General findings on Music

When analyzing the unstructured transcripts, the theme that stood out to me was messages in lyrics. People
seem to like and dislike genres based on the message their lyrics display, such as positive and negative messages, and
whether or not they can relate to the lyrics. I opened NVivo, and imported the unstructured music transcript. Then, I
double-clicked on the transcript to be able to read and select text for hand-coding. I looked through the text until a theme
stood out to me. Once I found the theme on messages in lyrics, I highlighted theme-related quotes, and created nodes for
them. These are my nodes for messages in lyrics. One quote suggested that people like genres whose lyrics can be
understood and are relatable.
I feel like everyone has their own opinion about music, but I feel like just being able to understand the lyrics, and
feel the beat, and feel a flow to it, I feel like that's what a lot of people look for in music, just because it makes
them feel good and it kind of activates your mind a little bit. It makes you think and you make pictures in your
head, and you can relate to it. I feel like people listen to music that they can relate to it. That's why I listen to rap,
and not blue grass because that's what I can relate to.
Offensive lyrics and negative messages also seemed to determine whether or not a particular genre is liked. For
example, one quote said:
The type of music I like usually involves stories that people tell. I like honesty and music I don't like, I don't like the
profanity or anything vulgar, so anything that is like that, usually hardcore metal or rap. I don't like that at all.
Similarly, another quote said:
I am not a huge fan of rap music, as the messages that it project to our younger individuals. The message
sometime projects that of sex with multiple women and killing of police officers, who are public servants this
bothers me greatly. Now, the rap music about making that money and drinking gin and juice I love very much. I
love the beat that goes along with it. But the killing and the pimping of the hoes, that isn't my forte.
One quote said they like lyrics that tell a positive, relatable story:
Interviewee: Every country song tells a story, there are some songs were you are like ok this is swallow but the
majority of country songs especially old country it all tells a story about something. Stories are relatable
Interviewer: So you like the lyrics?
Interviewee: The lyrics sure, yeah well go with that
Interviewer: Or is it how the say it
Interviewee: Its not necessarily how they say it, a lot of it is what they say its the morals that the stories
encourage its the choices people have to make its people, you know its emotional, I like people I like analyzing
people and country music has a lot of depth.

Now we want to ask you some questions about music. On which medium do you most often listen to music - traditional radio,
streaming, personal mp3 -purchased, personal mp3 - pirated, cd, vinyl, or other- * what year were you born? Crosstabulation
what year were you born?
1927-1987 1988-1992 1993-1996
Total
Now we want to ask you
cd
Count
11
4
5
20
some questions about
% within what year were
5.5%
1.9%
2.4%
3.2%
music. On which medium
you born?
do you most often listen to
Std. Residual
1.8
-1.1
-.7
music - traditional radio,
online radio / streaming Count
9
12
18
39
streaming, personal mp3
-purchased, personal mp3 % within what year were
4.5%
5.7%
8.5%
6.3%
pirated, cd, vinyl, or otheryou born?
Std. Residual
-1.0
-.3
1.3
online radio / streaming
music service

Count
% within what year were
you born?
Std. Residual

other

Count
% within what year were
you born?
Std. Residual

personal mp3

personal mp3 - pirated

Count
% within what year were
you born?
Std. Residual
Count
% within what year were
you born?
Std. Residual

personal mp3 purchased

Count
% within what year were
you born?
Std. Residual

traditional radio

Count
% within what year were
you born?
Std. Residual

vinyl

Count
% within what year were
you born?
Std. Residual

Total

Count
% within what year were
you born?

Chi-Square Tests

Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

Value
61.082a
64.949
2.667
621

df
16
16
1

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

.000
.000
.102

a. 3 cells (11.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .97.

