Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1. Prologue
2. Weaknesses of Indian Health Care System
3. National Health Mission
a. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A) Services
b. National Rural Health Mission
c. National Urban Health Mission
4. Other Major Schemes
5. Evaluation of 11th 5YP
6. The Way Ahead
7. Sources
PROLOGUE
It would require a very brave person to argue that India has a functioning health care system
and since I am not that brave, in this article, I have discussed Indian healthcare systems
Weakness, Govt. Schemes relating to Health Care, 11th 5YP Evaluation and the Way Ahead
plus in between I have bracketed the related fodder points*.
*these are not just conventional fodder points but also integrated ideas for brain-storming as
well!!
At present, Indias health care system consists of a mix of public and private sector providers of
health services. Networks of health care facilities at the primary, secondary and tertiary level,
run mainly by State Governments, provide free or very low cost medical services.
There is also an extensive private health care sector, covering the entire spectrum from
individual doctors and their clinics, to general hospitals and super specialty hospitals.
elasticity with respect to GDP was at 0.94, lower than the average for low-income
countries (1.16) for the same period.
Despite efforts to increase public spending after 2005-06 including the adoption of NRHM, the
expenditure increased only marginally to 1.2 percent of GDP in 2009-2010. The present state of
the public health system is a result of decades old neglect by successive governments.
3. QUALITY of healthcare services varies considerably in both the public and private
sector. Many practitioners in the private sector are actually not qualified doctors.
Regulatory standards for public and private hospitals are not adequately defined and, in
any case, are ineffectively enforced.
4. AFFORDABILITY of health care is a serious problem for the vast majority of the
population, especially in tertiary care.
The lack of adequately funded public health services pushes large numbers of people to incur
heavy out of pocket expenditures on services purchased from the private sector. Out of pocket
expenditures arise even in public sector hospitals, since lack of medicines means that patients
have to buy them. This results in a very high financial burden on families in case of severe
illness.
As a result of 1+2+3+4Thugs, jhollachhap tantriks, Bangauli doctors come up and loot the
poors existing resources.
FODDER POINT#1
{In India, the Constitution assigns the states responsibility for the provision of social services
Entry 6 in the state list of the 7th Schedule of the Constitution assigns *Public health and
sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries to the state governments] and coequal responsibility with
the central government for the provision of economic services. However, since all broad-based
tax handles except the general sales tax are assigned to the central government, there is a high
degree of vertical fiscal imbalance. Further, the wide interstate disparities in revenue capacity
make it difficult to ensure comparable levels of public services in different states at comparable
tax rates.}
Now look at the centrally sponsored schemes
I.
Earlier, there was NRHM, but after the Union Cabinet approved NUHM, NHM was created and
both NRHM & NUHM are made sub-mission of over-arching NHM.
It seeks to provide
A. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A) Services
This will be done through mapping and identifying health facilities as delivery points and
strengthening them for delivery of comprehensive package of RMNCH+A services.
b. Access to safe abortion servicesthe focus would be to improve access to
comprehensive abortion care, including post abortion contraceptive counseling and
services, by expanding the network of facilities providing MTP services.
c. Prevention and Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Key strategies
include:
Prevention of STI through community health education and as part of adolescent health
education,
Provision of diagnosis and treatment services at health facilities at 24*7 and lower
levels, and
Laboratory and diagnostic based services at Level 3 facilities.
Special focus would be given on linking up with Integrated Counseling and Treatment
Centers (ICTCs) and establishing appropriate referrals for HIV testing and RTI/STI
management.
d. Newborn and Child HealthThis will be through a continuum of care from the
community to facility level and include the provision of home based newborn and child
care through ASHAs and ANMs, supplemented by AWW, and community level care for
acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, and fevers, including home remedies, first contact
curative care, or referral as appropriate.
e. Universal ImmunizationSustaining Pulse polio campaigns and achieving over 80%
routine immunization in all districts will be emphasized. Introduction of new and
underutilized vaccines will be considered on the basis of recommendations of the
National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI). Improved cold chain
management would be ensured with adequate densities of Ice Lined Refrigerators (ILRs)
and deep freezers. Adequate number of vaccination sessions and sites, and logistics
arrangements to reach all such sites especially in remote areas will be a key area of
intervention.
f. Adolescent HealthAdolescent Health programmes include the following priority
interventions:
Q1. What does the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) seeks to provide?
