GLOBAL

STATUS
REPORT ON
VIOLENCE
PREVENTION
2014

GLOBAL
STATUS
REPORT ON
VIOLENCE
PREVENTION
2014

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Global status report on violence prevention 2014.
1.Violence prevention and control. 2.Domestic Violence. 3.Interpersonal Relations. 4. I.World Health
Organization.
ISBN 978 92 4 156479 3

(NLM classification: HV 6625)

World Health Organization 2014

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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Part I Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Interpersonal violence a universal challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Part II State of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Deaths and injuries are only a fraction of the burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Part III Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Knowledge of the true extent of the problem is hindered by gaps in data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
National action planning is underway in many countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Countries are investing in prevention but not on a level commensurate with the scale and
severity of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Countries can do more to address key risk factors for violence through policy and other measures . . . . 33
Laws relevant to violence have been widely enacted but enforcement is inadequate . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Availability of services to identify, refer, protect and support victims varies markedly . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Part IV The way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Recommendations: national, regional and international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Part V Explanatory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Method for data collection and validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Estimating global homicide deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Country profiles: explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Part VI At a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Part VII Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Part VIII Country profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Part IX Statistical annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Preface

Margaret Chan

Helen Clark

Yury Fedotov

Director-General,
World Health Organization

Administrator,
United Nations
Development Programme

Executive Director,
United Nations Office
on Drugs and Crime

Violence shatters lives. Around the world almost half a

million people are murdered each year. Beyond these deaths,
millions more children, women and men suffer from the farreaching consequences of violence in our homes, schools
and communities. Violence often blights peoples lives for
decades, leading to alcohol and drug addiction, depression,
suicide, school dropout, unemployment and recurrent
relationship difficulties. In crisis and conflict-affected
countries, violence can hamper recovery and development
efforts by exacerbating societal divisions, perpetuating
crime, and in some cases leading to the recurrence of war.
In addition, the costs of violence are high. Families on
the brink of poverty can be ruined when a breadwinner is
killed or disabled because of violence. For nations, social
and economic development is eroded by the outlay on the
health, criminal justice and social welfare responses to
violence. As the late Nelson Mandela wrote in the World
iv

Health Organizations 2002 World report on violence and

health, Many who live with violence day in and day out
assume that it is an intrinsic part of the human condition.
But this is not so. Violence can be prevented. Governments,
communities and individuals can make a difference.
This Global status report on violence prevention 2014
takes stock of how governments are making a difference,
by assessing the measures countries are taking to prevent
and respond to interpersonal violence. The report the first
of its kind finds that considerable violence prevention
activity is underway around the world. For instance, on
average, each of the prevention programmes surveyed was
reported to be implemented in about a third of countries;
each of the services to protect and support victims surveyed
was reported to be in place in just over half of countries; and
some 80% of countries were found to have enacted each of
the prevention laws surveyed.
Preface

But importantly the report also reveals gaps in global

violence prevention that must be filled: gaps in knowledge
about the extent of the problem; in the quality and reach of
prevention programmes; in access to services for victims;
in the enforcement of existing laws; and in mechanisms to
coordinate multisectoral work.
Collaboration across sectors is a necessary starting point
for filling these gaps. The health sector must expand its
role in violence prevention, increase services for victims
and improve the collection of data on violence. The justice
and law enforcement sectors must ensure that laws which
strengthen violence prevention are promulgated and
rigorously applied, that laws discriminating against women
are changed, that efforts to improve community policing
and problem-orientated policing are intensified, and that
institutions to support such efforts are strengthened. The
development sector must integrate governance and rule of
law more closely with violence prevention programming.
Publication of the Global status report on violence 2014
coincides with proposals to include several violence

Preface

prevention goals in the post-2015 development agenda.

These include halving violence-related deaths everywhere,
ending violence against children and eliminating all forms of
violence against women and girls by 2030. Whether or not
these goals are eventually adopted, their prominence in the
debate so far confirms the relevance of violence prevention
to the challenges facing society now and in the future.
Indeed, preventing violence is one of the top five priorities
expressed by the five million citizens who have conveyed
their views on the focus for the new development agenda
through the global United Nations-led consultations.
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014
builds on existing commitments by several United Nations
agencies to support countries in their violence prevention
efforts. It identifies clear gaps and opportunities and
inspires us to action. Further, it provides a baseline and
a set of indicators to track future violence prevention
progress. Please join us in ensuring its findings are made
use of and its recommendations implemented, particularly
as we anticipate the adoption of the post-2015 development
agenda. Together we can indeed make a difference.

Acknowledgements
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014
benefitted from the contributions of many World Health
Organization (WHO) staff and partners from other
organizations.
Alexander Butchart and Christopher Mikton coordinated and
wrote the report. Etienne Krug provided strategic direction.
Data management and statistical analysis were conducted
by Christopher Mikton and Daniel Hogan, assisted by Kacem
Iaych and Charles Upton.
Many WHO staff made invaluable contributions to the
report. Margie Peden and Tami Toroyan provided guidance
based on their experience in producing the Global status
report on road safety. Data collection was facilitated by
WHO representatives and staff at country level. At WHO
regional level, trainings, data collection and validation
were carried out by Martial Missimikim and Martin Ekeke
Monono (African Region); Alessandra Guedes and Marcelo
Korc (Region of the Americas); Rania Saad, Hala Sakr and
Joanna Vogel (Eastern Mediterranean Region); Francesco
Mitis and Dinesh Sethi (European Region); Salim Chowdhury
and Chamaiparn Santikarn (South-East Asia Region); and
Jonathon Passmore (Western Pacific Region). Other WHO
staff who contributed to the development and production
of the report include Avni Amin, Kidist Bartolomeos, Islene
Araujo De Carvalho, Alexandra Fleischmann, Claudia Garcia
Moreno, Berit Kieselbach, Colin Mathers, Vladimir Poznyak,
Florence Rusciano, Claire Scheurer and Laura Sminkey.
Country-level data were obtained through the crucial input
of:
National Data Coordinators (see Table A1 in Part IX
Statistical annex);
all respondents and attendees of the consensus meetings
in countries;
government officials who agreed to provide the country
information included in the report.

vi

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and

the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
were cosponsors of the report, and WHO acknowledges
the invaluable inputs of Eveline de Brujin, Paul Eavis, Sara
Sekkenes, Christi Sletten and Zachary Taylor (UNDP); and
Enrico Bisogno, Jenna Dawson-Faber, Steven Malby and
Angela Me (UNODC).
WHO also thanks the following contributors whose expertise
made this report possible:
Linda Dahlberg who provided expert advice and
contributed to the final writing up and editing of the
report;
Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Mark Bellis, Vivien Carli, Peter
Donnelly, Michael Feigelson, Adnan Hyder, Rolf Loeber,
Robert Muggah, Bridget Penhale, Irvin Waller, Elizabeth
Ward, Charlotte Watts and Anthony Zwi who provided
expert advice on the survey design;
Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Avni Amin, Mark Bellis, Vivien
Carli, Peter Donnelly, Claudia Garcia Moreno, Jenny
Gray, Karen Hughes, James Mercy, Michele MoloneyKitts, Christina Pallitto, Bridget Penhale, Marta Santos
Pais, AK Shiva Kumar, Joan van Niekerk, Catherine Ward
and Alys Willman who provided peer review comments;
Angela Burton who edited and proofread the report;
Alexandra Lysova who reviewed the literature and
assisted with content analysis;
Graphic designers at Inis Communication who produced
the design and layout.
Finally, WHO wishes to thank the UBS Optimus Foundation
for its generous financial support for the development and
publication of this report, as well as the Government of
Belgium, the Bernard van Leer Foundation, UNDP and the
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
who also provided financial support.

Acknowledgements

Executive summary
This report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is
violence that occurs between family members, intimate
partners, friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes
child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence,
sexual violence and elder abuse. Interpersonal violence is
a risk factor for lifelong health and social problems. It is
both predictable and preventable, and responsibility for
addressing it rests clearly with national governments.

Aims of the report

The Global status report on violence prevention 2014
represents the progress countries have made in implementing
the recommendations of the 2002 World report on violence
and health. The specific aims of the report are to:
describe the state of the problem of interpersonal
violence worldwide and the extent to which countries are
collecting data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform
planning and action;
assess the current status of programme, policy and
legislative measures to prevent violence;
evaluate the availability of health care, social and legal
services for victims of violence;
identify gaps in tackling the problem of interpersonal
violence and stimulate national action to address them.
By giving an assessment of violence prevention efforts
globally and a snapshot of these efforts by country, the
report provides a starting point for tracking future progress
and offers a benchmark that countries can use to assess
their own progress.

Method
Data for this report were systematically gathered from
each country in a four-step process which was led by a
government-appointed National Data Coordinator. First,
within each country a self-administered questionnaire was
completed by respondents from ministries of health, justice,
education, gender and women, law enforcement and police,
children, social development and the interior, and, where
relevant, nongovernmental organizations. Second, these
respondents held a consensus meeting and agreed on the

Executive summary

data best representing their country. Third, WHO regional

and global violence prevention technical staff validated
the final data submitted for each country by checking them
against independent databases and other sources. Finally,
permission to include the final data in the status report was
obtained from country government officials.

Coverage
This report highlights data from 133 countries, covering
6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the worlds
population. Response rates by region varied, covering 63%
of the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 70%
in the African Region, 83% in the European Region, 88% in
the Region of the Americas and 97% in both the South-East
Asia and Western Pacific Regions.

Violence affects the lives of millions, with

long-lasting consequences
There were an estimated 475 000 deaths in 2012 as a
result of homicide. Sixty percent of these were males aged
1544 years, making homicide the third leading cause of
death for males in this age group. Within low- and middleincome countries, the highest estimated rates of homicide
occur in the Region of the Americas, with 28.5 homicides
per 100 000 population, followed by the African Region
with a rate of 10.9 homicides per 100 000 population. The
lowest estimated rate of homicide is in the low- and middleincome countries of the Western Pacific Region, with 2.1 per
100 000 population. Over the period 20002012, homicide
rates are estimated to have declined by just over 16%
globally (from 8.0 to 6.7 per 100 000 population), and, in
high-income countries, by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000
population). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middleincome countries have shown less decline over the same
period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries
the decline was 13%, and for low-income countries it was
10%. Nevertheless, deaths are only a fraction of the health
and social burden arising from violence.

vii

Women, children and elderly people bear the brunt of nonfatal physical, sexual and psychological abuse:
A quarter of all adults report having been physically
abused as children.
One in five women reports having been sexually abused
as a child.
One in three women has been a victim of physical or
sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in
her lifetime.
One in 17 older adults reported abuse in the past month.
Such violence contributes to lifelong ill health particularly
for women and children and early death. Many leading
causes of death such as heart disease, stroke, cancer and
HIV/AIDS are the result of victims of violence adopting
behaviours such as smoking, alcohol and drug misuse, and
unsafe sex in an effort to cope with the psychological impact
of violence. Violence also places a heavy strain on health
and criminal justice systems, social and welfare services
and the economic fabric of communities.

Key data on violence are often lacking

Despite the magnitude of deaths resulting from violence
and the massive scale on which the non-fatal consequences
of violence affect women, children and elderly people,
there are important gaps in data that undermine violence
prevention efforts. Fully 60% of countries do not have
usable data on homicide from civil or vital registration
sources. For many of the countries where these data do
exist, they often lack specificity, such as the sex and age of
the victim, the relationship of victim to perpetrator, and the
mechanism of homicide all of which are needed to design
and monitor prevention efforts. Most instances of violence
against women, children and elderly people do not come
to the attention of authorities or service providers, making
population-based surveys a critical source of information to
document the nature and extent of these problems. More
than half of countries surveyed reported gathering data on
intimate partner and sexual violence; however, less than half
of countries reported conducting population-based surveys
on other types of violence such as child maltreatment, youth
violence and elder abuse.

National action planning is underway in most

countries, but is not always informed by data
The different types of violence share many underlying risk
factors and important inter-relationships. For example,

viii

economic inequality, alcohol misuse and inadequate

parenting all increase the likelihood of child maltreatment,
youth violence and intimate partner and sexual violence
against women. Children who suffer rejection, neglect,
harsh physical punishment and sexual abuse or witness
violence at home or in the community are at greater risk
of engaging in aggressive and antisocial behaviour at later
stages in their development, including violent behaviour
as adults. Only about half of countries reported having
integrated plans that address multiple types of violence.
This suggests that planning may be driven more by efforts
to address specific types of violence than the need to create
synergies across types of violence.
The survey found that national action plans were often
present when national survey data were not, suggesting
that much planning and policy-making is done in the absence
of data. While for some countries this may reflect a lag
between calls for data collection and actual data collection
improvements, future work should prioritize filling this gap
by ensuring that national plans of action are firmly anchored
in data on the scale and causes of the different types of
violence.

Countries are beginning to invest in

prevention, but not on a scale that matches the
burden
A growing number of scientific studies demonstrate that
violence is preventable. Based on systematic reviews of
the scientific evidence for prevention, WHO and its partners
have identified seven best buy strategies six focusing on
preventing violence and one focusing on response efforts.
These strategies can potentially reduce multiple types of
violence and help decrease the likelihood of individuals
perpetrating violence or becoming a victim. The strategies
are:
1. developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships
between children and their parents and caregivers;
2. developing life skills in children and adolescents;
3. reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol;
4. reducing access to guns and knives;
5. promoting gender equality to prevent violence against
women;
6. changing cultural and social norms that support violence;
7. victim identification, care and support programmes.

Executive summary

The survey found that while countries are investing in

prevention programmes representative of these strategies,
it is not on a level commensurate with the scale and
severity of the problem. Across the 18 types of programme
asked about in the survey, about a third of countries are
implementing them on a larger scale (i.e. across many
schools or communities or with a reach to over 30% of the
intended target population). Social and cultural norm-change
strategies were the most common approach reported to
address violence against women, while life skills training
and bullying prevention were the most common strategies
reported to address youth violence. Countries also reported
implementing strategies such as home visits and other
parenting education approaches designed to improve
parent-child relationships and prevent child maltreatment
and the developmental pathways that lead to later violent
behaviour. Implementation of strategies to prevent elder
abuse was limited at best. Less than a third of the countries
surveyed (26%) reported implementing campaigns aimed
at educating professionals to recognize the signs and
symptoms of elder abuse and improve their problem-solving
and case management skills on a larger scale, and only 23%
reported implementing public information campaigns on
elder abuse.

More can be done to address key risk factors

for violence through policy and other measures
Violence of all types is strongly associated with social
determinants such as weak governance; poor rule of law;
cultural, social and gender norms; unemployment; income
and gender inequality; rapid social change; and limited
educational opportunities. Cross-cutting risk factors such as
ease of access to firearms and other weapons and excessive
alcohol use are also strongly associated with multiple types
of violence. Together these factors create a social climate
conducive to violence, and in the absence of efforts to
address them, sustained violence prevention gains are
difficult to achieve. Any comprehensive violence prevention

Executive summary

strategy must therefore identify ways to mitigate or buffer

against these risks.
However, few countries are implementing social and
educational policy measures to do so. For example, only
40% of countries surveyed report national policies providing
incentives for youth at risk of violence to complete secondary
schooling. Meanwhile, national level housing policies to
reduce the concentration of poverty in urban areas (and
explicitly aimed at reducing violence) were reported by just
24% of countries. More countries say they are tackling the
harmful use of alcohol, although patterns of risky drinking
behaviour remain very high in several countries. Nearly all
countries report measures to regulate access to firearms,
although the laws themselves and the populations covered
vary widely.