50

53

47

150

25.0%

25.4%

22.2%

24.2%

.2

.4

-.6

10

10

13

33

5.0%

4.8%

6.1%

5.3%

-.2

-.3

.5

11

14

27

1.0%

5.3%

6.6%

4.3%

-2.3

.6

1.6

21

23

52

4.0%

10.0%

10.8%

8.4%

-2.1

.8

1.2

11

23

42

76

5.5%

11.0%

19.8%

12.2%

-2.7

-.5

3.2

97

74

50

221

48.5%

35.4%

23.6%

35.6%

3.1

.0

-2.9

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.1
200

.0
209

-1.0
212

621

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

For these tables, we are looking at the relationship between age and preferred mediums used to listen to music.
When looking at the chi-squared table, we can see that the P-value is .000, which is below the .05 cutoff. This tells us
there is a very strong, statistically significant relationship between age and preferred medium on which music is listened
to.
When looking at the crosstabulation table, we can see that the row for traditional radio is significant because it has
a standardized residual of positive 3.1 for adults born between 1927 and 1987. This tells us that more adults in the oldest
age group prefer traditional radio than expected. Adults born between 1993 and 1996 had a standardized residual of -2.9,
meaning less prefer traditional radio than expected. We see that 48.5% of adults born between 1927 and 1987 choose to
listen to music on traditional radio than any other medium, while 35.4% of adults born between 1988 and 1992 and 23.6%
of adults born between 1993 and 1996 choose to listen to traditional radio. The results found in this row tell us that older
adults prefer traditional radio more than younger adults.
Another important row is the personal mp3 - purchased. We can see that adults born between 1927 and 1987
show a standardized residual of - 2.7, which means that less adults in this age group prefer to listen to purchased
personal mp3 music than expected. Adults born between 1993 and 1996 have a standardized residual of positive 3.2,
which means that more adults within this age group choose to listen to purchased personal mp3 music than expected.
We can see these results in the percentages, as well, which show that 5.5% of older adults born between 1927 and 1987,
11.0% of adults born between 1988 and 1992, and 19.8% of adults born between 1993 and 1996 chose personal mp3
purchase as their medium for listening to music. These results tell us that younger adults prefer listening to purchased
personal mp3 music more than older adults do.
It appears that older adults are more likely to listen to traditional radio and less likely to choose personal mp3 purchased than any other medium, and younger adults are less likely to choose traditional radio and more likely to choose
personal mp3 - purchased as their medium to listen to music. A possible reason for these results could technology. With
new age technology such as streaming radio, iPods, mp3s, etc., younger adults are likely to know how to use these types
of newer gadgets, while older adults don't know how to use this newer technology, therefore, find traditional radio easier to
use.
Music Listening Medium * Age
My first table was on the different music listening mediums different age groups preferred. This question was not
open-ended, therefore was not transcribed, so I was advised to complete research on how people of different age groups
generally spoke about music. To begin, I completed a word frequency query on both the music younger and music

older nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the course blogsite. The word cloud can be found
below, which gives a graphic representation of the words most used when discussing music.

What I found with this word cloud was that people talked about rap and country than any other genre; the word
rap had a weighted percentage of 1.44, and country, 1.01%. When I completed the hand-coding, these rates were
supported, as people across all age groups had a lot of opinions about rap and country, both negative and positive. Other
words that were used frequently were grew (.49%) and understand (.47%).
The main theme I found when hand-coding was that people of all age groups based their opinions of music based
on whether or not they could understand the lyrics. Below is a quote from an individual in the younger group:
Interviewer: And what about for, you said you dislike metal. What about that music do you dislike?
Interviewee: Its, for one, dont understand what their saying. A lot of yelling and screaming.
Interviewer: Yeah, its difficult sometimes huh?
Interviewer: Yeah. Loud and obnoxious and dont care or it.
Interviewer: Not something youd want to listen too?
Interviewee: Nope.
Here is another quote from the younger group:
Me: Why dont you like rap music?
Interviewee: Because I dont understand it. I cannot understand a word theyre saying.
Me: So you dont like it because you cant really understand their lyrics?
Interviewee: Thats right.
Me: Maybe theyre talking too fast?
Interviewee: Or when I do understand it I dont like the language that they use.
Me: How does it make you feel when you listen to it?
Interviewee: I want to change it
From the older group, I also saw the same trend. One person from this group said, Metal and all that is just
gibberish to me, I can't understand it. While discussing metal and rap, another person from the older group said:

