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Theses and Dissertations--Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering
2013
Recommended Citation
Mahmood, Osamah Ibrahim, "CAMBER CONTROL IN SIMPLY SUPPORTED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE
GIRDERS" (2013). Theses and Dissertations--Civil Engineering. Paper 7.
http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/7
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REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE
The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the students advisor, on behalf of
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Osamah Ibrahim Mahmood, Student
Dr. Issam Harik, Major Professor
Dr. Kaymar C. Mahboub, Director of Graduate Studies
____________________________________
THESIS
_____________________________________
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering in the
College of Engineering
at the University of Kentucky
By
Osamah Ibrahim Mahmood
Lexington, Kentucky
Director: Dr. Issam Elias Harik, Professor of Civil Engineering
Lexington, Kentucky
2013
ABSTRACT OF THESIS
May 3, 2013
By
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis would not have been possible without the help, patience, and support of my
supervisor, Prof. Issam Harik. The invaluable good advice, and support on both an
academic and personal level. For which I am extremely grateful.
I thank my parents, brothers, sisters, and friends for keeping me in their prayers.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments.. iii
List of Figures..... iv
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Research Objective
1.3
Research Tasks
1.4
Research Significance
1.5
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Haunch Components
2.3
2.4
Summary
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Concrete
3.3
Mild Steel
10
3.4
Prestressing Steel
11
3.5
Summary
13
14
4.1
Introduction
14
4.2
Basic Assumptions
14
4.3
15
4.3.1
Concrete Forces
15
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
iv
15
17
4.3.2
19
4.3.3
20
4.3.4
21
4.3.5
Moment -Curvature (M )
23
4.4
Summary
23
CAMBER CONTROL
26
5.1
Introduction
26
5.2
Basic Assumptions
26
5.3
Initial Camber
26
5.4
Design Camber
30
5.5
Example
41
5.6
43
5.7
Example
47
48
6.1
48
6.2
Future Work
48
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Appendix A
49
Appendix B NOTATION
71
References
73
Vita
76
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
10
Fig. 3.3
13
Fig. 4.1
15
Fig. 4.2
17
Fig. 4.3
(a) Concrete tension side strips, (b) strain distribution, (c) stresses
and (d) ) concrete stresses at reinforcement layers
18
Fig. 4.4
(a) Mild steel layouts, (b) strain distribution, (c) stresses and (d)
forces
19
Fig. 4.5
20
Fig. 4.6
(a) Post tensioning steel layout, (b) strain distribution, (c) stresses
and (d) forces
22
Fig. 4.7a
24
Fig. 4.7b
Fig. 5.1
27
Fig. 5.2
29
Fig. 5.3
30
Fig. 5.4
31
vi
Fig. 5.5
32
33
Fig.5.7
34
Fig. 5.8
37
Fig. 5.9
38
Fig. 5.10
39
Fig. 5.11
40
Fig. 5.12
Example details
41
Fig. 5.13
42
Fig. 5.14
43
Fig. 5.15
44
Fig. 5.16
Moment vs. the strain of the outermost layer of pretensioning, MpsN , relationship for different post tensioning jacking force, Pp , for
the PCI 8 girder
45
Fig. 5.17
Moment vs. the strain of the outermost layer of pretensioning, MpsN , relationship for different post tensioning jacking force, Pp , for
the PCI 8 girder
46
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Prestressed concrete has passed far beyond the development stage and has established
itself as a major structural material (Naaman.2004). When designing a bridge,
serviceability usually controls and is a more important factor than the ultimate capacity of
the bridge or the allowable stresses. Therefore, the behavior of the bridge girder
deflection and camber must be predicted as accurately as possible.
Camber in prestressing concrete bridge girders is the upward deflection that is caused due
to the prestressing forces applied on the bridge girder. Engineers have been trying to
predict its amount and optimize it to make it vanish when placing the deck of the bridge.
However, camber is affected by many factors, most of which are time dependent like
creep, shrinkage, and prestress losses, causing camber to grow. This growth will lead to
an excessive camber causing differential camber. Many problems will be presented due
to differential camber such as: increasing haunch depths, jutting of bridge girders into the
bottom of the slab and increase in time for setting up the forms for deck slabs, cracking,
ride and overall performance of the bridge. Also, for adjacent box girders and deck bulbtees, the difference in camber causes problems during the fit up process. This
unnecessarily increases the time and cost of construction (Sethi.2006).
The current state of literature deals with excessive camber by adjusting the height of the
haunch over the length of the bridge girder. Adjustable pedestals will be used to
overcome the difference between the elevation of the bridge and the road Fig.1.1, and in
some cases by adjusting the thickness of the slab. No other methods have been reported.
Slab thickness
Haunch
thickness
(b) At ends
Slab
Haunch
Adjustable pedestal
(c)
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The current state of literature deals with excessive camber by adjusting the depth of the
haunch over the length of the bridge girder, and in some cases by adjusting the thickness
of the slab. No other methods have been reported. However, the first method is
considered the most common approach. Therefore, this chapter presents the outlines for
using haunch to reduce excessive camber.
2.4 Summary
The current approach used to control camber is dependent on several factors that might
control the required depth of the haunch; also, this method has limitations that might
restrict the use of it regardless of the extra time and cost spent setting up forms for the
haunch. Therefore, a simpler and more efficient approach is needed.
CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
3.1 Introduction
In order to understand the behavior of the materials of which the prestressed concrete
bridge girder consists, this chapter will present the stress-strain relations for concrete,
mild steel and prestressing steel and the necessary equations needed to compute the
stresses.