Violence prevention laws are widely enacted,

but enforcement is often inadequate
The enactment and enforcement of legislation on crime and
violence are critical for establishing norms of acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour, and creating safe and peaceful
societies. On average, the laws surveyed were reported to
exist by 80% of countries but to be fully enforced by just 57%.
The biggest gaps between the existence and enforcement
of laws related to bans on corporal punishment (reported
to exist in 76% of countries but with only 30% of countries
indicating full enforcement); and to domestic/family violence
legislation (reported to exist in 87% of countries but with
only 44% of countries indicating full enforcement). Focusing
on better enforcement of existing laws is likely to lead to
significant violence prevention gains. This should include
strengthening institutional mechanisms and resources and
increasing the human capacity needed to ensure enacted
legislation protects people from violence, holds perpetrators
to account and creates safe environments for all citizens.

ix

Availability of services to identify, refer,

protect and support victims varies markedly
Providing high-quality care and support services to victims
of violence is important for reducing trauma, helping victims
heal and preventing repeat victimization and perpetration.
However, despite strong evidence linking experiences
of violence to mental health problems, less than half of
countries reported the availability of mental health services
to address the needs of victims, ranging from two-thirds of
countries in the Region of the Americas and the European
Region, to only 15% in the African Region. Globally, child
protection services were the most widely reported of all
services (69% of all countries), followed by medico-legal
services for victims of sexual violence. However, the quality
of these services and their accessibility to victims were not
ascertained, and these relatively high levels of reported
availability may conceal low-quality services. Of all services
included in the survey, adult protective services were the
least reported. Only a third of surveyed countries indicated
having adult protective services in place to investigate
potential cases of elder abuse, and assist vulnerable older
adults.
Victim support services often extend beyond medical and
other care. Legal representation in criminal courts and
receiving compensation from the state are important for
all types of interpersonal violence. While the majority of
countries (86%) report laws providing victims with legal
representation and participation in criminal courts, only
52% indicate having victim compensation legislation. Both
the existence of such laws and the extent to which they are
enforced vary by country income level, with existence and
enforcement appearing to be much greater in high-income
countries than elsewhere.

Recommendations
The findings of the Global status report on violence
prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global
violence prevention efforts. Across these levels they offer
an opportunity for all violence prevention stakeholders to
come together and step up their activities and investments
to match the burden and severity of the problem.
At a national level, the reports key recommendations are to:
strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent of the
problem;

develop comprehensive and data-driven national action

plans;
integrate violence prevention into other health platforms;
strengthen mechanisms for leadership and coordination;
ensure prevention programmes are comprehensive,
integrated and informed by evidence;
ensure that services for victims are comprehensive and
informed by evidence;
strengthen support for outcome evaluation studies;
enforce existing laws and review their quality;
implement and enact policies and laws relevant to
multiple types of violence;
build capacity for violence prevention.
At regional and global levels, the reports key recommendations are to:
strengthen the global violence prevention agenda;
strengthen support for comprehensive and integrated
violence prevention programming;
strengthen efforts of regional and subregional
organizations to work with national offices to coordinate
data collection and disseminate data gathered;
increase collaboration between international organizations and donor agencies;
set baselines and targets, and track progress .
A growing body of research shows that much interpersonal
violence can be effectively prevented and its far-reaching
consequences mitigated. The Global status report on
violence prevention 2014 shows that many countries
have begun to implement prevention programmes and
victim services, and to develop the national action plans,
policies and laws required to support violence prevention
and response efforts. At the international level, highlevel resolutions that commit Member States to tackling
interpersonal violence within their countries and through
the establishment of networks and partnerships have been
adopted.
Yet, this survey shows that serious gaps remain and that
much work is still required to realize the full potential of
the growing violence prevention field. No country can rest
on its laurels and assume it has successfully addressed
interpersonal violence. The international community must
continue to recognize interpersonal violence as an important
health, criminal justice, development and gender issue, and
step up its support for prevention.

Executive summary

Part I Background

INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE A UNIVERSAL CHALLENGE

Interpersonal violence and its consequences

More than 1.3 million people worldwide die each year
as a result of violence in all its forms (self-directed,
interpersonal and collective), accounting for 2.5% of global
mortality. For people aged 1544 years, violence is the
fourth leading cause of death worldwide (1). In addition,
tens of thousands of people around the world are victims
of non-fatal violence every day. These include victims of
assault who sustain physical injuries requiring treatment
in emergency departments and those who suffer other
physical, sexual and psychological abuse, but may not
bring it to the attention of health or other authorities. This
report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is violence
that occurs between family members, intimate partners,
friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes child
maltreatment, youth violence (including that associated
with gangs), violence against women (for example, intimate
partner violence and sexual violence) and elder abuse (2). It
is distinct from self-directed violence and collective violence,
which are not covered in this report.1 Self-directed violence
is that which people inflict upon themselves, such as suicidal
behaviour and self-mutilation (2). Collective violence refers
to instrumental violence inflicted by larger groups such as
nation states, militia groups and terrorist organizations in
order to achieve political, economic or social objectives (2).

Violence is the intentional use of

physical force or power, threatened
or actual, against oneself, or against
a group or community that either
results in or has a high likelihood
of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, maldevelopment
or deprivation.
Source: WHO global consultation on violence and health, 1996 (4).

WHO published Preventing suicide: a global imperative (3) in 2014

(http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_
report_2014/en/, accessed 14 October 2014).

Since 2000, about 6 million people globally have been killed

in acts of interpersonal violence, making homicide a more
frequent cause of death than all wars combined during this
period. Non-fatal interpersonal violence is more common
than homicide and has serious and lifelong health and social
consequences.
Beyond physical injuries, the health effects of violence
include disabilities, depression, reproductive and physical
health problems, smoking, high-risk sexual behaviours and
alcohol and drug misuse behaviours that link experiences
of violence to heart disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS and
a host of other chronic and infectious diseases and early
death. Violence places a heavy strain on health and criminal
justice systems, and social and welfare services. Violence
also erodes the economic fabric of communities as local
economies are impacted by workforce absenteeism, lost
productivity, loss of human capital, and face disincentives
for investment and economic development.

Calls to action
Violence has long been recognized as a problem for the
criminal justice and defence sectors and has been taken up in
various United Nations (UN) resolutions dating back to 1986
(see Box 1). It was put on the international health agenda
when the World Health Assembly, at its meeting in Geneva
in 1996, adopted a resolution declaring violence a leading
worldwide public health problem (WHA49.25). The World
Health Assembly called upon Member States to give urgent
consideration to the problem of violence and requested the
Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO)
to develop a science-based approach to understanding and
preventing violence.
WHO responded to the resolution in part with the World
report on violence and health the first comprehensive
review of violence as a global public health problem (2).
The report covered a broad spectrum of violence, from
highly visible forms such as youth violence and collective
violence, to more hidden forms that occur against women,
children and elderly people, as well as self-directed
violence. For each, the report described what was known
about the magnitude and impact of the problem, the factors
Part I Background

that increase or protect against the risk of violence, the

different intervention and policy responses that have been
tried and what is known about their effectiveness. It also
made recommendations for action at local, national and
international levels. In short, the report recommended that
governments:
1. create, implement and monitor a national action plan for
violence prevention;
2. enhance capacity for collecting data on violence;
3. define priorities for, and support research on, the causes,
consequences, costs and prevention of violence;

4. promote primary prevention responses;

5. strengthen responses for victims of violence;
6. integrate violence prevention into social and educational
policies, and thereby promote gender and social equality;
7. increase collaboration and exchange of information on
violence prevention;
8. promote and monitor adherence to international treaties,
laws and other mechanisms to protect human rights;
9. seek practical, internationally agreed responses to the
global drugs trade and the global arms trade.

Box 1: Examples of United Nations actions on interpersonal violence

While crime prevention has been on the agenda of international organizations since 1872, when the First International
Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime was held in London, interest in preventing interpersonal violence
increased around 30 years ago. In 1986 the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) asserted
in the Seville statement on violence that violent behaviour is not genetically programmed into human nature and is
therefore preventable (8), and in 1990 the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency were
adopted (9). In 1997, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established and mandated to assist
Member States in addressing the interrelated issues of drug control, crime prevention and international terrorism in
the context of sustainable development and human security. In 2002, the UN Economic and Social Council adopted the
Guidelines for the prevention of crime (10), which set out basic principles and methods for crime prevention and provide
guidance for international action.
In 1989, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which
obliges governments, to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or
negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation (11). The Committee on the Rights of the Child, which oversees
implementation of this convention, has held several thematic discussions on violence against children and called for the
UN Study on violence against children (12, 13) which was published in 2006. This report has been followed by several
regional reports and by the appointment in 2009 of the UN Secretary Generals Special Representative on Violence
against Children, who in 2013 developed the Global survey on violence against children (14).
Violence against women has also received considerable attention from UN agencies. In 1993 the UN General Assembly
adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (15). Since 1994 there has been a UN Special
Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. In 1996 the United Nations Development Fund
for Women established its Trust Fund to Eliminate Violence against Women, and in 2006 the UN Secretary Generals
In-depth study on all forms of violence against women was published. In 2010, the UN General Assembly adopted
the Updated model strategies and practical measures on the elimination of violence against women in the field of
crime prevention and criminal justice (16). On its establishment as an organization in 2010, the UN Entity for Gender
Equality and the Empowerment of Women (otherwise known as UN Women) prioritized the prevention of and response
to violence against women and works closely with other agencies such as UNODC, the UN Population Fund (UNFPA),
UNAIDS and WHO to empower women, prevent violence against them, and mitigate its consequences.

Part I Background

The report became a catalyst for stimulating awareness and

action. WHO regional committees for Africa, the Americas,
Europe, and the Western Pacific adopted resolutions
endorsing the reports recommendations and encouraged
their Member States to implement them. Heads of state in
the African Union and the Council of Europe endorsed the
report, as did international nongovernmental organizations
such as International Physicians for the Prevention of
Nuclear War, Mdecins Sans Frontires and the World
Medical Association. At a national level, uptake of the
World report on violence and health was reflected in the
convening of over 50 policy discussions on the report, and
the publication of 25 national reports on violence and health
that were modelled on the global report.
WHO also developed the methodology for and conducted
the WHO multi-country study on womens health and
domestic violence. The report of this study (5) presented
the first comparable data on the prevalence of different
forms of violence against women, their consequences and
risk factors, and the coping strategies that women develop
in the face of intimate partner violence. In 2013, WHO

published the first Global and regional estimates of violence

against women: prevalence and health burden of intimate
partner violence and non-partner sexual violence (6), and
Clinical and policy guidelines for responding to intimate
partner violence and sexual violence against women (7).
These guidelines have been widely disseminated and nearly
35 countries have participated in related capacity-building
workshops.
In 2003 the World Health Assembly adopted resolution
WHA56.24, which called upon Member States to appoint
a focal point within their ministries of health and actively
make use of the conclusions and recommendations of the
World report on violence and health. In 2014, the World
Health Assembly drew attention to the important role of
health systems in addressing violence, in particular against
women and girls and against children, and called upon
WHOs Director-General to develop a global plan of action
to strengthen the role of the health system in addressing
interpersonal violence, in particular against women and
girls, and against children (WHA67.15).

WHO/Pierre Albouy.

Part I Background

 Scott Wallace/The World Bank.

Aims of this report

Method

The Global status report on violence prevention 2014

represents the progress countries have made in implementing
the recommendations of the World report on violence and
health (2). The specific aims of the report are to:

In November 2010 WHO, in collaboration with the United

Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), began
developing the Global status report on violence prevention
2014. The method for data collection was modelled on
that used in WHOs first Global status report on road
safety (17). It involved systematically gathering data and
other information from each country, led by a governmentappointed National Data Coordinator. Within each country,
individual respondents from ministries of health, justice,
education, gender and women, law enforcement and police,
children and social development, interior, and (where
relevant) nongovernmental organizations, completed a selfadministered questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on
interpersonal violence including child maltreatment, elder
abuse, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, youth
violence, gang violence and armed violence,2 and included
questions covering the following areas:

describe the current state of the problem around the

world and the extent to which countries are collecting
data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform planning
and action;
assess the current status of programmatic, policy and
legislative measures to prevent violence;
evaluate the status of health, social and legal services
for victims of violence;
identify gaps and stimulate national action to address
them.
By providing an assessment of violence prevention efforts
at the global level and a snapshot of the state of violence
prevention efforts in each country, the report is a starting
point to track future progress and offers a benchmark that
countries can use to assess their own progress.

Part I Background

Armed violence is, the use or threatened use of weapons to inflict

injury, death or psychosocial harm, which undermines development
(18). It is estimated that 90% of armed violence victims die as a result
of homicide or from deaths occurring during legal interventions in nonconflict countries (19).

 national plans of action for the prevention of violence

overall, and by type of violence;
agencies/departments responsible for overseeing or
coordinating violence prevention activities, as well
as mechanisms for collaboration and exchange of
information on violence prevention;
data on homicide from police and civil or vital registration
systems;
data on non-fatal violence from national populationbased surveys;
social and educational policies relevant to multiple
types of violence (e.g. incentives for youth at high-risk
of violence to complete schooling, policies to reduce
poverty in specific areas);
other policies and laws relevant to multiple types of
violence (e.g. alcohol, policing strategies, firearms
legislation);
prevention policies, programmes and laws by type of
violence;
health, social and legal services for victims of violence.
A multisectoral group of national counterparts working on
violence prevention was then asked to reach a consensus
on the data that best represented their country. The final
data submitted for each country were then validated by
WHO regional and global violence prevention technical
staff by checking them against independent databases and
other sources. Permission to include the final data in the
status report was then obtained from country government
officials. More details on the method can be found in Part V,
Explanatory notes (page 57).

The narrative section of this report presents an analysis

of information aggregated across countries, including
estimated rates of homicide based on homicide data
reported by countries and from international datasets.
Part VI, At a glance, provides an overview of the findings
for the five main types of violence covered by the report,
namely child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner
violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Part VIII, Country
profiles, describes the main indicators reported by each
participating country using a standard template. Part IX, the
Statistical annex, includes country-by-country results across
several indicators.
This report highlights data from 133 countries covering
6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the worlds
population. Response rates by region covered 63% of
the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (16
countries), 70% in the African Region (27 countries), 83%
in the European Region (41 countries), 88% in the Region of
the Americas (21 countries) and 97% in both the South-East
Asia (8 countries) and Western Pacific Regions (20 countries)
(see Explanatory notes, Table 7, page 61).

Part I Background

Part II State of the problem

DEATHS AND INJURIES ARE ONLY A FRACTION OF

THE BURDEN

Violence is a major contributor to death, disease

and disability, and a host of other health and social
consequences worldwide. The magnitude of the problem is
best represented by a pyramid. Violent deaths are the most
visible outcome of violent behaviour recorded in official
statistics, yet represent only the apex of the pyramid. Next
are victims of violence that come to the attention of health
authorities and receive some form of emergency medical,
medico-legal or other care. The third, much broader layer at
the base of the pyramid includes acts of violence captured in
population-based surveys acts that may never be reported
to health or other authorities. These surveys are critical to
documenting the prevalence and consequences of violence
against women and girls, child maltreatment and elder
abuse. Of course, not all victims of violence are willing to
disclose their experiences of violence even in a confidential
interview, and the base of the pyramid also comprises the
many victims of violence who suffer in silence.
As evident from the information presented in this
report on fatal and non-fatal violence, the patterns and

consequences of violence are not evenly distributed

among countries, regions, or by sex and age. Whereas
males are disproportionately represented among victims
of violent death and physical injuries treated in emergency
departments, women and girls, children and elderly
people disproportionately bear the burden of the nonfatal consequences of physical, sexual and psychological
abuse, and neglect, worldwide. They also suffer a host
of negative health and social consequences from these
acts of violence that often last a lifetime and that are not
captured in official statistics.

Homicide claimed the lives of an estimated

475 000 people worldwide in 2012
In 2012 an estimated 475 000 people worldwide were
victims of homicide, for an overall rate of 6.7 per 100 000
population (see Table 1 and Box 2). Rates in high-income
countries from all regions were generally lower than rates
in low- and middle-income countries, and there were an
estimated 3.8 homicides per 100 000 in all high-income
countries combined.

Table 1: Estimated numbers and rates of homicide per 100 000 population, by WHO region and country
income status, 2012
WHO region and country income level

Number of homicides

Homicide rate per 100 000

population

98 081

10.9

165 617

28.5

Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and middle-income

38 447

7.0

European Region, low- and middle-income

10 277

3.8

South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income

78 331

4.3

Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income

34 328

2.1

All regions, high-income

48 245

African Region, low- and middle-income

Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income

Global

474 937

3.8
a

6.7

a. Includes 1604 homicides estimated for non-member states.

