SAQ in Embryology

Gametogenesis
1. What is gametogensis ? (04J, 01J, 00M) Give the steps of spermatogenesis.(00M) Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’ page 22
and 23
2. Give the changes that occur during spermiogenesis. (01S) Answer: he series of changes
resulting in the transformation of spermatid into spermatozoa is known as spermiogenesis. These changes include
• Formation of acrosome.
• Condensation of nucleus to form head.
• Formation of neck, middle piece and tail.
• Shedding of most of cytoplasm. (Langman)
Figure: Schematic drawings showing the important stages in transformation of the human spermatid into the
Spermatozoon (Spermiogenesis).
3. Give the process of oogenesis. (04J, 01J, 00M, 06J) Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’
page 30
4. What are the results of meiotic cell division? (01M, 00S)
Answer:
• Reduce the number of chromosomes to half that in normal somatic cell (46−›23)
• provide genetic variability
5. Differentiate between spermatogenesis & oogenesis. Answer: Following are the

difference between Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis
Table: Difference between Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

0ogenesis spermatogenesis
1. It is the process of formation of mature ovum. . 1. It is the process of formation of mature sperm.
. 2. Here primordial germ cells are spermatogonium.
2. Here primordial germ primordial germ cells are oogonia. 3. Four sperm are formed from one spermatogonium.
3. One ovum is formed front, one oogonium 4. Polar bodies are not formed.
4. Polar bodies are formed. 5. It begins shortly before puberty.
5. it begins in intra-uterine life
Reproductive cycles
1. What is ovulation? Describe the mechanism. (02M)

Answer: Discharging of the secondary oocyte with it's cumulus oophorus cells from ovary is called ovulation. (Langman)
Mechanism
Ovulation occurs through the following sequence of events
1. Oocyte in the Graafian follicle completes 1st meiotic division.
2. Then, bulging of the ovarian surface at the site of the follicle occurs.
3. Later, stigma (an avascular spot) appears at the apex of this bulging.
4. Then, weakening and degeneration of the surface of the stigma occurs.
5. Then, follicular fluid oozes through it-> Released tension in the follicle-> Ovulation occurs under the
influence of L.H and also lesser extent by F S.H.
2. What is corpus luteum? (00M, 01J)

The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body") (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure involved in
production of progestogen, which is needed to maintain pregnancy.
3. How corpus luteum is formed? (00M, 01J) Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’
page 43
4. What are the types of corpus luteum? Give their function. (00M, 01J) Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’
page 44
Type and functions

(i) Corpus Luteum of menstruation. Luteal cells undergo fatty degeneration and finally replaced by white
connective tissue into corpus albicans.
(ii) Corpus luteum of pregnancy: secretes progesterone & other hormones to maintain early pregnancy
5. Short Notes
a. Graffian follicle
Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’ page 37 and 39
b. Ovulation (02M)
Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’ page 41
c. Corpus luteum (00M)
6. Clinical correlate
a. What is middle pain?
Answer: In case of some women, ovulation is accompanied by slight pain which is known as the middle pain.
b. Give cause of middle pain.

Answer: There is no known cause of ovulation pain, however, there are a number of theories as to why women
experience these mid-cycle cramps.
 During ovulation, egg is released from a follicle. When the follicle breaks, it releases fluid and blood. This fluid and
blood may actually irritate the lining of abdomen, causing pain.
 It may also be caused by the growth of the ovarian follicle, which can stretch the surface of ovary, causing pain.
Fertilization, cleavage and implantation
1. What is fertilization? Give the process of fertilization. (04M, 03J)