3.2 Concrete
Concrete is a versatile composite material of very complex nature, yet it can be
approached at any desired level of sophistication. The simplest is when only its
compressive strength is specified for design. Concrete is made by mixing several
components, mainly water, cement and aggregate (fine and coarse). The behavior of
concrete is usually non linear. However, a standard stress-strain curve of concrete with
normal weight is uniaxial. The curve consists of two main parts: an ascending portion up
to the peak point which represents the maximum stress f 'c and a descending portion. In
this study, the short term concrete compression stress-strain relation that is adopted is the
one suggested by Hognestad (Hognestad.1952) for short term monotonic. This stressstrain relationship is presented in Fig.3.1a. The ascending portion is presented by Eq.3.1
and the descending portion, which is linear, is expressed by Eq. 3.2.
fc =k3 f 'c 2-2
,
fc =k3 f 'c 1-m c -o
0 =
0 c o
Eq.3.1
0 <c cu
Eq.3.2
1.7f 'c
Ec
Eq.3.3
c
o
Eq.3.4
k3 =0.85
Eq.3.5
fc
Eq.3.2
f
fc
'
c
cr
Eq.3.1
c
fr
cu
(a) Compression
(b) Tension
Figure 3.1 Concrete stress-strain relationships Modified Hognestad model for (a)
compression and (b) tension
At low compressive stress levels ( fc < 0.45 f 'c ), the stress-strain relationship can be
assumed to be linear.
Since this study focuses on the behavior of concrete prestressed bridge girders prior to the
deck placement in the field, the tension side of the cross section must be accounted for in
order to obtain precise results. This study will assume concrete behaves linearly at the
stage prior to cracking. The stress at concrete can be calculated using Hooks law Eq.3.7.
ft =Ec c
Eq.3.7
Where ft is the concrete stress in tension corresponding to strain level c .The ACI 31811 formula to compute the tensile capacity of the concrete is adapted in this study
Eq.3.8.a and Eq.3.8.b.
fr =7.5 f 'c
psi
Eq.3.8a
fr =0.7 f 'c
MPa
Eq.3.8b
Ec =33w1.5 f 'c
psi
Eq.3.9a
Ec =0.043w1.5 f 'c
MPa
Eq.3.9b
Where w is the volumetric weight of the concrete in lb/ft or kg/m. In this study, w for
normal- concrete weight is to be taken (w=145 lb/ft).
fs
y =
fy
Es
=0.0750
su avg =0.1050
ssh(avg) =0.0052
fu
fy
ssh(avg)
suR (avg)
su(avg)
s
Figure 3.2 Modified CALTRANS stress-strain relationship for Grade 60 steel
10
fs =y Es
fs =fy
fs =fy +
s -ssh avg
(f -f )
suR avg -ssh avg u y
fs =fu
Eq.3.10
y <s ssh(avg)
Eq.3.11
Eq.3.12
Eq.3.13
psi
Eq.3.14a
fps =Ep ps
MPa
Eq.3.14b
11
For ps
fps =250103 -
0.25
ps
psi
Eq.3.15a
MPa
Eq.3.15b
fps =Ep ps
psi
Eq.3.16a
fps =Ep ps
MPa
Eq.3.16b
psi
Eq.3.17a
MPa
Eq.3.17b
fps =1725-
1.72
ps
For ps
fps =270103 fps =1860-
0.04
ps -0.007
0.276
ps -0.007
is the yield prestressing strain and its equal to 0.0076 for 250 ksi strand and 0.0086
for 270 ksi strand. The modulus of elasticity Ep will be taken as 28,500103 psi (196,500
MPa).
12
fps
ps
psu =0.03
3.5 Summary
This chapter presented the properties of the materials that prestressed concrete bridge
girders are consisted of through introducing the stress-strain relations for these materials.
Thus, the modified Hognestad relation will be used to compute stresses in concrete, the
modified CALTRANS model is used for mild steel, and the PCI 2011 relations for 7-wire
low relaxation is used for the post and prestressed strands.
13
CHAPTER 4
MOMENT-CURVATURE DIAGRAM OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE
GIRDERS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the method used in this study to evaluate the moment-curvature
diagram of prestressed concrete bridge girders based on the material properties presented
in chapter 2 and the principles of mechanics. The moment curvature diagram will be
used to study the effect of the post tensioning strands on the bridge girder capacity. For
illustrative purposes, this study will include three types of cross sections: PCI-8 I-girder
Fig.A.19, AHHTO type-4 girder Fig.A.20, and AASHTO B54x34 box beam Fig.A.21.
Numerical results will be presented for the PCI-8 girder.
14
Mild steel
reinforcement
Concrete
strip
Pretensioning steel
reinforcement
Post tensioning
steel reinforcement
used to control
camber.
Mild steel
strip
Pretensioning
steel strip
kd-dci
kd
Eq.4.1
h
N
Eq.4.2a
Eq.4.2b
Or
Cci =fci b
kd
N
15
Where c is the strain in the outermost concrete fiber in compression, and kd is the
distance from the neutral axis to the outermost concrete fiber in compression.
The moment of each concrete strip can be presented as follows:
Mcci =Cci dci
Eq.4.3
Mcc =
Cci dci
Eq.4.4
i=1
b and h are the width and depth respectively of the rectangular beam cross-section. fci is
the concrete stress for strip i corresponding to strain level ci . Eq. 4.2b is used when part
of the cross section is in compression (neutral axis is located within the beam cross
section or kd<h). In order to avoid overestimation of the bridge girder strength, the
concrete area displaced by reinforcement should be accounted for. The moment due to
the concrete area displaced by reinforcement at the concrete compression zone can be
calculated as follows:
N
Mcr =
Eq.4.5
i=1
Where:
Mcr = moment due to concrete area displaced by reinforcement at the concrete
compression zone
N = number of reinforcement layers at the concrete compression zone
Ari = area of reinforcement layer i
fcri = concrete stress at reinforcement layer i Fig.4.2d
dri = distance from the center of reinforcement layer i to the outermost concrete fiber in
compression
16
kd
N
dci
c
ci
dcN
kd
fci
fcri
kd
fcN
b
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4.2 (a) Concrete compression side strips, (b) strain distribution, (c)
stresses and (d) concrete stresses at reinforcement layers
4.3.1.2 Concrete Tensile Forces
Since this study focuses on the behavior of bridge girders prior to placement in the field,
the influence of the concrete tension force can be significant. The contribution of the
concrete in the tension zone is accounted for until the strain in the outermost concrete
fiber in tension reaches the strain at cracking cr .
