be numerically equal.

w1 2 (l ~ 2a)2

wa 2

= -2

8([.- a)2
12(1-2a)2

Z(I-2a)

...--:.-...--:.=a2:.
4(l- a)2

2(1- a)

Z2 _ 2al = 2al - 2a
2a 2 - 4al + 12 = 0

a =,

41 ~1612 - 81 2

=a

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

166

a'" (

4-:,/2} '" [2-2,/2] /'"

Maximum bending moment with the above value of a

wa 2 w ?
= -2- = "2 (0.293 Zt

0.293/

= 0.04292

wZ-

wZ 2
23 nearly.

Problem 182. A beam of uniform, section 10 m,etres long carries a unifonnly distributed
load of 10 !?-N per metre over the whole length and a concentrated load of 10 hN at the right end. If
the beam is freely supported at th.e left end, find the position of the second support so that /11,axi
mum bending moment for the beam shall be as small as possible. Find also the lnaximllln bending
m0111,ent for this case.
Solution. Let the support be at A and B so that the overhang Be = a Inetre
..
AB = (10 - a) lnet;e
.
.,~El.king

moments about A, Vb (10 - a) =

10 x 10 x 10 + 10 x 1.0
2
1~

I-----l-a. - - - - t - - -

Va

Fig. 214

600 )
V = ( - - l?-N
b
10- a
.
( 600) 500 - 11 Oa
hN
V a =(10X10)+10- 10-a =
10-a

B.M. at B

=- 10 X a -

a2
10 X -

.
2
Maximum positive B.M. will O(,Cl1r at a section in AJJ.
Let this section be x lne.tres from ;L
S.F. at this section = 0

=- 5a(a + 2)

. V - lOx = 0
a

500 -110a
- lOx = 0
10-a
Maximum :positive B.M. = .
2

500-110a
x= (10 - a)10

50 -lla
---m.
10-a

500-110a 50-11a .!.Q.[50-11a]2 5 (50- 11a

a'
2
10-a
10-.a.
2
10-a
(10-a)'"'
For the condition that the maximum bending moment shall be as small as possible, the
maximum positive bending moment and the hogging moment over 'the support should be
numerically equal.
V

x- wx

5 (50 -lla)2 _
(10 _ a)2 - 5a(a + 2)

. 5 (50-l1a)
:.
[ (10- a) ]

Solving by trail and error, we get a = 2.33 m.

B.M. with the above value of a = 5a(a + 2)

~1aximum

_
- a(a. + 2)

= 5 X 2.33(2.33

+ 2)

= 50.44

kNm

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

167

Problem 183. Draw the B.M. and S.F. diagrams

for the overhanging beam carrying loads as shown in
Fig. 215. Mark the values of the principal ordinates and
locate the point of contraflexllre.
Solution. Let the reactions at A and B be Va and Vb
rel3pectively, Taking moments about A,
7
Vb X 5 ;:!; 20 X 7 X + 10 x 7

10kN

At Q,OQ.n5~nG.~'~OfgQ~O: c

"2

112 kN
..
Va ;;;; (20 x' 7) + 10 - 112 :::; 38 kN
S.F, Ca-lcttlations
$,F, just on the right hand side of A ::;: +38 kN
S.F. just on the left hand side of B
:;: 38 - 20 X 5= -62 kN
S.F. jt:lI!~t on the right hand side of B
= + (20 X 2) + 10 = +50 hN
S.F. just g~ the left hand side of C + 10 kN
Let the shear force be zero at x metres from A Equating the shear force to zero~
38 = 20x 0
x ::: 1.90 m.'
B.M. Ca-lculqtions
B,M. atA ~ 0
B.M, at C:;: 0
..

Vb;;

~,OkN/m

. ....

10kN

_~k)\l/m

tODD 00 onQQQOGOf~OQOLc

v. :;:::38kN

'Vb=112kN

38kN'

50kN

B.M.
.. atB

'.

-10

. .

22

x 2 - 20 x-:-60kNm
2

Maximum positive bending moment = B.M. at the section gf ~ero shear

:::<

Me :::;

1.9
3.8 X 1.9 - 20 X
- 2
.

B.M.Dia,ram

Fig. 215

= + 36.10 kNm

Point of Contraflexnre
Let the S.M. at the distance x metres from A (between A and B) be zero.
x

x(38 - lOx) = 0
38x- 20 -" 0
2
x = 3.80 metres.

:Problem 184. A beam, AB, 20 metres long supported on two intermediate pri/ps121netres
qpqrt

carries a unifonnly distributed load 6 kNlm per

metretogethhwithconcen;t~(7J,ted loads

{)f 30 kN at the left end A and 50 kN at the right. end B. The props aTe so located that the
,'eaction

i6 the same of each support. Determ.ine the position of the props and draJf R.M. and

S,P. diagram.s. Marl? the values of the maxim.lt11l B.M. and S . F .

Solution. Let the left support be at C and the right support be at D.
Let
AC =a metres
.,

BD=20-12-a={8-a)metres

Let Vl and V 2 be the reactions at the left and right supports respectively.

To.talload on the beam 30+ 50 + (6 X 20) kN 200 l?N

Sillce the reactions at the supports are given to be equaL
~l.:::; V 2 ;::: 100 kN
Taking moments about A, we have,
50 X 20 + 6 X 20 X 10 = 100a + 100(12 + a)

We

1000 + 1200 = 100a + 1200 + 100a

200a = 1000
a = 5 metres

have

-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
50kN

3:

V1 =100kN

V2 =lOOkN
50kN

3:

B
VI =100kN

V2

=1()OkN,

68kN

91.7kNm
177kNm

Fig. 216

" The left support is at 5 nwtres from A and the right support is,at 8 - 5 = 3 l1tetres from B
Shear force calculations
S ..F. just on the right hand side of A
= - 30 kN
S.P. just on the left hand sideofC _
30-6 X 5 ..:.;.60 hN
S.F. just on the right hand side of C = - 60 + 100 = +40 hN
S.F. just on the right hand side of'D= + 50 + 6 X 3 = + 68 kN
S.F. just on the left hand~ide of D
= + 68 - 100 = _ 32 hN'--"
Let the S.F. be zero at a distance of x met~rs from A (between the two supports)
Equating the S.F. to zero, we have,
100-30-6x= 0

=-

6x= 70

Bending moment calculations

70
6

2
3

x = -"'- = 11- m

B.M. atA

=0

B.M. at C

52
= M d = - 30 X 5 -:-. 6i X - 2 hNm= - 225 kNm

B.M. at D

32
= M cl = - 50 X 3 - 6 X - 2 hNm, = - 177 kNm

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

2
B.M. at distance of 11 3 m.etre from A

",
!f

6(1.1~r
, 3,

:::;: M = 100 x 6 - - 30 x l I e
3
3

I?-Nnl, z: ~.91, 7 kNnt.

2
Problem 185. A horizontal beam 10m. long carrtesa uniformly distributed load of
180 Nlm and in addition a concentrated load of 200 N at the left end. The beam" is 8LtPported
at two points 7 nwtres apart, so chosen that ea.ch support carries half the total load. Draw
S.F. and B.M. diagrsms for the beam.

Solution. Fig. 217 shown the beam ABCD with support at Band C and carrying the load
systexn mentioned in the problem..
A

200N

Aj~Q
?

v~ =1 00 0N

~"'lOrn . " " " __ Vc;:~lOOO~ ~

. ,

Fig, 21,7

Let

AB :;; q lnetre

Total load

on th~ beam ;;;;

~OQ

+ V~Q

X 10 ::;: 20QO

2000

It is given

Vb:::: Vc .', .,Vq = Vc ::::'2' ::=,1000 N

Taking moments about A, 1000 a + lQOO(a + 7) = 18Q X 1Q

a:;: 1 metre.

S.F.

anqlysis

S.F. just OIl RHS of A = - 200 N

S.F. just on LHS of B = - 200 - 180X 1 :;: 380 N
S.F. jllst on EHS of lJ = - 380 + 1000 = + 620 N
S.F. just on LHS of C = 1000 - 200 ,.- 18Q>< 8 = -640 N
S.F. just on ERS of C = - 64'0 + 10PO + 360 N
S.F.at D == 0
'7'

Section of ?erQ shear

,Let the B.l1', be e;el'Q,qi E1

~h~tant x

1000.,-, 200

-:-c

l~Q~

S.M. anglysis

metres frop:! A, E.qlj.ating the S.l? to zerp,

=0

40

= -"9- = 4.44

13.M. at A = 0
12 '

B.M. at 13.= - 200 X 1 - 180 X

B.M.
at E
, "

= 1000 X

'2

= - 290'

Jyl!l.

4.44 2
3.44
200
X
4.44
180
X
-,-,= 777.78 Nm",
" '. '
"
2

22

R.M. at C = - 180 X -

B.M. at D = 0
Points of contraflexul!e between Band C
Let the B.M. be zero at x metres from A

= - 360 Nm

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

170

A=n,

200N

Vc ;:10PkN

Vb =100kN
620N

777,'?8Nm.

Fig. 218
Equ~ting th~

HJVL to zero,

1000(x.,... 1) - ~OOx - 180

.:.

X2.

'2 :;: 0

80~ + lOO;:: 0

9X2 -

:.

= 1.50 m. and 7.38 m.

Pr<;lbleIl'). 186. A hortz,ontal begm AD! 10 ,netr~s long carries q l~rdfprmly distrilJl~te~

I qd of 160 Nlm tQgethel w{th a concentrateq lagg of 400 N qt the left end. A. The beam. ~s
Sl~pportf!cl at g point B whioh is 1, m front A CJnd at (] whioh f{;l on. th(3'rtght" ha 1J.d, ha,lf Qf the
1

beam and x metref? {ram

t~e

end. D:

iPPN
A~"~=:~'~~~P
"~Ph,

,'"

Vb

y~

.,_. "

Qrn,, . , .. , ,".'

,r ,'-

. ~m

J: . , , -

"- ."" "'''','

Fi~, ~19

petermin(J the vqlue of Xl if the I1lid-point is a point of contrqfte~lqe and for this arrangement
draw S.F. q,nd B.M. diagrams.

Solution. Fig. 219 shows the beam carrying the load system mentioned in the problem. Let
Vb and Vc be the reactions at the supports Band C

171

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

Resolving the forces on the beam vertically

Vb + Vc = 400 + 160 X 10 = 2000 N
..
Vb + Vc = 2000 N
It is given the B.M. at the mid-point E = O. Taking moments about E of the forces on
L.H.S. of E,
52

Vb

4 - 400 X 5 - 160 X

2 =0

..

Vb

= 1000 N

Since,
Vb + Vc 2000 N
We have
V c = 1000 N
Taking moments about E of the forces on the RHS of E,
52

1000(5 - x) - 160 X

=0

..

x = 3m

Fig. 220 shows the loaded beam showing the actual position of the support C.
S.F. analysis
S.F. just on RHS of A = - 400 N
S.F. just on LHS of B =- 400 - 160 X 1 =- 560 N
S.F. just on RHS of B = - 560 + 1000 = + 440 N
S.F. just on LHS of C = 1000 - 400 - 160 X 7 = - 520 N
S.F. just on RHS of
C = - 520 + 100 = + 480 N
400N
S.F. at D = 0
Section of zero shear. Let G be the
180N/m
section of zero shear. If this section is x
metres from A, equating the S.F. to Zero,
. 1000 - 400 - 160x = 0
: Vb =IOOON
Vc =IOPON
:
x=3.75m
B.M. analysis
:
46~N:
B.M. atA = 0
I
I
B.M. at B

=-

160 x 12
400 X 1 - - - -

::: -480 Nm

I
I

I
..J

AhT~~~~~~~,~~hT~~Trr~~~~~:,D

B.M. at G
3.75 2

160 x
2

= 1000 X 2.75 - 400 X 3.75 -

400N~

5j60N

3 2 \,
B.M. at C = - 160 X -2" = - 720 Nm

B.M. at D = 0
Points of contraflexure between B and

C
Let a point of contraflexure be x metres
from A
Equating the B.M. to zero,

I
1

.1

" , :3.750:{

=)25 Nm,

----l

::

-1

~215m--l
1

:B

125Nm

A~~TriTrrnT~~~~~MT~TnTrr~nT~~TVQ

x~

1000(x ~ 1)

400x

160

X~'

== 0

15x + 25 ;;; 0
(2x - 5)(x - 5) = 0
x = 2.5m and 5m. "

480Nnl
720Nrn~

2X2 -

t---~""-

5m - - - - r - - - - 5m --------.
Fig. 220

STRENGTH OF MI\ 'TEIUALS

172

Problem 187. Draw the shear force and beJ1,ding mom,enJ~agranl,s for thfJ beqn" $hown
in Fig. ~21. Indicate on the diagrams the values of shear force and bending moment at significant
points. Also show the location and lnagnitude of the nwxilnum bending moment.
Soh,ltion. Let the reaction at the left and right supports be Vb f!nd Vd re$pectively .
. Taking moments about the left Support, we have,
Vel X 12 ~ 2 X 12 X 3 + 8 X 9

Vel
Vb

== 12 hN
2 X 12

+ 8 ,-,- 12. == 20 hN

~l<N/m

~ 3m ~
:

Vb

.".

9m

.,

3IP

,gPi<N

14kN
.

I
I

81,{N

::t

v~ ~12kN
!

!
I

!
I

I
I

I
I

S~f Di~gram

I
I
I

I
I
I

40kNm i

~" . i !}6kN,rn

9:Nm
BJd~

Pif\grAm,

Flg;.

~21

Shear force CalCL?fq.tions

Sheu force at A ::: 0
S.F. jUptbn the left hand side pf B == -2 X 3 == - 6 kN
S.F. ,jtl~~
the right hand side ofll 7= -:-6 + 20 == + 14 hN
S.F. just on the right hand side Qr. c == -12 hN
S.F. just on the left hand side of C == -12 + 8 == -:-4 kN
Let the S.F. be zero at x metres from A (between Band 9)
Equating the S.F. to zero, we have
,
2Q - 2x == 0
x == 10 metres

en

173

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

Bend)ng mOl1U'!fit calculations

B.M. at A = M a = 0
B.M. at B = M{)

= -2

32
2

= -9

hN17t

B.M. at C = M c = + 12 X 3 = + 36 hNm
B.M. at D = Mel = 0

'.