Part II State of the problem

Box 2: Estimating global deaths resulting from homicide

Producing global estimates of the number of deaths resulting from homicide requires a complex procedure of data
collection and validation. Discrepancies in the estimates produced at international level namely between the data
provided by countries for the Global status report on violence prevention 2014, data from UNODCs global studies on
homicide (20, 21) and data from WHOs Mortality Database can originate either during data collection or validation.
Data collection at national level draws on different sources, usually including the criminal justice system (i.e. from police
or prosecuting authorities) and civil or vital registration systems, each of which may use different definitions of homicide.
Moreover, multiple channels of data collection exist between countries and international organizations, and these can
result in differences in data supplied to different organizations. International agencies may also use different procedures
to validate country data. Finally, different definitional frameworks can exist, both at national and international level.
The estimates of numbers and rates for deaths resulting from homicide presented in this report, and the proportion of
homicides by mechanism (for example, firearm and sharp force), were based on information from several sources. These
included data provided by countries from police and vital registration sources; data from UNODCs global studies on
homicide (20, 21); and data from WHOs Mortality Database. The estimation process used observed data on homicide
rates, in conjunction with regression modelling for countries without sufficient data availability or quality, to compute
comparable estimates of homicide rates and numbers across countries. As a result of the estimation process, the
estimates will not always match reported criminal justice and vital registration figures.
Full details of the estimation procedures used in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 are given on page
62, while methodological details on the data published by UNODC appear in the global studies on homicide (20, 21).
These differences in data collection, validation, and methods of statistical estimation explain discrepancies between
the figures presented in this report and those published by UNODC, as shown in Table A3 of the Statistical annex.

For low- and middle-income countries, the highest estimated

rates of homicide are in the Region of the Americas, with an
annual rate of 28.5 deaths per 100 000 population, followed
by the African Region with a rate of 10.7 per 100 000
population. The lowest estimated rates of homicide are in
the low- and middle-income countries of the Western Pacific
Region (2.1 per 100 000) with an annual rate that is three
times lower than the global rate of homicide, and just under
two times lower than the rate for all high-income countries
combined and that for the European Region (see Table 1).

Young males bear the burden of homicide

Fatal violence is not distributed evenly among sex and age
groups. Males account for 82% of all homicide victims
and have estimated rates of homicide that are more than
four times those of females (10.8 and 2.5, respectively,
per 100 000) (see Table 2). The highest estimated rates
of homicide in the world are found among males aged

Part II State of the problem

1529 years (18.2 per 100 000), followed closely by males

aged 3044 years (15.7 per 100 000). Estimated rates of
homicide among females range from 1.2 per 100 000 in ages
514 years, to 3.2 per 100 000 in the age group 1529 years.

Table 2: Estimated homicide rate per 100 000

population by age group and sex, 2012, world
Age group
(years)
04
514
1529
3044
4559
> 60
Total

Homicide rate per 100 000 population

Male
2.8
1.7
18.2
15.7
10.2
6.7
10.8

Female
2.7
1.2
3.2
2.7
2.0
2.7
2.5

Total
2.7
1.5
10.9
9.3
6.1
4.5
6.7

Figure 1: Homicide rate per 100 000 population by age group and country income level, 2012, world

HomicidesHomicides
per 100 000
per population
100 000 population

Figure 1
16
15
14
16
13
15
12
14
11
13
10
129
118
107
96
85
74
63
52
41
30
2
1
0

High

Figure 1

Upper middle
High
Lower middle
Upper middle
Low
Lower middle
Low

04
04

514
514

1529

3044

Age in years
1529
3044

4559
4559

60+
Figure 2

Age in years

The disproportionate impact of homicide on youth is a

consistent pattern across all levels of country income (see
Figure 1). It is however much more pronounced in low- and
upper middle-income countries than in lower middle- and
high-income countries. Furthermore, the effects of country
income on homicide rates differ by age group.

60+

Figure 2: Proportion of all homicides by

Figure 2
mechanism, world, 2012
Other 25%
Other 25%

In the age ranges 04 and 514 years, homicide rates

increase progressively from high- to low-income countries
(see Figure 1). By contrast, homicide rates in the 1529
and 3044 year age ranges are highest in upper middleincome countries, followed by low-income countries. This
may reflect the influence of factors other than income and
which may be specific to upper middle-income countries in
Figure 3
the Region of the Americas.

Firearm
48%
Firearm
48%

Sharp force
27%
Sharp force
27%

Other
Figure 3One in every two homicides is committed with
Firearm
a firearm although this varies markedly by
Sharp force
33%
Other
9%
region
When women are killed, it is often
32%their partner who is
Firearm
responsible. In 2013
WHO
and
others
estimated
that
as
Approximately
one
in
every
two
homicides
is
committed
withforce
75%
Sharp
33%
16%
9%
many as 38% of female homicides32%
globally were committed
a firearm, and one in four with a sharp instrument such as
by male partners while
the
corresponding
figure
for
men
a knife (see Figure 2), although the 75%
mechanism of homicide
35%
16%

For women, homicide is often at the hands of

partners

was 6% (6, 22). Of the statistics on these female homicide

victims, 20% were lacking data on perpetrator-victim
35%low- and middle-income
African Region,
relationship (22).
African Region, low- and middle-income
10

27%

47%

varies markedly by region. While firearm homicides account

for 75% of all homicides in the low- and middle-income
Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income
countries of the Region of the Americas, they account for
Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income
38%

25%

Part II State of the problem

25%

Firearm
48%

only 25% of homicides in the low- and middle-income

countries of the European Region, where 37% of homicides
involve sharp instruments (see Figure 3). Homicides by sharp

force are estimated to comprise 35% of homicides in the

force26% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region,
AfricanSharp
Region,
27%
and 38% in the South-East Asia Region.

Figure 3: Proportion of homicides by mechanism and WHO region, 2012

Figure 3

33%

Other
Firearm
Sharp force

9%

32%

75%

16%
35%
African Region, low- and middle-income

Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income

47%

27%

25%

38%

37%

26%
Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and
middle-income

European Region, low- and middle-income

26%

38%

23%

36%
38%

39%

South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income

Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income

31%
47%

22%
All regions, high-income
Figure 4
Part11
II State of the problem

10

Low

11

22%
All regions, high-income

Figure 4: Trends in estimated rates of homicide by country income status, 20002012, world
Figure 4
11

Low

Homicides per 100 000 population

10
Lower middle

9
8

Upper middle

7
6

High

5
4

World

3
2
1
0
2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Year

5 reported decline was 13%, and for low-income countries

Cultural factors, whether an incident involves childFigure the
maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence
it was 10%.
or sexual violence against women or elder abuse, and the
availability of weapons often determine how weapons
Hundreds of thousands of victims of violence
are used in interpersonal violence (2). Firearms are highly
receive emergency medical care each year
prevalent in the Region of the Americas and are the
For every violence-related death there are many more
predominant weapon used in violent encounters, including
individuals who seek emergency treatment for an injury
intimate partner homicides. In other regions, weapons such
sustained from an act of interpersonal violence. For example,
as knives and beatings with fists, feet or objects are more
in a nationally representative study of violence-related
common. The weapons used in interpersonal violence also
injury cases presenting at emergency departments during a
differ substantially from one type of violence to another. Blunt
1-month period in Brazil, there were 4835 cases of violencetrauma and suffocation, for instance, are more common in
related injury, of which 91% were victims of interpersonal
cases of fatal child maltreatment. In contrast, cases of youth
violence and 9% were the result of self-directed violence.
violence are more likely to feature lethal weapons such as
More than half of the victims (55%) were also young, aged
firearms or knives (2). In some countries, so-called honour
1029 years (23). In the United States of America, 1 723 515
killings and death by fire account for a significant number
people were treated in emergency departments in 2012 for
of reported cases of lethal intimate partner violence against
injuries sustained in an assault; 37% were aged 1024 (24).
women.
In Cape Town, South Africa, analysis of 9236 consecutive
trauma centre admissions from October 2010 to September
Homicides are declining fast in high-income
showed that assault with a sharp instrument (21%) or
Figure 2011
6
countries but more slowly elsewhere
blunt object (17%) were the two most common mechanisms
Over the period 20002012, homicide rates are estimated
of injury, that over 70% of all cases were males, and 42%
Male
to have declined 40%
by just over 16% globally (from 8.0 to 6.7
were aged 1830 years (25).
38%
per 100 000 population),
and, in high-income countries,
Female
35%
by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000 population, see
Globally, an estimated 42% of 33%
women who have been
32%
30%
Figure 4). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middlephysically and/or sexually abused by a partner have
income countries25%
have shown less decline over the same
28%
experienced injuries as a result of that violence (6).
period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries
Estimates from some countries indicate that more than
20%

12

15%
10%

18%

Part II State of the problem

13%

one in four women injured by an intimate partner requires

medical care (26). Blunt-force injuries by an intimate partner
are most commonly inflicted on the head, face and neck,
followed by musculoskeletal and genital injuries (6, 27).
Children who suffer physical abuse may manifest a variety
of internal and external injuries that can be life threatening
(28). Abusive head trauma is a common cause of injuries in
very young children. Skull fractures, retinal haemorrhaging,
subdural haematomas, neurological disabilities, cortical
blindness and seizures are some of the common injuries
related to abusive head trauma (28). Injuries that are
unexplained or inconsistent with the history provided by the
child or a caregiver may also suggest abuse.
Elder abuse can also lead to physical injuries ranging from
minor scratches and bruises to broken bones and head
injuries that lead to lasting disabilities. For older people, the
consequences of abuse can be especially serious because
their bones are more brittle and convalescence takes
longer. Even relatively minor injuries can cause serious and
permanent damage, or death (29).

Women, children and elderly people bear

the burden of the non-fatal consequences of
physical, sexual and psychological abuse
Violence against women, against children, and elder abuse
are particularly prone to underreporting in official death
statistics, police reports and data on injuries treated in
hospital emergency departments. In the case of violent
deaths, there can be significant levels of misclassification

of deaths from intimate partner violence, with deaths

often being attributed to another cause (for example, a
kitchen accident or a fall). Furthermore, information about
the victim-perpetrator relationship is often missing from
official homicide statistics. Many child and elderly deaths
are also not routinely investigated or subject to postmortem examination, which makes it difficult to establish
the precise numbers of fatalities from abuse. In the case
of police reports of non-fatal violence and injuries treated
in hospital emergency departments, factors such as the
severity of the violence, the age of the victim, whether the
perpetrator was known to the victim and lack of access or
distrust in health or police authorities impact the likelihood
of a victim coming forward to report their assault.
Much of what is known about violence against women,
children and older adults comes from population-based
surveys and special studies. These studies indicate that
physical, sexual and psychological abuse are widespread
and undermine the health and well-being of millions
of women, children and older adults worldwide. These
studies also underscore the fact that a reliance on routinely
collected data from police and health services is inadequate
for the design and monitoring of comprehensive prevention
plans addressing these forms of violence. For example,
population-based surveys of intimate partner violence
against women show that 20% to 60% of women have told
no one about the violence and few have sought institutional
help, including from health care services. Of women who
were injured due to violence, 48% reported needing health
care for the injury, but only 36% actually sought it (5).

UN Photo/Gaston Guarda.

Part II State of the problem

13

Figure 5: Prevalence of intimate partner violence, by WHO region

25.4%

WHO European
Region

23.2%

24.6%

37.0%

High Income

WHO Eastern
Mediterranean
Region

29.8%

WHO Region
of the Americas

Western Pacific
Region

37.7%

South-East Asia
Region

36.6%
WHO African
Region

Region of the Americas

Eastern Mediterranean Region

South-East Asia Region

African Region

European Region

Western Pacific Region

High income countries

Source: WHO Global and regional estimates of violence against women (6)

About 30% of ever-partnered women

throughout the world have experienced
physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate
partner at some point in their lives

One in five girls has been sexually abused

during childhood, with estimates from some
countries placing that proportion closer to one
in three

Global estimates of intimate partner violence perpetrated

by men against women indicate that 30% of ever-partnered
women (about one in three) worldwide have experienced
physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some
point in their lives (see Figure 5) (6). In the African, Eastern
Mediterranean and South-East Asia Regions, approximately
37% of ever-partnered women report experiencing physical
and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lives,
followed by the Region of the Americas, with approximately
30% of women reporting lifetime exposure. Globally, 7.2%
of women also report experiencing sexual violence by other
perpetrators (6).

Estimates of child maltreatment indicate that nearly a

quarter of adults (22.6%) worldwide suffered physical
abuse as a child, 36.3% experienced emotional abuse and
16.3% experienced physical neglect, with no significant
differences between boys and girls (3032). However, the
lifetime prevalence rate of childhood sexual abuse indicates
more marked differences by sex 18% for girls and 7.6%
for boys (33). National surveys of violence against children
conducted in Africa reveal much higher rates of childhood
physical, sexual and emotional abuse than the global rates.

14

Part II State of the problem

Figure 6: Lifetime prevalence of child sexual violence in Kenya, Tanzania, Swaziland and Zimbabwe,
Figure 6
by sex
40%

Male
38%

35%

Female
33%

32%

30%
25%

28%

20%
15%

18%

10%

13%
9%

5%
0%

Kenya

Republic of
Tanzania

Swaziland*

Zimbabwe

*Only girls were surveyed in Swaziland

Source: Violence Against Children Surveys (3437).

Findings from the Violence Against Children Surveys

23.8% in Austria and 32% in Belgium (3840). In studies of
Figure
8
conducted in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania, Swaziland
vulnerable elders (for example, those suffering dementia or
and Zimbabwe, for instance, indicate that about one in three
living in a residential institution for older adults), nearly 25%
100%experienced sexual abuse during their childhood. For
girls
reported significant levels of psychologicalPolice
abuse (41). With
95%
90%
boys, the reported
prevalence of childhood sexual abuse
a rapidly ageing population in countries around
93%
Civil or the
vitalworld,
88%
88%
86%
85%
80%
registration
ranged from 9% in Zimbabwe to 18% in Kenya (see Figure
the number of elderly adults vulnerable to abuse, neglect
6).70%
The reported prevalence of childhood physical abuse was
and exploitation is expected to grow.
69%
60% 53% and 76% in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania,
between
59%
50%Zimbabwe, with somewhat higher rates of childhood
and
Violence contributes to lifelong ill health,
40% abuse experienced by boys than girls. The reported
physical
particularly for women and
40%children
30%
prevalence
of childhood
physical
abuse
of
girls
in
Swaziland
30%
The non-fatal consequences
of violence are by far the
25% abuse
25%
20%22%. The reported prevalence of emotional
was
greatest
part
of
the
social
and
health burden arising from
10% childhood for the four countries was between 24%
during
violence (see Figure 7). Physical injuries themselves are
and0%38%, with similar rates indicated by boys and girls
African
Region of the
Eastern
European
South-East
Westernof negative behavioural,
outweighed
by the wide spectrum
(3437). Region
Americas
Mediterranean
Region
Asia Region
Pacific Region
cognitive, mental health, sexual and reproductive health
Region
problems, chronic diseases and social effects that arise
Globally, 6% of older adults report significant
from exposure to violence. All types of violence have been
abuse in the past month
strongly linked to negative health consequences across
Elder abuse has not been studied to the same extent as
the lifespan, but violence against women and children
other types of violence. The only available global estimate
contributes disproportionately to the health burden. The
Figure 9 available evidence shows that victims of child maltreatment
shows that 6% of older adults reported significant abuse
in the past month (38). National surveys conducted in
and women who have experienced intimate partner
predominately high-income countries find wide variation
and sexual violence have more health problems, incur
in rates of abuse in the past year among adults aged over
significantly higher health care costs, make more visits to
60 years. For instance, reported rates of abuse among older
health providers over their lifetimes and have more hospital
adults living in private households range from 0.8% in Spain
stays (and longer duration of hospital stays) than those who
and 2.6% in the United Kingdom to upwards of 18% in Israel,
have not experienced violence (2, 27).
60%
57%

50% of the problem

Part II State
40%

41%

52%

15

Violence against women and girls is an important risk factor

for HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted
pregnancies and other reproductive health problems. For
example, women who have experienced intimate partner
violence have a 16% greater chance of having a low birth
weight baby and are more than twice as likely to have an
induced abortion (6). In certain regions of the world, women
who have experienced intimate partner violence are 1.5

times more likely to acquire HIV and 1.6 times more likely
to have syphilis (6). Violence against women and children
has also been strongly linked to many other adverse
health outcomes affecting the brain and nervous system,
gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, and immune
and endocrine function (endocrine glands secrete hormones
that control and coordinate activities throughout the body)
(27, 28).