I feel like rap doesnt really talk about anything in general at all. I dont really connect with the lyrics and I dont
something cant understand on the recording- most of the time. Metal I dont really understand, I like, dont
understand the words when theyre saying the words and the music is just loud.
Based on the quotes above, we can see that both groups seemed to dislike genres with lyrics they couldnt
understand, either because theyre talking too fast or too loud.
A minor theme I found when hand-coding was that people talked a lot of about growing up with different music,
which caused them to like them today. One person from the younger group was given a list of several different genres,
and had the same, single answer for liking each one:
Respondent: Country Western, yes.
Respondent: Because I grew up with it.
Interviewer: Is that the only reason?
Respondent: Thats the reason.
Interviewer: You said you Big Band.
Respondent: Grew up with it.
Interviewer: Blue Grass?
Respondent: Grew up with it.
Interviewer: And Easy Listening?
Respondent: Grew up with it

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about
each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not know
much about it- [rap] * Interviewer: what is the gender of your interviewee- Crosstabulation
Interviewer: what is the gender of
your intervieweeFemale
Male
Total
I'm going to read you a list of
Dislike it
Count
77
48
125
some types of music. Can you
% within Interviewer: what is
tell me which of the statements
the gender of your
21.6%
15.7%
18.9%
comes closest to your feeling
intervieweeabout each type of music, do
Std. Residual
1.2
-1.3
you like it very much, like it,
Dislike
it
very
much
Count
26
18
44
have mixed feelings about it,
dislike it, dislike it very much, or
% within Interviewer: what is
do you not know much about itthe gender of your
7.3%
5.9%
6.6%
[rap]
intervieweeStd. Residual
.5
-.5
Don't know much about it

Count
% within Interviewer: what is
the gender of your
intervieweeStd. Residual

Like it

Count
% within Interviewer: what is
the gender of your
intervieweeStd. Residual

Like it very much

Count
% within Interviewer: what is
the gender of your
intervieweeStd. Residual

Mixed feelings

Count
% within Interviewer: what is
the gender of your
intervieweeStd. Residual

Total

Count
% within Interviewer: what is
the gender of your
interviewee-

Chi-Square Tests

Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

Value
13.380a
13.440
2.553
662

df
5
5
1

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

.020
.020
.110

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 6.93.

15

2.2%

2.3%

2.3%

.0

.0

126

117

243

35.4%

38.2%

36.7%

-.4

.4

29

49

78

8.1%

16.0%

11.8%

-2.0

2.2

90

67

157

25.3%

21.9%

23.7%

.6
356

-.7
306

662

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

For these tables, we are looking at the relationship between gender and opinions about rap music. When looking
at the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of .02, which is less than the .05 cut off. This value tells us there is a
statistically significant relationship between gender and one's opinion about rap music.
When looking at the crosstabulation table, the Like It Very Much row shows significant results. The females had a
standardized residual of -2.0, which was less than expected. This means that females are less likely to like rap music
very much. The males who said they liked rap music very much had a standardized residual of positive 2.2, which was
higher than expected. The percentages in this row correlated with the statistical residuals, with only 8.1% of females
saying they like rap music very much and 16% of males saying they like it very much. The results from this row tell us that
more males have a higher liking for rap music than females do.
Another important row is the Dislike It row. The standardized residual for females in this row was positive 1.2;
these results were more than expected and tell us that females are more likely to dislike rap music. The males that said
they disliked music had a standardized residual of -1.3, which means that males are less likely to dislike rap music than
expected. The percentages of females saying they disliked rap music was 21.6%, while 15.7% of males said they dislike
it. These results tell us that more females dislike rap music than males.
The results of these tables tell us that males are more likely to like rap music very much, while females are more
likely to dislike it. Possible reasons for these results could due to the lyrics in rap music. Rap music tends to be led by
males. Their lyrics tend to be aggressive, violent, and negative towards women, and male rappers tend to refer to women
in derogatory ways, such as calling them bitches and hoes. Men also use their offensive lyrics about women as a position
of power, displaying their dominance over women. Women may dislike rap music for these reasons.
Rap * Gender
My second table was on rap and gender. First, I completed a text search query for the word rap in the musicmales and music-females nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the course blogsite. I saved
each query as new nodes, rap males and rap females. I then completed a word frequency query on both the rap
males and rap females nodes combined, to allow me to view most and least common words used in quotes including
the word rap. You can see the word cloud below.