:(1

= 1',,1 = 20 X 7 - 2 X

B.M. at 10 metres from A

10 2
= 40 hNm
2

Point of contraflexure
Let the B.M. be zero at x metres from A (between the two supports).
Equating the bending moment to zero, we get,

x2

2" '= 0

20(x - 3) - 2
x2

- 20x + 60 = 0
The practical vaille of x should be between 3 and 12.
Solving the equation we get x = 3.67 metres.
2W
Problem 188. Detennine the support reacL/4
tions for the beam shown in Fig. 222 and construct
the bending moment diagram. and shear force diac
gram m.arhing the values of the variolls ordinates.
Solution. Let Va an~ Vb be the vertical reactions at A and B.
2W
Taking moments about the endA, we have

+
j

3
L W 3L
VL+W - L = 2 W . - + - b

W
Vb = 21

V = 3W _ W =W
2

lL/4.f:

Va =W
W

Computations
between A and B = +W
between C and D = + W - 2W = - W A
between D and B = + W - 2W + W =.0
W
S.F. between Band E = + "2

B.M. Computations
B.M. at A = 0
L
WL
B.M. at C =W X 4= +7 (Sagging)
3L

4 - 2W X

B.M. atB = - 2 x"2 =

WL

-7

B.M. at E = 0

:l~

!E
D'
L - - - - - + - - - L/2--1
W

W/2

D1 ..
L/2

L/4t

L/2--1

Vb =W/2
W

W/2

D
B

,,1/4

S.F. Diagram

L
"2

WL

W/2

t L/4

S.F.
S.F.
S.F.
S.F.

B.M. at D = W X

WL

(hogging)

WL

4
4
B.M. Diagram

(hogging)
Fig. 222

ProbleIll 189. Calculate the reactions {or the beam shown in Fig. 223. Construct the
bending moment and shear force diagrams. Detennine the location of the maximum bending
moment and marh it clearly on the bending moment diagram.

174

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Solution. Let Va and Vc be the reactions at the supports A and C respectively.

Taking moments about A, we have
Vc

2"

6 = 80 X

+ 15

Vc = 40 hN
V = 80 + 15 - 40 = 55 hN
(/

S.F. Calculations
S.F. at A = + 55 hN
S.F. at B = 55 - 80 = - 25 l?-N
S.F. between Band C = - 25 hN
S.F. between C and D = + 15 hN
Let the S.F. be the zero at x l71,etres from A.
15kN
80kN