2. What are the results of fertilization? (04M) Give the factors upon which fertilization depends.
3. What do you mean by ectopic pregnancy? What is its fate? (01J, 03S) Name the sites of ectopic pregnancy.
4. What is implantation at abnormal site? Give example. (02J)
5. Give the mechanism of ovum transport through uterine tube and its fate.
6. Give the fate of primary oocyte which does not mature into ovum.
7. Give the features & fate of the polar body. (03J)
8. What is acrosomal reaction? Give its process.
9. Define capacitation. Give its process.
10. Describe the process of implantation. (04M, 02J, 00S)
11. What are the changes occur in the uterus after implantation?
12. Give the stages of blastocyst formation.
Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’ page 62 to 64
13. Describe the different phases of fertilization (03J, 04M)
14. Describe the changes taking place in endometrium during embedding. (02S)
15. Discuss the changes in a fertilized ovum & uterine endometrium during implantation.
16. Short note
a. Implantation
b. Ectopic pregnancy (00M)
c. Fertilization (05 Jan, 02S, 02J)
d. Capacitation
e. Acrosomal reaction
f. Barr body
Mass of condensed sex chromatin in the nuclei of normal female somatic cells due to inactive X chromosome.
According to the Lyon hypothesis, one of the two X xhromosomes in each somatic cell of the female is genetically
inactivated. The Barr body represents the inactivated X chromosome. X inactivation occurs around the 16th day of
embryonic development.
g. Decidual reaction?
Clinical Correlates
1. Write about the clinical correlation of fertilization.

2. What is azoospermia, oligospermia? (01S)
3. What is in vitro fertilization? Give its process.
4. Define ectopic pregnancy: Name the sites of ectopic pregnancy. What is its fate? (00M, 01J)
Gastrulation
5. What is gastrulation? (02M, 03M)
Answer: gastrulation is the process that establishes all three germ layers. (Langman, 10th edition)
6. Mention the events that occur in 2nd wk. of human development.
7. Describe the formation of different germ layers.
8. State the importance of primitive streak.
9. 2nd week of development is known as week of two’s. (J-08)
10. How secondary mesoderm is formed? (03M, 04J)
11. What are the parts of secondary mesoderm? (03M, 02M)
12. Describe formation & fate (J-08) importance (J-08) of notochord (05 ju, 03M, 04J, 02M, 00M)
13. (i) Define somite. Give the number, parts & fate of somite.
(ii) Short note: Somite. (06 JU)
14. Notochord (00M, 02M, 03M, 04)
15. Formation of trilaminer germ disc.
Derivatives
1. Name the structures develop from endoderm. (03J)

2. Derivatives of surface actoderm. (J-08)
3. Enumerate the derivatives of extra & intraembryonic mesoderm. (03M, 04J)
Fetal membrane
1. Enumerate the extraembryonic foetal membrane.

2. Short note on –‘amnion’.
3. What is cloasa & cloacal membrane? What is the fate of cloasa in both sexes? (00J, 00S)
4. Discuss different twinnings. Give the differences between monozygotic & dizygotic twins.
5. Define vitello- intestinal duct. Give its fate. (04M)
6. Define allantois. Give its fate & developmental anomalies.
Placenta
1. Write down the functions of placenta. (05 Jan, 00M, 01S)

2. Give the abnormalities of placenta.
3. Name different types of anatomical placenta.
4. Describe the formation of placenta. (00M, 00S)
5. What are the hormone synthesized by placenta?
6. (i) Give the structure of placental barrier. (05 jan)
(ii) Short note: Placental barrier. (06J)
7. Give the contest and development of umbilical cord.
8. Write in short about placental circulation. (04M)
Short Notes
1. Umbilical cord (01S, 01J)

2. Somite
3. Primitive streak (03S)
4. Placenta
5. Chorion
6. Yolk sac (03S)
7. Amnion
8. Give the clinical importance of placenta? (05 Jan)
9. What is placenta praevia?
Answer: When placenta is implanted in lower uterine segment near internal os or in the os, the placenta is called
placenta praevia.
10. What is polyhydroamnions? Give its cause & effect.
Explain anatomically / Developmentally