I found that the word feel was used frequently, with a weighted percentage of 1.01. People also used the word
lyrics a lot (weighted percentage of .61).
Next, I completed hand-coding within the rap males and rap females nodes I created to look for themes.
The main theme within the male group was raps ability to tell stories. One male said:
This is easy, I like rap because I like to hear lyrics, I like to understand lyrics, and I like my artists to be able to
paint a picture in my head while I'm listening to the music. I feel like rap does the best job of doing that.
Another male felt the same way:
I want to say rap.
Tell me why u like it
I feel like sometimes how the words are put in like it really opens their expression like a story. I like how it tells
stories of how they got there or how things were tough. And I think that is really interesting how they you could put
your feelings into music. That's why I like it.
You're saying rap is the only one that does that or mostly that does that?
That it mostly makes more sense to me.
Another theme I found within both the male and female groups was song lyrics. While the males appreciated the
story the lyrics presented, I found that a lot of females had negative feelings about the messages portrayed in rap music.
One female said, I dont like rap because of the lyrics. I dont like rap music because it degrades women. Another
female had mixed feelings about rap, I like some rap and there some others where their over the top and derogatory. A
similar response was found with another female:
Interviewer: Okay, and why do you dislike rap?
Interviewee: Cause all they talk about are money, hoes and bitches
Interviewer: Okay, I agree. Yeah, I dont like all of that. I dont like when they talk about like girls and vulgar stuff.
These findings supported the quantitative table I completed on rap and gender. Males tended to have more
positive opinions about rap music, while females seemed have more negative opinions about it.

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about
each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not know
much about it- [Latin] * How much education have you completed? Crosstabulation
How much education have you completed?

I'm going to read you a list of

some types of music. Can
you tell me which of the
statements comes closest to
your feeling about each type
of music, do you like it very
much, like it, have mixed
feelings about it, dislike it,
dislike it very much, or do
you not know much about it[Latin]

Dislike it

2 year
(associates/vo
high school or
cational)
less
degree
58
24

Count
% within How much
education have you
completed?
Std. Residual

Dislike it very much

Count
% within How much
education have you
completed?
Std. Residual

Don't know much about

it

Like it

Count
% within How much
education have you
completed?
Std. Residual
Count
% within How much
education have you
completed?
Std. Residual

Like it very much

Count
% within How much
education have you
completed?
Std. Residual

Mixed feelings

Count
% within How much
education have you
completed?
Std. Residual

Total

Count
% within How much
education have you
completed?

Chi-Square Tests

Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

Value
23.897a
24.497
6.395
614

df
10
10
1

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

.008
.006
.011

a. 1 cells (5.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 4.01.