Ar=n~
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

3m

_c-+---.j. 2m
I
I

I
I
I

I
I

I
80/3 k~
:
A~~~~WC~~~------------cn+--~----.~ID
1-..--

3m

-i----'l.-II-~--- 3m ----t--- 2m

I
I

I
I
I
I
I

15kN

1rTTTTT'"r-:-1rrrT""'"

~~~~~~~ITnnTrrn~rrn~~~~~~ID
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

~Uli~llli~llli~~~~~~~nnTrrnn~~D

30kNm

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 223.

Equating the S.F. to zero, we have,

80
55 - x = 0 ..
3
.

x = 80 X 55 =,.2.0625 m from

B.M. Calculations.
B.M. at A

= Ma =0

B.M. at B = Mb =

55 X 3 - 80 X

B.M. at E i.e., 2.0625 metres from A = 55 X 2.0625 -

2"

hNm = + 45 hNm,

80 (2.0625)2
"3
2

B.M. at C = M c = - 15 X 2 = - 30 hNm
B.M. at D = Mel = 0

hN171, = + 56.62 hNm

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

175

Point of contraflexure
There will be a point of contraflexure between Band C. Let
this point of contraflexure be at x metre from C Equating the
B.M. to zero. we get.
40x - 15(2 + x) = 0
x = 1.2 In.

X
I

36. B.M. AT A SECTION DUE TO A COUPLE

Fig. 224 shows a cantilever AB of length l. Let an anticlockwise couple M = Pp be applied at a section C, distanttft')C,
a---I
I
from A. The couple here consists of the equal and parallel forc~
I
I
P with a lever arm p between them.
'
I
I
It is obvious that the moment of the individual forces constituting the couple abo'ut any point in the plane of the couple
is Pp.
B.M.. Diagram
Hence at every section X, in AC
Fig. 224
B.M. = Moment of the individual forces P of the couple.
anticlockwisemoment Pp
= Sagging moment Pp = fl.!
Hence at every section between A and C there will be a sagging moment M
Due to the couple alone there willbe no shear force.
Fig. 224 shows the B.M. djagram for the cantilever.
Problem 190. Draw the B.M. diagram, for the cantilp-ver shown in Fig. 200.
Solution.
B.M. between D and B' = 0;
B.M. between C and D = - 10 hNm (hogging)
B.M. between A and C = - 10 + 8 = -2 hNm (hogging)

IIIIIIIIII+IIIIIIIIIIIIM

lO~M

8kNm

C2m q: 57
2m

2kNM

2m~
B

2kNM

lOkNM

lOkNM

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 225

Problem 191. Find the reaction at the fixed end of the cantilever loaded as shown in
Fig. 226. Draw also the shear force and the bending moment diagrams.
Solution. Total vertical load on the cantilever = 3 + 2 = 5 hN
Vertical reaction at A = 51?N (upwards)
Taking moments about A
We have the following moment,s:
(i) Couple at B = 2.00 hNm,(anticlochwise)
(ii) Moment due to 3 hN = 3 X 4 = 12 hN1,1l, (clochwise)

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

176
(iii) Couple at D = 3.00 hNm (clochwise)
(iv) Moment due to 2 hN 2 X 8
16 hNm (clochwise).
:. Net moment:::: 29 kNm (clockwise)

Hence at A the fixed support will provide a balancing or reacting moment of 29 hNnL
(o,nticlochwise).
Hence the reaction at A will consist of an upwards reacting force of 5 hN and an anticlockwise reacting moment of 29 hNm.
S.F. between A and C = + 5 hN.
S.F. between C and E = + 2 hN.

~kN

3kN

I ;

-~--- 2m -~---

I
I

3 N

Ma=~9kN~
,

/J--;-r--;-~~----~r-----~~~~~~E

Va =5kN
,{i

15kN .

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I

5k~

I
I
I
I
I

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII! 1IIIIIIIItlili t~mlll'llllIllliIlIHIIIIIIIIIII12kN

AI

I
I

IB

IC

IDlE

I
I

I
IC

I
ID

I
I

llkNm
21kNm
29kNm

19kNm

Fig. 226

B.M. Calculations
B.M. at E = 0
B.M. just on the right hand side of D = -2 X2 -4 hNm
B.M. just on the left hand side of D = -4 - 3 = -7 kNl1t
B.M. at C = -2 X 4 - 3 = -11 hNm.
B.M. just on the right hand side of B = - 2 X 6 - 3 - 3 X 2 = - 21 hNm.
B.M. just on the left hand side of B = - 21 + 2 = - 19 hNm.
B.M. at A = - 2 X 8 - 3 - 3 X 4 + 2 = - 29 hNm.
= reacting moment at A.
Problem 192. Find the reaction at the fixed end and draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the cantiliver shown in Fif.!. 227.
Solution. Total vertical load on the cantilever.
= 10 + 20 - 20 = 10 hN (downwards)
:. Vertical reaction at A
= Va = 10 hN (upwards)

177

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

Taking moments about A, we

have the following moments:
(i) 20 X 8 = 160 kNm (clockwise)
(ii) 120 hNm (anticlochwise)
(iii) 20 X 4 = 80 kNm,
.
(anticlockwise)
(iv) 10 X 2 = 20 kNm, (clockwise)
:. Net moment about A
=20 kNm (anticlockwise)
Hence, the fixed support at A
will provide the necessary reacting
moment of 20 kNm (clockwise)
S.F. between E and C = + 20 hN
S.F. between C and B = 0

t= a -' a I a

20kN

10kN

I:

N~

20kN

:
.E

::

: 20kN
V. =10kN

io:B:bil!e::
~h:nr:;~
:a~:k:de of ltOIIIIHlllllr~N
==-

I
I

20kN

2i~llllllllllmllllll\\II\lm~

D
20 x 2
40 hNm
AII
IB
IC
ID
IE
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
B.M. just on left han side of D
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
= - 40 + 120 = + 80 hNm,
I
I
I
B.M. at C = - 20 x 4 '+ 120
I
:
I
:
= + 40 kNm
:
40~~~I~m~.~~40~krrN~lfl
:
B.M. at B
.20k:
I
I
IE
= - 20 x 6 + 120 + 20 x 2
AUllllllllll~~WWWW~~~~~TIrrrrrr~~
= + 20 kNm
40;kNm
B.M. at A
= - 20 X 8 + 120 + 20 X 4 - 10 X 2
Fig. 227
= +20 kNm,
Problem 193. Calculate the reactions at A and B for the beam shown in Fig. 228 and
draw the bending mOlnent and shear force diagrams.
Solution. Let the reaction at A and B be V and Vb repectively. Tanking moments
about A.
a
WL
4L
VL+WL=-+Wwe have
b

Vb

="3

Va = 2W -

t
2

"3

W=

"3

S.F. Calculations
S.F. between A and C = +

S.F. between C and B

S~F. between Band E
B.M. Calculations
B.M. at A

4
W
=+-W-W=+3
3
=+W
=Ma =0

B.M. at C

4
L
4
=M =+ -W.-=+-WL
e
3
3
9

B.M. just on the left side of D

=M

=+
de

.! w(' 2L) _ WL = +~ WL
3

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

178

l/3

IW

4Wl

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 228

B.M. just on the right side of D

4
WL - WL,= 9
- - WL

= M db = + -9

WL
B.M. at B = --3" 37. BEAM WITH A COUPLE AT AN INTERMEDIATE POINT
""-Fig. 229. shows a beam AB of span I hinged at the ends A ano R flnd subjected to a clockwise
couple M at C distant a and b from A and B respectively.
M
A
we
Taking moments ab;)t
have
B

t-

!"M

M
..
Vb = -Z- (upwards)
Since there is no external vertical load.
M
.. Va:::: -I (downwards)
M

.. S.F. between A and C = - -ZS.F.

bet~een

C and B = - -Z-

B.M. atA = 0
B.M. just on the left hand side of C
M
::::- - . a
1
,
- ~.M. just on the right hand side of C

Va

=~

(1)\

'

a--:JL:-.~'-.~-----b4!------~r
\

Vb

=~

AIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ~ 11111 m1111111111111111111111 ~

Mb.

S.F. Diagram

~~B
A~Ma
.

B.M. Diagram
} 19. :!.2U

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

179

Iv!
I

=+ - b
B.M. at B = 0
Fig. 229 shows the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam.
Problem 194. Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam, shown in
Fig. 230.
Solution. Let the vertical reactions at A and B be Va and Vb
Taking moments about A we have the following moments.
A

15k~m

lOkN/m

t=:=l~ 205mJ22o5mJ
I
I

J
't

I
I
I
I

10kN/m

I
I
I

15k m

19

2.5kN
I
I

6.25kNm

Fig. 230
(i) 10 X 5 X

2" = 125 hNm, (clochwise)

(ii) Couple = 150 hNm, (anticlochwise)

,Net mo, ment = 25 hNm, (anticlbc/?'WiS)
Hence Vb X 10. = 25 hNm, (clochwise)""
:. Vb
25 kN (downwards)
.
Va =10 X 5 + 2.5 = 52.5 kN (upwards)
S.F. between C and B
= + 2.50 hN
From A to C, the S.F. will change from + 52.50 hN to 2.50 hN
B.M. atA = 0

B.M. at G

= 52.5 X 5 -

E>2

10 X -

= + 137.50 hNm

B.M. at B = 0
B.M. just op right side of D = -2.5 X 2.5 = -6.25 hNl11..
/
B.M. just on right side of D == - 6.25 + 150 = + 143.75 hNnt.
Problem 195. Construct the bending mOlnent diagram; and shear force diagram, for the
beam, shown in Fig. 231 and 111,arh the values of the important ordinates.
Solution. Taking moments about the end A, we have
Vb X 6 + 12 = 6 X 4 + 6 X 7
6 Vb = 54 ..
Vb = 9 hN
Va = 12 - 9 =. 3 hN

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

180

Shear force calculations.

Shear force just on the ,right hand side of A = + 3: hN.
Shear force just on the left hand side of D = + 3 hN.
Shear force just on the right hand side of D = +'3 - 6 = - 3 hN.
, Shear force just on the left hand side of,B = - 3 kN.
Shear force just on the right hand side of B = + 6 hN.
Fig. 231 shows the S.F. diagram.
6kN

2m -I.II-.:-2m ~I
6kN

2m

6kN

--<.~l:O---2m l
Vb f'3kN

6~

.!Elm
I

6~N

+:

~~uu~~~~wu~~rr~~~~LU~E

Ie
I
I

S.F. D~alram

I
I

I
I
I
I
I
J
I
I II
I . I

6k1)lrn
I~
.

AI~C

!~E

~~
6kNrn

6kNrn

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 231

Bending Momen't Calculations:

Bending moment at A = 0
~ ..
Bending moment just on the left hand side 'of C = + 3 X 2 = + 6 hNnt.
Bending moment just on the right hand side of C = + 3 X 2 - 12 = - 6 hNnl.
B.M. at D = + 3 X 4 - 12 = 0
or alternatively,
B.M. at D = + 9 X 2 - 6 X 3 = 0
B.M. at B = - 6 X 1 = - 6 hNm.
B.M. at E= O.
Fig. 231 shows the B.M. diagrahl.
Problem 196. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 232.
Solution. Let Va and Vb be the reactions at the supports A and B. Taking moments about A,
Vb X 10 (100 X 2) + 60 + 50 .~ Vb 31 kN t
:. Va = 100 - 31 = 69 kNt
S.F. at any section in AC = + 69 hN
S.F. at any section in CB = - 31 kN
B.M. atA = 0; B.M. at C= + 69 X 2 = + 138 kNm
B.M. just on LHS of D = + 69 X 4 - 100 X 2 = + 76 kNm
B.M. just on LHS of D = + 76 + 60 = + 136 kNm
B.M. just on LHS of E = + 69 X 7 - 100 X 5 + 60 = + 43 hNm
B.M. just on RHS. of E = + 43 + 50 = + 93 hNm;
B.M. at B = O.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

181

lOOkN

Ar-----~~--_4~~------_+~~--------~B

2m

2m - - 1 - - -

---::---t--- 3m

Va =69kN
69kN

69kN

B III11

till I!!!!!.!!! r!!III! R!!!! i!IIIII!II!! i

31kN

31kN
S.F. Diagram

138kNm

136kNm
.

BCD

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 232.

Problem 197. A bealn AB 8 In long is hinged at A and B and is subjected to a clockwise couple of
60 kNm, at A and an anticlockwise couple of 20 kNm at B. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam.
Solution. Total couple applied on the beam = 60 - 20 = 40 hN,n ( clochwise)
Let V be the vertical reaction at each end. These vertical reactions at A and B will form a
balancing couple against the applied turning couple
:.V X 8 = 40 :. V = 5 hN acting upwards at B and downwards at A
S.F. Diagram" At any section of the beam shear force = -5 hN
B.M. Diagram" B.M. at A = + 60 hNln, B.M. at B = + 20 kNm
At any section~,distant x from A, the B.M. is given by M,,,,= 60 - 5 x

20kNm

60kNm

Ef

l'

8m

V=5kN

V=5kN

liIlllllllllllllllll mIII III

-

5~Ns.F. Diagram

11111 11111

III I

5kN'

60kNm

Nro

111111111111111111111
A

till II III II III II III iII

.
B.M. Diagram

Fig. 233.

The B.M. uniformly decreace from + 60 hN,n at A to + 20' hNm at B.

STRENGTH OF .M.ATERIALb

182

Problenl 198. A horizontal beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a unifonnly
distributed load of 10 hNl1t between the supports placed 10m apart. Anticlochwise moments of
150 hNm and 100 hNm are applied to the left and right ends of the beam at the supports. Determine
the position and maf!nitllde of the maximum bending moment and draw S.F. and B.M. diagram8.
i50kNm

10kN/m

iOOkNm

~OOOOOOOOOOOOOQ[]]QOQOOOOOQOOO~

'I

10m

V=5kN
75kN

t-

V=5kN

A~~-=uJJIUMllB

60kNm

S.F. Diagram

25kN

131.25kNm

150kNm

100kNm

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 234

Solution. Taking moments about the left end A,

Vb X 10 + 100 + 150 = 10 X 10 X 5

Vb = 25 hN t
V a = (lOX 10) - 25 = 75 hN

S.F. Diagram. At any section distant x from A, the shear for,ce is given by,
S = 75 - lOx = 0;
At x = 0, S = + 75 hN, At x = 10, S = - 25 hN
Section of zero shear. Equating the general expression for shear force to zero,
75 - lOx = 0
x = 7.5 m
B.M. Diagram. At any section distant x from the end A the Bendin&. Moment is gIVen by,
M = 75x - 5x 2 -150
At
x = 0, M =-150 hNm
At x = 10, M = 750 - 500 -150 = + 100 hNnt
At
x = 7.5 m, M max = 75 X 7.5 - 5 X 7.5 2 - 150 = + 131.25 hNm,
Point of contraflexure. Equating the general expression for B.M. to zero,
75x - 5x2 - 150 = 0
x 2 - 15x + 30 = 0
Solving we get x = 2.375 m.
,r

Probleln 199. Draw B.M. diagram for the cantilever ACB shown in Fig. 235.
Solution. Due to the load of 2 hN applied on the rope
_
(i) a vertical force of 2 hN and a horizontal force of 2 hN are transmitted to D
(ii) A horizontal force of 2 hN is transmitted to E. Consequenty the following forces and
couples are transmitted to the cantilever
(i) A vertical force of 2 hN at C
(ii) Axial force 2 hN at C and 2 hN at B acting in opposite directions
(iii) A clochwise couple of 2 hNm, at C
(iv) An anticlochwise couple of 2 hNm at B.
Reaction at A. Vertical reaction at A = Va = 2 I'lNt
Reacting moment at A = Ma = 4 hNm (anticloch)

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

i1

A~i1~------------------~--------~
i1

I ..

Ai1-----~~~--------~--~--~

Ma=4kNm
!,

t-----

2m -----'.----I..iii'-S.F. Diagram
2kNm

2kNm

III III till II B

~c

. .

4kNm

8.M. Diagram

Fig. 235

~I

B.M. at A =.....,4 hNm; B.M. on LHS of C = 2 X 2 - 4 =

B.M. on RHS of C = + 2 hN111;
B.M. between C and B = + 2 hNm.
Problem 200. Analyse the beam shown in Fig. 236 and draw the B.M. and SF dialJrams.

Solution. Total load on the beam =

(~x 6 x 4)

+ 6 + 9 = 27 hN

Taking moments about the end A.

6=

(..!.2 x6 x4 x~)
3

+ (6

2) + (9

4) + 24

Vb = 16 hN
Va = 27 - 16 = 11 hN
Height of the triangular load diagram at a distance x from B =

2x
"'x6 x 4 = ""3

S.F. Diagrmn
S.F. between Band C =
At a section in BE distant x from B,

S.F. = S = -16 +

2x

2" x '""3

x2
S = -16 + -,

At

= 0, S

=-16 hN;

at x = 2, S = -16 +

22

"3 =-14.67 hN

184

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
4kN/m

6kN

. 9kN

24kNm

A~i
-

V =l1kN

2m3

Vb =16kN

llkN

16

S.F. Diagram

24kNm

B.M.Diagram

24kNm

Fig. 236.

At a section in ED distance x from B

x2
S.F. = 8 = -16 + 9 + 3

x'>

.. 8 =-7 + 3-

22

At

42

X =,
2 8 = -7 + -3 = -5.67 kN
At x = 4, 8 = -7 + - = -1.67 hN
.
3
At a section in DA d~stance x front B
,
x2
x2
S.F. 8 -16 + 9+ 6 +- .. 8=-1 +33

= =

At

42

.x = 4, 8 = -1 + -

B.M. Diagram
At any section in Be, B.M. -24 /?'Nm
At any section in BE distant x {rom B

= +4.33 kN

62

Atx= 6, 8=-1 + -

=+ll/?-N.

B.M. =:M= -24 -

2x

'2 x . 3' '3+ 16x

x3
M =-24 - -+16x
9
At

~
x = 0, Ai = -24 kNm, At x = 2, M = -24 - - + 16 X 2 = + 7.11 kNm
9

185

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING :tI:OMENTS

At any section in ED distant x from B

B.M.

=M =-24 -

x3
9 - (x - 2) - -

+ 16 x

x3

=7x -

- 6

= 2, M

2
=7 X 2 - "9
- 6 =+ 7.11 l?-N

At

At

x = 4, M = 7 X.4 -

\'"

4
"9
- 6 = + 14.89 kNm,

At any section in DA distant x from B

x3

B.M. =M=-24-9 (x-2)-6 (x-4)-"9 + 16x =x-"9 + 18

3

4
=4, M =4 - "9
+ 18 = + 14.89 kNm

At

At

x = 6, M = 6 -

"9 + 18 = 0

Point of contraflexure between Band E. Equating the general expression for B.M. in this region to

zero,

x3

x (144 - x 2) = 216
144x - x 3 ::; 216
+ 16 x 0
9
Solving, by trial and error, we get x 1.52 m.
Problem 20LA horizontal beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a uniformly distributed load 10 kN per metre between the supports 10 metres apart. Counterclockwise I1wments of 60 kNm
and 40 kNm repectively are applied to the two ends of the beam at the supports. Draw shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Solution. Fig. 237 shows the beam AB subjected to the loading and end couples mentioned in
. - 24 - -

the problem.

Va -60kN
60kN

V =40kN
b

D~
-

"\

..

~=I~IIIII-1IIIIIB
.

. S.F. Diagram
120kNm

40kN

60kNm

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 237

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

186

Taking moments about A,

Vb X 10 + 40 + 60 = 10 x 10 x 5
Vb == 40 l?-N
..
V = 10 x 10 - 40 = 60 hN
At 'any section distant :Fnwtres fro~l A, the S.F. is given by
8 = 60 - 10 x.
At
x = 0,
8 == + 60 '~N
At
x = 10 m.
S == 60 - 10 x 10 = - 40 hN
8ection of zero shear. Equating the S.F. to zero,
60 - 10x = 0
x == 6 metres
At any se,ction distant x m,etre from A, the B.M. is given by
')

xM == 60x - 10 - - 60
2

M == 60x - 5x 2 - 60

At
x == 0,
M = - 60 hNnt
At
x = 10 m,
M = 60 x 10 - 5 >; 10 2 - 60 = + 40 kNm.
B.M. at the section of zero shear (at x = 6 m)
= 60 x 6 - 5 X 6 2 - 60 = + 120 kNm.
Point of contraflexure. Equating the general expression for B.M. to zero,
60x - 5x2 - 60 = 0
x 2 - 12x + 12 = 0
x+ 1.10 m.
Problem 202. Explain the inter-relation between 'bending moment and 'shear force in a beam,.
Solution. Fig. 238 shows a beam subjected to an external loading. Consider the equilibrium of
the portion of the beam between sections 1 - 1 and 2 - 2, dx apart, at a distance x from the left support.
Let the shear force at the sections 1- 1 and 2 - 2 be 8 and 8 + 88 respectively.
Let the bending moments at the sections 1- 1 and 2 - 2 be M and M + 8M respectively.
The forces and moments keeping the portion of the beam between the sections 1 - 1 and 2 - 2 in
equilibrium consist of the following:
w per unit rut
(i) upward force 8 at section 1 - 1
(ii) downward force 8 + 88 at section 2 - 2
(iii) downward load w8x
(iv) moments M and (M + 8M).
Resolving the forces on this part vertically, we hav"e,
8 + 88 + w8x = 8
x
3x
"
8 + w8x = 0

w per unit run

Taking moments of the forces and couples about the
(I)"
S
/
section 2 - 2, we have,
I

M + 8M

=M + 8 . 8x _

2
W

(ox
2

(If instead of a uniformly distributed load of w per unit

run if there had been a load varying according to some law
the last expression in the above relation would be ofthe form

ox

w8x. -

!,

(M+3M)
------

r------

l---~-(1

----- _____ J
S+3S

Fig. 238

where the quantity n depends on the law of varia-

n
tion of the load).
Ignoring higher powers of small quantities, and
simplying the relation, we get,
8M=8.8x

oM

W1

~ w/unit run
_ J

~ (5])

x---l

..
~ =8
Fig. 239
i.e., the rate of change of bending moment is equal to the shear force.

"2
I

,.,.
I

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

187

Similarly, from equation (t)

88 + w8x = 0

D8

..

3x =-w

i.e., the rate of change of shear equals the rate of loading.

For instance for the beam shownin Fig. 239.
Shear force at the section X distant x from the let:t'support is given by
8 = VI - WX:. WI."
wx
B.M. at the section X is given by M = V x - tL .\:"

I
2
-.)- - I V1 tx - ,1)
dM
2x ~
we have
dx = VI - w. 2 - WI = VI - WX - WI

d8

--;z; = -

and

=8

.
w = rate of loading at the section X.

38. MEMBERS WITH OBLIQUE LOADING

Fig. 240 (a) shows a beam AB of span 8 Inetres carrying three point loads applied in an oblique
manner. Let the end A be hinged while the end B be placed on rollers.
20 J3kN
A

40./2kN

60L\

60kN

~5

A2m~2mD2m

2mA

30~N

30~N

40~N

I
I

I
I
I

ha=7417kN

--~~--------4---------~---------+---------.B

Ie

ID

I
I
I
I
I

=;47.5kN

a I

47.6kN

47.5kN

I17.5kN
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
IE

17J5kN
JD

:e
I
I
I
I

IE

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Vb= 2.5kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

B ,

12.5IkN
I
I

12.5kN

S.F. Di~gram
52J5kN

130~Nm
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A~--------~--------II-~------~~------~B

ID

B.M. Di~gram

74 .7kN

92kN
74 __ilkN
I
I
I
I
I
I

,I

92kN
40kN

I'
I
I

I
I
I
I
I

j40kN

I
I
.J

Thrust Diagram
Fig. 240
(

\,

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

188

The various forces can be resolved into their vertical and horizontal components [Fig. 240 (b)].
Total external horizontal load on the beam
40 + 52 - 17.3 = 74.7 kN +The roller support at B cannot provide any horizontal reaction.
Hence the hinged support at A will provide a horizontal reaction of H = 74.7 hN ~ .
Let Va and Vb be the vertical reactions at A and B.
a
Taking moments about A, wE,! get,
Vb x 8 ::: 30 x 2 + 30 x 4 + 40 x 6
420
V = -=52.5hN
b

.,
Va ::: Total vertical load - Vb = 100 - 52.5 = 47.5 hN
The beam being horizontal the shear forces and bending moments are only due to the vertical
components of the external loading.
S.F. between A and C = + 47.5 hN
S.F. between C and D =+ 47.5 - 30 =+ 17.5 hN
S.F. between D and E ::: - 52.5 + 40 ::: - 12.5 !?,N
S.F. between E and B ::: - 52.5 hN

B.M.atA::: 0
B.M. at C ::: M c = + 47.5 x 2::: + 95 hNm
B.M. at D ::: Mel::: + 47.4 x 4 - 30 x 2::: + 130 kNm
B.M.
at E =Me ::: + 52.5 x 2 =+ 105 hNm,
,
B.M. at B::: O.
The Thrust Diagram
The horizontal components of the loads on the beam will introduce axial force or thrust in the
member.
Axial force or thrust between A and C
::: 74.7 kN (compressive)
Thrust between C and D
= 74.7 + 17.3 ::: 92 hN (compressive)
Thrust between D and E .
::: 40 kN (compressive)
::: O.
Thrust between E and B
A diagram which shows the variation of the axial force for all sections of the span is called the
thrust diagram. The thrust diagram for the above beam is shown in Fig. 240 (e).
Probleln 203. A simply supported beam carries inclined loads 100 N, 200 Nand 300 N inclined at
,30 45 and 60 to the vertical as shown in Fig. 241. These loads act at 1117,etre, 2 lnetres and 3 metres
from the left support respectively. If the span is 4 lnetres, draw Shear force, Bending Moment and Thrust
diagrams .
. Solution. The inclined forces are replaced by their vertical and horizontal components.
Now taking moments about the hinged end A,
Vb x 4 ::: (86.6 x 1) + (141.4 x 2) + (150 x 3)
0

Vb = 204.85 Nt
.Resolving horizontally,

S.F. Calcualtions

Va ::: (86.6 + 141.4 + 150) - (204.85) = 173.15 Nt

Ha ::: 50 + 141.4 + 259.8
Ha = 451.20 N~

S.F. at any section inAC = + 173.15 N

S.F. at any section in CD ::: + 175.15 - 86.60 ::: + 86.55 N
S.F. at any section in DE::: + 150 - 204.85 = - 54.85 N
S.F. at any section in EB = - 204.85 N

B.M. Calcualtions
B.M. atA = 0

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

189

141.4N

86.6N

141.4N

h~a~=~4~5tl~.8~N~====~==========~========~========lB
A

V ='173.15kN
a I

17S.15N

IC

,D

IE

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I

I
17:3 .15N

,I
I
86!55N

86.55N

I
I
I

+
A

IC

I
I
I

54.85N
54.86N
I
I
I
S.F. Dilag ram
I
259.tNm

,
I

I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
IE
I

I
I
I
I

V b =~04.85kN

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

"

204.85N
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
. I
I

A~'~------~I-C---------I~D~-------7~------~IB
:

B.M. Dfgram

I '
'l2N:
I

451' 2N

451

401.

2N

I
I
I
I
I

4011.2N
259.8N

+
A

D
Thrust Diagram

Fig. 241

I!

:r
I..\
t:t

t
L

Thrust Calcllaltions

B.M. at C = + 173.15 x 1 = + 173.15 Nnt

B.M. at D = + (173.15 x 2) - (86.6 x 1) = + 259.7 Nm,
B.l\1. at E = + 204.85 x 1 = + 204.85 Nm
.

Thrust at any section in AC = + 451.20 N

Thrust at any section in CD = + 451.20 - 50 + 401.2 N
Thrust at any section in DE = + 259.8 N
ProbleIll 204. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam ABCDE shown in Fig. 242.
Solution. The 10 hN load on the bracket is transmitted to B along with a clockwise couple of
10 x 1 = 10 hNm.
Taking moments about A,
Vd X 6 = (10 x 3) + (3 x 4 x 6)

S.F. analysis

V,l = 17 lzN t and Va = 10 + (3 x 4) - 17 = 5 hNt

S.F. at any section in AB = + 5 hN
S.F. at any section in Be = + 5 - 10 = - 5 hN

190

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
10kN

10kN

Q-i0kNm

3kN/m

C(OOOOOOlr~OOQOOO)E

Va =5kN
5kN

Vd =17kN
6kN

5kN

~-?~__~~B________~C~______-+~____~~E

5kN

5kN
S.F. Diagram

llkN

A~------------------------~~~~----~~E

6kNm
B.M. Diagram

Fig. 242

.. S = - 5 - 3x
S.F. at any section in CD, distant x from C = S = 5 - 10 - 3x
At x = 0, S = - 5 hN, At x = 2, S = - 5 - 3 x 2 = - 11 hN
S.F. at any section in DE, distant x from E = S = 3x
At x = 0, S = 0 and at x = 2, S = + 3 x 2 = + 6 hN
The SF at D changes suddenly from - 11 hN to + 6 hN.
B.M. Analysis. B.M. at A = 0
B.M. on LHS of B = + 5 x 2 = + 10 hNnt
B.M. on RHS of B =+ 10 + 10 =+ 20 hNm
B.M. at (; = + 5 x 4 - 10 x 2 + 10 = + 10 Nm
B.M. at D =-3 x 2 x 1 =- 6 hNnt
B.M. atE = 0
Between C and E the B.M. diagram is parabolic.
Point of contraflexure between C and D. Let the point of contraflexure be x metres from D.
17x - 3

x=

(x

+ 2)2
2

= 0

3x2 - 22x + 12 = 0

22 .J484 -144
6
x = 0.5935

111

from D (this is the valid value of x).

. ProbleIn 205. The beam ABC shown in Fig. 243 is hinged to the wall at A. A vertical bracket BD
is firmly fixed to the beam at B and a tie DE is hinged to the brachet at D and to the wall at E. Draw S.F.
and B.M. diagrams for the beam ABC when it carries a lwformly distributed load of 4 hN per metre run
ovrer the whole length and a point load of 2 hN at C.
Solution. Let Ve and H c be the vertical and horizontal reactions at E. Let Va. and H a be the
vertical and horizontal reactions at A.
For the equilibrium of the whole structure, taking moments about E, we get

SHE.\R FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

191:

4x3

H X2= - - + 2 x 3
([
2
H = 12 hN
Resolving the fo;ces on the structure horizontally,
we get,
H e = H a = 12 hN
Let the tension in the tie ED be T
Resolving the forces at Ehorizontally and vertically,
we get,
Tcos 8 = H
T sin 8 = V"
V(,
1.5 3
tan 8 = - = - = He
2
4

Vd=9kN
Hd=12kN

2kN

Ha=12~kN~~~~4~kSN~/~m~~~~Oc5~m~.~~

3
3
,.;#
A
2m
B 1m
C
Ve == -4 H e = -4 X 12 = 9 '~N
Va =5kN
Resolving the forces on the whole stn~cture vertically, we get,
9kN
2kN
Va = 4 X 3 + 2 - 9 = 5 hN
Now consider the equalibrium of the beam ABC.
fA
. 2m
B 1m
C
This part is in eq uilibrium under the action of the follow6kNm
ing forces:
Va =5kN
(i) External loading on the beam.
5kN
6kN
(ii) Vertical reaction at A = Va = 5 hN
(iii) Horizontal reaction at A =Ha = 12 hN
(iv) Vertical Component of the tension Tat D = Vcr
--1 11.25m l::s::r:tIJj~c
= Tsin 8 = 9 hN
3kN
(v) Horizontalcomponent of the tension Tat D = Hcl
3.125kNm
= Tcos 8 = 12 hN
2kNm
The effect of the forces Hd = 12 hN and Vel = 9 hN is
the same as that of an upward force of 9 hN and an
anticlockwise couple of 12 X 0.5 = 6 hN171 at B.
4kNm
S.F. Calculations
At any section in AB distant x from A the S.F. is given by,
Fig. 243
S = 5 - 4x
At
x = 0, S = +-5 hN
At
x::: 2 m, i.e., just on the left side of B, S = 5 -:-: 4 X 2
3 hN
S.F. is zero at a distance x from A given by the condition 5 - 4x = 0
'

H.=12kN.~

Jnb~G . ~kn

A1ffI1IIITJfITI

A GDr
=-

i.e., at

x =

4"

S.F. just on the right side of B = - 3 + 9 = + 6 kN

From B to C the S.F. will change uniformly from +.6 hN to + 2 hN
B.M. Calculations
At any section in AB distant x from A the B.M. is given by,
4x

M = 5x - - - = 5x -

2
M =0

'I

2x~

At A
i.e., at x = 0
Atx = 2m, i.e., just on the left side of B.
~
M = 5 X 2 - 2 X 22 = + 10....:8 = + 2 kNm

192

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

B.M. at x =

4'

m where is S.F. is zero.

5x5
25
= ---2x-=3.125
4
16

kNm,

B.M. just on the right side of B = +2 - 6 = -:-4 kNm, or alternatively.

.

12

= 2 +1 X 4 X ---:- = 4 kNm
2
H.M.at C= O.
Problem 206.AB is the vertical post ofa crane,
the sockets at A and B offering no restraint against
bending. The horizontal arm CD is hinged to AB at C
and supported by a strut FE which is freely hinged at
its extremities to AB and CD as shown in Fig. 244. Draw
B.M. diagrams for AB ctnd CD.
Solution. Let P be the thrust in the strut FE
At E, vertical component of P
3

= Ve =P sin 0 = -5 P

t
2m

and horizontal component of P

=He =P cos 0 =. -45

Ve
3
tanO= -=-4
He

L~
B

Fig. 244

3
He
"V=-4
e
.

Similarly at F,
.
3
Vertical component of P = V = 5" P J,

4m

3m

HC=14~~~I--------------=t==4---H-e------~1

Horizontal component of P

and

200kN

Vi: =150kN

Ve =350kN

200kN

=H=-P+f

Fig. 245

(i) Member CED

For the equilibrum of CED, taking moments about C.

Ve X 4= 200 X 7
H

and

Vc

4
V
3 e

= "-

= 150 kN

Ve = 350 hN

4
1400
-x350=-- kN
3
3
1400
J, and He = -3- kN +-

BM at C = BM at D = 0

B.M. at E = -200

3 = -600 kNm

(ii) Member ACFB

1400
Horizontal force at C = Equal and opposite to He = -3- kN +Vertical force at C = Equal and opposite to Vc = 150 kN
1400
Horizontal force at F = Hr = -3- kN +Vertica force at F = V =' 350 kN
f

B.M. at C = - 200

1400
B.M. at F= -200 X 5 + -3- X 3 = + 400 kNm

t
2 = - 400 kNm

B.M. at A = B.M. at .~ = 0

193

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

4m

2m

.~,
~~~,~t~
600kNm
200kN