Figure 7: Behavioural and health consequences of violence

Physical

Mental health
and behavioural

Sexual and
reproductive
health

Chronic disease

Unintended pregnancy

Arthritis and asthma

Pregnancy
complications

Cancer

Alcohol and drug abuse

Abdominal injuries
Thoracic injuries
Brain injuries
Burns/scalds
Fractures
Lacerations
Disability

Depression and anxiety

Post-traumatic stress
disorder
Eating and sleep
disorders
Attention deficits
Hyperactivity
Externalizing behaviour
Smoking
Suicidal thoughts
Suicidal behaviour

Unsafe abortions

Cardiovascular disorders
Diabetes

Gynaecological
disorders

Kidney problems

Complex pain
syndromes

Stroke

Liver disease

Chronic pelvic pain

HIV
Other sexually
transmitted infections

Unsafe sex

16

Part II State of the problem

 UN Photo/Martine Perret.

Exposure to violence is also strongly associated with highrisk behaviours such as alcohol and drug abuse and smoking,
which in turn are key risk factors for several leading causes
of death, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic
lung disease, liver disease and other noncommunicable
diseases (4244). Victims of violence are also at higher risk
of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and
suicidal behaviour (27, 28, 45, 46). Both exposure to violence
and mens perpetration of violence against women have been
shown to be associated with high-risk sexual behaviours
(47, 48). For example, findings from a multi-country study
in Eastern Europe found a substantially greater risk of
problem drinking (10 times) and drug use (six times) among
young adults who had four or more adverse experiences
in childhood compared to young adults without these
experiences (42). Young adults who experienced adverse
events in their childhood also had a 2.4 times increased risk
of cancer, 5.8 times risk of stroke and 49-fold increased risk
of attempting suicide compared to those without adverse
child experiences (42).
Women exposed to intimate partner violence are almost
twice as likely to have an alcohol use disorder, twice
as likely to experience depression, and have a 4.5-fold
increased risk of suicide attempts compared to women
Part II State of the problem

who have not been exposed to partner violence (6). Women

who have experienced non-partner sexual violence are also
2.3 times more likely to have alcohol use disorders and 2.6
times more likely to have depression or anxiety than women
who have not (6).

Violence has high economic costs

preventing violence can promote economic
growth
The health and social consequences of violence take an
economic toll on countries too, although the precise burden
is unknown, particularly in developing countries where
economic losses and impact tend to be underestimated. The
provision of treatment, mental health services, emergency
care and criminal justice responses are some of the direct
costs associated with violence. There are also a wide
range of indirect costs. Victims of violence are more likely
to experience spells of unemployment, absenteeism, and
to suffer health problems that affect job performance (49).
Other indirect costs include those related to lost productivity
because of premature death; long-term disability; the
provision of places of safety for children and women;
disruptions to daily life because of fears for personal safety;
and disincentives to investment and tourism (49).
17

Findings from various cost studies show that most countries

expend a significant amount of resources in responding to
violence. It was estimated in 2004 that direct and indirect
economic costs of violence were equivalent to 0.4% of
gross domestic product (GDP) in Thailand, 1.2% of GDP in
Brazil and 4% of GDP in Jamaica (49). In the United States,
the total lifetime economic burden resulting from new cases
of fatal and non-fatal child maltreatment is approximately
US$ 124 billion annually (in 2010 dollars) (50). The annual
economic cost of violence against women is estimated to
be US$ 5.8 billion in the United States for the year 2003 (51).
A few efforts have been made to estimate the potential
benefits of violence prevention to national economies.
Comparison of data from Costa Rica (with a homicide rate of
8.1 100 000 population) with four nearby countries (Guyana

with 16.1; Dominican Republic with 16.5; Jamaica with

33.8; and Haiti with 33.9) suggests significant gains could
be made by these four countries if violence could be reduced
to Costa Ricas level. Guyana and the Dominican Republic
would benefit from growth rate increases of 1.7 and 1.8%
respectively, while Haiti and Jamaica could both increase
annual economic growth per capita by an estimated 5.4%
(52).
This section has shown that violence is a significant public
health problem in its own right, and a major risk factor
for lifelong ill health and other social problems that in
combination can lead to substantial economic costs. It is
against this backdrop that Part III, Findings, describes what
countries are doing to prevent violence and mitigate its
consequences, as indicated by their survey responses.

WHO/Alex Serafini Swanepoel.

18

Part II State of the problem

Part III Findings

KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRUE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM IS

HINDERED BY GAPS IN DATA

Reliable data on the nature and extent of violence, the

populations at risk and the causes and consequences of
violence are essential to developing well-informed national
plans of action and policies, programmes and services to
prevent and respond to violence. Data on both fatal and
non-fatal violence are necessary to inform these efforts.
Countries were asked to provide information on deaths as
well as on national population-based surveys that capture
information on victimization which may or may not have
been reported to police or other authorities.
For deaths, countries were asked to provide information on
homicide from police data and from civil or vital registration
data. Both sources of data have their strengths and
weaknesses. Strengths of police data include the detailed
nature of the information included, their comprehensiveness
(compared to other crimes, homicide data suffer much less
from underreporting), and their validity and consistency.
Weaknesses of police data include the fact that within and
between countries there can be wide variation in homicide
information collected by law enforcement authorities
because of varying legal thresholds for classifying a death

as an intentional homicide, and because of varying police

and law enforcement capacity to identify and record
homicide events (53). For instance, infanticide leading to
death or so-called honour killings may not be recorded as
intentional homicides in police statistics (53).
Civil or vital registration systems, on the other hand, typically
record homicides using the International Classification
of Disease (ICD) external cause of injury codes (see ICD10, chapter 20) (54). The manner (or intent) of death is
determined by a medical professional (for example, a
coroner or medical examiner) along with the underlying
cause (the way in which the person sustained the fatal
injury for example, gunshot, strangulation). For a death to
be classified as homicide, there must be a preponderance
of evidence indicating that the injuries were inflicted by
another person with the intent to injure or kill. In general,
civil or vital registration systems are not subject to legal
thresholds for classifying a death as a homicide. Thus, some
cases may fall in the so-called undetermined intent category
because of insufficient evidence to determine the manner of
death. However, unlike criminal justice data, these systems

Aisha Faquir/The World Bank.

20

Part III Findings

Kenya

Republic of
Tanzania

Swaziland*

Zimbabwe

Figure 8: Proportion of countries with available data on the number of homicides, by source (n = 133
reporting countries)
Figure 8
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

95%

93%

86%

Police
88%

88%

Civil or vital
registration

85%

69%
59%
40%
30%

African
Region

25%

Region of the
Americas

25%

Eastern
Mediterranean
Region

European
Region

South-East
Asia Region

Western
Pacific Region

record all causes of death, which facilitates adjustments

and response efforts. For instance, 36% of countries report
to correct for incompleteness when computing national
being unable to provide a breakdown of homicide by sex
totals. Nonetheless, the quality of public health data on Figurein9 their police data and more than half (54%) are not able
homicides is influenced by factors similar to police data,
to provide this breakdown in their civil or vital registration
including insufficient professional health staff (especially
data. In addition, 13% of countries (over one third in the
in developing countries), problems of undercounting when
Eastern Mediterranean Region) say they lack annual data on
not all deaths are properly examined and certified, and the
homicide for the period 20012010 to track trends. Countries
possibility that cause of death assessments are changed by
were not asked about information on victim-perpetrator
coroners after statistics are produced (20).
relationships or about the circumstances surrounding the
violent death. However, other studies (20,21) have found
60%
that few systems collect such information, making it difficult
Fully 60% of countries do not have usable data
57%
50% from civil or vital registration
to classify homicides by type of violence
(for example, those
on homicide
52%
resulting from child maltreatment, elder abuse or from
sources 40%
41%
intimate partner violence). Without more detailed data, the
30%
The findings from the survey show substantial gaps in
measures countries are taking to prevent homicide run the
30%
data across20%
the two sources of homicide information. The26%
risk of being poorly targeted and less effective than they
majority of countries (88%) report having data on homicide
17%
could be.
10%
from police sources. However, fully11%
60% of countries do not
6%
have usable 0%
data on homicide from civil or vital registration
All types of
Armed
Gang
Youth Approximately
Child
Intimate
Sexual
43%
of countries
reporting Elder
the availability
sources, while about
9% of countries
having neither
violence
violencereportviolence
violence ofmaltreatment
abuse
police homicidepartner
data do notviolence
use a standard
definition to
violence
police nor vital registration data on homicide. Within certain
classify homicides (e.g. UNODCs International Classification
WHO regions, the availability of data on fatal violence is even
of Crime for Statistical Purposes) (55); for countries reporting
more limited. For instance, in the Eastern Mediterranean
homicide data from civil or vital registration sources, about
Region some 30% of countries report missing homicide data
14% are not using a standard definition (e.g. ICD-10 external
from police sources, and in the African and South-East Asia
cause of injury codes) (54). Countries should identify ways to
Regions, 70%75% of countries indicate they are missing
Figure strengthen
10
data from both sources and should also look for
homicide data from civil or vital registration sources (see
ways to link data from these and other sources to provide
Figure 8). Data on homicides also remain insufficiently
more complete and comprehensive information to target
detailed
100%in many countries to guide and monitor prevention
National
prevention efforts.
90%

action plan

80%

Survey data
21

Part III Findings

70%

71%

68%

Figure 9

Figure 9: Proportion of countries that have conducted national prevalence surveys on different types of
violence (n = 133 reporting countries)
60%
57%

50%
40%
30%

41%
30%

26%

20%
10%
0%

52%

11%

All types of
violence

Armed
violence

17%
6%

Gang
violence

Youth
violence

Child
maltreatment

Intimate
partner
violence

Sexual
violence

Elder
abuse

For most types of violence, under half

of countries reported having conducted
nationally representative population-based
surveys

type of violence the most extensively surveyed of all,

followed closely by population-based surveys that include
Figure 10sexual violence (see Figure 9). Data on intimate partner
and sexual violence have typically been collected either in
dedicated surveys of violence against women, or as part
While
100%the majority of countries say they have data on fatal
of demographic and health or reproductive health
surveys.
National
violence from either police or vital registration sources,
action
plan
90%
About two thirds of countries in the European Region
for most types of violence less than half of countries
and Region of the Americas (68% and 67% respectively)
Survey data
80%
surveyed report having conducted nationally representative
indicated that they have conducted surveys on intimate
70%
prevalence
surveys (see Figure 9).
71%
partner
68% violence compared to 52% of countries in the African
65%
60%
Region, 38% of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean
57%
Even
though gang violence and armed 53%
violence are highly
50%
Region and 25% of countries
in the South-East Asia Region.
52%
visible
types
of
violence,
few
countries
have
gathered
About half (52%) of countries 41%
indicated that they have
40%
systematic 40%
data to determine
the prevalence and41% conducted national surveys that included questions on
37%
30%
characteristics of these types of violence at a national
sexual violence, including many countries in Africa (67%),
26%
20%
level.
Only 6% of countries report the conducting of national
and between 25% and 62% in other WHO
regions.
17%
surveys
violence
and
11%
of
countries
report
10% on gang
11%
6%
the conducting
of surveys on armed
violence, including in
0%
Countries reported that sexual violence was the
countries where
indicate serious
Armed smaller-scale
Gang studiesYouth
Child
Intimate
Sexual
Elder
predominant
type of
violence surveyed
across all levels of
violence
maltreatment
partner
violence
abuse
problems with
gangs andviolence
gun violence.violence
Further, only
26%
country
income status, with 52% indicating that they have
violence
indicate that they have surveyed youth violence, including
conducted a national prevalence survey on sexual violence
29% of countries in the Region of the Americas and 43% of
(see Table 3). While the proportion of countries reporting
countries in the European Region. Where conducted, such
that they have conducted national surveys on various types
surveys have typically gathered population-based data on
of violence was consistently lower in low-income countries
bullying, physical fighting and school violence.
relative to middle- and high-income countries, this was not
the case with sexual violence. More low-income countries
Figure 11
Intimate partner violence is the most
reported conducting population-based surveys that included
extensively surveyed of all types of violence
questions on sexual violence than high-income countries.
Approximately 57%
of countries
indicatedprogrammes
that they (YV)
had
Life skills/social
development
conducted national surveys
on violence against women
Social and cultural norms change (SV)
which focused on intimate partner violence, making this
Social and cultural norms change (IPV)

51%

Approximately four in 10 countries (41%) report that they

50%
have conducted national surveys on child maltreatment (see
49%

Bullying prevention (YV)

22

47%

Caregiver support programmes (EA)

39%

Pre-school enrichment (YV)

38%

Part III Findings

Figure 9), with 60% of countries in the European Region

having done so compared with 43% in the Region of the
Americas, 33% in the African Region and 13% of countries
in the South-East Asia Region. These differences are also
evident when looking at country income status. Only 14%
of low-income countries report having conducted surveys
on child maltreatment compared to nearly half of high- and
middle-income countries (47% and 45% respectively) (see
Table 3).
About one in six (17%) countries reports having conducted
a survey on elder abuse (see Figure 9), including 32% of
countries in the European Region, 19% of countries in the
Region of the Americas and between 7%13% in other
regions, with the exception of the South-East Asia Region

where no country indicates having conducted such a survey.

Elder abuse was reportedly also the least surveyed of the
different types of violence in low-income countries.
It is important to note that survey respondents were not
always aware that national prevalence surveys had been
conducted in their countries. Where this was the case,
information about the existence of relevant surveys was
shared with countries during the validation process. It
is nonetheless possible that existing surveys have been
missed. In addition, countries may have categorized a single
survey as providing information on several different forms
of violence (for example, intimate partner violence, sexual
violence, child maltreatment) or have incorrectly categorized
a small-scale survey as a national survey.

Table 3: Population-based surveys by type of violence and country income status (n = 133 reporting
countries)a
Type of violence

High-income

Middle-income

Low-income

Armed violence

13%

11%

10%

Child maltreatment

47%

45%

14%

Elder abuse

34%

11%

5%

Intimate partner violence

58%

62%

38%

Sexual violence

47%

53%

52%

Youth violence

47%

18%

14%

Survey covering all types

45%

27%

14%

There were too few reported surveys of gang violence for inclusion in this table.

Part III Findings

23

NATIONAL ACTION PLANNING IS UNDERWAY IN MANY

COUNTRIES

Developing a national action plan is a key step towards

effective violence prevention. It is a way for countries to
articulate how violence impacts the health, economic
viability and safety and security of a nation. It also provides
direction to policy-makers and others about what needs to
be done and how best to achieve sustainable reductions in
violence. As outlined in the recommendations of the World
report on violence and health (2), a national action plan
should include: objectives; priorities; strategies; assigned
responsibilities; a timetable and evaluation mechanism;
and adequate financial resources for implementation. The
plan should also be based on input from a wide range of
governmental and nongovernmental actors, and feature
coordinating mechanisms at local and national levels to
enable collaboration between sectors, with a specific
organization mandated to monitor and report periodically
on progress. Formulating a national action plan therefore
involves considerable time and resources, and the existence
of such a plan can thus be assumed to indicate a firm
commitment to addressing the problem.

Plans that encompass all types of

interpersonal violence are less common than
those for specific types of violence

For example, children who suffer rejection, neglect, harsh

physical punishment and sexual abuse or witness violence
at home or in the community are at greater risk of engaging
in aggressive and antisocial behaviour at later stages in
their development, including engaging in violent behaviour
as adults (56, 57). About half (51%) of countries surveyed
indicated that they had integrated plans that address
multiple types of violence (see Table 4). This suggests that
in about half of countries, planning may be driven more by
efforts to address specific types of violence than efforts to
create synergies across types of violence. Integrated plans
addressing all types of violence were far more frequent in
the Region of the Americas (76%) than in other regions.
Many countries include intimate partner violence and
sexual violence in their national plans to address violence
against women. Approximately three out of every four
countries reported having national action plans for child
maltreatment (71%), followed by national action plans for
intimate partner violence (68%) and sexual violence (65%),
and youth violence (53%). Less than half of the surveyed
countries reported plans to address elder abuse (41%),
armed violence (40%) or gang violence (37%) (see Table 4).