bachelors
degree or
more
20

Total
102
16.6%

21.2%

10.5%

17.9%

1.9

-2.3

.3

22

2.6%

3.9%

5.4%

3.6%

-.9

.3

1.0

32

30

70

11.7%

13.2%

7.1%

11.4%

.1

.8

-1.3

104

89

30

223

38.0%

39.0%

26.8%

36.3%

.4

.7

-1.7

36

36

20

92

13.1%

15.8%

17.9%

15.0%

-.8

.3

.8

37

40

28

105

13.5%

17.5%

25.0%

17.1%

-1.4

.2

2.0

274

228

112

614

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

For these tables, we are looking at the relationship between education and one's opinion about Latin music. When
looking at the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of .008. This is below our cut off of. 05. Therefore, there is a
statistically significant relationship between education and one's opinion about Latin music.
When looking at the crosstabulation table, we see that the Like It row is important because it indicates that 26.8%
of individuals with an education of bachelors degree or more said they liked Latin music. This was less than expected, as
the standardized residual was -1.7. 39% of adults with a 2-year degree (associates/vocational) said they liked Latin
music. This resulted in a standardized residual of positive .7, which means more adults in this group are likely to like Latin
music than was expected. We can also see that 38% of adults with a high school education or lower said they liked Latin
music; standardized residual for these individuals was positive .4, which was more than expected. The results from this
row tell us that individuals at the highest education level (bachelors degree) are less likely to like Latin music, while
individuals in the lower-levels (2 year associates/vocational degree and high school or less) are more likely to like Latin
music.
Another significant row is the Dislike It row. Adults with a high school education or less had a standardized
residual of positive 1.9, which is more than expected. This means they are more likely to dislike Latin music. Individuals
with a 2-year associates/vocational degree had a negative standardized residual of -2.3, which was less than expected.
This tells us that these individuals are less likely to dislike Latin music. 17.9% of individuals with a bachelor's degree or
more said they disliked Latin music; their standardized residual was positive .3, which was insignificant. We see that
21.2% of individuals with an education of high school or less dislike Latin music and 10.5% of individuals with a 2-year
associates/vocational degree dislike Latin music. The results from this row tell us that individuals who have high school or
less educations are more likely to dislike Latin music than individuals with higher educations.
From looking at these results, we can see that the higher the level of education, the less likely someone is to like
Latin music. However, higher level education (bachelor's degree or more) did not show a significant result for disliking
Latin music. We can also tell that individuals with an education of high school or less are more likely to dislike Latin
music, and individuals with a 2-year associates degree/vocational degree are less likely to dislike Latin music.
Possible reasons for these results could boil down to race. Hispanics are more likely to like Latin music than
other race groups. We also know that Hispanics are less likely to achieve a bachelors degree than a White individual.
Therefore, a person with a bachelors degree or more is more likely to be White than Hispanic, which is why we are
seeing that these individuals are less likely to like Latin music. In the same token, lower-level educated individuals are
more likely to consist of minority groups, such as Hispanics, than Whites. We are seeing more 2 nd, 3rd, and so on
generations of Hispanics today, and many are speaking English as a primary language, versus their older generations

who speak Spanish; some may not be learning Spanish at all. This language shift may be causing the results of this
population disliking Latin music.
Latin * Education
My next table was on Latin music and levels of education. To begin, I completed a text search query for the word
Latin in each of the music-education nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the course blogsite
(some high school, high school, associates, bachelors, and grad school). I saved each query as new nodes,
Latin some high school, Latin high school, Latin associates, Latin bachelors, and Latin grad school. I
then completed a word frequency query on all of these new nodes combined. You can see the word cloud below.

This shows the most and least common words used in quotes including the word Latin. The first word that stood
out to me was the word understand; it had a weighted percentage of .79%. Beat was also used a lot, with a weighted

percentage of .50%, as well as dance (.37%).

Next, I began hand-coding each of the new nodes I created per education level. The main theme I found was
culture. People who liked Latin music responded said it was due to their culture/heritage. For example, one person who
had completed high school stated, I like a lot of Latin music too just because I'm Hispanic, so I have a strong liking for
that type of music also. Another person from this education level was asked, Why do you like Latin?, and responded,
Latin because I am Latina. This quote clearly supports the main theme, as this person provided her heritage as the only
reason she liked Latin music. A person with an associates degree had the following response:
me: So, why do you dislike country western so much?
interviewee: Because it doesn't fall into my culture, I guess? I wasn't raised listening to it so I'm not attracted to it
for that reason.
me: So, you like Latin very much because it's more of your culture?
interviewee: Yeah.
A person at the bachelors degree level was asked, Like latin for example? The response was, Yeah, because
I'm mexican so. i like my spanish music. This is another quote that solely responded heritage as the only reason for
liking Latin music.
When asked why they disliked Latin music, a person who had a bachelors degree responded, Latin I don't like
because I am not a latin person and actually, I dislike other kinds of music other than latin, I'm not a latin guy.
When I compare the hand-coding quotes I found to the quantitative tables I completed on Latin music and levels
of education, it supports the results that higher-level educated individuals are less likely to like Latin music than lowerlevel. People with lower levels of education seemed to have a lot more positive opinions of Latin music. The lower-level
educated individuals also seemed to talk more about their Latin culture and heritage, which supports my hypothesis that
more Hispanics tend to fall into the lower-level educated group than higher-level. Therefore, lower-level educated
individuals are more likely to enjoy Latin music.

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling
about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you
not know much about it- [Latin] * your race? Crosstabulation
your race?
other
I'm going to read you a list of

Dislike it

Count

60

103

16.8%

8.1%

33.1%

17.1%

-.1

-3.9

5.2

11

21

4.0%

1.9%

6.1%

3.5%

Std. Residual

.3

-1.6

1.9

Count

23

38

69

22.8%

2.5%

21.0%

11.4%

% within your race?