The concrete tension zone in the beam cross section will be divided into N concrete strips
and the force will be calculated for each strip Fig.4.3. In order to do that, the concrete
strain ci will be computed at the mid-height of each strip i, and dti will represent the
distance from the mid- height of strip i to the outermost concrete fiber in compression.
ci =c
dti - kd
kd
Eq.4.6
h- kd
N
Eq.4.7
Where c is the strain in the outermost concrete fiber in compression, and kd is the
distance from the neutral axis to the outermost concrete fiber in compression.
The moment of each concrete strip can be presented as follows:
17
Eq.4.8
Mct =
Cti dti
Eq.4.9
i=1
In order to avoid overestimation of the bridge girder strength, the concrete area displaced
by reinforcement should be accounted for. The moment due to the concrete area
displaced by reinforcement at the concrete tension zone can be calculated as follows:
N
Mtr =
Eq.4.10
i=1
Where:
Mtr = moment due to concrete area displaced by reinforcement at the concrete tension
zone
N = number of reinforcement layers at the concrete tension zone
Ari = area of reinforcement layer i
ftri = concrete stress at reinforcement layer i Fig.4.3d
dri = distance from the center of reinforcement layer i to the outermost concrete fiber in
compression
dti kd
h-kd
fti
ti
dtN kd
ftN
tN
b
(a)
ftri
h-kd
N
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4.3 (a) Concrete tension side strips, (b) strain distribution, (c) stresses and
(d) concrete stresses at reinforcement layers
18
kd-dsi
kd
si =c
Eq.4.11
dsi is measured from the center of the mild steel layer i to the outermost concrete fiber in
compression Fig.4.4. Note that when si is positive, the mild steel is in compression. Once
the strain si at the steel layer i is known, the corresponding stress fsi can be determined
using the stress-strain relationship introduced in chapter 2. The moment for each steel
layer can be expressed as:
Eq.4.12
Ms =
Eq.4.13
si
Tsi
fsi
kd
dsN
. .
.
fsN
TsN
sN
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4.4 (a) Mild steel layouts, (b) strain distribution, (c) stresses and (d) forces
19
Eq.4.14
fse
Eps
Eq.4.15
fc c.g.s i
Eq.4.16
Ec
Eq.4.17
From Eq.4.17, the total strain in each pretensioning steel layer is the sum of three
portions: the compressive strain cei in concrete at the prestressing steel layer i due to
effective prestress only, sei which is the strain in prestressing layer i due to effective
prestressing only, and sai is the increase in strain in prestressing layer i at a specific
concrete strain level c . dpi is measured from the center of prestressing layer i to the
outermost concrete fiber in compression Fig.4.5. Once psi is known, the pretensioning
stress fpsi can be calculated using stress strain relationships presented in chapter 2.
cc
dpi
sai fpsi
Tpsi
fpsN
TpsN
dpN
saN
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4.5 (a) Pretensioning steel layout, (b) strain distribution, (c) stresses and
(d) forces
20
Eq.4.18
f s is the total losses in pretensioning strands from time of release to prior placement in
sub structure. The jacking prestress should be within the limits specified by ACI 31811section 2 and 10.8.3. Eq.4.19 and Eq.4-20 present the jacking stress limits:
For pretensioning strands:
fpj 0.94fpy and fp j 0.80fpu
Eq.4.19
Eq.4.20
Eq.4.21
Mp =
Eq.4.22
'sai =c
'sei =
'cei =
Eq.4.23
f 'se
Eq.4.24
E'ps
fc c.g.s i
Eq.4.25
8
Ec
21
Eq.4.26
The total strain in each post tensioning steel layer is the sum of three portions which are
the compressive strain in concrete 'se at the post tensioning steel layer due to effective
prestress only, the effective prestressing strain 'se and the increase in strain 'sa at a
specific strain concrete level c . Once 'psi is known, the post tensioning stress f 'psi can be
calculated using stress strain relationships presented in chapter 2.
is measured from the center post tensioning steel to the extreme compression fiber of
concrete Fig.4.5. f 'se is the effective post stress which can be determined as follows:
f se' =f 'pj -fs
Eq.4.27
The jacking post stress f 'pj should be within the limits specified by ACI 318-11 which are
presented in Eq.4.19and Eq.4.20.The moment due to post tensioning steel layer A'psi used
to control camber can be represented as:
M'pi =f 'psi A'psi d'pi
Eq4.28
Eq.4.29
Mp =
i=1
c
d'pi
'
'sai fpi
T'psi
kd
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4.6 (a) Post tensioning steel layout, (b) strain distribution, (c) stresses and
(d) forces
22
Eq.4.30
The curvature resulting due to a specific strain level c can be computed as follows:
c
=
Eq.4.31
kd
In order to compute the moment of a beam cross section at a specific strain level, a
repeated process will be performed to assume the location of kd. Generating the momentcurvature diagram requires performing a series of computations (i.e. Eq.4.1to Eq.4.31) to
a different magnitude of concrete strain level . This study will consider a bilinear (M-)
relationship by considering three points of interest: self-weight point, cracking moment
point, and the nominal moment point. The moment-curvature diagram Fig. 4.7 for the
PCI-8 girder has been generated based on the assumptions and equations presented in this
chapter.
