PROCEDURE

3.0 Experiments
1) All the equipments needed are set up before starting the experiment.
2) The circuits are constructed using the schematics provided. The observation is recorded for
each experiment.

Experiment 1

5V

1) The variable resistor is used and the potentiometer of 1K is tried out.

2) The potentiometer knob is turned, while any voltage from zero to the full voltage V is
picked. In this case, 5V is used.

Experiment 2

5V

1) The resistors are tried out in various combination to make different colors.
2) Then, the potentiometers are added to the leads.
3) 5V of power supply is used.

Experiment 3

5V

1) The photoresistors are used to change their resistance by the amount of light detected.
2) 5V is supplied from the power source.

Experiment 4

1) The capacitors are used, where they can provide energy, however briefly and they can
smooth out a signal.
2) The battery is attached briefly to fill the capacitor.

Experiment 5

9V

1) A voltage regulator are made into the circuit.

2) Two capacitors are used and 9V is supplied from the power source.

Experiment 6

1) After the circuit is set up, the direction of the diode is changed.
2) The situation in the circuit and the condition of the motor is observed.

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Experiment 1

Resistor used :

(Resistance value : 470 ohms +/-5%)

Minimum value of resistance : 0.00

Maximum value of resistance : 1.07

1) As we turn the potentiometer knob, while we pick any voltage from zero to the full
voltage V, this circuit permits you vary the voltage to the chosen resistor with the
potentiometer, and to measure the voltage and current to it. The lower the resistance, the
higher the brightness.

Experiment 2

1) The intensity of the RGB LED changes when the 1K POT is added.
2) As RGB led contains a red, a green and a blue LED in a single pack. we can vary the
resistance in the circuit by using a pot, which results in varying intensity of the particular
colour.
3) Intensity of LED changes on turning the pot knob. When the resistance varies, the LED
with the least resistance glows with more brightness.

Experiment 3

1) Photoresistor is a resistor which has high resistance normally and very low resistance when
there is lots of light falling on it.
2) As light falling on the LDR increases, its resistance decreases. As a result more current
flows through the LED, increasing its brightness. When you cover the LDR, its resistance
increases. So due to high resistance, brightness of the LED reduces.
Condition
LDR covered in hands
LDR in open

Results
No light from LED
There is light from LED

Experiment 4

1) When the switch is closed, the capacitor is charged up for some time and then the switch is
opened. There is some light from the LED with a low brightness ( as the capacitors charge is
low ).
2) The charge is decreasing very slowly, and then a more rapid decrease as the capacitor
discharges through the resistor.
3) The capacitor should remain at its present voltage, with a very slow drop over time. This
indicates that the charge you placed on one of the capacitor plates has no way to move over
and neutralize the opposite charge on the other plate.

Experiment 5

1) In this case, we are using a LM7805, which outputs 5 volts. In order for the regulator to
output 5 volts, the voltage entering has to be larger than the voltage that the regulator
regulates out.. However, for experimental purposes and ease of getting parts, we use a 9 volt
as our input voltage.
2) Pin 1 is the Input pin. The output voltage of whatever voltage source you want to regulate
down is fed into this pin. So, the output of the power supply is fed into the regulator input
(pin 1) so that the regulator can regulate it down to our wanted voltage (5 volts). Pin 2 is
Ground. Without ground, the circuit couldn't be complete because the voltage wouldn't have
electric potential and the circuit wouldn't have a return path. Pin 3 is the Output pin. This is
the pin that gives out the regulated voltage, which, in this case, is 5 volts. At the end of this
experiment, when our circuit is hooked up, we read out the voltage and it gives out close to 5
volts.
5) The first capacitor, cleans up the signal if any (ac) noise is present on this. It shorts this
noise to ground and allows the pure DC signal into the regulator. The regulator regulates this
voltage down to 5 volts. After it comes out of the regulator, the other capacitor, cleans up any
high-frequency or ac noise that may come out, again to produce a clean DC signal. Now this
DC voltage, clean and crisp, is ready to give out power whatever you want it to.

Experiment 6

1) When the direction of the diode is changed, the motor will not move and the LED do not
light up.
2) To decrease speed, the voltage supplied to the motor needs to be decreased. And to
increase speed, the voltage supplied to the motor needs to be increased.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, this experiment is designed fully to understand the function of basic

electrical component and recognize the components itself. The resistor is an electronic
component that has electrical friction. It opposes the flow of electrons in the circuit.
Capacitors are components that can store electrical pressure (voltage) for long periods of
time. It has polarity, i.e positive and negative terminal marked on its sides. Potentiometers are
variable resistors and when its knob is turned, it can varies its resistance. Photoresistor is a
resistor which has high resistance normally and very low resistance when there is lots of light
falling on it. Diode is basically an electronic device that allows current to flow in one
direction only while transistor is a device that amplifies or switches the flow of current,
between its terminals (Collector and Emitter). The switching or amplification is controlled
through Base. LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a device which emits light when powered ON,
available in various colours and works only in one direction. Switch is a mechanical device
which opens or closes a circuit, used to turn ON or turn OFF lights and speakers.
From the experiment, we managed to construct working circuit on the breadboard
from the schematics and at the same time, we can identified either the circuit is the open or
closed one, and either the arrangement is in series or parallel. A closed circuit has a complete
path for current to flow while an open circuit doesn't, which means that it's not functional.
During the experiment, we should have some precautions. While handling the board,
we should be gentle and keep the board on a dry surface. The circuit must be checked once
before starting the experiment. We should not ever change any or make new connections
when power is on. As we know, the capacitors have polarity, (POSITIVE and NEGATIVE)
marked on them so, do not connect 5V to NEGATIVE of the capacitor or ground to
POSITIVE of the capacitor as it will explode. Transistors have three pins( Emitter, Base and
Collector). They should be connected properly as shown in the wiring diagram. RGB LED
had 4 pins in which + pin goes to +5v and the rest 3 pins goes to resistors. For the
potentiometer, the POT should be handled very carefully using hands and the POT cant be
moved beyond the given limit as shown below. LED also have polarity, so it must be
connected by to ways, the positive terminal to the resistor and the negative terminal to
ground.
Lastly, based on the experiment, basically we just focus on DC circuit and we
managed to construct the circuit with the help of the schematics and from the results now we
are just being familiar with the behaviours and funtions of the components.