Std. Residual
Dislike it very much

much, like it, have mixed

feelings about it, dislike it,

Count
% within your race?

of music, do you like it very

Don't know much about it

Total

26

you tell me which of the

your feeling about each type

White

17

some types of music. Can

statements comes closest to

Hispanic

dislike it very much, or do

% within your race?

you not know much about it-

Std. Residual

3.4

-4.7

3.8

Count

22

157

38

217

21.8%

48.8%

21.0%

35.9%

-2.4

3.8

-3.4

83

93

6.9%

25.8%

1.7%

15.4%

-2.2

4.7

-4.7

28

42

31

101

27.7%

13.0%

17.1%

16.7%

Std. Residual

2.7

-1.6

.1

Count

101

322

181

604

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

[Latin]

Like it

% within your race?

Std. Residual
Like it very much

Count
% within your race?
Std. Residual

Mixed feelings

Count
% within your race?

Total

% within your race?

Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig. (2Value

df

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

188.116

10

.000

Likelihood Ratio

202.810

10

.000

27.852

.000

Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

604

a. 1 cells (5.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 3.51.

In these tables, we are looking at the relationship between race and one's opinion of Latin music. When looking
at the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of. 000, which is below the .05 cut off. This shows us that there is a statistically
significant relationship between race and one's opinion about Latin music.
Looking at the crosstabulation table, we see significant results across three rows. The first important row is the
Like It Very Much row. 25.8% of Hispanic individuals said they liked Latin music very much, which resulted in a
standardized residual of positive 4.7, higher than expected. This means that Hispanics are more likely to say they like
Latin music very much. White individuals also had a significant standardized residual of -4.7 due to only 1.7% of them
stating they liked Latin music very much. This was less than expected, and tells us that White individuals are less likely to
like Latin music very much. The individuals in the other race group had a standardized residual of -2.2., with 6.9%
stating they like music very much, which was less than expected. This means that people in race groups other than
Hispanic and White are less likely to like Latin music very much. From row tells us that Hispanics are more likely to say
they like Latin music very much than any other race group, and White individuals are less likely to say they like Latin
music very much than all other race groups.
We also showed significant results in the Like It row. Hispanics showed a positive standardized residual of 3.8,
which tells us that Hispanics are more likely to like Latin music than expected; 48.8% of Hispanics said that they like Latin
music. The White race group in this category had a negative standardized residual of -3.4, with 21% of them stating that
they like Latin music. The standardized residual for this group tells us that White individuals are less likely to like Latin
music than expected. Individuals in the other race group had a negative standardized residual of -2.4, with 21.8% of
them stating that they like Latin music; this was less than was expected, and means that (like White individuals), they are
less likely to say they like Latin music. The results from this row are similar to the Like It Very Much row, in that Hispanics
are more likely to like Latin music than any other race group, and White individuals are less likely than any other race
group to like Latin music.
Another row of significance was the Dislike It row. In this row, only 8.1% of Hispanics said that they dislike Latin
music. Their standardized residual was -3.9, lower than expected, meaning that less Hispanics are likely to say they

dislike Latin music. 33.1% of White individuals stated that they dislike Latin music. Their standardized residual of positive
5.2 was highly significant and more than expected. This tells us that White individuals are more likely to dislike Latin
music. The other race group did not show significant results, with 16.8% stating that they dislike Latin music and a
standardized residual of -.1, which was slightly less than expected. The results from this row tell us that White individuals
are more likely to dislike Latin music than any other race group. We also find that Hispanics are less likely to dislike Latin
music than any other race group.
The results of this table tells us that more Hispanics are likely to like Latin music very much, and less likely to
dislike it, while whites are less likely to like Latin music very much, and more likely to say that they dislike it. A reason for
these findings could be due to Hispanics more likely to speak Spanish. Since Latin music is usually in Spanish, Hispanics
are more likely to understand the lyrics. Therefore, they are more likely to enjoy Latin music more than other race groups
who most likely don't speak this language.
Latin * Race
My next table was on the Latin genre and race. To begin, I completed a text search query for the word Latin in
the music-hispanic, music other, and music-white nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the
course blogsite. I saved each query as new nodes, Latin-hispanic, Latin other, and Latin-white. Next, I completed
a word frequency query on the Latin-hispanic, Latin other, and Latin-white nodes combined, to allow me to view
most and least common words used in quotes including the word Latin among all race groups. The word cloud is below.

