Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
12 Feb 2008
by Muhamad Subian Sukaimy
1
Objectives
Overview-Type of Protection
Protection system is to protect equipment.
- Reliable/dependable
- Minimum area/load disrupted
Categorised into:
Unit protection
Non unit protection
3
Unit protection
- A protection scheme having a defined area
of coverage.
- Also referred to as main protection
- Fast operating time
Overview-Main Vs Backup
Main:
- Operating time
fixed; sensitivity is
adjustable
Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer
Backup:
- Operating time
and sensitivity are
to be adjusted
LV
Overview-Main Vs Backup
Comparison of relay tripping time:Eqv time
Differential - 50mS
50mS
REF - 50mS
50mS
Solkor Rf - 50mS
50mS
OCEF (11kV feeder) 0.4 S
400mS
OCEF (33kV feeder) 1.2 S
1200mS
SBEF Stage 1 - 2 S
2000mS
X factor
1
1
HV
1
8X
24X
LV
40X
Overview-Main Protection
Examples are:
- Feeder Current
Differential
- Transformer bias
differential,
Restricted Earth
Fault
- Busbar High/Low
Impedance
Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer
LV
Overview-Backup Protection
Examples are:
- Over-Current and
Earth Fault
- Unrestricted Earth
Fault
- Can be definite
time or Inverse
Definite Minimum
Time
Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer
LV
Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer
LV
10
Fault path
Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
- Thus coordination
of backup is
important
Transformer
LV
ef
oc
11
Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer
LV
12
Feeder
d
Bus-bar
- OC required to be
coordinated for all
voltage level
HV
Transformer
LV
- EF required to be
coordinated up to the
transformer LV
b
a
13
Optimal performance
It requires:
Planning criteria:
- Zero interruption
- few seconds interruption
- normal
-
Optimal performance
It requires:
Proper equipment/installation
- Selecting Primary equipment-feeder, bus-tie
- Proper protection scheme chosen-CT,
relaying sheme
15
Optimal performance
Point to note:
Protection system available are capable of
handling system design, however system
installation and operation may affect
system protection
16
c1
source
c2
17
Same source
Paralleling 2
different sources
will result in the
power cable to act
as inter-connector
between the two
sources. May
cause power swing
and system
tripping if it is
above threshold
Same source
c1
c2
Diff source
c1
c2
18
Same source
c1
c2
Cable laying
Improper cable laying
(especially for single core
cables) may introduce
mutual inductance
between the 2 cables
Same source
M
c1
c2
Unit protection
Required to prevent double circuit
tripping occurring when a fault
occurs on one cable (since unit
protection is faster than back up
protection)
source
F c1
c2
21
Directional protection
Directional protection will also
provide similar effect when the
circuit are in parallel
source
F c1
c2
22
Inter-tripping scheme
When source substation
backup protection
operated, bus-tie may be
tripped causing both
cable to be the interconnector now.
Before ope
c1
c2
After ope
c1
c2
An inter-tripping scheme
need to be installed to
decouple one cable so as
to prevent both cable
tripping and/or
preventing the total
source tripping
23
c1
c2
24
Before ope
c1
c2
After ope
c1
c2
25
For this :
Source can be different
One cable as main, the other as back up.
When relay at receiving detect loss of
supply, it command change over of supply.
Interruption is 1 to 3 second.
Max load not exceeding one cable rating
No other load in between
Unit protection for cable may be an option
Proper back up coordination
Idealy 1 set per circuit.
c1
on
source
on
c2
off
26
c1
on
source
on
c2
off
27
Other initiative
28
Tutorial
600/5
OCEF 1
Oc plug 100%
OC tms = 0.475
Given:
10km 33kV cable feed
into a 33/11kV
substation
1 transformer in service;
30MVA, Z=10%, Dyn11,
NER 4 ohm
Find:
3 and 1 phase fault
current at PPU 11kV
busbar
current and TMS for
overcurrent setting of all
relays
At 1.2 sec
600/5
33kV
OCEF 2
11kV
1600/5
300/5
OCEF 3; t=0.8s
OCEF 4; t=0.4s
29
Tutorial
S
11kV
yn
D
33kV
Y
y
Yn
D
11kV
30
THANK YOU
31
DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION:
BUSBAR ARC PROTECTION
12 Feb 2008
by Muhamad Subian Sukaimy
Method Of Sensing:
L or Z type
mounting plate
Modular Cable
3
DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION:
FUNDAMENTAL OF COORDINATION
12 Feb 2008
by Muhamad Subian Sukaimy
1
CT
- Based on:
Ir+Iy+Ib = 0
OC
Star
point
R
Y
B
OC
EF
OCEF Protection-Illustration
Earth Fault On B phase
- Highlighted relay circuit
will be energized
- Relay element EF will
OC
operate
Star
point
CT
R
Y
B
OC
EF
CT
R
Y
B
OC
EF
Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer
Dyn
LV
type
MVA
R+
jX+
Ro
jXo
33
18
0.000219
0.000373
0.0008
0.00037
33
30
0.0001296
0.0001723
11
0.000129
0.00009
0.00489
0.000031
11
0.000211
0.000096
0.00578
0.000027
] fujikura
11
0.0000647
0.000097
0.001298
0.000086
typical transformer
impedance
kv
MVA
z%
33/11
30
10.06
33/11
15
9.54
0.75
11/0.433
In approximation:
Z+ = Z-
R+jX
+ seq network
Fault
Point
R+jXs
R+jX
- seq network
R+jXs
R+jX
0 seq network
8
Declare:
- MVA base (normally 100 MVA)
- KV base (depend on source level)
- Z base (this is calculated; at all voltage
level if required)
- I base (this is calculated; at all voltage
level if required)
9
10
Useful formulae:
Z base = (KV base)2 check (V x V)
MVA base
(V x I)
I base A= (MVA base) check (V x I)
(KV base)
(V)
11
Z pu = Z ()
Z base
I pu = I (A)
I base
12
R+jX
3 phase fault:
- short the
positive
sequence
network only.
