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B
Opposite
(O)
Hypotenuse
(H )
A
C
O
A
O
(A)
sin = ---- cos = ---- tan = ---Adjacent
H
H
A
Pythagoras theorem, c2 = a2 + b2 may also be used to solve right-angled triangles.
c
a
b
Angles of 30, 45 and 60 have exact values of sine, cosine and tangent.
30
45
60
sin
1
--2
1
2
------- = ------2
2
3
------2
cos
3
------2
1
2
------- = ------2
2
1
--2
tan
1
3
------- = ------3
3
Chapter 15 Gen. Maths Page 661 Wednesday, December 15, 1999 10:29 PM
Chapter 15
Tr i g o n o m e t r i c r a t i o s a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s
661
The cosine rule can be used to solve nonright-angled triangles if we are given:
(a) three sides of the triangle
(b) two sides of the triangle and the included angle (that is, the angle between the
two given sides).
If three sides of a triangle are known, an angle could be found by transposing the
cosine rule to make cos A, cos B or cos C the subject.
b2 + c2 a2
cos A = ---------------------------a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
2bc
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
a2 + c2 b2
cos B = ---------------------------2ac
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
a2 + b2 c2
cos C = ---------------------------2ab
Area of triangles
If two sides of any triangle and the included angle (that is, the angle between the
two given sides) are known, the following rules may be used to determine the area
of that triangle.
Area = 1--2- ab sin C
Area = 1--2- ac sin B
Area = 1--2- bc sin A
Alternatively, if three side lengths of a triangle are known, Herons formula may be
used to find the area of a triangle:
Area = s ( s a ) ( s b ) ( s c )
where s is the semi-perimeter of the triangle; that is,
s = 1--2- (a + b + c)
Radian measurement
180 = c
l = r
Area of a sector:
A = 1--2- r 2
Area of a segment:
A = 1--2- r 2 ( sin )