By looking at this cloud, I found that the word feel was used frequently, at a weighted percentage of .79%.
Grew was also used at a weighted percentage of .50%. When I completed the hand-coding, these numbers were
supported, as people talked about the way Latin music made them feel. Also, a majority of people who liked Latin music
said they grew up with it.
One theme among all race groups was that Latin music was associated with dancing. A quote from the white
group was, I like to dance to Latin music and exercise to Latin music and and that's all. A quote from the Hispanic group

said:
Latin.
What about it?
I like it because it makes me want to dance and I like to dance.
Another person from this group said:
And with latin that brings me back with my parents, ya know. My momyou know..my mom with the culture. My
mom is from mexico and that also brings me back to when I was little, my mom was listening to Mexican music
while she cleaned house. Whatever it is, I mean, I really like that. It also brings back memories and I like to dance
cumbia.
interviewer: like Selena!
interviewee: selena!
A person from the other race group also commented about the dancing aspect. However, it contributed to this
person disliking the Latin genre:
Same with Latin music, I don't understand it, I might hear it all the time because I am around it and Hispanic
people all the time, but I don't understand it and it makes me feel uncomfortable that I don't understand it or don't
know well how to dance to it so there is an embarrassment that goes with it when I do listen to it because I don't
understand it.
The quotes I found supported my tables, in that a lot of Hispanics had positive feelings about Latin music, versus
the amount of positive comments received from the white and other race groups. Hispanics seemed to be more in tuned
with the Latin genre.

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about
each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not
know much about it- [easy listening] * what is your current marital status? Crosstabulation
what is your current marital
status?
not married
married
Total
I'm going to read you a list of
Dislike it
Count
52
15
67
some types of music. Can you
% within what is your
11.6%
10.1%
11.2%
tell me which of the
current marital status?
statements comes closest to
Std. Residual
.2
-.4
your feeling about each type
Dislike it very much
Count
11
4
15
of music, do you like it very
much, like it, have mixed
% within what is your
2.4%
2.7%
2.5%
feelings about it, dislike it,
current marital status?
dislike it very much, or do you
Std. Residual
-.1
.1
not know much about it- [easy
Don't
know
much
about
it
Count
151
26
177
listening]
% within what is your
33.6%
17.4%
29.5%
current marital status?
Std. Residual
1.6
-2.7
Like it

Count
% within what is your
current marital status?
Std. Residual

Like it very much

Count
% within what is your
current marital status?
Std. Residual

Mixed feelings

Count
% within what is your
current marital status?
Std. Residual

Total

Count
% within what is your
current marital status?

Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

df

sided)

.001

20.521

.001

6.063

.014

20.391

599

143

59

202

31.8%

39.6%

33.7%

-.7

1.2

13

12

25

2.9%

8.1%

4.2%

-1.3

2.3

80

33

113

17.8%

22.1%

18.9%

-.5
450

.9
149

599

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

a. 1 cells (8.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 3.73.

In these tables, we are looking at the relationship between marital status and opinions about easy listening music.
In the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of .001, which is below the cut off of .05. This tells us there is a statistically
significant relationship between marital status and ones opinion about easy listening music.
The row with the highest significance was the Dont Know Much About It row. 17.4% of married people said they
didnt know much about easy listening music, which resulted in a standardized residual of -2.7, less than was expected.
This means that married people are less likely to not know much about easy listening music. 33.6% of non-married
individuals also said they didnt know much about this genre. Their standardized residual was positive 1.6, which was
more than expected. This means that non-married people are more likely to not know much about easy listening. The
results from this row tell us that non-married individuals are more likely to not know much about easy listening music than
married individuals.
Another important row was the Like It Very Much row. Here, we find that 8.1 % of married individuals said they
liked easy listening music very much. They had a standardized residual of positive 2.3, which was higher than expected.
This means that married individuals are more likely to like easy listening music very much. 2.9% of non-married
individuals said that they like easy listening music very much. This resulted in a standardized residual of -1.3, which was
less than expected, meaning non-married individuals are less likely to like easy listening music very much. The results
from this row tell us that married individuals are more likely than non-married individuals to like easy listening music very
much.
The Like It row shows a significant result in the amount of married individuals saying they like easy listening
music. From our findings, we see that there is a standardized residual of positive 1.2 which consists of 39.6% of married
individuals stating they like easy listening music. This means that married people are more likely to like easy listening
music. 31.8% of non-married individuals stated they like easy listening music. This resulted in a -.7 standardized
residual, which is less than expected. This tells us that non-married people are less likely to like easy listening music.
The results from this row tells us that married people are more likely to like easy listening music than non-married people.
This table tell us that married individuals are more likely to either like easy listening music, or go on to say that
they like it very much, versus non-married individuals who also like easy listening music, but are less likely to like it than