11) Human placenta is heamochorial type. (05 Ju)
Answer: Because the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces is separated from the fetal blood by a chorionic
derivative, the human placenta is considered to be of the hemochorial type.(Langman, 10th edition)
Genetics
What do you mean by Trisomy / Monosomy
The normal human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes; the normal gamete contains 23. Normal somatic cells are
diploid, or 2 n; normal gametes are haploid, or n. Euploid refers to any exact multiple of n, e.g., diploid or triploid.
Aneuploid refers to any chromosome number that is not euploid; it is usually applied when an extra chromosome is present
(trisomy) or when one is missing (monosomy).
(Langman, 10th edition)
Full trisomy of an individual occurs due to non-disjunction when the cells are dividing (meiosis I or II) to form egg and
sperm cells (gametogenesis). This can result in an extra or missing chromosome (either 24 or 22 chromosomes instead of
the typical 23) in a sperm or egg cell. After fertilization, the resulting fetus has 47 chromosomes instead of the typical 46.
A partial trisomy/mosaic occurs when part of an extra chromosome is attached to one of the other chromosomes, or if one
of the chromosomes has two copies of part of its chromosome.
Figure A: Normal meiosis. B. Nondisjunction in the first meiotic division. C. Nondisjunction in the second meiotic
division.
6. Give cause & features of klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome is a term used to describe males who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells. Instead of
having the usual XY chromosome pattern that most males have, these men have an XXY pattern.
Cause:
Nondisjunction of the XX homologues is the most common causative event in klinefelter syndrome.
Features:
a. The clinical features of Klinefelter syndrome, found only in males and usually detected at puberty, are sterility,
testicular atrophy, hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules, and usually gynecomastia.
b. The cells have 47 chromosomes with a sex chromosomal complement of the XXY type, and a sex chromatin body
(Barr body) is found in 80% of cases.
c. Occasionally, patients with Klinefelter syndrome have 48 chromosomes: 44 autosomes and 4 sex chromosomes
(XXXY).
d. Although mental retardation is not generally part of the syndrome, the more X chromosomes there are, the more
likely there will be some degree of mental impairment.
7. Give cause & features of Turner syndrome.
Cause
 In 80% of these women, nondisjunction in the male gamete is the cause.
 In the remainder of women, structural abnormalities of the X chromosome or mitotic nondisjunction resulting in
mosaicism are the cause.
Features
a. 45,X karyotype.
b. 98% of all fetuses with the syndrome are spontaneously aborted.
c. The few that survive are unmistakably female in appearance and are characterized by the absence of ovaries (gonadal
dysgenesis) and short stature. Other common associated abnormalities are webbed neck, lymphedema of the
extremities, skeletal deformities, and a broad chest with widely spaced nipples. Approximately 55% of affected
women are monosomic for the X and chromatin body negative because of nondisjunction. .
8. Give cause & features of Down syndrome.
Cause
 In 95% of cases, the syndrome is caused by trisomy 21 resulting from meiotic nondisjunction,
 in 75% of these instances, nondisjunction occurs during oocyte formation.
 In approximately 4% of cases of Down syndrome, there is an unbalanced translocation between chromosome 21 and
chromosome 13, 14, or 15.
 The final 1% is caused by mosaicism resulting from mitotic nondisjunction. These individuals have some cells with a
normal chromosome number and some that are aneuploid. They may exhibit few or many of the characteristics of
Down syndrome
Figure: A. Translocation of the long arms of chromosomes 14 and 21 at the centromere. Loss of the short arms is not
clinically significant, and these individuals are clinically normal, although they are at risk for producing offspring with
unbalanced translocations. B. Karyotype of translocation of chromosome 21 onto 14, resulting in Down syndrome.
Features
 growth retardation;
 varying degrees of mental retardation;
 craniofacial abnormalities, including upward slanting eyes, epicanthal folds (extra skin folds at the medial corners of
the eyes), flat facies, and small ears;
 cardiac defects;
 hypotonia.
 These individuals also have relatively high incidences of leukemia, infections, thyroid dysfunction, and premature
aging.
 Furthermore, nearly all develop signs of Alzheimer disease after age 35.
Congenital malformations
e) Embryonic period is highly sensitive to teratogen why? (05Jan)