4.4 Summary
Moment- curvature relationships of prestressed concrete bridge girders were based on
equilibrium conditions, strain compatibility, material constitutive laws, and assumptions
pertinent to prestressed reinforced concrete bridge girders. These relationships will be
used in chapter 5 to calculate the camber and camber adjustment, and to evaluate the
effect of the post tensioning jacking force on the strength capacity of the bridge girder.
23
10-5 ( mm )
-0.21
200000
-0.01
0.19
0.39
650
150000
PCI 8
-f'c = 6000 psi
- = Total pretensioning
losses
-fpj = Jacking stress for
pretensioning strands
=20%
250
50000
50
M103 (N.m )
-fpj = 0.7fpu
100000
M103 (lb.in )
450
0
- M = Moment
- = Curvature
-150
-50000
-100000
-350
-4
-2
2
-5
10 ( in )
Fig.4.7a Bilinear Moment-Curvature, M-, interaction diagram for the PCI-8 girder
24
(mm)
-127
900
127
254
381
508
4000
Ultimate
800
3500
PCI 8
700
3000
Cracking
2500
500
400
300
2000
1500
200
1000
- P = Applied load
Self-Weight
500
100
- = Deflection at midspan
0
-5
10
15
20
(in)
25
P x10(N)
P x10(lb)
600
CHAPTER 5
CAMBER CONTROL
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the Initial camber results obtained from the study and the design
camber due to the post tensioning jacking force.
26
Tens.
Comp.
kd
Me =Pe .e1
e1
Pe
Ag
(a) Forces
(b) Strain
Me .cb
I
(c)Strain resultant
Figure 5.1 (a) Forces and (b) strain distributions in rectangular concrete beam
due to effective pretensioning force only
Pe Me .ct
Ag - I
cte =
Ec
Eq.5.1
Pe Me .cb
Ag + I
cbe =
Ec
Eq.5.2
is the concrete strain at the top outermost fiber and is the concrete strain at the
bottom outermost fiber due to effective prestress force . is the gross sectional area
of the beam. is the moment of inertia of the cross section. Knowing both the strain at
top and the bottom of the beam enables calculating the position of the neutral axis
Eq.5.3.
kd=
cte
h
cte +cbe
Eq.5.3
cte
kd
Eq.5.4
L2
a2
i = c + 0 -c
-beam
8
6
Eq.5.5
27
Where:
i = Initial camber due to effective pretensioning force
= Curvature
c = Curvature at midspan
0 =Curvature at support
L= Beam length
a = Distance from end of the beam to the depression point Fig.5.2a
beam= Deflection due to beam self-weight Eq. 5.6
5wL4
beam =
384Ec
Eq.5.6
28
CL
c.g.s for
pretensioning
Strands
a=L
a=L
L
(a)
c
0
(b)
(+)
(c)
Figure 5.2 (a) Prestressed beam pretensioning strand profile,(b) curvature, and
(c) elastic curve for singly supported bridge girder with double
depression points
29
Comp.
Tens.
ct
kd
e2
=
1
+
1
e1
Pe
Ag
Me .cb
I
Mp .cb
I
Pp
Ag
(b)
(a)
cb
(c)
Figure 5.3 (c) Strain distributions in rectangular concrete beam due to (a)
effective pretensioning force, and (b) post tensioning force,
Eq.5.7
Eq.5.8
kd=
=
ct
h
ct +cb
Eq.5.9
ct
kd
Eq.5.11
L2
a2
d = c + 0 -c
beam
8
6
Eq.5.12
30
is the camber after applying the post tensioning force. It should be stressed that this
study considers reducing the camber as long as the concrete is not cracked. Relationships
between design camber and post tensioning jacking forces Figs. 5.4 5.7 have been
generated for the PCI-8 girder based on assumptions and equations presented in this
chapter. The cross section and its properties are presented in the accompanying figures.
d (mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
2500
-f 'c = 6000 psi -L = Beam length
PCI 8
2000
-fpj = 0.7fpu
Pp 103 (lb)
- = 0.33
- = Total pretensioning
losses
-fpj = Jacking stress for
pretensioning strands
-fpu = Specified tensile
strength for
pretensioning
strands=270x10 psi
1500
1000
10000
8000
6000
Pp 103 (N)
-L =120 ft
4000
-d = Design camber
=5%
5%
500
2000
=10%
10%
=15%
15%
=20%
20%
0
0
0
4
6
8
d (in)
Figure 5.4 Variation of post tensioning Jacking force, , with design camber, ,
for different pretensioning losses, , for the PCI-8 girder
31
d (mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
2000
8000
PCI 8
-L=120 ft
-L = Beam length
-fpj = 0.7fpu
- =15%
- = 0.33
1500
6000
4000
Pp 103 (N)
Pp 103 (lb)
-d = Design camber
500
2000
f 'c =6000
6000
psi psi
f 'c =8000
8000
psi psi
f 'c =10000
10000
psi psi
0
0
d (in)
Figure 5.5 Post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , vs. design camber, d , for different
specified concrete strength, f 'c , for the PCI-8 girder
32
(mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
2000
1800
PCI 8
1600
-L = Beam length
- =15%
- = Total pretensioning
losses
-fpj = 0.7fpu
- = 0.33
1400
1200
-= Distance coefficient
from the end of the
bridge girder to the
depression point.