married individuals. The dislike it and dislike it very much rows showed insignificant results. Therefore, we can gather
from this table that, regardless of marital status, more individuals are likely to like easy listening than not.
Possible reasons for why we find that more people like easy listening than dislike it is that easy listening is exactly
what it sayseasy to listen to; it's not aggressive, typically inoffensive, and more of a mellow genre. As far as the findings
of more married individuals saying that they like easy listening music than non-married individuals, this could be due to
non-married individuals more likely to go out on the town and frequent clubs, bars, and party scenes. These settings are
more likely to play upbeat, popular music than easy listening.
Easy Listening * Marital Status
My last table was on easy listening and marital status. To begin, I completed a text search query for the words
easy listening in the music-married, music non married nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided
on the course blogsite. For non-married, there was a node for divorced, widowed, cohabitating, etc., so I combined
those together for my text search for non-married. I saved each query as new nodes, Easy Listening-married and
Easy Listening non-married. Next, I completed a word frequency query on the Easy Listening-married and Easy
Listening non-married nodes combined, to allow me to view most and least common words used in quotes including the
words Easy Listening among married and non-married groups. The word cloud is below.

This cloud showed me that people used the word easy quite frequently, with a weighted percentage of 1.77%.
They also had several comments about lyrics. The word lyrics was used at a weighted percentage of .97%.
When I completed the hand-coding, the main theme I found was that this genre was recognized for its easiness
to listen to. A quote from the married group said:
Interviewee: Most of the reasons I don't like certain genres is because of the lyrics, like typical lyrics or I don't like
screamo and loud, deafening sounds in my ear. So that's why I'm okay with the easy listening...It's easy to listen
to. And I also don't like things where I can't understand what they're saying or there is no talking. I like having
lyrics.
Me: OK...interesting. What about types of music that you do enjoy listening to...why do you like those ones?
Interviewee: Usually because I can relate to the lyrics, or enjoy them, or it's like easy music to listen to. ...It's not...
This person preferred the more laidback music from the easy listening genre versus other genres. Another person from
the married group stated:
I like easy listening music and stuff that's a little softer to the ear. I'm a little bit older. I used to like metal and rock
a little bit more. But growing up and being an adult (i have a kid now), so I tend to dislike louder music and stuff
with more noise. I like to get relaxed when I come home from a hard day of work and put on something that I can
enjoy and, you know, kind of fall asleep to a little bit.
Easy Listening was also one of the genres of choice when a person had a bad day, as found in one quote from
the non-married group: I on days that are harder, so easy listening and gospel, maybe even country music is able to
soothe that, a hectic day.
The married group seemed to have generally positive feelings about easy listening music, in that they found it
relaxing and easier on the ears. Although, some people from the non-married group agreed that easy listening music was
easier to listen to, some actually viewed that aspect as a negative factor:
Interviewee- Easy listening is just not much in the way of music. Its just like you kind of sit there and the music is
background noise. Whereas music should be something that you listen to, to listen to.
Interviewer- You dont think there is much meaning with easy-listening?
Interviewee- Right.

Another person from the non-married group stated, Easy listening, I have mixed feelings about because sometimes I just
want something to relax to and sometimes, I don't want to relax; I want to listen to something aggressive, and I hate easy
listening.
The quotes I found strongly supported the quantitative tables I completed. Married individuals seemed to like the
relaxing aspect of easy listening, while non-married individuals preferred more upbeat genres.