A-------r-~-----

400
kNm

~kN
3

c-------t--------3m

:~!~ ________

350kN
1400 kN
3
.

2m

B _______

~--------B

B.M.Diagram
for ACFB

200kN

2QOkN
Fig. 246

Problem 207. The structure shown in Fig. 247 is supported on horizontal rollers at D and F
and a vertical roller at E. Four loads are applied as shown.
Calculate(i) the reactions at D, E and F.
W
W12
A

w12 C

rr--~-L-~~~~l
W

2W
B 45

s
W __-+----I-~ -

S-!.:-S
2'
2'

- - - --

G
-----------

Rr=! (3-12)
Fig. 247

1
. s

Fig. 248

a
194

STRENGTH O:E' MATERIAL

(iO the bending l1Wlnents at A, C and J

(iii) the direct force in portions CD, BI and IC
(iv) the shear force in portion AH.
Solution. (i) Reactions, The inclined force 2 W at I may be spilt into a vertical downward fore
lV.J2 and a horizontal force W 12 . Let the reactions at D, E and F be R , R e and Rj"
d
Resolving the forces on the structure horizontally, we get

w12.

R e :::
,
Taking moments of the forces on the structure about, F, we have,

r;;

38

r;;

W X - + W v 2 x-+, W v 2 x 28 + W x 8::: W X 8 + W
2
2 .

/2

X 8

+R

cl

X 28

R ::: W (1+5/2)

R =W + w..[2 _ W (1 + 5..[2)

R{::: :

(3 -

../2)

(ii) Bending moments at A, C and J

B.M. at A ::: Ma ::: + W X 8 ::: + W8 (producing concavity on the outside)
B.M. at C ::: M::: + W x 8 ::: + W8 (producing concavity on the outside)
B.M. at J::: 0 c
(iii) Direct force in portions CD, BI and IC

Direct force in CD:::

(1 + 5 -/2)

(compressive)

Direct force in BI::: W + W..[2 =W (1 +

Direct force in IC ::: W (tensile)
(iv) 8hearforce in portion AH :::

12)

4lV (3 -

(tensile)

r;;

v2).

Problem 208. A vertical pile AB is hinged at the base B and subjected

to the variable load (dlleto earth pressure) as shown. The pile is anchored
by a tie pin connected at C. Draw the shear force and bending IlWllwnt
diagrams for the pileAR.'
Solution. Taking moments of the forces on AB about B, we have,

Peas 30 x

6 x 1.5

4::: - - -

6
X --'

9
2
9
P- -x-=--hN
- 4 .[i 2.[i

,
..

Resolving the forces on'ihe member horizontally, we get horizontal

reaction at B,

1.5kN/m

Fig.249

6 x 1.5
9
9 9
::: - 2 - - 2.[i cos 30 = "2 -

"4 = "4 = 2.25 hN

Vertical reaction at C

9.

:::: 2.[i

SIn 30

= 4.[i h

Now consider the horizontal forces on the member. The B.M. or S.F. at any section of the
member are only due to the horizontal forces. These forces are shown in Fig. 250.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

195

---..,...---------

1.863
kNm
~---;B

r-----{!! ____
1.5kN/m

1.5kN/m

~----i

B____________ _
B

2.2SkN

S.F. Diagram

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 250

S.F. Calculations
At any section in AC distant x from A, the S.F. is given by
X

S=--.-=-248
At
A, i.e., at x = 0,
S=0
22
S.F. just above C
--=-0.51'lN
8
At any section in CB distant x from A,- the S.F. is given by

x2

S = ._-+ 2.25
8
22
= - - + 2.25 = + 1.75 kN
8

S.F. just below C

S.F. at B, i.e., 6

111,

62
= -,..-+ 2.25 = - 2.25 hN

from A

Point of zero shear

Equating the S.F. to zero, - ~ + 2.25 =

8
x2 = 18
x = 4.243 metres from A.
B.M. Calculations
At any section in AC distant x from A the B.M. is given by

At
and at

x2 x
x3
M= - - . - = - 8 3
24
x 0, M= 0,
x = 2 rn

M= --hNm.
3
At any section in CB distant x from A the B.M. given by
3

At

x
= - -24
+ 2.25 (x -

2)

= 2 m.