The different types of violence share many underlying risk

factors and are related to each other in important ways.

Table 4: National action plans by type of violence and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
Type of violence

African
region

Region
of the
Americas

Armed violence

41%

62%

44%

32%

50%

25%

40%

Gang violence

30%

62%

44%

33%

38%

25%

37%

Youth violence

41%

71%

44%

63%

38%

45%

53%

Child maltreatment

56%

91%

69%

78%

88%

55%

71%

Intimate partner violence

63%

86%

44%

78%

75%

55%

68%

Sexual violence

70%

86%

38%

63%

75%

60%

65%

Elder abuse

33%

52%

50%

39%

50%

35%

41%

Plan covering all types

41%

76%

50%

46%

50%

50%

51%

24

Eastern
European South- Western
Mediterranean Region East Asia Pacific
Region
Region
Region

All
countries

Part III Findings

Figure 10: Proportion of countries with national survey data and national action plans, by type of
violence (n = 133 reporting countries)
Figure 10
100%
90%

National
action plan

80%

Survey data

70%

71%

68%

60%
50%
40%

53%
40%

41%

26%

20%
10%
0%

52%

41%

37%

30%

65%
57%

11%

Armed
violence

17%
6%

Gang
violence

Youth
violence

Child
maltreatment

Intimate
partner
violence

Sexual
violence

Elder
abuse

The Eastern Mediterranean Region reported the lowest

for improvements in the capacity to collect data. Comparing
frequency of national action plans to address intimate
the extent to which national plans of action coincide with
partner violence (44%) and sexual violence (38%). In the
the availability of national population-based surveys for
Figure 11
African Region, plans to address sexual violence, intimate
non-fatal violence thus provides insight into the relationship
partner violence and child maltreatment were reported by
between data, policy and planning.
more than half of countries (70%, 63%, 56% respectively),
Life skills/social development programmes (YV)
51%
whereas for youth, armed, and gang violence, only 30%
Globally, many more countries reported that they had plans
Social and cultural norms change (SV)
50%
41% of countries in the region reported plans of action to
of action to reduce violence than population-based surveys
Social andPlans
cultural
(IPV)
49%
address these types of violence.
of norms
actionchange
to address
(see Figure 10). This was less the case for intimate partner
prevention
(YV)
Bullying
47% women, with the number of
elder abuse were indicated in fewer than
half of
all countries
and sexual violence against
Caregiver
support
in the African, European and
Western
Pacificprogrammes
Regions. (EA)
countries reporting 39%
national action plans on these types of
Pre-school enrichment (YV)

National plans are not always informed by

Parenting education (CM)
data

Child sexual abuse prevention (CM)

violence 1113 percentage

points higher than the number
38%
of countries reporting
surveys.
Many countries include both
38%
intimate partner and
37%sexual violence in their national plans
to address violence against women and often include both
36%
intimate partner violence and sexual violence in population35%
based surveys. The most frequently reported plans of action
35%
were for child maltreatment (71% of countries), which
35% points more than the percentage of
was 30 percentage
29% surveys on child maltreatment. Similar
countries reporting
26%plans of action and available survey data
gaps between
were seen23%
for armed and gang violence and elder abuse,
with about23%
three times as many countries reporting plans of
action for22%
these types of violence than countries with survey
data on them.

National action plans and information

from
data
systems
(EA)
Residential
care
policies
should be mutually reinforcing since good epidemiological
Prevention programmes for school and college populations (SV)
data are needed to discern where violence is occurring, the
After-school programmes (YV)
groups at greatest risk and to track and monitor progress.
Home visiting (CM)
Without an understanding of the extent and causes of
Improving physical
environments
(SV)
violence it is difficult to formulate
effective
national plans
campaigns
(EA)
of action or other policyProfessional
frameworksawareness
for violence
prevention.
Mentoring
(YV)
Ideally, the collection and analysis of data on the
prevalence
of and risk factors for Public
fatalinformation
and non-fatal
violence
campaigns
(EA)
should therefore precede the formulationDating
of national
violenceplans
(IPV)
of action. However,
where
no
such
data
collection
systems
Microfinance with gender equity training (IPV)
21%
and survey findings are available, it is also logical for
authorities to develop a national plan of action that calls 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Part III Findings

25

Regionally, the African Region had the largest gap between

plans of action and available survey data across most types
of violence. Consistency between action between action
plans and the availability of survey data was highest in the
European Region.
The reported predominance of national action plans over
the availability of national survey data in general, and
for the African Region in particular, suggests that much
planning and policy-making is being done in the absence
of data. While for some countries this may reflect a lag
between calls for data collection and actual data collection
improvements, future work should prioritize the filling of
this gap by ensuring that national plans of action are firmly
anchored in representative data on the magnitude and
causes of different types of violence.

Violence prevention activities are often

addressed by multiple agencies without a lead
agency for coordination
The public health approach to violence prevention is a
multisectoral one involving the public and private sectors
(for example, health, education, criminal justice, social
services and business) and civil society. In addition to
adopting a multisectoral approach, it is also important to
have leadership and mechanisms in place to coordinate

the activities of different sectors and ensure fruitful

collaboration between them.
Around 96% of countries reported having multiple agencies or
departments that take responsibility for violence prevention
and response efforts, with an average of five agencies listed
per country. By sector, agencies responsible for gender and
womens affairs were the most frequently mentioned (54%),
followed by the interior (41%), health (38%), police (32%)
and social welfare (30%). The existence of lead agencies
to coordinate the activities of different sectors and report
periodically on progress in preventing all forms of violence,
however, was rare. The absence of clear leadership and
a mandate to ensure coordination of prevention activities
that cover all forms of violence within countries makes it
more challenging for agencies or departments to invest
resources strategically, avoid duplication of effort and
ensure accountability.
About three quarters (77%) of countries reported having
a system in place for the regular exchange of information
between different agencies and sectors involved in violence
prevention. This suggests that at least the information
exchange component of such a multisectoral coordinating
mechanism very often exists, although the effectiveness of
such systems remains unclear.

UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe.

26

Part III Findings

COUNTRIES ARE INVESTING IN PREVENTION BUT NOT ON A

LEVEL COMMENSURATE WITH THE SCALE AND SEVERITY OF
THE PROBLEM
Violence is a multifaceted problem with biological,
psychological, social and environmental roots. Efforts
geared towards preventing violence should therefore be
comprehensive, tackling the range of factors that increase
the risk of violence, including larger social determinants such
as economic and gender inequality, and should be sustained
over time. Violence prevention efforts can be targeted at
individuals, relationships, communities and whole societies,
and delivered in collaboration with the different sectors of
society such as schools, workplaces, nongovernmental
organizations and the criminal justice system.

best buy strategies six that focus on the prevention of

violence and one that focuses on response efforts. These
strategies can potentially impact multiple forms of violence,
help reduce the likelihood of both perpetrating violence and
becoming a victim, and represent areas where developing
countries and funding agencies can make reasonable
investments. These strategies are:

Although there is no simple or single solution to the problem

of violence, there is a growing body of knowledge on how
to prevent violence, and countries and donor agencies
seem to be investing more in prevention. However, there
is considerable unevenness in the extent to which different
strategies are being supported, and violence prevention has
yet to attract political and financial support commensurate
with the scale and severity of the problem.

4. reducing access to guns and knives (62);

A growing number
of scientific studies
demonstrate the
preventability
of violence. The
evidence supporting
certain prevention
strategies is stronger
and the prevention
gains shown so far are greater for some types of violence
than for others (for example, to address child maltreatment
and youth violence). With some exceptions, most of
the existing evidence for effective violence prevention
programming also comes from studies in high-income
countries, and may not easily be adapted to low- and
middle-income settings where economic and social
conditions, and the epidemiology of the different forms of
violence, are very different (2, 56, 58).

A growing
number of
scientific studies
demonstrate the
preventability of
violence.

Based on systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for

prevention, WHO and its partners have identified seven
Part III Findings

1. developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships

between children and their parents and caregivers (59);
2. developing life skills in children and adolescents (60);
3. reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol (61);
5. promoting gender equality to prevent violence against
women (63);
6. changing cultural and social norms that support violence (64);
7. victim identification, care and support programmes (65).
To assess how far programmes representing the six
prevention strategies are being implemented, the survey
asked whether the 18 prevention programmes listed in
Figure 11 existed in each surveyed country and whether they
were: not implemented; implemented once or a few times;
or implemented on a larger scale (for example, across many
schools or communities or with a reach to over 30% of the
intended target population). The 18 programmes are further
defined in Part VII, Glossary. Findings relating to alcohol and
other policies and victim support programmes are covered in
later sections of this report.
The findings from the survey indicate that many countries
are investing in prevention, yet none of the 18 prevention
programmes is being implemented on a level necessary to
achieve significant and sustainable reductions in violence
(see Figure 11). Across the 18 programmes, many are
being implemented on a larger scale by fewer than 40%
of surveyed countries. It is also important to note that
implementation on a larger scale does not necessarily mean
implementation of a particular programme with documented
evidence of effectiveness.

27

Figure 11: Proportion of countries reporting implementation of violence prevention programmes on a

Figure 11
larger scale by type of programme (n = 133 reporting
countries)a
Life skills/social development programmes (YV)

51%

Social and cultural norms change (SV)

50%

Social and cultural norms change (IPV)

49%

Bullying prevention (YV)

47%

Caregiver support programmes (EA)

39%

Pre-school enrichment (YV)

38%

Parenting education (CM)

38%

Child sexual abuse prevention (CM)

37%

Residential care policies (EA)

36%

Prevention programmes for school and college populations (SV)

35%

After-school programmes (YV)

35%

Home visiting (CM)

35%

Improving physical environments (SV)

Professional awareness campaigns (EA)

29%
26%

Mentoring (YV)

23%

Public information campaigns (EA)

23%

Dating violence (IPV)

22%

Microfinance with gender equity training (IPV)

21%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

a
Key: CM=child maltreatment; EA=elder abuse; IPV=intimate partner violence; SV=sexual violencee; YV=youth violence. While each programme is shown as relevant to a
particular type of violence, some of the programmes listed in the figure have shown preventive effects on several types of violence.

Social and cultural norm-change strategies Figure 14these types of strategies to raise awareness about violence
against women. Although rigorous evaluations of social
are the most common approach used by
100%
and cultural norm-change strategies
are still needed to
countries to address violence against women
African Region
assess their impact, they canRegion
be an ofimportant
strategy to
90%
the Americas
About half of surveyed countries reported implementing
inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and
80%
Eastern Mediterranean Region
social and cultural norm-change strategies to address sexual
unacceptable behaviour, and in promoting norms supportive
70%
violence and intimate partner
European Region
71%violence against women (see
of healthy, non-violent and gender equitable relationships.
60%
Figure 11). This is in contrast to microfinance combined
South-East Asia Region
50%
with gender equity training programmes and school-based 50%
Western Pacific Region
It is not surprising that fewer countries reported
dating
violence
prevention
programmes,
where
21%
and
40%
43%
43%
implementing school-based dating violence prevention
22%
of
countries
(respectively)
reported
implementing
35%
30%
programmes. Although the practice of dating may not take
these types of approaches. Social and cultural norm-change
20%
22% or be recognized
place
as acceptable by governments in
20%
strategies19%
were also19%
one of the few types of strategies
10%
13%
some countries, only a handful of school-based dating
reportedly implemented by more than 40% of countries
0%
7%
0%
violence
prevention programmes have been developed to
in all regions
(exceptprovided
in the South-East
(see policies to reduce
Housing
the
Incentives
for youth to Asia Region)
help young people
address relationship violence and learn
Table 5). Based complete
on otherschooling
evidence, many countriesconcentration
use
of poverty

28

Part III Findings

healthy and positive relationship skills that can be carried

into adulthood. Evaluations of these programmes in mostly
high-income countries show some positive changes in
knowledge and attitudes toward relationship violence, and
limited reductions in certain forms of abusive behaviours
(6671).

training, it is one of the few interventions with documented

evidence showing reductions in intimate partner violence
(7274). More countries may wish to consider strategies
that economically empower women and promote gender
equality. Efforts that empower women both socially and
economically are important for violence prevention.

While few countries reported implementing the specific

intervention of microfinance combined with gender equity

Table 5: Proportion of countries implementing different types of programmes on a larger scale, by type
of programme and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
African
Region

Region
Eastern
European
of the
Mediterranean Region
Americas
Region

SouthEast
Asia
Region

Western
Pacific
Region

All

Child maltreatment
Home visiting

7%

52%

31%

51%

13%

30%

35%

Parenting education

11%

57%

44%

46%

13%

40%

38%

Child sexual abuse prevention

44%

62%

31%

29%

0%

35%

37%

Pre-school enrichment

22%

67%

31%

54%

13%

15%

38%

Life skills/social development programmes

33%

71%

56%

63%

38%

30%

51%

Bullying prevention

30%

52%

69%

59%

25%

35%

47%

Mentoring

15%

29%

44%

27%

13%

10%

23%

After-school programmes

7%

43%

31%

59%

25%

20%

35%

Dating violence prevention programmes

22%

38%

0%

27%

13%

15%

22%

Microfinance with gender equity training

19%

33%

25%

12%

0%

35%

21%

Social and cultural norm-change

programmes

41%

67%

56%

48%

25%

50%

49%

Prevention programmes for school and

college populations

30%

52%

38%

37%

25%

25%

35%

Improving physical environments

15%

24%

50%

29%

25%

40%

29%

Social and cultural norm-change

programmes

56%

62%

56%

42%

38%

50%

50%

Professional awareness campaigns

11%

24%

44%

37%

0%

25%

26%

Public information campaigns

15%

19%

31%

27%

0%

30%

23%

Caregiver support programmes

15%

43%

56%

51%

25%

35%

39%

Residential care policies

11%

52%

63%

40%

13%

30%

36%

Youth violence

Intimate partner violence

Sexual violence

Elder abuse

Part III Findings

29

 UN Photo/Logan Abassi.

Life skills training and bullying prevention are

the most common approaches implemented to
address youth violence

Efforts are being made to address parent-child

relationships and the developmental pathways
toward later violent behaviour

Life skills and social development programmes were

the most common youth violence prevention approach
that countries reported implementing. These types of
programmes are designed to help children and adolescents
manage anger, resolve conflicts in a non-violent way and
develop social problem-solving skills. Systematic reviews
of the evidence show that these types of programmes can
result in a 15% reduction in violent behaviour in students
across all school years and a 29% reduction among students
in secondary school (75, 76). Half of surveyed countries
reported implementing these types of programmes (see
Figure 11), with substantially more countries in the Region
of the Americas (71%) and the European Region (63%)
implementing these programmes on a larger scale than
elsewhere (see Table 5). Bullying prevention programmes
were also commonly mentioned, with 47% of countries
indicating that they have implemented such programmes.

It is worth noting that countries reported implementing a

number of programmes to promote positive and nurturing
relationships between children and their caregivers, and
strategies aimed at getting children off to a good start to
ensure greater success in school (see Figure 11). There
is a strong and growing body of evidence showing the
impact of early relationships between children and their
caregivers on the structural and functional development
of the brain and the subsequent cognitive, emotional and
social development of children (77, 78). Children growing
up in environments without the benefit of safe, stable and
nurturing relationships with parents or other caregivers
have difficulty forming relationships with peers and others,
lack empathy for others in distress and are at much greater
risk of experiencing depression and anxiety, developing poor
communication skills and adopting antisocial behaviours.
They also have poorer educational attainment and economic
productivity over their lifetimes and are more likely to be a
perpetrator or victim of violence (59).

30

Part III Findings

Figure 12: Extent to which home visiting programmes are being implemented by country/area, 2012
(n = 133 reporting countries)Home visiting programmes by country/area, 2012

Extent of implementation
Larger scale
Limited
Not implemented
Data not available
0

Not applicable
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines
for which there may not yet be full agreement.