Answer: In embryonic period gastrulation is initiated. At this time, fate maps can be made for various organ systems, such
as the eyes and brain anlage, and these cell populations may be damaged by teratogens. For example, high doses of alcohol
at this stage kill cells in the anterior midline of the germ disc, producing a deficiency of the midline in craniofacial
structures and resulting in holoprosencephaly
SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY
Cardiovascular System :
1. How interatrial septum is developed?
2. Give the development of interventricular septum. (03M)
3. Describe the foetal circulation.
4. What are the circulatory changes occur at birth? (00J)
5. Give the development & derivatives of aortic arches. (03J, 04M)
6. Give the development of superior / Inferior venacava. (03M)
7. Give the development of aorta / Arch of the aorta.
8. Give the development of coronary sinus.
9. Give the fates of the different parts of primitive heart tube.
10. What are the developmental source of different parts of right atrium / left atrium/ right Ventricle/ left ventricle
11. Give the mechanism of closure of foramen ovale.
12. Give the fates of vitelline / umbilical artery.
13. Give the development of pericardium.
Clinical correlate
1. Name the developmental anomalies of heart (00M, 04M)
2. Name the developmental anomalies of interatrial septum.
3. Name the developmental anomalies of interventricular septum / What is Fallot’s tetralogy?
4. What is coarctation of aorta? Give its region, type.
5. What is double aortic arch.
6. Give congenital anomalies associated with aortic arch development. (04M)

b) How circulation is maintained in post ductal aortic coarctation?
Respiratory System
1. Give the stages (J-08) development of lung / Larynx (00J) / Trachea.

2. Give the maturation process of lung.
3. When respiration is possible & why?
4. Give the developmental anomalies of lung/trachea.
5. What is respiratory distress syndrome? Give its treatment. (03M, 02S, 00J)
a) Fetus reaches viable ages at alveolar stages & of lung development.

b) Respiration is possible at alveolar stage of lung development.
c) Right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the right subclavian artery but left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks
around the ligamentum arteriosum.
d) How tracheo-oesophageal fistula occurs? (05 Jan)
Urinary System
1. Give the development of kidney (00M, 00J, 04M, 03S)
2. Give the fate of mesonephric duct & tubules in both sex.
3. Give the process of ascend of kidney.
4. Mention of developmental source of urinary bladder / Urethra / Ureter (03S)
Answer: See Main ‘Fetus’ page 259, 254 and 256
5. Give the fate of mesonephric & paramesonephric ducts in both sexes. (04M)
6. What are the developmental anomalies of kidney? (01J, 00M, 00J)
7. What is polycystic kidney? Give its causes. (03S)
8. What is horseshoe shaped kidney? Give its cause.
9. What do you mean by floating kidney?
10. Explain developmentally – Renate agenesis cause oligohydromnios. (06JU)
Genital System
1. Mention of developmental source of different parts of testis (03M)/ ovary.

2. Give the pathway & duration of descend of testis. Mention the factors that cause the descend of testis.
3. Give the development of uterus (02J, 00) / Uterine tube (04M, 03J) / vas deference prostate. (03J)
4. Give the fate of the paramesonephric duct.
Genital System
1. Mention about the possible anomalies which could happen during development of testis. (03M)
2. What is hypospadias & epispadias?
3. What do you mean by ectopic testis? Give its possible sites & features.
4. What is undescended testis.
5. Give the congenital anomalies of uterus.
Diaphragm and septum transversum
1. Give the development & derivatives of septum transversum.

2. Give the nerve supply of diaphragm of developmental back ground.
3. Mention the developmental source of diaphragm. (00M, 02S, 02M, 01S)
4. Why the central tendon of diaphragm is closely attached with the pericardium?
Digestive system
1. Name the derivatives of primitive gut. (03J) Describe the rotation of midgut.
2. Give artery supply of gut on the developmental back ground.
3. Name the developmental source of stomach. (00J) Write about the rotational changes of it.
4. Give the developmental of liver / pancreas (02S, 00J, 00S) / spleen.
5. Name the derivative of four gut with its arterial supply. Mention possible anomalies.
(03S)
Clinical correlate
1. What is Meckel's diverticulum (ileal diverticulum) ? Give its features
Answer: In 2% to 4% of people, a small portion of the Vitelline duct persists, forming an outpocketing of the ileum. This is
called Meckel's diverticulum or ileal diverticulum.
Features:
In the adult, this diverticulum, approximately 40 to 60 cm from the ileocecal valve on the antimesenteric border of the
ileum, does not usually cause any symptoms. However, when it contains heterotopic pancreatic tissue or gastric mucosa, it
may cause ulceration, bleeding, or even perforation.
2. Give the developmental anomalies of liver / pancreas/ gall bladder.