M= --kNln.
At

x = 6 ni.
3

6
= - -2
+ 2.25 (6 4

2) =

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

196

x = 4.243 m

At

4.243 3
M = - - - . + 2.25 x 2.243 hNm = + 1.863 hNnL
24
39. TO OBTAIN THE B.M. DIAGRAM GIVEN THE S.F. DIAGRAM
Fig. 251 shows the S.F. diagram for a beam Alf
.
Let at a se~.tion dista'nt x from A the B.M. and S.F. be M and S:respectively.
dM
S=we have
dx
dM=S. dx
Integrating between A and X

we have

X=X

fdM
x=o

fSdx
o
Fig. 251

But

f Sdx

is the area of the shear force diagram between A and X

o
Completing the integration, we get
(M - M) = area of the S.F. diagram between A and X. If at A the B.M. is zero, we have
M a =0
M=-area of the S.F. diagram between A andX'
Hence the B.M. at any section is numerically~qual to the area of the S.F. diagram between
A andX.
..
,
Problem 209. The diagram shown in Fig. 252 is the shear force diagram for a beam which rests
on two supports one being the left hand end. Deduce directly from the S.F. diagram,
(a) B.M. at 2 m intervals along the beam
(b) Loading on the beam
(c) Position of the second support.
Solution. (a) B.M. at 2 m intervals
Since there is a support at the left end A theB.M. at A = 0
At any section X in AB distant x from A. the ordinate of the S.F. diagram
4.5
XE = 10--x=(10-0.75x)
6
(10 + 10 - 0.75 x) x
.. Area of the S.F. diagram between A and X= .
2

lOx _ 0.375 x2

But the area of the S.F. diagram between A andX

=M-M
x
a
Since
M(1 = 0, we have
lYlx = lOx -.0.375 x 2
At
x = 2 In,
M2 = 10 x 2 - 0.375 x 4 = 18.5 hNn1
At
x = 4 m,
\
M4 = 10 x 4 - 0.375 x 16 = 34.0 hNnlAt
x= 6 m.
MG = 10 x 6 - 0.375 X 6 2 = 46.5 hNm
Now consider a section X' in Be distant x' from B
The ordinate of the S.F. diagram at X'
7.5
X'E' = 1.5 + 10 x'
... X'E' = 1.5 + 0.75 x'

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

197

.. Area of the S.F. diagram between B and X'

= _ (1.5 + 1.5; 0'/5

x.) x. ~ _(1.5 x' + 0.375 x.

2)

lOkN

3kN

3kN

A'-----;~----~B~------~~--~--~cU_~J
.
8m

9kN
10kN

9kN

Fig.252

But the area of the S.F. diagram between B and X'

:::: the difference between B.M. 'at X'
=M'x -Mb

and B.M. at B

M~ - Mb = - (1.5x' + 0.375 x".3)

M' :::: - (1.5x' + 0.375 x".3) + Mb

Mb:::: 46.5 kNm
, :::: 46.5 - 1.5x' - 0.375 x".3 .

But

Mx

M':::: 46.5 - 1.5 x 2 - 0.375

At 2 m. etres from B, putting x' = 2 m,

At 4

~netres

M~::::

from B, putting x' = 4 m,

At 6 m,etres from B, putting

Xl

46.5 - 1.5 x 4 - 0.375

1VJ' = 46.5 -

=6 m,

1.5 x 6 .....,.0.375

22 :::: 42. kNm

42 = 34.5 kNm
X

6 2 :::: 24 hNm

= 46.5 - 1.5 x 8- 0.375 X 82 = 10.5 I~Nm

M' = 46.5 - 1.5 x 10 - 0.375 X 1q2 :::: '-6 kNrit

M'

At 8 metres from B, putting x' = 8 m,

At 10 Inetres from B, putting x'= 10 m,

Now consider the general expression for the B.M.

M' :::: 46.5 - 1.5x' - 0.375 x".3

x

For M'x to be zero

46.5 - 1.5x' - 0.375 x".3 :::: 0
Solving we get
x' = 9.31 m
(b) Loading on the beam
(i) Since the shear force uniformly changes from A to B there should be a uniformly distributed
load in this range.
The intensity of the load = Slope of the shear force diagram between A and B
10 ~ 5.5
:::: ----+:~=---

0.75kNlm

(ii) At B there is an abrupt change in S.F. Hence at B there must be concentrated load.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

198

3kN

3kN
+

9kN
.

AI ...

6m

46.5kNm

..

~ C

IB

9.31m

...

I~

Fig.253
Magnitude of the concentrated load::; Abrupt change in S.F.::; 5.5 + 1.5::; 7 kN
(iii) Since the S.F.uniformly changes from B to C.

there must be a uniformly distributed load between Band C.

Intensity of the distributed load
= Slope of the S.F. diagram between Band C

= 9 - 1.5 = 0.75 hN 1111,

I

!
\1

I
I
I
I

10
(iv) Since the S.F. is constant between C and D at 3 hN there must be a point load of 3 hN at D.
(c) Position of second support
Since the S.F. abruptly changes at C the second support is at C. Reaction at C = abrupt change in
S.F. at C 9 +3 12 hN.
Problelll 210. The shear force diagram for a beam is shown in Fig. 254. Identify the location
and nature of supports. Draw loading and bending moment diagrams showing values of the bending
. I1wlnent at intel'vcils of 2 m. Also show the position and magnitude of the maxinuun bending nwment.
Solution. S.F. at A = +195 kN
:. Reacting force at A = Va = 195 hN t
S.F. uniformly changes from + 195 hN at A to - 165 hN at B
Uniform load intensity between A and C = Rate of change of shear force

= 195-(-165)

I
I

['

60 hNlm
6
There is a sudden change in S.F. at C from -165 hN to + 120 hN
..
Reacting force at C = Vc
= 165 + 120 ::; 285 hNt
The shear force uniformly decreases from + 120 hN at C to zero at D .
.. Uniform load intensity between C and D
::; Rate of change of shear force
120-0
= 60 kNlm
2
Now we know the forces (loads and reacting forces) on the beam.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

199

Taking moments about A, we have

the following moments,
(i) 285 X 6 :;:: 1710 l?-Nnt
(anticlochw ise)
(ii) 60 X 8 X 4 = 1920 hNm (clochwise)
The above moments do not balance
Hence there should be reacting mo
ment at A equal to M(I :;:; (1920 ~ 1710)
= 210 liNm (anticlocliwise)
Now we can determine the B.M. at
any section.
At any section in AC distance x from
A, the B.M. is given by,

195kN
120kN

A '---.....-.....-------=~--...,.----t__-----"" D
C
I
I

165 k
6ml ________.-r..._ _ :m

x2

M;:;: 195x - 60 -

- 210

I
I

M;:;: 195x-30x 2 -210 Atx=O, B.M.

M 210kN
\ a=
m
atA=-210liNm
~
At. x 6 BM at C
A
= 195 X 6 - 30 X 6 2 - 210 = _ 120 hNm

60kN/~

60kN/m

ooooooooooooooooooooooofOOOOOOOD
r

=, . .

dM
For maximum B.M;, - 1- = 0
Va =195kN
ax'
dM
:. dx = 195 - BOx = 0
.. x;:;: 3.25 1/1
2

:. M/IIOX = 195 X 3.25 - 30 X 3.25 - 210

= +106.875 kNm
Points of contraflexure. Equating the
general expression for B.M. to zero,
195x - 30x 2 - 210 = 0
x 2 - 6.5x + 7 ;:;: 0

x=

6m

I
I

I
!
I

2m

Vc =265kN

1~6.~75kN~
:

:+

,..

6.5 .J42.25 - 28 210kNm

2
6.5 3.775
x=
2

Fig. 254

.. x=1.36mandx=5.14m.
Problmn 211. A beam ABCD is supported at Band C and has over-hangs AB and CD. The
bending moment diagram for the beam is shown in Fig. 255. Determine the loading diagram and the
shear force diagram for the beam.
Solution. The bending moment diagram is parabolic between A andB. This meansthe loading
on AB is a uniformly distributed load.
Let the loading on AB be w 1 per unit run.
B.M. at B

Ar-----'------..L.------l~-----~

;:;: -w

42

X -

= - 24

.. w l =3 liN/m

Let Vb be the reaction at the support B

B.M. at E is zero Vb X 2 - 3 X 4 X 4;:;: 0
.,
Vb = 241?-N
B.M. diagram between E and F is parabolic
Hence the loading on EF is a uniformly distributed load, say, w2 per unit run
B.M. just on LHS of F = 24 X 6 - 3 X 4X 8 - w2 X4 X 2 =+ 24
144 - 96 - 6w 2 = 24
6w 2 = 18 :. w2 = 3 hN/m

/
STRENGTH OF MA'l'ERIAU

200

I
I

I
1

I
I
I
.. I

I
I.
I

4m

6kN

4m

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Vc ,18k
I

I
I

I
6kNI

6kN

+
B

+
C

12kN

12kN

S.F.D.
Fig. 255

The B.M. at F changes abruptly from + 24 kNm on LHS of F to zero on RHS of F. Hence therl
should be an anticlockwise couple of 24 kNm. at F
B.M. diagram is parabolic between F and C
Let the loading on FC be W3 per unit run
B.M. at C = 24 X 10-- 3 X 4 X 12 - 3 X 4 X 6 - 24 - :u 3 X 4 X 2 = _2L
240 - 144 - 72 - 24 - 8 w3 = -24

8 W3 = 24 .. W3 = 3 hNhn
B.M. diagram is linear between C and D
Let the point load at D be W
B.M. at C = - Wx 4 = -24 .. W == 6 hN
Total applied external load = (3 X 4) + (3 X 8) + 6 = 42 kN
But

Vb

= 24 kN t

Vc = 42 - 24 = 18 hN t.
Problem 212. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam ABCD shown in Fig. 256. Note aJ
intern.al hinge is provided at E.
Solution. Consider the part AE
Total load on AE = 20 X 2 = 40 kN
This load is transmitted equally to the support A and at E for the part EBCD
Load transmitted at A = 20 kN
Load transmitted at E = 20 hN
Now consider the continuous beam EBCD. Fig. 256 (c) shows the free B.M.diagram for EBCl
B.M. at B = Mb = 40 kNm (hogging nwment)
Span BC
Area of free B.M. Diagram

= a 1 = 2" x 4 x 80 = 160
4

= - = 2111
2
2 320
Span CD a = - x 4 x 40 = - 2
3
3
Applying the theorem of three- moments for the spans BC and CD
Xl

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

201

1\
I
!

160 + 16 M

= - x 160 x 2 + - x 320 x 2
c
4
4
160 + 16 M c = 480 + 320
l\1c = 40 hNnl (hagging nwment)
80kN

Ar-----~~---r----_.------._--~------~

Vc~110kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Vd:::t30kN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

~----~----~------------~----------~D
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

A~~~~~~~----------~~~-----=~~ID

6QkN

60kN

60kN

S.F.D.
Fig. 256.

Reaction B.M. at C = Vb X 4 - 80 X 2 - 20 X 2 X 5 = -40

Vb = 80 hN
B,M. at C = Vel X 4 . . ,. 20 X 4 X 2 =-40
Vd = 30 kN
Vc = [20 X 2 + 80 + 20 X 4] - [80 + 30] = 110 hN.
Problem 213~ A continuous beam ABC of uniform fle.xural rigidity consists of spans AB and
BC of lengths 8 111, and 12 m. The beam is simply supported at A, Band C. The span AB carries a
point load 60 kN at its middle point. The span BC is subjected to a clockwise couple of 180 hNl1l at its
middle point. Find the support moments and support reactions., Draw also S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
Solution. Fig. 256 shows the free B.M. diagrams for th~ spans AB and CD

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

202

180kNm
Ai,-'=-~r--4~m~~--~6---+~~----~1
B
C
T
m
. I.
6m
T

A
l

90 Nm

90kNm

Fig. 257

alxl =

"2

8 X 120 X 4=1920

"2 X 6 X 90 X 4 - "2 X 6 X 90 X 8
= 1080 - 2160 =-1080

a 2 x2 =

M a =Mc =0

We know

a1x1

Applying the theorem of three moments Ma 4 + 2 M b(11 + 12) = Mc l2 = -Z-1-+

0+ 2 M b (8 + 12) + 0

= "8 (1920) +1:2 (-1080)

60kN
I

180kN~

A rl~____-+~~~!~a=-________~'+I~______~~IC
1'-

Va :::~7 1l)75lcN
: Vb ;;J5 (J37~~N
.
108175kN~

II
I
I
I

J(N~"

l.Q\25~Nm

B.M.D.

~7J1875

I
I
j

I
I
I

A~~~~~",~~~~~~~~~!~~~~~~

<- ..

16;~7pkN

32.8125

kNm '.

~2.81g~

kNm

Fig. 258

,~~

16.875kN

6a x
T

2 2

SHEAR FORCES AND BgNDING MOMENTS

203

= 1440 - 540 = 900

Mb = 22.5 hNm

40 Mb

Fig. 257 shows the B.M. diagram.

Reactions at supports
B.M. at A = Va X 8 - 60 X 4 = -22.5
Va =27.185hN '
Again B.M. at B = Vc X 12 - 180 = -22.5
Vc = 16.875 hN
..
Vb = 60 - (27.1875 + 16.875)
ProblelTI 214. Analyse the beam ABCD shown in Fig. 259.

= 15.9375 kN.

Fig. 259

Solution. Let Va' Vc and Vd be the reactions at the supports A, C and D.

Resolving vertically,
V a + V c + Vd =

Va + V" + V"

(.!.2 x 6 x 6)

+ 6 + (8

4)

... m

=56
6kN

,I
aJ3kNm

6.2okNm
"

I
I
I

'" " D

g.~;::j
24kNlll
B.M. Diagram
Flg.2GU

Taking moments about A,

1

,L

'

Vc X 8 + VcXl '12::;: ( ~
+- '(6 X,.6) "+- (8
2 x 6 x 6 x ""-,'
3
,
8 Vc + 12 Vd = 392
2 Vc +- 3 V d ;:::: 98
Taking moments about B,
Vd X6+Vc X2=8X4 X 4
..
3 Vd + Vc:::; 64
From equations (ii) and (iii)
Vc :::: 34 kN, Vd ;:: 10 kN
Va =56 - 34 - 10 =12 llN

X 4" X 10)
,

.. .(ii)

,.Wl)

TSTRENGTH OF MATERIALS

204

B.M. Diagram
Member CD

At a section distant x from D B.M.