There are a number of evidence-based programmes

designed to help strengthen early relationships and
interactions between children and their caregivers, promote
healthy development and improve child behaviour. These
include home visiting programmes, which have been shown
to reduce child maltreatment by as much as 39%, and other
parenting education and parent and child programmes, which
have also demonstrated short- and longer-term positive
outcomes for children (7981). About 35% of countries
reported implementing home visiting programmes and 38%
reported implementing parenting education programmes
and pre-school enrichment programmes, although this
varied by region (see Table 5). For instance, more countries
in the Region of the Americas and in the European Region
reported implementing home visiting programmes on a
larger scale than countries in other regions (see Figure 12).

Caregiver support programmes are the most

commonly reported strategy to prevent elder
abuse
Nearly 40% of countries reported implementing caregiver
support programmes to prevent abuse of older adults (see
Table 5). These types of programme help caregivers deal with
the emotional demands and stresses involved in providing
care. More than half of Eastern Mediterranean Region
countries (56%) and 51% of European Region countries
indicated implementing caregiver support programmes on a
Part III Findings

Data Source: World Health Organization

Map Production: Health Statistics and
Information Systems (HSI)
World Health Organization

850

1,700

3,400 Kilometers

WHO 2014. All rights reserved.

larger scale. However, this was reportedly the case in only

15% of countries in the African Region, and between 25%
and 43% of countries in the other regions.
Programmes to improve standards of care within nursing and
other residential care homes to reduce the chances of elder
abuse were reported by about 36% of countries. Whereas
63% of Eastern Mediterranean Region countries and 52%
of countries in the Region of the Americas reported larger
scale implementation of residential care policies to prevent
elder abuse, this was not the case elsewhere. In the African
Region, only 11% of countries reported having implemented
these types of policies and procedures on a larger scale,
and less than 20% had implemented such programmes only
once or a few times.
Implementation of other strategies to prevent elder abuse
was limited at best. A quarter of countries (26%) reported
having implemented campaigns aimed at educating
professionals to recognize the signs and symptoms of
elder abuse and improve their problem-solving and case
management skills on a larger scale (mostly in the Eastern
Mediterranean and European Regions); 23% report having
implemented public information campaigns (see Figure 13).
In the African Region, the Region of the Americas and SouthEast Asia Region, most countries reported implementing
public information campaigns on a one-off or occasional
basis.
31

Figure 13: Extent to which public information campaigns to prevent elder abuse are being implemented,
by country/area, 2012 (n = 133 reporting countries)
Public information campaigns to prevent elder abuse by country/area, 2012

Extent of implementation
Larger scale
Limited
Not implemented
Data not available
0

Not applicable
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines
for which there may not yet be full agreement.

Community and problem-orientated policing

strategies are widely used
Countries were also asked about policing strategies
to prevent violence. Community policing and problemorientated policing have become important law enforcement
strategies to strengthen relationships with communities and
address crime, disorderly behaviour and other situations that
contribute to fear and insecurity in urban neighbourhoods. A
growing evidence base (82) supports their effectiveness in
preventing several types of violence (for example, alcoholand drug-related youth violence), although most studies of
community-based and problem-orientated policing are from
high-income countries where informal social controls are
stronger and the rule of law is intact.

32

Data Source: World Health Organization

Map Production: Health Statistics and
Information Systems (HSI)
World Health Organization

850

1,700

3,400 Kilometers

WHO 2014. All rights reserved.

Almost all countries reported using strategies to improve

community-police relations such as community policing
(99% of countries), and routinely using directed or problemorientated policing strategies (94%) which require analysis,
assessment and community involvement to address crime
and disorder problems. Globally, around nine out of ten
countries report that police use these two types of strategy.

Part III Findings

COUNTRIES CAN DO MORE TO ADDRESS KEY RISK FACTORS

Figure 11AND OTHER MEASURES
FOR VIOLENCE THROUGH POLICY
Life skills/social development programmes (YV)
Social and cultural norms change (SV)
Violence of all types is strongly associated with social
Social and cultural norms change (IPV)
determinants such as weak governance; poor rule of law;
Bullying prevention (YV)
cultural, social and gender norms; unemployment; income
Caregiver
programmes
(EA)
and gender inequality; rapid
socialsupport
change;
and limited
Pre-school
enrichment
educational opportunities. Cross-cutting
risk factors
such(YV)
as
ease of access to firearms and other Parenting
weapons education
and excessive
(CM)
alcohol use are also strongly
associated
withprevention
multiple types
Child
sexual abuse
(CM)
of violence. Together these factors create a social climate
Residential care policies (EA)
that is conducive to violence and in the absence of efforts
Prevention
for school
and college
populations
(SV)
to addressprogrammes
them, sustained
violence
prevention
gains are
After-school
programmes
(YV)
difficult to achieve. Any comprehensive
violence
prevention
strategy must therefore identify ways to mitigate
or provide
Home visiting
(CM)
a buffer against these risks,
including
through
policy
Improving physical environments and
(SV)
other measures.
Professional awareness campaigns (EA)

51%
50%
as well as in the health, education and social sectors,
49%
among others.
47%

Few countries are39%

implementing social and
38%
educational policy measures to mitigate key
38%
risk factors for violence

37%surveyed reported national policies

About 40% of countries
providing incentives36%
for youth at risk of violence to complete
secondary schooling,
with the lowest percentage (13%) of
35%
countries in the South-East
Asia Region and the highest
35%
(71%) in the European Region (see Figure 14). Poor academic
35%
achievement has consistently been linked with delinquency
29%
and school failure
(83). Students with lower grades are more
26% in physical fighting and other problem
likely to be involved
behaviour. Weak
Mentoring (YV)
23% connections to school, and school dropout,
Additional efforts must also be made to strengthen and
also increase
Public
campaigns
(EA)
23%the risk of involvement in violence (83).
support relevant institutions
toinformation
ensure that
prevention
Conversely, academic enrichment can increase achievement
Datingdesired
violenceaims
(IPV)
22%
strategies are effective in achieving their
and school attendance, improve literacy and numeracy and
within the context
of these various
socialequity
determinants.
As
Microfinance
with gender
training (IPV)
21%
enhance social integration (84, 85) all of which can protect
part of a multisectoral approach to violence prevention, this
violence.
0% against
10% 20%
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
support may be useful in both justice and security sectors,

Figure 14: Proportion of countries with schooling and housing policies to reduce the risk of violence, by
WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
Figure 14
100%

African Region

90%

Region of the Americas

80%

Eastern Mediterranean Region

70%

European Region

71%

60%

South-East Asia Region

50%
43%

43%
35%

30%
20%
10%

Western Pacific Region

50%

40%

19%

19%

22%
13%

0%
Incentives provided for youth to
complete schooling

Part III Findings

7%

20%
0%

Housing policies to reduce the

concentration of poverty

33

 Scott Wallace/The World Bank.

Housing policies at national level to reduce the

concentration of poverty in urban areas which were
explicitly aimed at reducing violence were rare only 24%
of countries reported having such policies. South-East Asia
Region reported none, while 7% of countries in the African
Region, 43% in the Region of the Americas and 50% in
the Eastern Mediterranean Region reportedly did have
such policies. Concentrated poverty is a visible aspect of
disadvantage. Communities with high concentrations of
poor and unemployed people also tend to have high levels
of residential instability, making it difficult for people to
establish common values and norms and to develop strong
social ties and support networks. There is also a level of
disorganization that compromises community participation
and makes it difficult to exercise effective social control.
These levels of economic and social disadvantage create
the conditions for high rates of violence. They exacerbate
social marginalization and also contribute to poor physical
and mental health.

34

More countries are tackling the harmful

use of alcohol, although patterns of risky
drinking behaviour remain very high in several
countries
Although levels of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking
and rates of violence differ between countries, there are
important links between alcohol and violence across all
cultures (61). For instance, harmful alcohol use directly
affects physical and cognitive function, leading to reduced
self-control, which may make some drinkers more likely
to resort to violence in confrontations. Experiencing or
witnessing violence can lead to the harmful use of alcohol
as a way of coping or self-medicating. Alcohol and violence
may also be related through common risk factors (for
example, antisocial personality disorder) that contribute to
the risk of both heavy drinking and violent behaviour.
Policy measures to reduce the harmful use of alcohol include
restrictions on the sale and serving of alcohol for example,
through excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits; reduced
hours or days of sale of alcoholic beverages; minimum
age for the purchase of alcohol; and regulations on the

Part III Findings

For decision-makers, acknowledging the importance of

implementing policy measures to mitigate school dropout,
concentrated poverty and the harmful use of alcohol,
alongside other prevention strategies to address the key risk
factors for violence, is an essential prerequisite to achieve
societies and communities that are both safe and healthy.

Nearly all countries include measures to

regulate access to firearms, although laws
themselves and populations covered vary
widely
Firearms increase the likelihood of death and serious injury
when used in acts of violence and are frequently used to
threaten individuals in violent encounters. Several casecontrol studies, ecological time-series and cross-sectional
studies across countries indicate that gun availability is a risk
factor for homicide, particularly firearms homicide (20, 89).

density of alcohol outlets (86).3 At least 80% of countries

reported having excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits, with
no significant differences between income levels. The only
exception was excise tax on wine, which almost 29% of
high-income countries reported not levying. Several studies
have used economic modelling to estimate the effects of
alcohol price increases on the incidence of violence. For
instance, findings from the United States suggest that a
1% increase in the price of an ounce of pure alcohol would
reduce the probability of intimate partner violence against
women by 5.3% (87), and a 10% increase in the price of
beer would reduce the number of college students involved
in violence each year by 4% (88).
There were no large differences by region or income level
for the legal minimum age for on- and off-premise alcohol
sales. On average, countries reported the legal minimum age
for both on- and off-premise sales of alcohol as 18 years.
3

Information on patterns of drinking, per capita alcohol consumption,

excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits and legal minimum age for
on- and off-premise sales of alcohol presented in the Country profile
pages (see Part VIII) and here are based on data from the WHO Global
status report on alcohol and health, 2014 (86). These data were
collected during the same time period and using a similar standardized
methodology as those gathered for this report.

Part III Findings

Measures to prevent firearms-related injuries include

those addressing access, supply and use of firearms, and
restrictions on the secondary trading of firearms. They include,
for example, bans on specified firearms or ammunition,
background checks, waiting periods and other licencing
requirements, laws to prevent child access, and restrictions
for certain settings (for example, school premises, carrying
guns in public places, etc.). Internationally, the Firearms
Protocol of the UN Convention on Organized Crime (90)
provides a framework for states to control and regulate licit
arms and arms flows, prevent their diversion into the illegal
circuit and facilitate the investigation and prosecution of
related offences without hampering legitimate firearm
transfers (90).
Nearly all countries in the survey (99%) across all regions
reported having national laws to regulate firearms, including:
mandatory background checks before issuing a licence to
purchase or own a firearm (96%); laws restricting access
to handguns, shotguns and automatic firearms (95%, 96%
and 96% respectively); and laws restricting the carrying of
firearms in public (98%). Fewer countries about two thirds
report having special firearms control programmes such
as gun buy-backs and firearms collection and destruction
programmes, with about 60%63% of countries in the
Western Pacific Region, the Region of the Americas and the
European Region having such programmes. The nature of
the restrictions, the populations covered (for example, all
citizens or certain age groups), licencing agents and the
processes for implementing the requirements, however,
35

vary across countries. Examples of restrictions from various

countries are presented in Table 6.
Two systematic reviews and one meta-analysis summarize
the effects of various strategies to prevent firearm-related
violence. One systematic review (92) concluded that there
is insufficient evidence to determine whether firearm laws
have any effect on violence. A recent meta-analysis (93)
suggests that bans on the sale of firearms had small effects
and law enforcement strategies had moderate effects in
reducing gun violence. Another systematic review (94) finds
that directed police patrols focusing on illegal gun carrying
can prevent gun crimes (including murders, shootings, gun
robberies and gun assaults). These studies conclude that

more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of

waiting periods, background checks, zero-tolerance policies
in schools and other measures to limit firearms use in
settings where they are already widely available. With one
exception (92), these reviews also conclude that strategies
addressing access to firearms, such as bans on firearms,
and the enactment and enforcement of laws against the
illegal possession and carrying of firearms, show promise.
Subsequent to these reviews, a new study from South
Africa finds that stricter licensing and reduced circulation of
firearms accounted for an estimated 4585 lives saved across
five major cities between 20012005 (95).

UN Photo/Sophia Paris.

36

Part III Findings

Table 6: Firearm restrictions in selected countriesa

Country

Background check

Minimum age
Licence denied or Limits on ammunition
for purchase revoked where family
violence is present

Private sales
permitted

Austria

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years;
21 years for
handguns

Brazil

Yes, criminal, mental health and 25 years, with a

employment
few exceptions

China

No civilian may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

Colombia

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years

Yes

Information not available

Finland

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years (15
with parental
consent)

No

Any quantity permitted

Yes

Japan

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years

No

Any quantity permitted

No

Mexico

Yes, criminal, mental health,

physical and addiction

18 years

No

500 .22 cartridges, 1000

shotgun cartridges, 200
cartridges for other
weapons

No

Nigeria

Yes, criminal, mental health and 17 years

addiction

No

Only as much as
prescribed by licence

No

South
Africa

Criminal, mental, medical,

domestic violence, addiction,
employment, previous gun
licences

21 years,
with some
exceptions

Yes

Up to 2400 primers or 200

cartridges per firearm

No

Sweden

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years

Yes

Only allowed to possess

ammunition for intended
weapon

No

United
States of
America

Yes, criminal, mental health,

addiction, domestic violence
(only when purchasing through a
federally licenced dealer). Some
states impose further restrictions

18 years for
shotguns and
rifles; 21 years
for handguns
and other
weapons

Yes

Restrictions based on age

and for certain types of
ammunition (e.g. armour
piercing)

Yes

No

Only allowed to possess

ammunition for intended
weapon

Yes

No

Any quantity permitted

Yes

Information not
available

Source: GunPolicy.org [website] hosted by the University of Sydney (http://www.gunpolicy.org/, accessed 20 August 2014) (91).

Part III Findings

37

LAWS RELEVANT TO VIOLENCE HAVE BEEN WIDELY ENACTED

BUT ENFORCEMENT IS INADEQUATE

The enactment and enforcement of legislation on crime and

violence are critical for establishing norms of acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour, and creating safe and peaceful
societies. Of particular importance are strategies to enable
safe reporting of interpersonal violence and ensuring that
legal protection and support are available to all citizens (96).
In certain circumstances, the threat of criminal sanctions can
have a deterrent effect, for instance on people with strong
social ties or when the certainty but not necessarily the
severity of sanctions is high. An important objective for
violence prevention is therefore to strengthen collaboration
between public health, the criminal justice sector and key
security institutions such as the police in order to increase
the chance that potential perpetrators of violence will
be deterred and prevented from committing crime in the
first place (and if not, at least held accountable for their
actions). Where necessary, support to strengthen the
relevant institutions in these sectors can help to improve
enforcement levels.
Legislation is a key component of any violence prevention
policy or plan. For instance, appropriate legislation can
encourage parents to move away from using harsh physical
discipline toward their children, and can help to promote
attitudes and beliefs that reject violence against women.
Where social convictions or deeply entrenched traditions
fuel harmful practices (such as child marriage or female
genital mutilation) legal reform can mobilize key actors and
institutions in efforts to end such practices. Accordingly, in
the most successful cases where the law has led to a change
in attitudes and behaviour, adoption of the law has been
accompanied by wide awareness-raising initiatives, public
information and education campaigns, capacity-building for
relevant professionals, and the social mobilization of a wide
range of strategic actors including opinion leaders, religious
and local leaders.

38

Laws against violence send

a clear message to society about
unacceptable behaviour and
legitimize the actions needed to
ensure peoples safety at all times.

Countries were asked about the existence and enforcement

of laws relating to various forms of violence, including laws
that address several forms of violence against women (for
example, sexual violence). The findings from the survey
indicate that laws relevant to violence have been widely
enacted. On average, about 80% of countries have enacted
each of the violence prevention laws surveyed. However, this
ranges from a low of 40% for the existence of laws to prevent
elder abuse in institutions to a high of 98% for laws on rape
(see Figure 15).
There were no significant differences by income level in the
proportion of countries with laws in place to prevent various
forms of violence: the average proportion of countries
reporting laws to prevent violence was 76%, 77% and 82%
for low-, middle- and high-income countries respectively.
The only exception to this related to laws preventing elder
abuse, where the average proportion of high-, middle- and
low-income countries with each of the laws to prevent elder
abuse was reported as 33%, 62% and 69% respectively.
There were, however, many more regional differences.
For example, the proportion of countries in the African
Region (52%) and Western Pacific Region (50%) with laws
recognizing rape within marriage as a crime was reportedly
much lower than in the Region of the Americas (91%) or the
European Region (98%).

