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Conceitos Fundamentais
2.4 Viscosidade
De onde vem as tenses?
Para um slido, as tenses se desenvolvem quando o
material deformado ou cisalhado.
Para um fluido, as tenses cisalhantes surgem devido
a um escoamento viscoso (discutiremos a tenso
normal de fluidos sucintamente).
On the microscopic level the wall consists of billions of billions of interacting, vibrating atoms; their
average speed is counted in hundreds of meters per second, and their vibration is pretty chaotic,
though centered about some positions in space: that's why the walls appear to be "solid". Liquids
and gases also consist of billions of billions of molecules whose average speed is rougly the same as
that of the vibrating wall atoms (hundreds of meters per second), but their average position is free
to change. That's why than can "flow". Thus, if a single fluid molecule hits the wall, it can be
"reflected" in essentially any direction. What really matters is the AVERAGE fluid particle velocity
near the wall. The collisions are always ellastic in that they conserve the total energy of the
colliding molecules; however, this doeas not preclude energy transfer from one particle to the
other. Sometimes the energy comes from the wall molecules, sometimes toward the wall
molecules. The same concerns the momentum. The wall molecules can then immediatelly transmit
this energy/momentum to other molecules that make up the wall. The point is that the mean
position of each wall molecule is fixed in space. Hence, the mean position of the fluid particles near
the wall should be also very close to zero, otherwise the friction forces ("viscosity") between the
wall molecules and the fluid molecules would be immense. This, however, depends on the mean
free path of the fluid molecules. For liquids the free mean path is of order of molecule diameter, i.e
a fraction of nanometer. For rarified gases the free mean path can be larger than the channel
diameter. In the formar case you can quite safely assume zero-velocity boundary conditions (at
least for steady flows), unless you consider flows in microchanels, porous media etc. In the latter
case the fluid particles that bounced off the wall are unlikely to hit other fluid particles and
equilibrate - the notion of "friction" or "viscoisty" looses its usual meaning, you are in the Knudsen
Regime, the fluid appers to slip along the walls (the mean fluid velocity at the wall is nonzero).
Anyway, there's no such a thing as a particle at rest. They're all in a rush. If the fluid velocity
vanishes at some place, this means that the fluid molecules rush at essentially no preffered
direction, colliding like they were all drunk. If the velocity is nonzero, the molecules also collide, at
picosecond intervals (liquids), but on averege there is some order in their motion and local
equilibrium. The local equilibrium. however, can be established only if the mean free path is much
smaller than the container size, which is where the fluid density and the channel diameter may
enter the game.
Exemplo 2.2
No caso j exemplificado das placas infinitas,
obtenha os vetores tenses de cisalhamento nas
placas superior e inferior, dado d = 0,3 mm, U = 0,3
m/s, SG = 0,88 e = 7,4110-7 m/s.
Soluo
Alguns insetos pousam ou at caminham sobre a gua, e agulhas de ao pequenas flutuam sobre gua.
As foras atrativas
entre as molculas que
esto no interior do
lquido equilibram-se
devido simetria,
enquanto que as que
atuam sobre as que
esto na superfcie do
lquido puxam as
molculas para dentro.
A compresso
resultante faz com que
as gotculas do lquido
formem esferas.
Exemplo 2.3
Faa um grfico da ascenso (ou depresso) capilar
em uma coluna de mercrio ou de gua, como
funo do dimetro do tubo D. Determine o
dimetro mnimo para que a altura seja menor do
que 1 mm.
Soluo
Somando as foras na
direo z:
No escoamento laminar as partculas fluidas movemse em camadas lisas, ou lminas e h pouca mistura
das camadas fluidas (lminas) adjacentes.
No escoamento turbulento as partculas fluidas
misturam-se rapidamente enquanto se movimentam
ao longo do escoamento.
Um filamento de corante injetado num escoamento
laminar se dispersa lentamente por movimento
molecular (difuso), enquanto que no turbulento se
dispersa rapidamente por todo o escoamento.