8 ~
2

= M = lOx -

M = lOx - 4,x2

= O,M= 0
x::: 4, M = 10 X 4 - 4 X 42 = '-24 kNm

At
At

dM
For M to be maximu,IP-, -d...'== 0
x
10 - 8x

M III (IX

Points of contraflexllre
Equating the B.M. to zero,

=0

:.

= 1. 25m

= 10.X 1.25 -

4 X 1.25 2 = 6.25 llNm,

lOx:"':' 4.x2= 0
x(lO - 4x)= 0
x = 0 and x = 2.5 m

MemberAB
At a section distant x from B,
The bending moment is given by,
1

M = 10(x + 6) + 34(x + 3) - 6x - 32(x + 4) - - x X x2

M= 6 x - 6
Alternatively,
Considering AB,

M= (12-6)x-

At
At

x8
M= 6 x - 6
x::: O,M=O
x = 6, M= 0

-X.X.-

Fig. 261

For M to be maximum, dM = 0
dx

dM
dx

=6 -

3x 2
-6

=0

..

= 12

x=2../3m

M IIfflX = 6 X . 2../3 - ~
(2../3)3
6
= 12../3 - 4../3 = 8../3 kNm,

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

205

wl'2
Alternatively M
I

max

6'2

r;::

= ~ = 8~3 hNl17,.

r;::

9~3

9~3

Problem 215. Fig. shows the 13.M. diagram, for a bewn AB siTitply sllpporte,d at A and B. Draw
the S.F. diagram and the load diagram.
'
Solutio11. Consider the parab~lic part of the B.M. diagram betweenC and B. Let the B.M. at a
distance x from C be equal to M. By the property of the parabola,

=30 -

10 ?
- x
3

SF =S

= -dM
clx

= At x = 0, S = 0 and at x = 3m

20
s=- - x

"

20

S\= - -

For the part AC the B.M. varies linearly from -60 kNm to + 30 kNm.

:. S.F. between A and

e = Rate of change of B.M. =,

Studying the S.F. diagram, we conclude,

Reacting force at A = 30 hNt Point load at

lldl between

20

e and B = Rate of change of S.F. = 3

3m

3 - 20 kN

30 + 60' 30
= +
hN
3

e = 30 hN.J,

"

1-1..._ - - -

hNlm

----<.~I.....- - - -

30kNm

A~--------~~----~C----~------~~

60kNm

B.M. Diagram

30k~N~______________3-,OkN

I
A

c~B

20kN

S.F. Diagram

too

30kN
60kNm

20

kN m
/

~QOOOl)OQOOOOOI

20kN

30kN

Fig. 2.62

Reacting force at B = 20 hNt

Since at A the B.M. is -60 hNm" we also conclude that there is a couple 60 kNm

(anticlocl~wise)

atA.

Problelll 216. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown in Fig. 263.,
Solution. Reaction atB. Horizontal reaction at B = H/J"= P~
Reaction at D. Taking moments about D, Vd X 2a =Pa + Pa :. Vd =Pt
MemberAB. B.M. atA =0, B.M. atB =+Pa
Member BC. B.M. at [) = 0, H.M. at e = + Pa.
Problmll 217. Draw B.M. diagram for the beams AB and DC whose ends Band
to a vertical rigid bar Be.

'1

e are hinged

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

206
P

A
A

Pa

Pa

B.M. Diagram

Fig. 263

Solution. Let T be the tension in the rigid bar.

Consider the equilibrium of the beam DC
Taking moments about D, T X 4 = 40 X 2, :. T = 20 hN,

4m
I
I

Vd =20kN

T=20kN
2m

I
I

3m

3kN

~B

T=4kN:

V =4kN
a

!:=20kN

T Rigid link
D 1m
E
I

Ma=12kNm

4m
V =20kN 40kN
a
ID
2m

3m

=20 hN

3m

2m

2m

Ma ='12kNm

Rigid
T bar

40kN

I
ID

.. Vel

3m

T=4kNI
D 1m I

Vc =lkN

A~:B
I
80kNm

40kNm

D~C
E
Fig. 264

12kNm

I
I

:.

'e

D
3kNm

Fig. 265

For the beam DC, B.M. at D = 0, B.M. at C = 0, B.M. at E = + 20 X 2 = +40 hNl1t.

For the member AB B.M. at B =0, B.M. at A =- 20 X 4= -80 hNm.
Problem 218. Draw B.lII!. diagram for the beams shown in Fig. 265.
Solution. Let T be the tension in the linkED. Consider the equilibrium of the beam CDE.
Taking moments about C, Tx 3 =3 X 4 :. T = 4 hN, Vc = 1 hNt
B.M. at C = 0, B.M. at E =0, B.M. at D =- 3 X 1 = -3 hNm.
For the member AB, B.M. at B = 0
B.M. atA =-4 X 3 =-12 hNm.
ProbleIll 219. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown tn Fig. 235.
Solution. The given beam ACB may be taken to consist of a simply supported beam CB
supported at B at one end and on the end C of the cantilever AC. Let V be the common reaction at
c
C acting upwards on the beam CB and downwards on the cantilever AC. Considering the beam Be,

207

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

For the cantilever AC,

Point load at C = 8 KN t Reacting force at A = 8 hN t
Reacting moment at A = Ma = 8 X 4 = 32 hNm (anticlochwise)
S.F. Diagram. S.F. at any section inAD == + 8 hN, S.F. at any section in DB
B.M. Diagram,. B.M. at A::: -32 hNn1 B.M. at C = 0
B.M. at D = + 8 X 2 = + 16 hNm
B.M. at B = O.

;~

,'"

=-8 hN

16kN

A~I

4m

C2ml2m1
4m
~

--

16kN

2m

M. =32kNm

V. =8kN

!~.=8kN

8kN
f,__

2m

8kN

A.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII\.
.
S.F. Diagram

A
.-11

-11111111111111
8kN

8kN
16kNm

i i i i i i I i i i f I i i i I I I i i i I cP <C1! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

[b-

B.M. Diagram
32kNm

Fig. 266

Problem 220. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 267.

0000000000 6)c
AI t~t) (} 0 (} [[0 10kN/m
0 0 000 00 0[OOO~
B
I.

9m

.. I .. 3m

6m

~I

Fig. 267

Solution. Let V,a Vb and V c be the reactions at the supports, A, Band C

Resolving vertically,
Va + Vb + Vc = 10 X 18 = 180
Va + Vb + Vc = 180
Since at D, the B.M. is zero,
Vc X 6 - 10 X 6 X 3 = 0
:. Vc = 30 hN
Substituting in equation (i) Va + Vb +30 == 180 :. Va + Vb == 150
Taking moments about A,
Vb X 9 + 30 X 18 == 10 X 18 X 9 :. Vb = 120 hN
Va = 150 - 120 = 30 hN
i,

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

208

S.F. Analysis. At any section in AB, distant x from A, S.F. = S = 30 - lOx

At x = 0, S = + 30 kN, At x = 9 In, S = 30 - 10 X 9 = -60 kN
At any section in BD, distant x from B, S.F. = S = 30 + 120 - 10 X 9 -lOx, S = 60 -lOx
At x = 0, S 60 kN, At x = 3111, S = 60 -10 X 3 = +30 hN

lOkN/m

A~aaaQO~""""D""""'OO""""'O"""'~C
Va =30kN

Vb =120kN

V =30kN
c

60kN

,~kN

30kN

~E

AL'

IIIIIIIIII~

LUUJliill

3m'

'

600

.., 60kN
B

.1.'

600

J~

"UK]:'I'

3m '

S.F. Diagram

45kNm

45kNm

135kNm
B.M. Diagram

Fig.

~68

At any section in CD, distant x from C, S.F. is given by S = lOx - 30

At x = 0, S
30 kN, At x = 6 m, S 10 X 6 - 30 + 30 kN
Section af zero shear in AB. Let this section be at a distance x from A
Equating the S.F. to zero, 30 - lOx = 0 ... x = 3 m
Section of zero shear in DC. Let this section be at a distance x from C
Equating the S.F. to zero, lOx - 30 = 0 ;'. x= 3m

=-

B.M. Analysis. At any se'Ction in AB distant x from A, the B.M. is given by M = 30x - 10
M = 30x - 5x2
At x = 0, M = 0
At
x = 9m, M = 30 X 9 - 5 X 9 2 = -135 kNm
At the section of zero shear, i.e. at a' distance of 3 m from A,
The B.M. = M max = 30 X 3 - 5 X 32 = 45 hNm
B.M. at D = 0 (Note there is a hinge at D)
At any section in CD distant x from C, the B.M. is given by

+'

10 x x 2
M = 30x - - ' - :. M 30x - 5x2
2
At
x = 0, M = 0, At x = 6m, M = 0
At
x = 3m, M max = 30 X 3 - 5 X 32 = + 45 hNM
Point of contraflexure in AB. Let the point of contraflexure be at a distance x from A.

x
'2"

209

SHEAR FORCES AND 'BENDING MOMENTS

10x

Equating the B.M. to zero, 30x - -2- = 0

30x - 5x2 = 0
:. x(30 - 5x) = 0
:. x = Bm
Problem 221. Draw B.M. and S.F. cliaRrams for the beam shown in Fig. 269.

ALE.1..!
30kN

30kN

IlokN/m

1.5m~ 1m.

1.5m

1I.~195kNm

~~

1.50m

.,'

" , -I

.3m
10kN/m

flO 1I 0 0 1I1111lIll lIlmJm

,c

30kN

,E

1.50m

BfOOOooooQooonon~c

.D

1m

,I5kN
jl5kN

3m

V.'=15kN

,'(l

Va =75kN .

75kN'

I
75kN'

II
I

Ii , i i i i I. i.'" i I i,i II

- 45~N
-rT"T"'\'

'"

I I I I I 1 11111111111

1IIIIIIIIjlllllll'lalllll'rn=.......

:E

cc:z::u::r:u:r: C

,D

15kN
11.25kNm

A
II II IIII II

i I I 1" i I II II I III I I 1'1 I I I i I I Iy..n ' , , I , , , I I '

'1 , , I

1 I i i I 1 I]>.

82.5kNm

B.M. Diagram
195kNm

Fig. 269.

Solution. The beam call be taken to consist of two components namely, (i) a cantiever AEDB
and (ii) Jl simply supported beam BC.
3 x 10
For the beam BC the reaction at C =, Vc
- 2 - = 15 kN

The common reaction- at B = 15 kN acting upwards 011 the beam an<:L.downwards on the
cantilever. Now the S.F. diagram for the cantilever and the simply support beam can he easily drawn.
The B:M. diagram. For the simply supported beam, the B.M. diagram is a parabola whose mid
(

WZ2

ordinate

?~-;:1;~~Y:;::;,r ~jf,! ~:'~;

'PI"

':

10x32

"

= -= - - - = 11.25 kNm
8
8

"r,,";:'::'';:!;7,~;:::~r;:'''"~t:::tr;,-,'

",~ ... "'"1i"1::"!::f.:-rl!":~-

'W

,.

'7.'""~:;';r~im~~

~
we-

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

210

For the cantilever,

B.M. at B =
B.M. at E =
B.M. at A=
Reactingforce at A

0
B.M. at D = - 15 X 1 = - 15 kNm,
- 15 X 2.5 - 30 X 1.5 = -82.5 kNm
- 15 X 4 -3,0 X 3 - 30 X 1.5 = -195 kNm,
Va 75 kN
Reacting moment at A = Ma = 1951?-Nm (anticlockwise).

= =

Problem 222. Draw shear force and bending lnoment diagram,s for the loaded beam shown
in Fig. 270.
40kN/m

40kN/m

Afuoooo~:ooooon~? 3~ina:f:003:~D
Fig. 270'

Solution. Let Va' Vb and Vd be the reactions at the supports A, Band D

Since a hinge is provided at C, the bending moment at C = 0
Taking moments about C, Vel X 3 =40 X 3 X 1.5
:. Vel = 60 kN t
Taking moments about A, Vb X 6 + 60 X 12 = (40 x 6 x 3) + (40 x 3 X 10.5)

Ar

40kN/m

'40kN/m

OOOOOOOOOOOO!

Hingeo.-0000001.D
Be'
".

6m

. 3m

Va =90k~

'.,

Vb =21 OkN

3~.

\ Vo =60kN

90kN

.' .. ,

1.2 25m.1
0

150kN
101.25kNm

A 1"""""""".""",,0
E
1\1 iii iii-iii iii iii iii

(J""'II.!I'I")"D

I I IY -

I - - 4.50m---l

180kNm
Fig. 271

:. Va = (40 X 6 + 40 X 3)- 60 - 210 = 90 kNt

S.F. Analysis: At any section in AB distant x from A shear force S = 90 - 40x
At x = 0, S + 90 kN, At x = 6m, S = 90 - 40 X 6 = - 150 kN
Let the S.F. be zero at a distance x from A, 90 - 40x =0 :. x =2.25 m
S:F. at any section in BC = 90 + 210 - 240= + 60 kN
At any section in CD distant x from D, Shear force S = 40x - 60
Atx = 0, S~--60kN; At x = 3m, S =;+,60 kN
:. Vb = 210 kN

B.M. Analysis. At any section in AB distant x from A, the B.M. is given by, M
M = 90x - 20x2

= 90x -

40

At x = 0, M= O'

-. -I.
fJ!IiIII~l!!i!

211

SHEAR FORCES AND.BENDING MOMENTS

At
x = 6m, M 90 X 6 - 20 X 6~ = -180 kNm
At
.
.X
2.25m,
M.e == ~O X 2.25
.:.,; 20 X 2.25 2 + 101.25 kNm

?
..
For the pOlnt of contraflexl,1re 90x- 20x~ = 0, :.X = 45,0 I n , .'
..
. 40 X 1.5 2
B.M. at C = B.M. at D = 0, B.M. at F= 60 X 1.5 = + 45 hNm .