1000
5000
Pp 103 (N)
Pp 103 (lb)
7500
800
-d = Design camber
600
2500
400
L=120 ft
120
105t
L=105 ft
200
95L=95 ft
0
d (in)
Figure 5.6 Post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , vs. design camber, d , for different
bridge girder length, L, for the PCI-8 girder
33
25
50
d (mm)
75
100
125
150
2000
-f 'c = 6000 psi -L = Beam length
- =15%
PCI 8
1600
-L=120 ft
-fpj = 0.7fpu
1400
7000
1200
Pp 103 (lb)
8000
- = Total pretensioning
losses
6000
5000
-= Distance coefficient
from the end of the
bridge girder to the
depression point
1000
4000
Pp 103 (N)
1800
800
-Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force
600
3000
-d = Design camber
25 =0.25
2000
400
33 =0.33
1000
200
40 =0.4
0
0
d (in)
Figure 5.7 Variation of post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , with design camber, d ,
with different distance coefficient, , for the PCI-8 girder
34
Relationships between the post tensioning jacking stress and the design camber are
derived for the AASHTO type -4 girder and AASHTO B54x48 box beam which are
presented in Fig. A-1, A-7.
Using the data obtained from this study enabled generating a general formula for the PCI8 girder to represent the required post tensioning jacking stress to reduce the camber to be
equal to the design camber. This formula is presented in Eq.5.12a, b, and c.
- For L=120 ft
Pp =2443-1097-26.5TL -d 243.67+0.0303f 'c
Eq.5.12a
Eq.5.12b
Eq.5.12c
- For L=105 ft
Pp =2568-1098-26.5TL -d 317.33+0.0395f 'c
- For L=95 ft
Pp =2639-1089-26.5TL -d 385.33+0.0483f 'c
Similar formulas were derived for both the AASHTO type-4 girder and AASHTO
B54x48 box beam. These formulas are presented in Eq.5.13a, b, and c and Eq.5.14.a, b,
and c.
- For AASHTO Type-4 girder:
- For L=120 ft
35
Eq.5.13a
- For L=105 ft
Pp =1159.5-708-13.5TL -d 123.13+0.0155f 'c
Eq.5.13b
- For L=95 ft
Pp =1220-663.3-13.5TL -d 149.85+0.019f 'c
Eq.5.13c
Eq.5.14a
- For L=105 ft
Pp =587.8-11.25TL -d 189+0.0215f 'c
Eq.5.14b
- For L=95 ft
Pp =680.83-11.25TL -d 225.5+0.027f 'c
Eq.5.14c
Where:
Pp = Post tensioning jacking force (kips)
= Distance coefficient from the end of the bridge girder to the depression point
TL = Total pretensioning losses from time of release to placement in field Fig.5.2a
d = Design camber (in)
f 'c = Specified concrete compression strength (psi)
Fig.5.8-5.11 show a compression between results obtained from Eq.5.12a, b, and c and
results obtained from study.
36
50
d (mm)
100
150
2000
-f 'c = 6000 psi -L = Beam length
- = Total pretensioning
losses
-L =120 ft
PCI 8 -fpj = 0.7fpu
1200
Pp 103 (lb)
- = 0.33
-= Distance coefficient
from the end of the
bridge girder to the
depression point
5 =5%
10 =10%
-d = Design camber
800
6000
4500
Pp 103 (N)
1600
7500
3000
15
=15%
20 =20%
400
5e =5%
=10%
10e
=15%
15e
1500
Eq.5.12
=20%
20e
0
0
0
3 (in) 4
d
Figure 5.8 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-12 for
different pretensioning losses, , for the PCI-8 girder
37
d (mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
2000
-L=120 ft
-L = Beam length
-fpj = 0.7fpu
- =15%
PCI 8
1600
- = 0.33
7500
6000
4500
Pp 103 (N)
Pp 103 (lb)
1200
800
3000
6 f 'c =6000 psi
'
8 f c =8000 psi
'
10f c =10000 psi
400
1500
Eq.5.12
0
0
d (in)
Figure 5.9 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-12 for
different specified concrete compressive strength, f 'c , for the PCI-8 girder
38
25
50
d (mm)
75
100
125
2000
1600
-L = Beam length
- =15%
- = Total pretensioning
losses
-fpj = 0.7fpu
8000
1200
Pp 103 (lb)
- = 0.33
-= Distance coefficient
from the end of the
bridge girder to the
depression point
800
6000
Pp 103 (N)
PCI 8
4000
-d = Design camber
120
ft ft
L=120
105
L=105
ft ft
95L=95
ft ft
120
Eq. ft
L=120
105
Eq. ft Eq.5.12
L=105
95L=95
Eq. ft
400
2000
d (in)
Figure 5.10 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-12 for
different bridge girder length, L, for the PCI-8 girder
39
(mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
2000
-f 'c = 6000 psi
-L = Beam length
- =15%
- = Total pretensioning
losses
8000
PCI 8 -L =120 ft
1600
-fpj = 0.7fpu
6000
Pp 103 (lb)
1200
Pp 103 (N)
800
4000
25 =0.25
33 =0.33
-d = Design camber
2000
40=0.4
400
=0.25
25E
33E
=0.33
Eq.5.12
40E
=0.4
0
0
0
(in)
Figure 5.11 Compression between results obtain from the study and from Eq.5.12
with different distance coefficient, , for the PCI-8 girder
40
5.5 Example
The PCI8 bridge girder will be used to illustrate how to use the tables and equations to calculate
the required post tensioning jacking force to reduce camber. Material properties and dimensions
for the bridge girder are listed below:
-f 'c = 6000 psi
11ft
10 in
- =15%
-L =120 ft
Haunch
-fpj = 0.7fpu
- = 0.33
-Slab thickness = 8 in
-Slab width = 11 ft
PCI 8
4
d =
5wslab L
384Ec Igirder
= 1.9 in
Assuming that the actual camber is 2.5 in, the post tensioning jacking force required reducing
camber by (2.5-1.9=0.6 in) is calculated as follows:
1- Calculate Pp1 that coincide with d = 2.5 in
2- Calculate Pp2 that coincide with d = 1.9 in
3- The required post tensioning jacking force is the difference between Pp1 and Pp2
From Fig.1,
Pp1= 615x10 lb
Pp2= 875x10 lb
Pp = 880-615= 260x10 lb
41
d (mm)
25
50
75
100
125
150
2000
-f 'c = 6000 psi
8000
- =15%
7000
Pp 103(lb)
-L =120 ft
1200
-fpj = 0.7fpu
6000
- = 0.33
5000
4000
Pp2
Pp 103 (N)
1600
800
3000
Pp1
2000
400
1000
0
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
d (in)
Figure 5.13 Variation of post tensioning Jacking force, , with design camber, ,
for pretensioning losses, =15%, for the PCI-8 girder
Eq.5.12a
Following the same procedure but using Eq.5.12a instead of Fig.1 will lead to,
Pp1 =2443-1097(0.33)-26.5(15)-(2.5) 243.67+0.0303(6000) = 619 x10 lb
Pp2 =2443-1097(0.33)-26.5(15)-(1.9) 243.67+0.0303(6000) = 875 x10 lb
Pp = 875-619= 256x10 lb
42
1
mm
10-5
-0.1575
200000
-0.0575
0.0425
0.1425
0.2425
See Fig.5-15
-fpj = 0.7fpu
150000
550
M103 (lb.in )
- = Total pretensioning
losses
100000
-fpj = Jacking stress for
pretensioning
strands.