Part III Findings

Figure 15: The proportion of countries with laws to prevent violence and the extent to which countries
report these laws as being fully enforced (n = 133Figure15
reporting countries)
Fully enforced
Against statutory rape

64%

99%

Against rape (forced sexual intercourse)

64%

98%

Against contact sexual violence without rape

88%

51%

Domestic/family violence legislation

87%

44%

Against weapons on school premises

84%

57%

Against gang or criminal membership

81%

51%

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

78%

38%

Ban on corporal punishment

76%

30%

Against rape in marriage

73%

43%

Against elder abuse

Against elder abuse in institutions

94%

57%

Against non-contact sexual violence

59%

30%
20%

Exists

40%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

For all laws, levels of reported enforcement

were usually much lower than the enactment
of legislation

With the exception of countries in the European Region,

less than half of countries reported that bans on corporal
punishment were fully enforced. There is some evidence
Figure 17
to suggest that enactment of a ban may be sufficient to
Overall, the average proportion of countries in which
change attitudes and behaviour around the use of corporal
each of the laws was reported to have been enacted
punishment. For instance, findings from a multi-country
was 80%, while the average proportion of countries in
Child protection services
69% countries (three with
study conducted in five European
which each of the laws was reportedly enacted and fully
bans on corporal punishment and two without) found that
enforced wasMedico-legal
57%. The biggest
gaps
the reported
services
forbetween
sexual violence
victims
67%
nearly all forms of corporal punishment were used less
existence and enforcement of laws a difference of 46
in countries with bans 59%
than in those in which corporal
Identification
referral for child
maltreatment
and 43 percentage
points and
respectively
related
to bans
punishment was lawful (97). Parents in countries with bans
and referral forviolence
intimate
on corporal punishmentIdentification
and to domestic/family
53%accepting of corporal punishment
in place were also less
partner
violence and
legislation. Focusing on better
enforcement
of sexual
existingviolence
laws
and stated that their knowledge of the ban was one of four
Mental
health services
is likely to lead to significant violence
prevention
gains.
49%
factors that most affected whether or not they used corporal
This should include attending to institutional mechanisms
punishment.34%
Other factors influencing them included the
Adult protective services
and resources, and increasing human capacity to ensure
parents definition of physical violence, personal approval of
that enacted legislation is doing what it is intended to do 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
corporal punishment, and their own experience of childhood
protect people from violence, hold perpetrators accountable
violence.
and create environments that are safe for all citizens.

Figure 18
39

Part III Findings

Adult protective services

Child protection services

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES TO IDENTIFY, REFER, PROTECT

AND SUPPORT VICTIMS VARIES MARKEDLY
Figure 18
Adult protective services
Providing
100% high-quality care and support services to victims
is important for reducing trauma, helping victims heal and
90%
preventing repeat victimization and perpetration. There are
80%services for victims of violence, including: emergency
many
81%
81%
response
70% services for injured victims; other health services
to 60%
identify and address the longer-term impact of violence
on health; community services related to housing; victim
50%
advocacy; substance abuse and mental health services; and
48%
40%
legal
and social support
41% services.
38%
30%
Countries
20% were asked about a subset of these services.
These included:
the availability of mental health services;
15%
10%
the extent to which child and adult protective services were
0% whether mechanisms were in place to identify
available;
Africanservices for
Region
of thewhether Eastern
and provide referral
victims;
medicoRegion
Americas
Mediterranean
legal services were available for victims of sexual violence;
Region
and the availability of legal services relating to victim
compensation and representation in criminal courts.

Child protection services

Mental health services are not widely

available in several regions even though the
need for
them may be very high
88%
Despite strong evidence linking experiences of violence to
75%
mental health problems, less than half of countries (49%)
reported the availability of mental health services to address
the needs of victims. However, this varied widely across
regions: two thirds of countries in the Region of45%
the Americas
42%
and the European Region reported that these services were
available to assist victims, compared to only
30% 15% in African
25%
Region countries (see Figure 16). This suggests a critical gap,
particularly in countries where the need for such services
may be especially high based on what we know about rates
of physical,
other forms of violence
Europeansexual and
South-East
Westernacross the
different
WHO regions.
the
needs
of victims
Region
Asia Addressing
Region
Pacific
Region
with trauma-focused care, cognitive behavioural therapy or
other low-intensity psychological interventions and other
mental health services can potentially mitigate the serious
mental health outcomes of abuse.

Figure 16
Figure 16: Proportion of countries reporting implementation
of mental health services for victims of
violence at larger scale (n = 133 reporting countries)

26%

Western
Pacific Region

66%

European Region

40

71%

56%

Region of the Americas

Eastern
Mediterranean
Region

50%

15%

African Region

South-East
Asia Region

Part III Findings

Figure 17: Proportion of countries with identification, referral and support services available, by type of
Figure 17
service (n = 133 reporting countries)
Child protection services

69%

Medico-legal services for sexual violence victims

67%

Identification and referral for child maltreatment

59%

Identification and referral for intimate

partner violence and sexual violence

53%

Mental health services

49%

Adult protective services

34%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Child protection services are the most widely

available of all services

Two thirds of countries indicated that they do

not have adult protective services in place to
assist vulnerable older adults

Child protection services were the most widely reported

of all services (69%), followed by medico-legal services
Of all the services included in the survey, adult protective
Figure 18
for victims of sexual violence (see Figure 17). About eight
services were the least reported by countries. Only one
out of every 10 countries in the Region of the Americas
third of countries indicated that they have adult protective
Adult protective
Child protection
services
and in the Eastern Mediterranean and European Regions
services
in place services
to investigate potential
cases of
elder
reported
having
systems
in
place
to
identify
and
investigate
abuse
and
assist
vulnerable
older
adults.
The
lack
of
100%
potential cases of child maltreatment. This was also the
adult protective services, particularly in contrast to child
90%
case for three quarters of countries in the South-East Asia
protection
services, was consistent across all regions (see
88%
80%
Region.
Other types of screening and 81%
referral services (for
81%
Figure 18). Countries furthest along in efforts to protect and
75%these services as part of their
70%through maternal and child health programmes) to
example,
support older adults include
identify
and support potential victims of child maltreatment
national policy (29, 98). The United States, for example, has
60%
were 50%
also reported by 59% of countries. However, in both
a fully developed system for reporting and treating cases of
instances, these services were more
commonly
reported
elder abuse. Services are designed to provide
elder abuse
48%
45%
40%
42%with a coordinated, interdisciplinary system of social
41% (80%) than low-income countries
by high-income countries
victims
38%
(33%).30%
and health services which enable them
30%to continue living
25%
20%
independently at home and to protect them against further
15%
abuse.
10% child protection services are present in many
Although
countries,
0% these services are often dispersed, fragmented and
poorly resourced,African
and may in factRegion
have aofdetrimental
impact
the
Eastern
European
Western
With
a rapidly ageingSouth-East
population, the need
to strengthen the
Mediterranean
Region
Asia Region
Pacific
Region
on the protection Region
of child victims ofAmericas
violence (14). As
a result,
system
of adult protection
is important.
By 2030,
older adults
Region
even when such services are available, child victims and
are projected to comprise 13% of the world population
their families may fail to use them and a lack of information
one in eight people will be aged 65 years or older (99). While
about existing services, the fear of seeing confidentiality
low- and middle-income countries will experience the most
broken, and concerns about reprisals can further undermine
rapid growth in ageing, with increases of up to 140%, highthe quality of child protection services (14).
income countries are expected to experience increases
Figure 16
averaging 51% (99).

Part III Findings

71%

41

Figure 18: Proportion of countries with child and adult protective services, by WHO region (n = 133
Figure 18
reporting countries)
Adult protective services

Child protection services

100%
90%

88%

80%

81%

81%

70%

75%

60%
50%
48%

40%

41%

30%

38%

25%

20%
10%

45%

42%
30%

15%

0%
African
Region

Region of the
Americas

Eastern
Mediterranean
Region

European
Region

South-East
Asia Region

Western
Pacific Region

middle- (53%) or low-income countries (38%). Two-thirds of

Referral and support services for violence
Figure 16countries, on the other hand, indicated availability of medicoagainst women are available in half of the
legal services for victims of sexual assault, making these
worlds countries, but information is lacking
services the most frequently reported services available
on the quality, coverage and uptake of these
to victims after child protective services. Countries were
services

not asked about the nature, coverage and quality of such

WHO recommends asking women about exposure to intimate
services or about the consistency with which these services
partner violence when assessing conditions that may have
are offered to victims, or how many victims make use of
been caused or complicated by intimate partner violence
them. Victims of sexual assault require comprehensive and
in order to provide appropriateWestern
follow-up care andRegion
support.
of the Americas
gender-sensitive services from trained health care providers
Pacific
Region with intimate
Asking all women about their
experiences
Eastern
to help them recover from
the traumatic event and lessen
partner violence is not recommended in all settings. Women
Mediterranean
both short- and long-term health consequences (7). MedicoRegion
who disclose violence should be provided with immediate
legal services, in particular, are important for women who
support and care that is responsive to their concerns, and
may wish to pursue legal action (100, 101). National health
which helps them access information, resources and further
systems as a whole African
address violence against
15% need toRegion
support (7). Comprehensive care (including emergency
women by providing high-quality care and services that are
contraception, prophylaxisEuropean
for HIV Region
and other sexually
timely, effective, sensitive to the needs of victims and their
transmitted infections and psychological support) should be South-East
safety, and provided by well-trained professionals.
Asia Region
provided to survivors of rape and sexual assault.

71%

26%

66%

About half of countries (53%) reported the availability of

identification, referral and support services for women
who have experienced intimate partner violence or sexual
violence (see Figure 17), with more high-income countries
reporting the availability of such services (61%) than

42

56%

50%

Victim support services often extend beyond medical and

other care. Legal representation in criminal courts and
receiving compensation from the state are important for all
types of interpersonal violence as well. While the majority
of countries (86%) report having laws providing victims with
legal representation and participation in criminal courts,
Part III Findings

only 52% report victim compensation legislation. Both the

existence of such laws and the extent to which they are
reportedly enforced also varies by country income level,

with the existence and enforcement of such laws being

much greater in high-income countries than in low- and
middle-income countries.

UN Photo/Martine Perret.

Part III Findings

43

Part IV The way forward

CONCLUSIONS

This Global status report on violence prevention 2014 uses a

standardized method to assess the measures countries are
taking to prevent and respond to interpersonal violence. It
includes 133 countries, accounting for 88% of the worlds
population. The report brings violence prevention in line with
other issues such as alcohol and health, climate change,
mental health, road safety, tobacco, and tuberculosis,
where regularly repeated assessments along the lines of
this report allow countries to set baselines and targets and
monitor progress over time.
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 for the
first time provides a detailed picture of the global violence
prevention landscape some 12 years after the World
report on violence and health was launched, with its nine
recommendations for action. The results show that there
are many efforts under way around the world to prevent and
respond to violence:
Two thirds of the countries report national action plans
to address child maltreatment and violence against
women compared to around half reporting plans for
youth violence prevention; just 40% report plans for elder
abuse, armed violence and gang violence prevention.
Prevention activity is under way, with about half of
surveyed countries reporting implementing primary
prevention programmes such as life skills training
and bullying prevention programmes to prevent youth
violence, and social and cultural norm-change strategies
to address violence against women; more than one third
of countries also reported implementing programmes
addressing parent-child relationships and some of the
early developmental pathways toward later violent
behaviour.
Over half of the countries have each of the services
surveyed in place to identify, refer, protect and support
victims of violence.
Almost 80% of countries have enacted each of the
violence prevention laws surveyed.
Problem-orientated and community-based policing are
in place in most of the countries that participated in the
survey.
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 also
uncovers many gaps in global violence prevention that need
46

to be filled. Knowledge about the true extent of the problem

of interpersonal violence in many countries is hindered by
a lack of data. Without such data it is difficult to develop
effective national plans of action and policies, prevention
programmes and services for victims. National action plans
for all types of violence are frequently formulated in the
absence of data and too often fail to address elder abuse,
armed violence and gang violence. Mechanisms or lead
agencies to coordinate multisectoral work addressing all
forms of violence are exceedingly rare, in spite of being
recognized as a cornerstone of the public health approach
to violence prevention. Uptake of prevention programmes
is highly uneven, with consistent gaps in the African,
South-East Asia and much of the Western Pacific Regions.
Prevention programmes are also not being implemented in
a manner and on a level necessary to achieve significant
and sustainable reductions in violence. While countries are
implementing strategies to change sociocultural norms,
much more needs to be done to implement effective
strategies to promote gender equitable norms and empower
women in order to prevent intimate partner violence and
sexual violence. Elder abuse remains one of the most
neglected types of violence.
While globally there is more attention given to victim services
than to prevention, important services such as mental
health and adult protective services are nonetheless lacking
in half or more of surveyed countries. Globally, enforcement
of laws relevant to all types of violence remains weak: on
average, each of the laws surveyed was reported to be fully
enforced by just over half of the countries. Key social and
educational policies addressing multiple types of violence,
such as incentives for youth to complete schooling, and
housing policies to alleviate poverty, remain too rare across
much of the world. Filling these gaps should be a priority.

Strengths and limitations of the report

The Global status report on violence prevention 2014
has four notable strengths. Its main strength is the
comprehensiveness of its coverage. It is comprehensive
in the types of measures it covers national action plans,
agencies responsible for violence prevention, information
systems, data collection capacity, policies, prevention
Part IV The way forward

programmes, laws and victim services. In relation to most of

these measures it also includes a subnational assessment,
i.e. at provincial or state level. It is comprehensive in the
types of interpersonal violence it covers armed violence,
gang violence, child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate
partner violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Given the
sensitivity of the issue of interpersonal violence in many
countries, and that this is the first attempt at conducting
such a survey, its geographical coverage can also be viewed
as comprehensive 133 of WHOs 196 Member States are
included, accounting for 88% of the worlds population;
this ranges from 63% of the population of the Eastern
Mediterranean Region to 97% of the populations of the
South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions.
A second strength is the standardized method used.
The method was designed to increase the accuracy and
completeness of data submitted to WHO by requiring
respondents from multiple sectors to take part in consensus
meetings and reach agreement on the final answers,
drawing on all relevant documents available in the country.
An additional benefit of this method was that it helped to
build bridges between sectors by linking individuals and
institutions working on violence in the same country. Several
National Data Coordinators observed that the consensus
group meeting was the first time that practitioners from
different sectors had met to discuss violence prevention and
victim services. Furthermore, the nomination and training of
National Data Coordinators, followed by close collaboration
with them throughout the data collection and validation
process, has sown the seeds of regional violence prevention
networks.
A third strength of the report is that almost all data included
have been endorsed by the governments of the countries
concerned. This ensures recognition by government of the
problem as described in the report, which is a prerequisite
for governments taking responsibility for addressing
interpersonal violence.
A final strength is that this report has generated, on the basis
of statistical models, comparable homicide estimates across
countries for homicide rates, numbers, and breakdown by
sex and mechanism. This has been done by drawing on
multiple sources including data reported by countries
from public health and criminal justice data sources which
were then combined with other existing datasets.