..--:::,-,

Prob[e'li.'t

2 .

m) Draw S.F. and B.M,''dfaRram8 fOr 111(1 o('a171 8howh in Fig. 272:

C~:N/m
Illlirmlllll
~
~2mc
D.~

UkN

4m

~.

Fig. 272

Soltuion. Let V a , V cand

VIl be the r~actionsat the supports A, C and

- .
..
(1 . ) +
Resolving v;rtically, Va + Vc + Vel =.~
x 6x 6

D.

6 + (8 X 4)

... (i)

:::,Va + Vcc"+ Vd 56
Taking moments about B from the left.

6kN ../Jllir.m~D
B
~'2m"
/

6:N

...

. .......

400

Vd=10kN

Va = 1 2 k N Vc '=34kN

22kN
12kN

I'
A

'\
"I

.UkN-

12~N

12kN

2J3m--l

S.F. Diagram
8,{3kNm

A <'

"7"

24kNm

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 273

~,;,"'~",m~~~~~"--~_-~Him~~~:~l'~"''''''~~~

: .. ,.'

>

sua

;,'

" ;."~",~",'- __ ~...u.L"v...,.,.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

212

Taking'moments about B from the right Vc x.2 + V;t X 6 = 8 X 4X 4: = 128

2 Vc + 6 Vd = 128
:. V c + 3 Vd = 64 But Vc + V'l' = 44
Solving the above equations we get, Vc= 34 kNand Vd = 10 kN
"
Now that the reactions at the supports are known we can determine the !he S.F. and B.M. at any
section.
S.F. analysis. S.F. at any section in DC distant x from D = 8 =Sx -10
At x = 0, S = -10 kN At x = 4, S = 8 X 4 - 10 = +22 kN
S.F . .is zero, at x = 1.25 m
S.F. between Band C = (8 X 4) - 34 - 10 = - 12 kN
~

, 1
"
's'~" at, any section in BA distant x from B = S =6 + (8X 4) + x 2 - 34 - 10
I

S=

2' x 2 -

2'

6 S.F. is zero at x

= 2.J3m

from B.,

At x = 0, S = -6 kN, At x = 6, S = + 12 kN
R.M. analysis. B.M. at D = 0, B.M. at C =' io X 4 - 8
,

'B;M. at 1.25 m from D = 10 X 1.25 -

8 x 1.25
"

= -24 kNm

= + 6.25 kNm,

Let the B.M. be zero at x m from D, lOx:... 8

X 4x ,2

2= 0

'

:. x(10 - 4x) = 0

:. x = 2.50

Ill,

B.M. atR=O.

, It may be realized that the partAB can b'e considered as a simply supported beam carrying the
triangular load.
,

/'
Z2
,.,;
6 x 62
" ,,'
W.,
Maximum B.M: ,~~;A~ '='gJ3 = 9..[3=
"::.
,x>

,
" -,,:',
"1
, Maximum B.M. occurs,at

sJ3

kNm

.J3 = Fa ~ 2./3 m from B.:

Problem 224. Draw 8.P. and B.M. diagrams for members ABC and I;JEF in Fig. 274.
Solution. Consider the, equilibrium of the member DEF. This member is supported at F as a
support and D on the vertical member DC.
Let Vclbe the vertical reaction exerted by the member DC at D. Now DF can be considered as a
simply supported beam.
Taking moments about F, we ,get,"
'Vd X 4 = 8 xl
Vr=,g
Vel 2 kN
," - 2 = 6 kN
S.F. between D and E = 2 kN
S.F. between E and F = - 6 kN
B.M. atD= 0
B.M. atF= 0
B.M: ~t E 2 X 3 + 6 kNm (sagging)
Now consider the member ABC. The loading on the member consists of a uniformly distributed
load of 4kNper metre over the whole length together with a downward point load Vc 2kN at C exerted
by the member, CD. Considering the equilibrium, of this member, taking moments about A, we get
5
Vb X 4 = 4 X 5 X "2 + 2 X 5 :. Vb = 15 kN

Va

=4 X

+ 2 - 15 = 7 kN

S.F. at
A = + 7 hN
S.F. just on the left side of B :::: 7 - 4 X 4 = - 9 kN
S.F. just on the right side of B = - 9 + 15= + 6kN
S.F. at C = 2kN

213

SHEAR FORCES AND' BENDING MOMENTS

8kN
3m

2m

A. 1 ", M

nl

8t
1m
3m

Vd=2kN
Vd=Vc=2kN
" ~ Vc =2kN

4kN/m,

f'lJ m

V, =8kN

DnO!lOO1lO0~~O!l0j
1m

Vt, =15kN

Va =,?kN

2kN
F

9kN
D ,<""1,[11" I"" "1"

I"

, I!'"

J>,

E
8.125kNm

ti i i II tp> , C

41111 J II I II I I I ! I I , I , , II' I "'....

Fig. 274

Let the S.F. be zero at a section in AB distant x from A.

Equating the S.F. to zero, we get
7-4x=O
x = 1.75 metres
,
4x 1~,
B.M. at B = - -2-" - 2X 1'=.,- 4 kNm (hogging)

1.75

m from A
B.M. at 1.,,75
__
_~_

=M =7 X 1.75 - 4 X 1.75 X -2lIIax

= 12.25 - 6.125= + 6.125 kNm

Point of contraflexltre. Let at a section in ABdistant x from, A the B.M. be zero.
4x 2
2
x

7x - -

=0

.... x(7 - 2x) =0

3.5 metres.

~'-:"iI\f_ii!i4iiiiiJIiiikiii;;ii_~~~r"ii~

lit...

STRENGTh OF MATERIALS

214

Problem 225. Draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams for the lnem,ber ABCDE shown in Fig. 275(a).
Solution. Reactions a:t liz,e fixed support A. Reacting horizontal force at A = P ~
,
:
Pl
Re~c..ting-moment'at A
Ma = 2 (anticlockwise)

K
II ~E

.1

' C i"/2'

1/2
.D.

'A~
.

~ PL

iiiii~2

S.F. piagram
PL

J2

D
P

12

B.M. Diagram

(a)
PL

"2
P r

B
.....

.~I

,( b)

Fig. 275

.~.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

215

B.M. Diagram,
Mem,ber DE. B.M. at E = 0, B.M. at D = +
,

Pl

"2

Mentber CD. B.M. at every section in CD = +

Pl

"2

Member CD.
We will consider the effect of the force at E on the member BC. Due to
P and a moment or couple

Pl

"2

th~

force P at E, a force

are transmitted to C. See Fig. 275(b), At any section in CB distant x

.
Pl
P
from C, the BM IS given by M = - - r;:: x
2 ....;2
Pl
Atx=O , M=+.2 andatx=l

'2

"";"L"

Pl
M = -2-

There is a point of contraflexure at the middle point of BC.

Member AB. At any section in AB,' distant x from A, theB;M. = . ,:.:.

Pl

"2

S.F. Diagrahi. There is no sh~ar forc~ for 'the members 'AB and i::D.
Member DE. S.F. at E = 0 S.F. at D =-P
Member BC.

S.F. at C = +1 r;:: S.F. at B = + r;::

....;2 .
....;2

Problem 226. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown'in Fii. 276.'
Solution. Reactions at th,efix,ed support A.Horizontal reacting force at A, Ha = 2 hN +-.
Reacting moment at A, = 2 X 3 = 6 hNm (anticlochwise)
Member CD. At any section distant y from D, the B.M. is given by,
M = 2y, At Y = 0: M = 0, At Y = 2, M = 2 X 2 = 4 kNm

A
Ha=2kN

Ma =6kNm

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 276

Fig. 277

Member BC. At any section of this member, the B.M. = 2 x2 = 4 kNm

Member AB. At any section distant y from A, theRMo is given by, M = 2y - 6
At Y = 0, M= -6'l~Nm At y = 5, M = 2 X 5 - 6 = 4 hNm
Problem 227. D'raw RM: diagram for the frameshowli'in Fig. 278.
Solution. Reactions at the fixed endA. Horizontal reacting force at A =

H.a = .10 kN

+-

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

216

Reacting moment at A, Ma 10 X 0.5 5 l?Nm (clockwise)

(Bending moments producing concavity outside the frame are. taker as positive).
Ma =5kNm

-..
C

B
1m

H.=IOk

1
-I

1m

I,
I
I

1ml (+

10kN

+) IO.5m
..

'

1m

'+"-

-D

.Fig.,278

Member FE. B.M. at F =0, B.M. at E =-10 X 0.5 = -5 h]fm,

Mem,ber ED. B.M. at every section =..:..10 X 0.5 =-5 kNm,.
Member DC. Due to the 10 l?-N load applied at F, force trartsmitted at D = 10 kN ~

'>

IC

1m

y
5kN~

10kN

- Fig. 279

( ..

I~ ~kN

Fig. 280

=
=

Moment transmitted at D lOX 0.5 = 5 kNm (clockwise)

At any section distant y from D the BM is given by, M = lOy - 9
At Y 0, M =-5 kNm, At y 1 111., M = + 5 kNmMember ABC. TheB.M. at every section = + 5 kNm.

Problem 228. Draw B.At. diagram for the frame shown in Fig. 281.
Solution. At the fixed supbort A.
Reacting force H a '= 5 kN ~
Reacting moment Ma = (3 X 8 X 4) - (5 X 6) =66 kNm (anticlockwise)
Member DC. At any section in DC distant y from D, B.M. is given by, M
Aty = 0,' M= 0, Aty =.4, M'= -20 kNm
Member;BC. At anysection dis'tant x from C, the B.M. is given by,
.

M
I

=- 5 X 4 -

3 -

=-5 Y

=-(20 + 1.5 x')

At x =4, M~= -44- kNm,

:. M

At
x == 0, M: -20 kNln
At x= 8, M == -116 kNm.
Member AB. At any section distant y fr.om A, the B.M. is given by, -(66 + 5y)
At
Y 0,1'4=-66 kNm
Aty = 10,M= -116 kNm
Fig~ _282 shows the B.M. diagram for the frame.-

~~

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

217
l16JcNm

B,

,20kNm

)00000[:1
Y Y u " C'

\l Y Y Y Y Y

\J

8u]

-10m

A
M.=66kNm

V.~'24kN
Fig. ,2~1

Fig. 282,

Problem 229. Dtaw B.M.diagram for the frame shown in Fig; 283.

v. =l1kN
A

V. =lkN

Fig. 283.

Solution. Reactions~at the sltpports:'Tciking' m,'olnents ab'out A,

V('X4=(10X2)+(3X4X2) :. Ve=11'kNt ""
=(3.X4) -11= 1 kNt.,'
He, =,10 kN~
Member DE. The B.M. at every section of this member = 0
,Member CD. .
At any
section distant-x ........
fromD, the B.M. is given
by,'.
.
'
.

:.

Ya

'-.:.

':

, ' " , ~2

'')

M= l1x- 3 :. M= l1x- L5.r

2
.
2
At
x=O;M=0,Atx=4,M= llX4-1.5X4 =+20kNm
,
dM
dM
11
ForMtobemaximum
- - =0
.. - - =11-3x=O .'. x =3- m',,'
- ' dx ' , . . d x '
.
11
,
Putting x'="3 m in th~ expressi~nfor B.M~,

II'

(11)2

:-3 -1.5 "3 ':= 20.17 kNm

Me,mber AC. B.M~ at A =0, B.M. at B= + 10 ><:2 ~:+ 20 kNm
B.M. at C =+ 10 X 3 -10 X 1 =+ 20 kNm
-.
Mmax

= 11 X

Fig. 283 shows the B.M. diagram for the frame.'

:::<!'';'

./

STRENGTH OFMA'l'ERIALS
218.:

Problem 230. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown in Fig. 284.
1~

Solution. tan e == T = "4 :. sin e = 5' and cos e = 5'

Let ~:lliJ?e\the. regtc,tion at the roller end D. Note the reaction Rd,is at rIght angles to the roller
base. i.e. the line of action of R is in line with CD.
Let Vd and Hd be the vertical and horizontal components of Rcl'
12kNm
9kN B

I
I

4m
4m

L____ -"

-};,.5r.n D

.Vd =8kN

B.~. -'-1Di8.gr~:n

Va =8kN

1--1.5~ --'1--1 :5m -I~~('

Fig. 284

.
Rd

S111

Fig. 285

Ed

e == Hd an~ Rd cos e = Vd

tan

e = -v; ="4 :.

Hd =

"4

.
Vd

Taking moments about A, Vd X 3 + Hd X 2 = 9 X 4 ,

:? Vd + "4 Vd X,2 = 36, 4.5 Vd = 36

3
. V =8 kN i and H a =3 kN ~
Vel =8 kNt, :. Hd = "4 (8) =6 kN ~ , .. a
Mem,ber CD. B.M. at every section is zero.
Mem,ber AB. B.M. at any section distant y from A is given by, M = 3y
At Y = 0, M = 0, At Y = 4, M = 3 X 4 = 12 kNm
Member BC. At any section distant x from B, the B.M. is given by, M = 3 X 4 - 8x
M= 12 _ 8x, At x = 0, M= 12 kNm, At x =l:5,'M= 12 - 8 X 1.5 = 0.
Problem 231. Draw B.M. diagram for the frame shown in Fi{.f. 286.

---.;.