250
50000
-fpu = Specified tensile
strength for
pretensioning
strands=270x10 psi
-50
-M= Moment
-= Curvature
-50000
bPp = 0 lb
Pp = 100x10 lb
100
Pp = 200x10 lb
200
- = Post tensioning
jacking force.
-100000
-350
-4
-2
2
-5
10
1
in
Figure 5.14 Moment- curvature, M-, interaction diagram for different post
tensioning jacking force, Pp , for the PCI 8 girder
43
M103 (N.m )
- =20%
1
mm
10-5
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
175000
605
595
170000
575
165000
565
555
bPp = 0 lb
160000
545
Pp = 100x10 lb
100
535
Pp = 200x10 lb
200
155000
525
5
5.5
10-5
6.5
1
in
Figure 5.15 Moment- curvature, M-, interaction diagram for different post
tensioning jacking force, Pp , for the PCI 8 girder
44
M103 (N.m )
M103 (lb.in )
585
0.0082
-100
400
650
psN
0.0077
0.0082
0.0077
psN
-350
M103 (N.m )
150
-M= Moment
-Pp = Post tensioning jacking
force
0.0072
0.0072
0.0067
0.0067
0 Pp = 0 lb
Pp = 100x10 lb
100
Pp = 200x10 lb
200
0.0062
-100000 -50000
50000
100000
150000
0.0062
200000
M10 (lb.in )
Figure 5.16 Moment vs. the strain of the outermost layer of pretensioning, M-psN ,
relationship for different post tensioning jacking force, Pp , for the PCI 8
girder
45
M103 (N.m )
567.5
577.5
587.5
597.5
0.0082
0.0081
0.008
0.008
0.0079
0.0079
0.0078
0.0078
psN
0.0081
0.0077
psN
557.5
0.0082
0.0077
0 Pp = 0 lb
Pp = 100x10 lb
100
Pp = 200x10 lb
200
0.0076
165000
167000
169000
171000
0.0076
173000
M10 (lb.in )
Figure 5.17 Moment vs. the strain of the outermost layer of pretensioning, M-psN ,
relationship for different post tensioning jacking force, Pp , for the PCI 8
girder
46
5.7 Summary
This chapter presented the concept of using post tensioning strands to reduce camber in
prestressed concrete bridge girders. Based on equilibrium conditions, strain compatibility,
and material constitutive laws, the study generated relationships for the post tensioning
jacking force vs. the design camber. Those relations are important to understand the
behavior of the bridge girders. This study considered the effect of four variables:
prestress losses, bridge girder length, specified concrete compression strength, and the
distance coefficient of the c.g.s of the pretensioning strands. Also, this chapter presents
findings regardless of the effect of the post tensioning jacking force on the moment
capacity of the bridge girders. These findings are listed below:
1- The post tensioning jacking force required producing a specific design camber varies
linearly with the design camber
2- The PCI-8, ASSHTO type-4, and ASSHTO B54x48 box beam tends t have higher
camber with higher specified concrete compression strength
3- Using a higher distance coefficient required higher post tensioning jacking force to
produce the same design camber
4- Results obtained from equations derived to represent relationships between the post
tensioning jacking force and the design camber coincide with the actual data obtained
from the study
5-The reduction in the moment capacity per 100x10 lb of applied post tensioning jacking
force is1.15% for the PCI-8 girder, 2.9% for the AAHTO type-4 girder, and 0.33% for
the AASTO b54x48 box beam
47
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
48
APPENDIX A
Appendix A contains the figures representing the relationships between the post
tensioning jacking force and the design camber depending on the total losses, span
length, concrete strength, and distance coefficient, ,. In addition, it contains data sheets
showing the dimension details and number of strands used in the PCI 8 girder, AASHTO
type-4 girder, and AASHTO B54x48 box beam.
49
d (mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1000
-f 'c = 6000 psi -L = Beam length.
-L =120 ft
AASHTO
-fpj = 0.7fpu
Type 4
900
800
- = 0.33
4000
600
500
- = Distance coefficient
from the end of the bridge
girder to the depression
point.
400
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
3000
Pp 103 (N)
700
Pp 103 (lb)
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
2000
- d = Design camber.
300
=10%
10
200
1000
=15%
15
=20%
20
100
5 =5%
0
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.1 Post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , vs. design camber, d , for different
pretensioning losses, , for the AASHTO type-4 girder
50
25
50
d (mm)
75
100
125
1000
-f'c = 6000 psi
AASHTO - =15%
Type 4
-fpj = 0.7fpu
800
- = 0.33
-L = Beam length.
