Pengantar

SCADA/EMS
Syarif Hidayat

Energy Control System

Why SCADA/EMS
Facilitate Monitoring and Control of Power
System
Automating Operation Processes
Improve Reliability
Reduce Outage
Minimize Costs

Open System Characteristics

The IEEE defines an open
system as one which
"implements sufficient
specifications for interfaces,
services and supporting
formats to enable properly
engineered application
software to be ported across
a wide range of systems with
minimal changes,
interoperate with other
applications on local and
remote systems, and interact
with users in a style which
facilitates user portability."

Existing Utility Information System

SCADA/EMS Hardware
Architecture

Energy
Management
System
EMS

System Performance Data

Server Modes
Process Control Mode
Test Mode
(System and Database, e.g. after Release
Upgrading)
Training Mode
Independent Operation Mode
(Software Development and Testing)

Telecontrol Interface TCl

Telecontrol Interface TCl ...
is an universal interface for remote
terminal units (RTUs)
is fully integrated into the network control
system SINAUT Spectrum (connected to
the Spectrum LAN)
high availability by line redundancy

System Configuraton

System Configuration Remote TCI

System Configuration Remote TCR

System Configuration Remote TCR

(redundant)

Telecontrol Interface Rack (TCR)

Open System with IEC 870-5-104

RDBMS ORACLE Redundancy

Advantages of a Relational
Source Database
Standard query language SQL
Modification and Extension of the data base
scheme is easy
Comfortable tools exist
(Graphical user interface, Report generator, Queryby-Example)

The data model is independent from the physical

data storage
The standard data base provides functions for
Transaction management, Data integrity,
Security and access rights, Backup and
Recovery, Distributed data bases

UI Functions

Full Graphics (X-Windows, MOTIF)

Display Selection via 'Drag and Drop', Zooming, Panning, Decluttering,
Multiscreening
Integrated X - Terminal (X-11) InterfaceConnectivity for all X-Terminals
(PCs, Rear Projection Systems, etc ...) Automatic Pixel Mapping
(Resolution Adjustment)
Operator Alarming and Guidance
Navigator Window, On-line Help Function, Menu-Assisted, Acoustic
Annunciations
Dynamic Toolbars
Object orientated and context sensitive operator dialogue via dynamic
toolbar
Console Access Rights
Password Login Procedure, Console and Operator Specific Access Rights
Single Line Diagrams
Multi-Layer Based Worldmaps, Visualization of Status Data, Analogs,
Historical Values, Network Coloring

UI Functions (2)
Lists and Logs
Visualization and Operation in Scrollable Windows, Screen
and/or Printer Output

Curve Display/Trending
Display in any Worldmap (separate window or integrated),
Display of Historical and Forecasted Values

Softcopy
Screen or Window Output to Different Printers

Operator Notebook
Integrated Notebook Window, Schedule Function

Remote UI I Workstations
No Distance Limitations by Usage of X.25

SCADA Functions -- Data

Acquisition
Via RTUs by Telecontrol Interface TCI
Standard Protocol I EC 870-5-101 or Different
Proprietary Protocols,
Concentrator Function and Transparent Telegram
Routing,
Plausibility Check, Old/New comparison, Threshold
Supervision
Time Synchronization
System Monitoring / Test and Diagnostic Tools

From other Control Centers via WAN Gateways

ELCOM '90 Protocol
ICCP Protocol

SCADA Functions -- Data

Processing
Status Data Processing
Alarms, Statuses, Normal Switching State, Sequence of
Events
Analog Data Processing
Limit Check, Threshold Adaption, Maximum / Minimum /
Average Values
Dynamic Network Coloring
Network Topology, Network Groups, Operational Status
Data Calculation
Definition of Formulas, Arithmetical / Comparison /
Logical / Functional Operators
Counter Value Processing
Completeness Check, Authorization of Values
Counting of Operating Hours / Numbers of
Operations

SCADA Functions
Alarm and Event Processing
Alarm / Event Administration
Operator Alarming
Assignment to Alarm Classes and Technological Area
Responsibility

Alarm / Event Presentation

Visual Annunciation in Displays, Mapboard, Lists,
Logs, Summaries .
Additional Acoustic Annunciation

Alarm / Event Handling and Control .

Single / Page Acknowledgement
Alarm Inhibit

SCADA Functions -- Visualization

Mimic Board
Analog and Status Outputs
Display of Communication Link Status .
Local Inputs and Lamp Test
Local Acoustic Annunciator Connection

Supervisory Control - Security

Features
Interlocking conditions
Topological interlocking conditions
Freely definable via decision tables

Monitoring features
Monitoring network status changes during control
operations Plausibility checks during creation of
control sequences
Network applications security check
Check-back monitoring
Check before operate (dependent on RTU )

Supervisory Control - Functions

Base functions
Single control . Tagging
Manual update

Predefined control sequences .

Feeder switching
Busbar change .
Line switching
Transformer switching

Switching procedure management .

Technological editing
Recording of actual supervisory control actions
Integration of organizational steps (wait, break, comments)

Customer-specific control sequences

Triggered by operator
Triggered by an event / message of the process

Power System Management

EMS-DMS Difference
EMS - Transmission DMS - Distribution

< 200 Substations

< 30.000 Points
100% Telemetry
Meshed Operations
Static Network Conf.

Schematic Maps only

No Interaction with GIS
Energy huge

0- 60.000 Distribution Stations

0 - 500.000 Points
0
10% Telemetry
0 Radial Operation
0 Very Dynamic Network
Configuration
0 Schematic/Geographic Maps
0 Interaction with GIS
0 Energy medium

Characteristics of EMS
Clear and Up-to-Date Information Display and Secure
Network Control
Simple and Quick Data Input and Maintenance
Easy Handling of Scheduled Switching Operations
Support for Fault Location & Isolation, Service
Restoration and Network Reconfiguration
Better Utilization of Network Capacity
Power Loss Minimization
Increase of Supply Reliability and Quality
Support for Enterprise-Wide Information System
Integration

EMS Functions
Automatic Dispatching
Power System Analysis

Automatic Dispatching
Operation Monitor (OM), 10 seconds

System Frequency
Actual Generation
Actual Load
Surplus/Deficiency of power
Area Control Error (ACE)
Constant Frequency Control
Frequency and Time Error Control

Average Power Demand

Regulation in Large (upper chart)

and Small (lower chart) Systems

Automatic Dispatching (2)

Load Frequency Control (LFC), 5 seconds

Pg = Po +- N*Pr
Pg = Unit Desired Generated Power
Po = Unit base Point
Pr = Unit Regulation Bandwidth
N = Analog Signal of LFC (-1 -- +1)

Automatic Dispatching (3)

Reserve Computation & Monitory (RM), 5
minutes

Total available generating capacity

Spinning reserve
Non-spinning reserve
Operating reserve
Reactive reserve

Power System Analysis

Power System Model Update (PSMU)
Network topology
Bus loads
Common model

State Estimation (SE)

Calculate all islands in islanding operation

Utilizes multiple bus voltage measurement
Supports data input filtering
Detects bad data
Accepts injection, load flow & voltage meas. In unobservable set
Minimize flow deviation on boundary of observable/unobservable
Sets estimation value for generation, load & voltage of all buses in
network
Calculate confidence factor of the estimation

Power System Analysis (2)

Contingency Analysis (CA)

Branch outages
Reactor/capacitor switching
Generator outages
Load outages
State changes of switching

Power Flow (PF)

Off-line/on-line modes
Utilize base cases
Interactive input/output operation
Calculate and display:
Active and reactive power flow
Magnitude and angle of bus voltages