36kNm

C -12kN

I
I
I
I
I

4m

- ---

4m~
I
I
I
I
I

He =!!kN'_J..:...5~.l.-----3~----l_1..!.~A

B.M. Diagram

Vd :i:8kN

. Va =8kN

Fig. 286

Fig. 287

_I

SHEAR FORCE'S AND BENDING MOMENTS

~/
Solution. tan

4
8
e = -1.5
= -,
3

8
3;
e=
"r;::;;:
and cos e= ,r;::;;:' AB =
,,,73...;73

sin

Taking moments about A, Vel

8',;9
16+"', 4

In

= -,2'-,

6 = 12 X 4

:. Vel = 8 I~Nt , Va = 8 hN 4- and lfa = 12 hN fMember AB. At any section distant z from A, the B.M. is given by,
,

M = 12 z sin e- 8z cos 8, M

8,

=12z X

r;::;;: - 8 z x r;::;;:

'...;73

...;73

mm

':

72
,.J7i
72
M= ...;73'
r;::;;: z Atz=O , M=O , Atz= -2
-' M= - - . -2- = 36hNm
Member CD. At any section distant z from D, the B.M. is given by,

M = 8 z cos e = 8z X
z=

At

.J7i

:. M=

24
m
.z, Atz=9,M=0

J73 =12 hNm

J73 M=~
m .-22 '

Member BC. At any section, distant x from C, 'the B.M. is given by, M = 8 (1.5 + x)
At x = 0, M= 12 hNm and at x = 3, M= 8 (1.5 + 3) = 36 hNm.
Problem 232. Find the reactions at the supports for the loaded frame shown in Fig. 288.
Draw also B.M. diagram for the frame.
160kN

160kN
4m

2m

4m

BI

2m

c:

,2m

!
D

2m

IE

IE

4m
4m I

14m

14m

AI

H=40kN~

IF

Va =40kN

f.

H=40kN

Vr =120kN

Fig. 288

Fig. 289
1.33m

4m

..

2m---2m

B.M. Diagram
Fig. 290

Solution. Let Va and Vr be the vertical reactions at A and F. Let Ha and Hr be the ,horizontal
reactions at A and F.
'
Resolving vertically Va + Vr = 160
,"!!'!f..~-"iii~.~jf';;g;@i_ii,~;~eF'~lIli;i;r,~lfi;~~';i,,,~~~mji;IR~-&_~

""eo

$TRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Rt1?olving horizontal Ha= Hf = H_

Taking moments a~out A; Vf X 8 160 X 6 .'. Vf 120 kNt, Va 160 - 120 49 kNt
Takihglnoments about the hinge C from- the left, H X 4 =40 X 4 ~'. H 40 kN
B.M. atA B.M.at F= 0; H.M. at B B.M:. at E -40 X 4 -160 '~Nm
B.M. ~t,;C:: a,B.M. at D = 120 X 2 - 40 X4 = + ~80 kNm /
Pointofcontraflexltre between D and E. Let the B.M. be zero at distance x from E
:. 120x - 40 X 4 =
x = 1.33 m
-PrQblem 233. Draw B.M. diagram, for the frame shown inFig. 291.-Note that a hinge is provided
at C.
Solution. Taking moments. about D, Va X 4 = (1 X 8- X 4) + (10 X 2) = 52
. V:= 13kNt
. V
3 kN t
'
. a,\f"iRJ"

d
At t1i~k-ni:nge C the B.M. is zero
'-:":i}if,
,
:. M;-= Hd X 8 -1 X 8 X 4 0, :. Hel 4 kN ~, :. Ha 4 kN ~
B.M. at A, M(I 0, B.M. at B Mb
4 X 5 ~ -20 kNm
B.M. at E Me = 13-x 2 - 4 X ~.5 = 0, H.M. at C = 0 - '
Member DC. TheH.M. at any section distant y froIl},-D is given by,
y2
y2
M 4y -1'"2 M=4y- 2' Aty 0, M=O

:.

= =
=

= =-

42

, At

== '
0 A. t Y =' 4,'M
Y'=
. 8'.M.
. = 4 X 4 ..;. - 2 = 8 kNm
10kN

c
c

Ha=4kN
Va =13kN

B.M. Diagram

Vd =3kN -

Fig. 292

Fig. 291

(Alternatively CD may be considered as a vertical beam hinged at ends and subjected to the
uniformly distributed loading.
:. Maximum B.M. for CD, which occurs at the middle point to D
WZ2
Ix 8 2 .
- = - - =8kNm.

8
8
Problem 234. Draw'B.M. diagram, for the frame shown in Fig. 293.
Solution~ Taking moments about A, Vb X& = 20 X 4 X 2
':. Vb::;: 20:kNt, :. Va (20X 4) ~ 20 60 kNt
Since a hinge is provided at C, the B.M. at C =0
Taking moments about C from the right, He X 8= 20 X 4! He = 10 kN

....~,.diiJ:~.8;p:i~~,~ L:.I~I-l;~_l::'

W.~.~,

~''''' ._,."";':-L_~,.:,t~;:....;._

..;........!; ,",---,",,_.-

-"~.:"

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

20 kN/m

m _
5m

A
lOJkN-~:(
/ 'H4

'E

8m
=

*-

'

He=l OkN

B.M. Diagram

Ve =20kN

V4 =60kN

Fig. 294

Fig.293.

Resolving horizontally, Ha = He' :. Ha = He = 10 kN

Members AB and ED, B.M. at A =B.M. at E =0
H..M. at B;::' B.M. at D = -10 x,5
" .= -50kNm " .
.

~.

4
33
Member BC,. tan e ='
, . -4' sin"e = -5cos
" ,9-= .. ,5. . ;.

At any section in BC~ the B.M: is given by,

M = 60x - 10(5 + y)

.' . ~,' 105(. +"43)x -10x2

_?OX2, M =.60x -

M = 60x - 50 -7.5x -lOx2 "

:.M.= -10x2 + 52.5x ..... 50

x=O, M=-50kNm,At~ =4, M~-10 X 42 +52.5'X 4- 50 =0

At

dM
dM~
For M to be maximum'-d =0, .'. - d =-20x + 52.5 =0, :. x 2.625 m
.
. x
x .
M= -10 (2.625)2 + 52.5 (2.625) - 50 +18.906 kNm,
max
Point of contraflexure in BC. Equating the general expre ssi 9 n for B.M. to zero,

_10X2 + 52.5x - 50 ::: 0,

x=

:. x 2 - 5.25x + 5 = 0

5.25 ~5.252 - 4 x 5 / 5.25 2;75, ",,' .

=--~
2
.2,

x == 1.25 m and x

="/4'lh.

Problem 235. Determine the bending moments.

and torsions to which the member ABCD shown in Fig.
295 is subjected.
Solution. Member CD. 'This is subjected to bending moment in the horizontal plane; B.M: at D = 0; B.M.
at C =10 X 1 = 10 kNm.
ll.fember CB. This is $ubjected to (i) torsion and (ii)
Bending moment.
Torsion =10 X 1= 10 hNm, B.M. at C =0; B.M. at B
= 10 X 3 30 kNm
This B.M. acts in the vertical plane ABC.

lOkN

Fig. 295

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Me,mberAB.This is subjected to B.M. in vertical and horizontal planes.

B~M. in the Vertical plane = 10 X 3 = 30 kN111,
:s.M. in:the Horizontalplane = 10 X 1 = 10 kNln.
Examples in Chapter 4
1.' \Abe~m 6meiers long is simply supported at the ends and carries a uniformly distributed load of30 hN per

,.: . \m~Jrerun for a distance of 4 metres from the left end. Find the maximum shear force aI).~bending moment
',('\'\,\:a,Uu. draw and S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
"
, '" ~'MMax. + ve S.F. = 80 h N '
,
ax. - ve S.F. = 40 leN
, Max. sagging B.M. = 106.67 hNm at 2

)netres from left end).

A beam 5 metres long, supported at the ends carries point loads of 140 hN, 60 hN and 80 hN at distance 0.5
metres, 2.5 metres and 3.5 metres respectively from the left end. Find the maximum S.P. and B.M. Draw
S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
.
(Max. + ve S.F. = 80 hN
Max. - ve S.F. = 40 hN
" Max, Sagging B.M. = 170 hNm).
3.' . AbeamABC 5 metre~ long has one support at the end~4,andother support at B 8 metres fromA. It carries
a point load of of 4 hN at the middle point of AB and a point load of 3 hN at C. Draw S.F. and B.M.
diagrams.
(Max. + ve S.F. = 3 hN
l'.lax. - ve S.F. =4 hN
Max. hogging B.M. = 6 hNm at 3 In form A).
4. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 296

\ !

8kN

10kN4kN

.:l

L2m .t2m-.tlm;em-tI~:.5L

5.

12kNw

,",

Fig. 296
[S.F. betw'een A and C = + 6 hN
S.F. between C and D = - 2 hNM ,= 0 B.M. at E abruptly
changes from + 8 hNm to - 4 hNn:
'
S.F. between D ai{d"B = ~12hN M c == 12 hNm
S.F. between Band F= + 4 hN M d =+ 8 hNmMb =- 4 hNm
~=OJ
Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 297.
5kNm

10kNm

(:)

4kNm

2kNm

!(cj0)

I--l~

.1.

1m

.1.'

1m

'.1.

X
1m

(7)"

.1.; 1m ~

Fig. 297

, I

S.F. between A and B = 0

S.F. between B and IE = + 1 hN
S.F. between E and F= 0
[Ma

=5 !lJ,'hh~Mb =+ 5 hNm, Mcb =+ 6 hNm,

hNm, Melc= - 3 hNln, Mdc = +1 hNm, Me = + 2 hNm

1V!:~;= -4

M{c =

+ 2 hNm].,
~:j::' ~~.

Gta-...

1:_

J
i

t
;~;.

;,;

,
~'

~ SREAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

6.

~J

22:3

Draw S.F. and RM. diagrams for the beamshown in Fig. 298;
S.F. at A = 0 S.F. between C and E = - 6 hN
Sba = + 2 hN S.F. :q~tween E and F = + 31~N
Sb C =+8hNMa =O,Mb =-IhNm.Mk+llhNm
'
c
Melc = +5hNm,

Scb

M =0

.','.

Sail = - 6 hN.:;

10kN

2kN/m:.

3kN

7.

'C

7kNm

~3?

A.

. "

"

c:r::l

..

= + 4hN Mc/J) ~12 hNm, M~t=_'6 hN,,!I,"

3m

1-

2m~

Fig. 298
Point of contraflexure at 1.127 In from A and 3m from F.
Draw S.F. and RM. diagrams for the members ABeD and EFGH shown in Fig. 299.
6kN

8kN

4kN

3kN,
A

3m

L5m
D

Fig. 299.

Me~ber ABCD,' S.F. between A and B = 0

M=O
S.F. between Band C = - 31~N
=0
S.F. between C andD = + 4hN M c = - 6 hNm

M:

Md=O
Member EFGH,' S.F. between E and F= 4hN
Me = 0
S.F.betweenFandI=O
M =-2hNm
f
S.F. between I and G, = - 8hN M,I = -' 2 hNm
S.F. between' G, and iI = + 6hN . M g ;::;- 6 hNm

; ",

~~ ....

8.

,
Mh = 0):
A beam simply supported and withequ~l overhangs, c~lrries
loads as shown in Fig. 300. If W = wl find ra:tio

'\

9.

T for\vhich

the bending moment at mid span will be zero (0.125).

Find the normal force, shear force and bending moment at
the section D of the beam shown in Fig. 301.
p-P
( , 7

w
w unit per run

AOOOOOOOcOPOOOOQ

'I--m I '

I. m~

Fig. 300.

_~)
14

1BE

.,ott~~
.AT ---j O.5m

tn-

~:'4-

2.5m

Fig. 301
10.'Abeam'oflength lhas onestipport at one end and the other support at a distance a fro~ the other end. The
beam carries.a uniformly distributed loadofwperunit run over the whole lenght. Eind-.ihe value of a,

STR~NGTH OF MAT~~IALS~

ZZ4

(i) if the maximum sagging bending moment .equals the l~axim\1Jn hoggingbendirtgmoment, (ii)ifthe

middle point of the beam

is a point ()fi~t1e~ion. [( i) 0.2931, (ii)

iJ .

9kN

5kN

::~. ,:

n.

The beam ABeD shown in Fig. 302 is 3 metres long and is

hinged to a wall at A and s~lpport ho~z()ntalby the strut
EFhiilged to the wallatP and at E to the part CE which,
is rigidly attached to the beam at C.For thcloading shown
find the reactions at the hingesA and F and the thrust in
EFand draw S.F. andB.M. diagrams for the beamABCD.
(Va =51lNujiwards)
H(,=81lN'
V,=9 kN
H,=8kN
thrust in EF= 12;04 kN
M a =0
M;,=+5hNm.
MOb
+ 11lN,!I.
Meb
61~Nm. ,
Md=O).
12. Find the bending moments"atA, B, C and D for the frame shown in Fig. 303. Fig. 3()2.
(Ma == 0; Mb =+ 24 hNm" Me + ]-02 kNm, Md = 0).
13. Find the bending moments at A, B, C and C and D for the loaded frame shown in Fig. 304.

8.0kN

i8

:L

10kN

3m

1m
~~~----~------~'C

2m
A

Fig.. 303 .
.
.
Fig. 304'
B.M. producing concavity outside may be treated'as positive.
, .
(Mil = 40 IlNm; Mb =Me + 80 Mym;Md = 0).
14. Calculate the moments at A. B, C and D for the frame shown in Fig~ 305
(Ma =0, Mb =40 kNm, Me =O,Md= 0) ..
15. Draw B.M. diagram for the beam shown in Fig. 306.
Note~

84m,.

3m

16kN/m

~.~A. 4 m
,.
Fig. 305

ooru~ . .

6,

8 :000
,".', ... 3m

Fig..,306.,
(Ma=..;.96 hNm; Mb= Me O,Ma~ ..n.M. (orBC = + 18 hNm).
16. DrawB.M. diagra~ for the frame shown in Fig; 307. .
(Ma := Md 0, Mb -320, Me ==- 160 hNm).

":::~~~t:;:::~=~~::~~~::::?t;~~~:~:::i;;~i;~~:~~-:~-=~-;~::;:;., ~;;;;:;;l;f:~~~j:~~~,"' ~""'~~~;"

'

':;;~;;~~~-

--"

~-:-"'-",~,,=~,,-c,,;~~~,~,,-

-""'-'. ~"~~'''''-.~~'~'-''~-?,+",-. '~'~":i;;~~.@,A~