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Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, HubballiDharwad Municipal Corporation Area, Karnataka, India
By Udayashankar D.Hakari, S.C.Puranik
Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
Abstract - Urbanisation and growth in the economy of tier-2 cities of India have led to the steep increase
in the building construction activities and has necessitated the implementation of infrastructure projects
such as highways, railways, air strips, water tanks, reclamation etc. These projects invariably require
quality earth in massive quantity. In urban areas, borrow earth is not easily available which has to be
hauled from a long distance. Quite often, large areas are covered with highly plastic and expansive soil,
which is not suitable for such purpose. The twin city of Hubballi-Dharwad is a fastest growing tier-2 city of
Karnataka state and is the second largest city of the state just next to Bangalore. The wide spread of the
black cotton soil in the twin city of Hubballi-Dharwad has posed challenges and problems to the
construction activities. A task was therefore undertaken to investigate and improve the engineering
properties of the black cotton soils of Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation area so that, a better
understanding is facilitated for the civil engineering practitioners, while dealing with these soils.
Keywords : Stabilisation of black cotton soils, Fly ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation,
Karnataka, India.
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash,Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area, Karnataka, India
Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:
2012 Udayashankar D.Hakari, S.C.Puranik. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non
commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
I.
INTRODUCTION
F ebruary 2012
F ebruary 2012
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
III.
22
a) Materials used
i Black cotton soil
II.
Soil
sample
no.
BC 8
BC 10
BC 11
Location
Category of soil
Charanthimath
Gardens,
Dharwad.
Moderately expansive
and problematic soil
Least expansive and
problematic soil
Adjacent High
Court, Dharwad.
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
Percentage (%)
Constituents
Silica (Si O2)
Alumina (Al2 O3)
Ferric oxide ( Fe2 O3)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Magnesium oxide(MgO)
Titanium Oxide (Ti O2)
Loss on ignition
a) Liquid limit
57.00
23.00
8.32
2.70
0.83
0.23
7.92
Sl.no.
Property
Value
1.
Specific gravity
2.07
2.
3.
Atterberg limits:
Liquid limit
Plastic limit
Plasticity index
Shrinkage limit
4.0 %
85.0 %
11.0 %
59.0 %
Non-plastic
-Varies with initial water
content
b) Tests conducted
F ebruary 2012
IV.
23
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
Moderately expansive
and problematic soils
BC 10
Plasticity characteristics :
F ebruary 2012
Compaction characteristics :
Optimum moisture content (OMC) (%)
Maximum Dry Density (MDD) (gm/cm3)
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) (%)
24
Strength characteristics :
50.7
18.5
32.2
12.2
68.4
23.2
45.2
10.62
23.5
1.86
4.05
32.0
1.60
2.50
31.0
1.65
0.96
116.3
72.5
74.5
80
70 M0
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
M10
M20
M30
M40
M50
M60
PlastIc limIt %
limit %
Liquid
54.6
13.6
41.0
9.5
BC 11
BC 10
BC 8
10
20
30
40
50
60
M20
M30
M40
M50
M60
16
BC 11
12
BC 10
BC 8
8
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% Fly ash
M10
20
70
% Fly ash
b)
24 M0
c)
Plasticity Index
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
50.0
M0
M10
40.0
M20
M30
M40
M50
30.0
M60
BC 11
BC 10
1.95
10.0
M10
1.90
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
% Fly
50
60
70
ash
DFA
M20
M40
M50
M0
F ebruary 2012
BC 8
M60
1.85
1.80
BC 11
1.75
M10
1.70
M20
M0
M20
1.65
M30
M30
M40
M60
M40
BC 8
M50
M10
1.60
BC 10
M50
M60
M0
25
1.55
d) Shrinkage limit
10
20
30
% FLY
40
50
60
AS H
M0
30.0
M0
M10
M10
M20
M20
25.0
O M C (%)
1.50
M0
20.0
M10
M20
M40
M30
M30
M30
M40
M40
M50
M60
M50
M60
M50
M60
BC 11
15.0
BC 10
BC 8
35.0
M60
10.0
Shrinkage limit %
30.0
M50
5.0
M40
25.0
M30
20.0
0.0
BC 11
M20
BC 10
M10
15.0
BC 8
M0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% F L Y AS H
10.0
Percentages
5.0
0.0
0
10
20
30
% Fly
40
50
60
70
ash
20.0
M D D ( gm / cm3 )
Plasticity Index %
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
1.95
F ebruary 2012
D r y d e n s i t y ( gm / cm )
1.9
1.85
1.8
BC11 M0
BC11 M10
1.75
BC11 M20
BC11 M30
1.7
BC11 M40
BC11 M50
BC11 M60
1.65
1.6
1.55
1.5
15
20
25
M o i s t u r e
30
c o n t e n t
35
(%)
26
D r y d e n s i t y ( gm / cm )
1.9
1.85
BC10 M0
1.8
BC10 M10
BC10 M20
1.75
BC10 M30
1.7
BC10 M40
BC10 M50
1.65
BC10 M60
1.6
1.55
1.5
20
25
M o i s t u r e
30
35
c o n t e n t (%)
1.95
1.9
D r y d e n s i t y ( gm / cm )
1.95
1.85
BC8 M0
1.8
BC8 M10
BC8 M20
1.75
BC8 M30
1.7
BC8 M40
BC8 M50
1.65
BC8 M60
1.6
1.55
1.5
20
25
M o i s t u r e
30
35
c o n t e n t (%)
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
350.0
M20
300.0
M30
M40
M50
250.0
M10
M30
M50
M40
M20
0 DAY
200.0
CURING
7 DAYS CURING
M10
150.0
14 DAYS CURING
100.0
28 DAYS CURING
M0
50.0
F ebruary 2012
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
250.0
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
% FLY
50
60
ASH
27
350.0
300.0
250.0
M20
M40
M30
M50
0 DAY
200.0
CURING
7 DAYS CURING
M10
150.0
14 DAYS CURING
100.0
M0
28 DAYS CURING
50.0
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
% FLY
50
60
ASH
M40
M20
M10
5.00
M40
M50
M30
4.00
BC 11
M20
M0
M50
M10
3.00
M30
M20
2.00
BC 10
BC 8
M0
M40
M10
M50
M0
1.00
0.00
0 DAY
200.0
CURING
7 DAYS CURING
10
20
30
40
FLY
AS H
50
60
150.0
14 DAYS CURING
M0
100.0
28 DAYS CURING
50.0
0.0
0
10
20
30
% FLY
40
50
60
AS H
300.0
CONCLUSIONS
(SAMPLE : BC 10)
350.0
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
V.
F ebruary 2012
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
28
Table 3 : Recommended DFA percentage for the stabilisation of the study soils
Soil parameters
considered for
assessment of
stabilisation results
Liquid limit (%)
Optimum
DFA %
30
42.3
37.3
53.1
20 30
12.7
17.2
21.6
30
30.2
20.9
32.0
30 40
17.8
20.2
18.1
30
1.93
and
22.0
1.71
and
29.5
1.72
and
28.8
Unconfined
compressive
strength (kN/m3)
20 30
176.2
(0 day
curing)
110.5
(0 day
curing)
115.1
(0 day
curing)
California bearing
ratio (%)
30 40
6.32
4.17
2.28
Maximum dry
density (gm/cm)3
and Optimum
moisture content
(%)
Remarks
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area,
Karnataka, India
F ebruary 2012
29