3. What is omphalocele?
4. Give the developmental anomalies of rectum & anal canal.
5. What is congenital megacolon? Give its cause.
6. Give the developmental anomalies stomach.
Head and Neck
1. Enumerate the derivatives of pharyngeal arches (05Ju, 04M, 06JU)/ pouches. (06JU); Clefts (06J).
2. Mention the developmental sources of face. (05 Ju, 04J, 02J, 02S, 00J)
3. Give the developmental of tongue. (04M, 01S, 00J, 00S, 06J)
4. Give the nerve supply of tongue on developmental back ground.(04M, 01S, 00J, 00S, 06J, 08J)
5. Give the development of thyroid gland (00M, 02J, 01J)/ parathyroid gland.
6. Why cleft lift is usually accompanied by congenital heart defect?
7. Why cleft lift is more common in upper lip?
39. What is pharyngeal arch? Give its development. (03S, 04M, 02M) / Mention the derivatives of pharyngeal arches.
41. Mention the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches.
Clinical correlate
1. Give the developmental anomalies of tongue. (01S, 00S, 00J)

2. What is tongue tie (ankyloglossia)
3. Give the developmental anomalies of face (02J, 02S, 00J)/ soft palate/ thyroid gland/ cleft plate.
4. Give the developmental anomalies of soft palate.
f) Neural crest cell plays a great role to development of head and neck region. How?
(05JAn)
Ns and Endocrine gland
1. What is neural crest? Give the general account of structures develop from it. (00M, 00J, 00S, 01S)
2. Give the development & derivatives of neural tube (05 Jan). Where from the meanings develop? (03M)
3. Give the development of pituitary (02M, 01M) / adeernal gland (03J)
4. Spina bifida.
5. Neural crest (00M, 00J, 00S, 01S)
6. Give the neural tube defects. (05 Jan)
Skeletal system
a) Bone is rigid form of connective tissue. (05 Ju)

SAQ in Embryology

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Gametogenesis

5. Differentiate between spermatogenesis & oogenesis. Answer: Following are the

Table: Difference between Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

1. What is ovulation? Describe the mechanism. (02M)

2. What is corpus luteum? (00M, 01J)

Type and functions

b. Give cause of middle pain.

Fertilization, cleavage and implantation

1. What is fertilization? Give the process of fertilization. (04M, 03J)

1. Write about the clinical correlation of fertilization.

1. Name the structures develop from endoderm. (03J)

1. Enumerate the extraembryonic foetal membrane.

1. Write down the functions of placenta. (05 Jan, 00M, 01S)

1. Umbilical cord (01S, 01J)

Explain anatomically / Developmentally

6. Give cause & features of klinefelter syndrome.

7. Give cause & features of Turner syndrome.

8. Give cause & features of Down syndrome.

(Langman, 10th edition)

e) Embryonic period is highly sensitive to teratogen why? (05Jan)

Explain anatomically / Developmentally

1. Give the stages (J-08) development of lung / Larynx (00J) / Trachea.

Explain anatomically / Developmentally

a) Fetus reaches viable ages at alveolar stages & of lung development.

1. Mention of developmental source of different parts of testis (03M)/ ovary.

Diaphragm and septum transversum

1. Give the development & derivatives of septum transversum.

2. Give the developmental anomalies of liver / pancreas/ gall bladder.

Head and Neck

1. Give the developmental anomalies of tongue. (01S, 00S, 00J)

Explain anatomically / Developmentally

Ns and Endocrine gland

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