A1. NRHM seeks to provide effective health care to the rural population, especially the
disadvantaged groups including women and children, by improving access, enabling community
ownership and demand for services, strengthening public health systems for efficient service
delivery, enhancing equity and accountability and promoting decentralization.
Q1. What does the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) seeks to provide?
A1. NUHM will specifically address the peculiarities of urban health needs, which constitutes
non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as a major proportion of the burden of disease. The primary
health care system being envisaged under NUHM will screen, diagnose and refer the cases of
chronic diseases to the secondary and tertiary level through a system of referral.
Q4. How NUHM will help improve the existing healthcare system?
A4. The NUHM would encourage the effective participation of the community in planning and
management of health care services.
It would promote a community health volunteer - Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) in
urban poor settlements (one ASHA for 1000-2500 urban poor population covering about 200 to
500 households); ensure the participation by creation of community based institutions like
Mahila Arogya Samiti (50-100 households) and Rogi Kalyan Samitis.
Such MAS will be given annual grant of Rs.5000 by NUHM. This amount can be used for
conducting fortnightly/monthly meetings of MAS, sanitation and hygiene, meeting emergency
health needs etc.
FODDER MATERIAL#4
{Today, a nurse who has worked in hospitals for 20 years cannot give a paracetamol tablet
legally. Unless the government comes up with a regulation that alternative medical specialists
and nurses can look at primary care, there is no future. For the last 12 years, Ive been speaking
about it, everyone thinks its a great idea, but nothing happens in reality, because medical
lobbies are very powerful.}
Q5. What is the specific function, it seeks to do as many of such activities are already under
NRHM?
A5. Yes, many components of the NRHM cover urban areas as well. These include funding
support for the Urban Health and Family Welfare Centre, funding of National Health
Programmes like TB, immunization, malaria, etc., BUT the only limitation has been the fact that
norms for urban area primary health infrastructure were not part of the NRHM proposal, setting
a limit to support for basic health infrastructure in urban areas, under the NRHM.
Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Notified Area Committees and Nagar (Town)
Panchayats were not units of planning under NRHM, with their own distinctive normative
framework and now under NUHM substantial level of planning are to be done by Urban SelfGovernments.
Q6. But there is a significant private sector in Urban part of the country, so why NUHM?
A6. An overview of the private sector:
These gaps result in very high burden on poor, so NUHM will share that burden.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Community organizations
6.
7.
8.
9.
II.
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a nationwide, centrally sponsored scheme being implemented
with the objectives of reduction in infant and maternal mortality by improving coverage of
institutional delivery among pregnant women. Under the scheme, cash assistance ($) is
provided to pregnant women for giving birth in a health facility.
B. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK)
Under National Rural Health Mission, the Government of India has launched Janani Shishu
Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) which entitles all pregnant women delivering in public health
institutions to absolutely free and no expense delivery including Caesarean section. The
initiative stipulates free drugs, diagnostics, blood and diet, besides free transport from home to
institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop back home. Similar entitlements
have been put up in place for all sick newborns accessing public health institutions for
treatment till 30 days after birth.
C. Routine Immunization Programme and Pulse Polio Immunization Programme
Routine Immunization Programme and Pulse Polio Immunization Programme are under
operation in the country.
Immunization Programme is one of the key interventions for protection of children from life
threatening conditions, which are preventable. It is one of the largest immunization programme
in the world and a major public health intervention in the country.
Under the Universal Immunization Programme, Government of India is providing vaccination to
prevent 7 vaccine preventable diseases i.e. Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles,
severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B.
D. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular
Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS)
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases
and Stroke (NPCDCS) aims at reducing the burden of Non- Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such
as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke which are major factors reducing
potentially productive years of human life, resulting in huge economic loss. The expenditure will
be met on cost sharing basis with the participating States at ratio of 80:20.
The objective of the programme include prevention and control of diabetes at various levels viz.
Sub-centres, Community Health Centre (CHC), District Hospital etc. through screening of all
persons above 30 years of age and all pregnant women for diabetes and hypertension.
E. National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)*
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an ongoing centrally
sponsored scheme which is implemented in all the states/UTs for prevention and control of six
vector borne diseases, namely Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis, Kala- Azar
and Lymphatic Filariasis. The Govt. of India provides technical support as well as cash and
commodity assistance as per the approved pattern.
F. National Leprosy Eradication Programme(NLEP)*
G. National AIDS Control Programme
Department of AIDS Control is implementing National AIDS Control Programme-IV as a 100%
centrally sponsored scheme/programme is implemented in all States/UTs.
