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TUGAS.3
ELEKTRONIKA DAYA
NAMA :
NIM :
1. What is the turns ratio of a transformer?
Transformers are used in a wide array of electrical or electronic
applications,providing functions that range from isolation and stepping up
or stepping down voltage and current to noise rejection, signal
measurement, regulation and a host of functions particular to specific
applications. In order to test that a transformer will meet its design
specification, a number of functions should be tested and one of the most
commonly used tests is turns
ratio.This technical note will review briefly the basic theory of turns ratio
and then
introduce some additional issues that should be considered when testing
this critical transformer characteristic.
The turns ratio of a transformer is defined as the number of turns on
its
secondary divided by the number of turns on its primary.
The voltage ratio of an ideal transformer is directly related to the turns
ratio:
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The
The
The
The
The
9. The form factor which is a measure of the shape of the output voltage is
given by
By substituting the equation for the effective value of the qac component
of the output voltgae into the ripple factor equation, we can express the
ripple factor as
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where Vs and Is are the rms voltage and rms current of the transformer
secondary respectively.
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For a pure sinusoidal input current and voltage, power factor is defined as the
cosine of the load angle f, i.e.
where the voltages and currents are stated in rms values and
where
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Where:
Hence,
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can be
analyzed as
. As both RMS and ARV are directly
proportional to it, it has no effect on the form factor, and can be replaced with a
normalized 1 for calculating that value.
is the duty cycle, the ratio of the "pulse" time (when the function's
value is not zero) to the full wave period . Most basic wave functions only
achieve 0 for infinitely short instants, and can thus be considered as having
. However, any of the non-pulsing functions
, and has
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Half-wave Rectifier
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The basic half-wave rectifier circuit and the input and output waveforms are
shown in the diagram. A half-wave rectifier conducts only during the positive half
cycle. It allows only one half of an AC waveform to pass through the load, R L,
hence, the name half-wave rectifier. During the positive half cycle, the diode is
forward biased and will act as a short circuit, allowing the waveform to pass
through the load. During the negative half cycle, the diode is reversed biased
and will act as an open circuit.
Efficiency of the Half-wave Rectifier
Rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of DC power to the applied input AC
power.
Rectifier efficiency, = DC output power/input AC power
Idc= Im /
The DC output power is given by: P dc= I2dc x RL = (Im / )2 x RL
The AC input power is given by: Pac= I2rms(rf + RL) , where rf is diode resistance.
For a half-wave rectified wave: Irms= Im / 2
Therefore, Pac=(Im/2)2 x (rf+RL)
Thus rectifier efficiency, = DC output power/AC input power
= [(Im/)2xRL] / [(Im/2)2x(rf+RL)]
= 0.406 RL/ (rf + RL)
= 0.406 / (1+rf/RL)
The efficiency will be maximum if rf is negligible as compared to RL
Therefore, maximum rectifier efficiency = 40.6%. This means only 40.6% of the
input AC power is converted into DC power.
Full-Wave Rectifier
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point. Unlike the half-wave rectifier, both the positive as well as the negative half
cycles of the input are used with the help of two diodes and a center tapped
transformer. During the positive half cycle of the AC input, terminal A will be
positive and terminal B will be negative. Therefore, diode D 1 will be forward
biased and diode D2 will be reversed biased. The current will flow along AD 1CEFG.
The positive half cycle will appear across R L as shown in second waveform.During
the negative half cycle, the terminal B becomes positive and terminal A becomes
negative. Diode D1 will be reversed biased and diode D 2 will be forward biased.
The current will flow along BD2CEFG.
Idc= 2 Im / = 2 Vm / RL
Irms= Im / 2 = 0.707 Im
Rectifier Efficiency, = Pdc / Pac
= I2dcRL/ I2rms (rf + RL)
= 0.812 / [1+ (rf / RL)]
= 81.2% if the diode resistance rf is negligible as compare to RL.
The efficiency of the center tap full-wave rectifier is twice the value of the halfwave rectifier.
Bridge Rectifier
The bridge rectifier is the most commonly used circuit for DC power supplies. It
consists of four diodes D1 through D4, as shown in the diagram, connected to
form a bridge. During the positive input half cycle, terminal A will be positive and
terminal B will be negative. Diodes D1 and D3 will become forward biased and
D2 and D4 will be reversed biased. The current will flow along ACFGEDB
producing a drop across load resistance RL. During the negative input half cycle,
the terminal B will be positive and terminal A will be negative. Diodes D2 and D4
will become forward biased and diodes D1 and D3 will become reversed biased.
The current will flow along BDFGECA. Current flows through load resistance R L in
the same direction FG during both AC input half cycles.
Bridge rectifier efficiency, = Pdc / Pac
= 81.2% (calculated using the same formulas used for the center tap full-wave
rectifier)
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This means that a full-wave bridge rectifier is also twice as efficient as a halfwave rectifier.
8. What is a significance of the transformer utilization factor?
with a very good transformer you may get 95% efficiency this is mostly
due to eddy current losses in the core or magnetization losses so with 100va
transformer you lose 5 va if you need 10va to charge your cell fone battery
with the 100va transformer 10va goes to the phone and 5 to keep the
transformer warm you wish to make a call while the phone is charging you
need 5 plus the 10 to charge the battery a 20va transformer you only lose 1
to heat the wall wart if you are out most of the day and want to charge it in
1/2 hour you need the 100va seems like extraordinary expense on the chance
you forget to put it on the charger before you go to bed.
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