4000
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
-fpj = Jacking stress for
pretensioning strands.
-fpu = Specified tensile
strength for pretensioning
strands=270x10 psi
600
3000
Pp 103 (N)
Pp 103 (lb)
- = Distance coefficient
from the end of the bridge
girder to the depression
point.
2000
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
400
- d = Design camber.
1000
200
L=120 ft
120
105
L=105 ft
95L=95 ft
0
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.2 Variation of post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , with design camber, d ,
for different bridge girder length, L, for the AASHTO type-4 girder
51
50
d (mm)
100
800
3500
-fpj = 0.7fpu
AASHTO
Type 4 - =15%
700
- = 0.33
600
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
3000
500
Pp 103 (lb)
-L = Beam length.
400
300
2500
- = Distance coefficient
from the end of the bridge
girder to the depression
point.
2000
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
1500
Pp 103 (N)
-L=120 ft
- d = Design camber.
1000
200
'
6f c =6000 psi
100
500
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.3 Variation of post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , with design camber,d , for
different beam length, f 'c , for the AASHTO type-4 girder
52
d (mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
800
3500
6000 psi
L=120 ft
AASHTO
-fpj = 0.7fpu
Type 4
600
-L = Beam length.
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
3000
Pp 103 (lb)
2500
- = Distance coefficient
from the end of the bridge
girder to the depression
point.
400
2000
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
1500
- d = Design camber.
1000
200
25 =0.25
500
33 =0.33
40 =0.4
0
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.4 Post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , vs. design camber,d , for different
distance coefficient, , for the AASHTO type-4 girder
53
Pp 103 (N)
-f
'
c=
d (mm)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
400
- f 'c = 6000 psi -L = Beam length.
AASHTO -L =120 ft
B54x48 -f = 0.7f
pj
pu
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
1600
1200
Pp 103 (N)
Pp 103 (lb)
200
800
100
5 =5%
400
=10%
10
15 =15%
20 =20%
0
0
0
0.4
0.8
d (in)
1.2
1.6
Figure A.5 Post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , vs. design camber,d , for different
pretensioning losses, , for the AASHTO B54x48 box beam
54
d (mm)
0
15
30
600
-f 'c = 6000 psi -L = Beam length.
- = Total
pretensioning losses.
AASHTO - =15%
B54x48
-fpj = 0.7fpu
500
1800
Pp 103 (N)
400
Pp 103 (lb)
2400
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
300
1200
- d = Design camber.
200
600
120
L=120 ft
100
105
L=105 ft
95L=95 ft
0.5
d (in)
1.5
Figure A.6 Variation of post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , with design camber,d , for
different bridge girder length, L, for the AASHTO B54x48 box beam
55
10
d (mm)
20
30
300
-L=120 ft
-L = Beam length.
1200
250
Pp 103 (lb)
200
- = Total
pretensioning losses.
-fpj = Jacking stress for
pretensioning strands.
1000
800
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
150
- d = Design camber.
Pp 103 (N)
600
100
400
'
6f c =6000 psi
50
200
'
8f c =8000 psi
'
10f c =10000 psi
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
d (in)
0.8
1.2
Figure A.7 Variation of post tensioning Jacking force, Pp , with design camber,d , for
different specified concrete strength, f 'c , for the AASHTO B54x48 box
beam
56
d (mm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
900
-f 'c = 6000 psi
-L = Beam length.
-L =120 ft
AASHTO
-fpj = 0.7fpu
Type 4
750
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
3000
- = 0.33
Pp 103 (lb)
600
2250
Pp 103 (N)
- = Distance coefficient
from the end of the bridge
girder to the depression
point.
450
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
1500
- d = Design camber.
5 =5%
=10%
10
300
=15%
15
=20%
20
=5%
5e
=10%
10e
150
=15%
15e
=20%
20e
750
Eq.5.13
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.8 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-13 for
different pretensioning losses, , for the AASHTO type-4 girder
57
35
d (mm)
70
105
900
-f 'c = 6000 psi
-fpj = 0.7fpu
AASHTO
Type 4 - =15%
750
-L = Beam length.
3750
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
-fpj = Jacking stress for
pretensioning strands.
- = 0.33
3000
Pp 103 (lb)
600
Pp 103 (N)
450
2250
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
1500
- d = Design camber.
300
120
L=120 ft
105
L=105 ft
95L=95 ft
150
750
12e
L=95 ft
105e
L=105 ft
Eq.5.13
L=120 ft
95e
0
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.9 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-13 for
different bridge girder length, L, for the AASHTO type-4 girder
58
d (mm)
0
35
750
AASHTO
Type 4
70
105
-L=120 ft
-L = Beam length.
- =15%
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
-fpj = 0.7fpu
3000
- = 0.33
600
Pp 103 (N)
2250
- = Distance coefficient
from the end of the bridge
girder to the depression
point.
Pp 103 (lb)
450
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
300
1500
- d = Design camber.
'
6f c =6000 psi
'
8f c =8000 psi
f 'c =10000 psi
10
150
'
6ef c =6000 psi
'
8ef c =8000 psi
750
Eq.5.13
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.10 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-13 for
different specified concrete strength, f 'c , for the AASHTO type-4 girder
59
d (mm)
0
35
750
AASHTO
Type 4
70
105
-L = Beam length.
L=120 ft
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
-fpj = 0.7fpu
3200
600
-fpu = Specified tensile
strength for pretensioning
strands=270x10 psi
2400
Pp 103 (lb)
450
Pp 103 (N)
- = Distance coefficient
from the end of the bridge
girder to the depression
point.
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
1600
- d = Design camber.