With its first three phases already successfully over, NACP is currently in its fourth
StageNACP-IV which was approved in October 2013 by Cabinet Committee on Economic
Affairs.
NACP IV will integrate with other national programmes and align with overall 12th Five Year
Plan goals of inclusive growth and development. This phase of NACP will focus on accelerating
the reversal process and ensure integration of the programme response.
The main objective of NACP IV is to:
i. Reduce new infections by 50 percent (2007 Baseline of NACP III).
ii. Provide comprehensive care and support to all persons living with HIV/AIDS and treatment
services for all those who require it.
*Already explained in my January article on diseases.
Serial No.
Baseline Level
Recent Status
1.
Reducing Maternal
Mortality Ratio
(MMR) to 100 per
100000 live births.
Reducing Infant
Mortality Rate (IMR)
to 28 per 1000 live
254
(SRS, 200406)
212
(SRS, 200709)
57
(SRS, 2006)
44
(SRS, 2011)
2.
births.
Reducing Total
Fertility Rate (TFR) to
2.1.
Reducing malnutrition
among children of age
group 03 to half its
level.
Reducing anaemia
among women and
girls by 50%.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.8
(SRS, 2006)
2.5
(SRS, 2010)
40.4
(NFHS, 200506)
No recent data
available
55.3
(NFHS, 200506)
No recent data
available
927
(Census, 2001)
914
(census, 2011)
Not only is public spending on health care in India too low, but its distribution across the
country is very uneven. Per capita health care expenditure in the poorest state, Bihar, was
Rs.166 in 2008-09, whereas that same year it was Rs.421 in Tamil Nadu and Rs.507 in Kerala,
relatively more affluent states. This is in spite of the greater emphasis given by the low-income
states to health care spending.
As a lead up to the formulation of the Twelfth Five Year Plan, the government had set up a
High Level Expert Group (HLEG), tasked with the formulation of a plan for Universal Access to
Health Care (UAHC). The HLEG has made several well intentioned recommendations, including:
Increase in public expenditures on health from the current level of 1.2 per cent of GDP
to at least 2.5 per cent by the end of the 12th plan, and to at least 3 per cent of GDP by
2022.
Ensure availability of free essential medicines by increasing public spending on drug
procurement.
Also, there is lack of PHC in the villages because the doctors cannot go and live in the villages.
So there the mobile services could be provided so that doctors can go to village and come back.
FODDER MATERIAL#5
{Prathap Reddy, chairman, Apollo Group of Hospitals, has a question. To what extent can the
government absorb health care costs? The answer, he says, lies in first addressing the basics, or
primary health care (PHC). Clean drinking water alone can help eliminate gastric ailments that
afflict 20 crore people.}
What all of this boils down to is that if all threeprimary, secondary, and tertiary health care
were bundled into a single package, the math tots up to a per capita expenditure of at least
Rs.1500. All put together, it will consume anywhere between 3.5 to 3.8 percent of Indias gross
domestic product (GDP).
India GDP is now close to $2 trillion. Three-and-a-half percent of that to provide UHC on all
three fronts is a lot of money. Where does this money come from?
FODDER MATERIAL#6
{People are willing to pay tiny amounts for health care but you have to create a vehicle for them
to contribute. You can do simple things. There are a few million maid servants. When they fall
sick, who pays for care?
The Employer, in whatever limited manner pays that. If there is a scheme for maid servants
where an empnloyer pays Rs.25 every month for the health care, every employer will pay.}
Shrey Khanna
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SOURCES
1. 12th 5YP-Volume-3
2. http://nrhm.gov.in/images/pdf/NHM/NRH_Framework_for_Implementation__08-012014_.pdf
3. http://nrhm.gov.in/nhm/nrhm/nrhm-framework-for-implementation.html
4. http://nrhm.gov.in/nhm/nuhm/nuhm-framework-for-implementation.html
5. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=83131
6. http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-components/rmnch-a/child-healthimmunization/immunization/background.html
7. http://forbesindia.com/article/universal-health-care/indias-primary-health-care-needsquick-reform/34899/0
8. http://forbesindia.com/article/universal-health-care/health-care-industry-captains-arewary-of-newer-bets/34909/0
9. www.delhiscienceforum.net/public-health/454-health-sector-reforms-in-india.html
10. http://www.nipfp.org.in/media/medialibrary/2013/04/wp_2012_100.pdf
11. http://www.medanthro.net/research/cagh/insurancestatements/Ahlin%20(India).pdf
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