+ seq network
Fault
Point
R+jXs
R+jX
- seq network
R+jXs
R+jX
0 seq network
13
phase to
phase fault:
- connect the
positive and
negative
sequence
network only.
R+jX
+ seq network
Fault
Point
R+jXs
R+jX
- seq network
R+jXs
R+jX
0 seq network
14
Single phase to
ground fault:
- connect all
sequence
network in
series and short
at fault point.
R+jX
+ seq network
R+jXs
R+jX
If
Fault
Point
- seq network
R+jXs
R+jX
If
- I fault = 3If
0 seq network
15
At psm=2; t op = 10 sec
At psm=10; t op = 3 sec
For psm > 20 t op = t op at psm=
20.
That is the characteristic of an
IDMT curve
16
Observe:
X axis = multiple of
current; increases to
the right
Y axis = operating
time; increases
vertical
1.00
TX LV
10800
OPERATING TIME (S)
0.10
1000.0
10000.0
EQUIVALENT FAULT CURRENT AT REFERENCE BASE IN TABLE BELOW
100000.0
17
Observe:
X axis = multiple of
current; increases to
the right
Y axis = operating
time; increases
vertical
10.00
Increase
Plug eg
200%
1.00
TX LV
10800
OPERATING TIME (S)
0.10
1000.0
10000.0
100000.0
18
Observe:
X axis = multiple of
current; increases to
the right
Y axis = operating
time; increases
vertical
Increase
TMS eg
0.2 to 0.4
1.00
TX LV
10800
OPERATING TIME (S)
0.10
1000.0
10000.0
EQUIVALENT FAULT CURRENT AT REFERENCE BASE IN TABLE BELOW
100000.0
19
IDMT Curve
76.9C
70
60
50
40
33.2C
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 1
Project Overview
Project Background
Maintenance cost of distribution protection relays is quite
sizeable given the large amount of them in the system
Large collection of historical test data is available but without
any analysis/trending study
With the vast amount of data, there is good prospect to
optimise maintenance scheduling through proper data
analysis/trending
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 2
Project Overview
Potential Benefit
Currently, relays are required to be maintained once a year
Maintenance Cost: RM140/relay per year
(Kadar Harga Tetap, Panduan Kejuruteraan Bil.A10/2006)
Project Overview
Project Aims & Objectives
To develop an intelligent system in identifying problematic
relays and performance trending
To optimise maintenance schedule of relays
Deliverables
A database to store and manage all relay test data
A system to capture relay test data, with automated/intelligent
algorithm for analysis/trending and maintenance optimisation
Relay test
results
Relay
parameters:
age, make etc
Intelligent
System
Analysis/trending of
relay performance
Relay Maintenance frequency
Relay
Criticality
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 4
START
Hypothesis Development
Data Collection, ie. historical data from relay test sets.
Progress Phase: Initial Statistical Data Analysis
Design of Data Structure/Format, System Interfacing
Development of Intelligent System
Results validation, modification & improvement
Final Phase: Final analysis & Report of findings
Adoption strategies
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 5
END
Scope of Work
Data collection
To study the numerical relay data in Negeri Sembilan
Initial Statistical Data Analysis
Enable identification of patterns/trend from relay test data
Development of Intelligent System
To investigate factors that contribute towards
optimisation of relay maintenance eg. Relay parameters,
test data, criticality etc.
To develop a model for relay maintenance optimisation
(AI algorithm for Data Mining Microsoft SQL Server 2005)
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 6
Data Capture
How shall the data be obtained?
TNB Distribution (Engineering Services) has given
the consent and commitment to co-operate with data
collection [Tn. Hj. Subian, En. Norazman Atib]
Data to be obtained from distribution maintenance
engineers (paper copy)
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 8
Data Collection
All relay overcurrent and earthfault test data
were collected from the state of Negeri
Sembilan.
The data collected are historical data dated
back from 1995.
A total of 1316 no of relays data were
collected. These are the historical data used
in the AI Engine.
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 9
Data Analysis
How shall the data be analysed?
Depending on the TMS and plug setting, the
operating time T is calculated.
A healthy relay should fall within +-10% of the
calculated value.
A collection of historical data for a particular relay
shows the deviation (in %) from the reference
operating time.
The system developed will analyse the data for
trending/pattern
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 10
Time/current
characteristics of IDMT
relay
Where:
T = operating time
IF = Fault current
IS = Setting current
TMS = Time multiplier
setting
Panduan Kejuruteraan
Bil.A10/2006
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 11
Data Analysis
Example:
-- Trending for a particular relay using 3 years of test data
Time(s)
Test data year 1
Test data year 2
Test data year 3
(relay failed)
10%
Error thickness
current
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 12
Overview of AI
The scatter will be the
training data Artificial
Neural Network
Training data will enable
te network to determine
the right weightings for
each perceptron and
control its sensitivity.
A trained network would
enable the output to
indicate if a relay is prone
to failure or otherwise.
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 13
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 14
Conclusions
This project will save TNB in terms of their
maintenance cost of protective relays (optimum
period for routine maintenance)
Reduces unnecessary power outages due to maloperation of protection relays
Increase work efficiency of protection engineers
Add value to distribution protection system/protection
relays test activities by undertaking analysis of test
result
Identification of problematic relay types/model
Enhanced decision-making process related to
maintenance frequency for protection relays
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 16
Thank You
Contacts:-