300
25 =0.25
33 =0.33
800
40 =0.4
150
25E
=0.25
=0.33
33E
Eq.5.13
40E
=0.4
0
0
0
d (in)
Figure A.11 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-13 for
different distance coefficient, , for AASHTO type-4 girder
60
d (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
400
-f 'c = 6000 psi
-L =120 ft
AASHTO
B54x48 -fpj = 0.7fpu
-L = Beam length.
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
1600
300
1200
Pp 103 (N)
Pp 103 (lb)
200
800
5
10
15
20
5e =5%
100
=10%
10e
=15%
15e
=20%
20e
400
Eq.5.14
0.5
d (in)
1.5
Figure A.12 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-14 for
different pretensioning losses, , for the AASHTO B54x48 box beam
61
d (mm)
10
20
30
600
500
-L = Beam length.
- =15%
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
-fpj = 0.7fpu
Pp 103 (lb)
400
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
- d = Design camber.
300
1800
Pp 103 (N)
AASHTO
B54x48
900
200
120
L=120 ft
105
L=105 ft
95
L=95 ft
100
12e
L=120 ft
105e
L=105 ft
Eq.5.14
95e
L=95 ft
0
0
0
0.4
d (in)
0.8
1.2
Figure A.13 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-14 for
different bridge girder length, L, for the AASHTO B54x48 box beam
62
d (mm)
0
10
20
30
300
-L = Beam length.
-L=120 ft
AASHTO
B54x48
250
1200
1000
Pp 103 (lb)
200
800
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
- d = Design camber.
150
Pp 103 (N)
600
100
400
'
c =6000
psi
6f
'
8f c =8000 psi
f 'c =10000 psi
10
'
6ef c =6000 psi
50
'
8ef c =8000 psi
f 'c =10000 psi
10e
200
Eq5.14
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
d (in)
0.8
1.2
Figure A.14 Comparison between results obtained from the study and Eq.5-14 for
different specified concrete strength, f 'c , for AASHTO B54x48 box
beam
63
1
mm
10-5
-0.1575
-0.0575
80000
-f 'c = 6000 psi
0.0425
0.1425
0.2425
-fsj = 0.7fpu
- =20%
221.5
57500
M103 (lb.in )
P0p = 0 lb
M103 (N.m )
- = Total
pretensioning losses.
-fpj = Jacking stress
for pretensioning
strands.
P100
p = 100x10 lb
P200
p = 200x10 lb
-fpu = Specified
tensile strength for
pretensioning
strands=270x10 psi
35000
146.5
- M= Moment.
- = Curvature.
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
12500
71.5
- = Post tensioning
jacking force.
-10000
-3.5
-4
-1
10-5
1
in
Figure A.15 Moment- curvature, M-, interaction diagram for different post
tensioning jacking force, Pp , for the AASHTO type-4 girder
64
3
106.5 M10 (N.m ) 216.5
-3.5
0.007
0.007
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
0.0069
0.0068
0Pp = 0 lb
Pp = 100x10 lb
100
Pp = 200x10 lb
200
-f 'c = 6000 psi
- =20%
0.0067
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
psN
psN
0.0066
0.0068
-fsj = 0.7fpu
- M= Moment.
0.0067
0.0069
0.0066
0.0065
0.0065
0.0064
0.0064
0.0063
-10000
10000
30000
50000
70000
0.0063
90000
M103 (lb.in )
Figure A.16 Moment vs. the strain of the outermost layer of pretensioning, M-psN ,
relationship for different post tensioning jacking force, Pp , for the
AASHTO type-4 girder
65
1
mm
10-5
0
0.4
0.8
296.5
-fsj = 0.7fpu
- =20%
- = Total
pretensioning losses.
221.5
M103 (lb.in )
M103 (N.m )
57500
-fpu = Specified
tensile strength for
pretensioning
strands=270x10 psi
35000
146.5
- M= Moment.
- = Curvature.
0Pp = 0 lb
12500
Pp = 100x10 lb
100
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
71.5
Pp = 200x10 lb
200
- = Post tensioning
jacking force.
-10000
-3.5
-10
10
20
-5
10
30
40
1
in
Figure A.17 Moment - curvature, M-, interaction diagram for different post
tensioning jacking force, Pp , for the AASHTO B54x46 box beam
66
M103 (N.m )
-7
93
193
293
0.025
0.025
- = Total pretensioning
losses.
- =20%
0.02
0.015
psN
psN
- M= Moment.
- Pp = Post tensioning
jacking force.
0.015
0.01
0 Pp = 0 lb
0.01
Pp = 100x10 lb
100
Pp = 200x10 lb
200
0.005
-20000
20000
40000
60000
80000
0.005
100000
M103 (lb.in )
Figure A.18 Moment vs. the strain of the outermost layer of pretensioning, M-psN ,
relationship for different post tensioning jacking force, Pp , for
AASHTO B54x48 box beam
67
Figure A.19 Dimensions and reinforcement layout for PCI 8 girder (source: Division
of Structural Design, Department of Highways, Commonwealth of Kentucky)
68
Figure A.20 Dimensions and reinforcement layout for AASHTO type-4 girder
(source: http://www.prestressservices.com/products/bridge)
69
Figure A.21 Dimensions and reinforcement layout for AASHTO B54x48 box beam
(source: http://www.prestressservices.com/products/bridge)
70
APPENDIX B
NOTATION
b
d
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
d'
dp
Ec
Ep
Es
f 'c
fpe
=
=
=
=
=
= compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestressing force only (after allowance
fpj
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Ag
Aps
As
A's
fps
fpu
fpy
fr
fs
fse
ft
fy
h
I
kd
L
Me
Mn
Pe
Pp
TL
beam
i
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
71
c
0
=
=
=
=
design camber
curvature at a section
curvature at midspan
curvature at support
72
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VITA
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Education:
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