Part IV The way forward

However, as with any study, there are limitations. First, there

is the possibility that many responses overestimated the
extent and quality of national violence prevention activities.
Data collection involved the use of self-administered
questionnaires which respondents initially completed by
themselves before discussion in the consensus meetings.
This can introduce a number of potential biases. In addition,
a degree of subjectivity was introduced as respondents
were asked to rate their perceptions of the degree to
which laws relevant to the different types of violence were
enforced, and the extent to which prevention programmes
were being implemented. The systematic inclusion of
independent experts from academia or civil society to help
verify government responses could have helped to reduce
these biases.
Second, while the survey method provided an assessment of
the existence of national action plans, policies, prevention
programmes, laws, and victim services (and in certain cases
their level of implementation and reported enforcement), it
was not designed to assess their quality. For instance, the
survey asked about types of programmes. It did not gather
information on the specific programmes implemented in
countries or gather details about these programmes in order
to assess the extent to which delivered programmes were
the ones with documented evidence of effectiveness or, at
a minimum, whether the programmes implemented include
evidence-based principles and practices. With regard to
laws, the report did not evaluate the quality of legislation
(for example, exact scope, quality of legislative texts,
political neutrality, flexibility or enforceability).
Third, not all policies, programmes, victim services and
laws relevant to violence prevention were examined in this
report. Included were those best supported by evidence
and judged by experts to be the most important. Fourth,
while the method proved successful in collecting data on
levels of fatal violence, it was less successful in gathering
prevalence data on non-fatal violence. It will be important
to draw lessons from the process of carrying out this first
report for any subsequent Global status reports on violence
prevention. Overcoming these limitations will, however,
require a more time-consuming and labour-intensive data
collection method.

47

RECOMMENDATIONS: NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL

The findings of the Global status report on violence

prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global
violence prevention efforts. Across all these levels they
offer an unprecedented opportunity for violence prevention
stakeholders to come together and step up their activities
and investments to a level commensurate with the burden
and severity of the problem. For instance, by showing the
extent to which national action plans are driven by data,
the findings provide pointers for governments, regional
bodies and international violence prevention partners on
how they should steer national planning exercises in a more
data-driven direction. By highlighting gaps in prevention
programming and service delivery by type of violence,
stakeholders at all three levels have an opportunity to
correct imbalances in preventive attention. Perhaps most
importantly, whether at national or international level,
the findings represent a set of indicators and a baseline
measure to track future progress and to help set targets
within countries and internationally.

National level
A primary aim of the report is to identify gaps in national
violence prevention efforts and to stimulate actions to
address them. Accordingly, countries should review the
reports findings for their countries in relation to regional and
global findings and in this way develop a roadmap for how
their existing violence prevention efforts can be improved.
Where necessary, this review could be done by reconvening
the intersectoral expert groups that were established during
the data collection process. The review should pay particular
attention to the following recommendations deriving from
the main findings of the report and the gaps it identified.
Strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent
of the problem. Vital registration and police systems
for collecting data on violence-related deaths should be
evaluated for the completeness and accuracy of the data
they collect; their use of international classifications of fatal
and non-fatal violence (ICD-1O and UNODC international
classification of crime); breakdown by age, sex, homicide
mechanism and victim-perpetrator relationship; and

48

timeliness of their reporting. Similar efforts should be made

to improve data on incidents of violence with non-fatal
consequences treated in hospital emergency departments
and other victim care facilities. Existing recent populationbased national and subnational surveys of the prevalence
of all the main types of interpersonal violence should
be identified. While police and service-based reporting
provides important data on the most severe forms of
violence that result in death or serious injury, country
specific national population-based surveys play an important
role in documenting more hidden forms of violence. Several
officials were unaware that high-quality national surveys
had been carried out within their borders. Where none
exists, conducting such surveys using instruments that
produce valid and cross-culturally comparable findings
and with the help of international experts if required and
periodically repeating them to asses changes over time
should be made a priority.
Develop comprehensive and data-driven national
action plans. All countries should critically review the
extent to which national action plans are comprehensive and
address all forms of violence, and are informed by nationally
representative data on the magnitude and characteristics of
violence and the risk and protective factors for violence.
Such plans provide a framework that can strengthen efforts
to address specific types of violence, and given the strong
connections between the different types of violence they
have the potential to accelerate overall violence prevention
gains.
Integrate violence prevention into other health
platforms. Because violence is a risk factor for outcomes
such as HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, mental
health and substance abuse disorders, and because
immunization programmes, early childhood development
and school health programmes may already be well
developed, countries should integrate violence prevention
into other health platforms that already exist.

Part IV The way forward

Strengthen mechanisms for leadership and

coordination. Mechanisms for the leadership and
coordination of violence prevention activities including
key rule of law institutions should be established where
they are weak or non-existent. Systems for the exchange
of information should be reviewed for the extent to which
they are focused on preventing violence. Ideally, these
mechanisms should be forums that periodically convene
representatives of relevant sectors to discuss the latest
available data on violence with a view to identifying
emerging problems (and their underlying risk factors) so that
appropriate interventions can be made in time.
Ensure prevention programmes are comprehensive,
integrated and informed by evidence. The extent to
which prevention programmes address all types of violence
should be reviewed. Greater attention should be given to
integrating prevention and response efforts across the
different types of violence because programmes that
simultaneously address multiple types of violence can
help to reduce the costs and complexity of addressing
them separately. For instance, programmes to support new
parents and promote gender equality and non-violent social
and cultural norms, life skills training for children and youth,
and policies to reduce access to and the misuse of alcohol
all have the potential to prevent several types of violence.
Prevention programmes identified through the survey should
be qualitatively examined with a view to assessing how far
their content and mode of delivery conform to evidencebased best practices, and, where needed, modified so
that they more closely approximate evidence-based best
practices. More attention must be given to putting in place
prevention programmes that go beyond awareness-raising
and instead bring about lasting social and cultural changes
that move societies towards more egalitarian and nonviolent norms.
Ensure that services for victims are comprehensive
and informed by evidence. Services to identify, refer and
protect victims should be carefully assessed to determine
whether they provide comprehensive and sensitive highquality services and referrals, and how widely they are
available and accessible to victims, in particular those who
are less likely to seek and access such services and are
victims of the most hidden and stigmatized forms of violence
(for example, violence against women, child maltreatment
and elder abuse). As with prevention programmes, there
is a need to ascertain the extent to which they conform to
evidence-based best practice. Particular attention should be
Part IV The way forward

paid to further developing mental health and adult protective

services in the many countries where they remain weak. The
development of victim services should be complemented by
the scaling up of prevention programmes that can contribute
to reducing the need for services.
Strengthen support for outcome-evaluation studies.
In relation to prevention programmes and victim services,
strengthening support for outcome-evaluation studies
should be a priority. The surprisingly large number of violence
prevention programmes and services for victims being
implemented once or a few times in many low- and middleincome countries suggests that there is great potential to
close the current gap in the evidence base between highincome countries (which account for 90% of all published
outcome-evaluation studies of violence prevention
programmes), and low- and middle-income countries, where
the development of such programmes is a priority. National
stakeholders should use the report to identify violence
prevention programmes and victim services in low- and
middle-income countries that could be subject to outcome
evaluation, with the help of international partners when
required, and facilitate the conduct of such evaluations.
Enforce existing laws and review their quality. That
laws against most forms of violence have been enacted in
the majority of countries should not breed complacency.
Little is known about the quality of these laws, and a careful
review of these laws against internationally recognized
standards of quality of legislation would be an important
step to consider. Just as importantly, with on average only
57% of countries reporting that each of the laws surveyed
was fully enforced, this report shows that the enforcement
of existing laws should be a priority. Awareness campaigns
to publicize the laws, and increase public understanding
of and support for them, should be considered. Where
necessary, institutions in relevant sectors such as the
justice, security, health, education and social sectors should
be strengthened and supported to ensure the quality of law
and policy-making, as well as enforcement efforts.
Implement and enact policies and laws relevant
to multiple types of violence. Policies and laws which
address multiple types of violence (such as incentives for
youth to complete schooling, and laws designed to reduce
access to, and misuse of, alcohol) must be more widely
implemented and enacted, and resources to do so developed.
The violence prevention potential of these policies and
laws should be better harnessed by ensuring that trends in
49

violence are factored in when any amendments are made

to them.
Build capacity for violence prevention: Although
capacity-building is not explicitly assessed in the Global
status report on violence prevention 2014, developing
national action plans, coordination mechanisms, information
systems, policies, programmes, services and laws to prevent
and respond to violence clearly cannot happen without the
requisite human and institutional capacity to do so. Thus a
key cross-cutting recommendation is the critical importance
of training the work force and building up the institutions
and networks over time so that other recommendations
listed here can be acted upon effectively.

Regional and international levels

Strengthening the global violence prevention agenda.
International partners should draw upon the findings of the
report to enhance their calls for increased investment in
global violence prevention efforts. By clearly demonstrating
the extent to which violence prevention has been taken up by
governments at all levels of development in all regions of the
world, the report shows that violence prevention is a topic of
widespread concern, and that, if offered, increased financial
and technical support for national violence prevention work
is likely to be enthusiastically accepted. By changing the
nature of such support to fill the gaps in policies, laws,
prevention programmes and outcome-evaluation studies
highlighted by this report, the global violence prevention
agenda can be considerably strengthened.
Strengthen support for comprehensive and integrated
violence prevention programming. By coming together
across the lines of their interests in specific types of
violence, international organizations and donors can
support a more streamlined approach to prevention that, in
addition to providing programmes which focus on specific
types of violence, prioritizes integrated prevention policies
and programmes to address several types of violence
simultaneously.
Increase collaboration between international
organizations and donor agencies. Many international
and regional organizations, such as the UNDP, UNFPA,
UNODC, UNICEF, UN Women and WHO, and the African
Union, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Caribbean
Community, the Council of Europe, and the League of Arab
States, have developed policy instruments, funding streams,
50

advocacy platforms and normative guidance materials to

support national violence prevention efforts. Greater efforts
should be made to foster collaboration and coordinated
action between these organizations, particularly in view of
the post-2015 agenda on sustainable development, which in
all likelihood will prominently include violence prevention.
Donor agencies, many of whom have been supporting
violence prevention projects, should collaborate more
closely to increase coherence and synergy in the field and
avoid duplication.
Set baselines and targets, and track progress. At
international level, the global violence prevention field
has lacked the necessary indicators to establish common
baselines and shared targets for its efforts to advance
national violence prevention efforts. The findings of this
report help fill this gap, and along with information from
other initiatives (for example, UNODC reports on homicide;
Together for Girls Violence Against Children Surveys; WHOs
multi-country study on womens health and domestic violence
against women, and its global and regional estimates of the
prevalence of violence against women), lend themselves to
the generation of violence prevention baselines and targets
on the basis of which countries can monitor their progress.
A growing body of research shows that much interpersonal
violence can be effectively prevented and its far-reaching
consequences mitigated. This report shows that many
countries have begun to implement prevention programmes
and victim services, and to develop the national action plans,
policies and laws required to support violence prevention
programmes and response efforts. At international level,
high-level resolutions that commit Member States to
tackling interpersonal violence within their countries and
through the establishment of networks and partnerships
have been adopted. Yet this survey shows that serious
gaps remain and that much work is still required before
the full potential of the growing violence prevention field
is realized. No country can rest on its laurels and assume
it has successfully addressed interpersonal violence.
The international community must continue to recognize
interpersonal violence as an important health, criminal
justice, development and gender equality issue, and must
step up its support for the prevention of and response to all
forms of violence.

Part IV The way forward

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Part IV The way forward

Part V Explanatory notes

METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION AND VALIDATION

The data collection and validation method used for this

report was modelled on that used in WHOs first Global
status report on road safety (1) and is shown in Figure
19. It involved systematically gathering data and other
information from each country, coordinated by a National
Data Coordinator. Within each country the questionnaire
was completed by individual respondents representing
ministries of health, justice, law enforcement and the
police, education, gender and women, children and social
development, and, where relevant, nongovernmental
organizations working on violence prevention.
The questionnaire used the recommendations of the World
report on violence and health (2) and subsequent WHO
violence prevention guidance documents as the basis for
its content. The scientific evidence base for intervention
effectiveness was used to identify specific prevention
programmes selected for inclusion, and questions were
formulated about programmes of proven or promising
effectiveness in preventing different types of violence.
Information about other programmes or approaches was
also gathered, particularly in areas where fewer evidencebased programmes exist, such as for elder abuse and
sexual violence prevention. In these areas, programmes or
approaches included in the questionnaire were based on
expert opinion. The selection of questions about prevention
laws specific to each type of violence was also guided by
expert opinion.
The questionnaire covered the following areas:
data (e.g. homicide numbers, rates and trends; mechanism
of homicide; the existence of national or subnational
population-based survey data on non-fatal violence for
each of the different types of violence);
action plans and agency involvement in violence
prevention (e.g. the existence of national action plans
to address the different types of violence; governmental
and nongovernmental agencies involved in violence
prevention activities, including a lead agency to
coordinate prevention activities);
prevention policies and laws relevant to multiple
types of violence (alcohol policies and laws, social and
educational policies, policing strategies, firearms laws);
58

child maltreatment prevention programmes (e.g. home

visiting, parenting education and parent-child support
programmes) and laws (e.g. against corporal punishment
and child marriage);
youth violence prevention programmes (e.g. life skills
training and mentoring programmes, bullying prevention,
after-school supervision, pre-school enrichment) and laws
(e.g. against weapons on school premises, prohibiting
gang membership);
intimate partner violence prevention programmes (e.g.
school-based dating violence prevention programmes
and programmes to change social and cultural norms that
are supportive of violence) and laws (e.g. against rape in
marriage, allowing for the removal of a violent spouse
from the home);
sexual violence prevention programmes (e.g. programmes
for school and college populations and programmes
to improve the physical environment, for instance by
improving street lighting in public spaces and providing
special carriages on trains) and laws (e.g. against rape,
against contact and non-contact sexual violence);
elder abuse prevention programmes (e.g. programmes to
provide support for caregivers and to improve residential
care policies, professional awareness and public
information campaigns) and laws (e.g. against elder
abuse, including in institutions);
health services for victims of violence (e.g. mental health
services for victims of violence, child protection services,
adult protective services, medico-legal services for
victims of sexual violence, and identification, referral and
support for victims of child maltreatment and violence
against women);
legal services (e.g. requiring that the state compensate
victims of violence for their suffering).
The questionnaire and survey method were developed in
close consultation with an international expert committee
of violence prevention researchers and practitioners,
and widely reviewed by representatives of international
and regional organizations working on the prevention of
violence, governmental and nongovernmental organizations,
and academic institutions.

Part V Explanatory notes

Figure 19: Method of data collection and validation

Global and regional level coordination

National Data Coordinator in each country/area

Questionnaire completed by respondents comprising a multisectoral group from

ministries of health, justice, education, gender and women, children, and interior,
and non-government organizations

National consensus meeting

One national data set

Validation

Government clearance

Fed into Global status report

on violence prevention 2014
Part V Explanatory notes

59

In addition to the questionnaire there was a protocol

providing detailed descriptions of each stage of the data
collection, validation and clearance process, a glossary
defining the main technical terms, and a set of PowerPoint
training materials. The questionnaire and consensus method
were piloted in Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines and The
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia during the first
quarter of 2012, and minor adjustments were made based
on the pilot.
The questionnaire, protocol, glossary and training materials
were developed and made available in Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, German, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish.
Following their recruitment, National Data Coordinators
were trained via webinars. The implementation of the full
survey began in June 2012 and ended in July 2014.

Data collection and validation

Following training, National Data Coordinators (see table A1
in Statistical annex) convened a consensus meeting involving
a multisectoral group of up to 10 violence prevention experts.
The method stipulated that the following sectors should be
among the respondents in each country:
Ministry of Health or department responsible for public
health;
Ministry of Justice;
Ministry responsible for law enforcement and the police;
Ministry of Interior;
Ministry of Education;
Ministry responsible for gender and women;
Ministry responsible for children and social development.

After the country consensus meeting, the National Data

Coordinator submitted a draft of the completed questionnaire
to WHO regional and global violence prevention technical
staff. These staff validated the responses by checking them
against independent databases where these existed (for
example, UNODCs global homicide statistics database, End
Corporal Punishments online database of national corporal
punishment laws); through consultation with independent
experts from the country in question, and through Internetbased searches. Findings of the validation process were
then discussed with the National Data Coordinators who
amended the questionnaire responses, until, usually after
several iterations, a fully validated draft was agreed upon.
National Data Coordinators then submitted the validated
draft to the relevant ministry for official permission to
include the final data in the report, following which they sent
the finalized questionnaire to WHO by email and uploaded
the information into an online database specially created
for the project.
While most countries followed the standardized method,
in six countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New
Zealand and Singapore) the questionnaire was completed
by the National Data Coordinator (see Table A1 in Statistical
annex) using input from multiple sectors, and no consensus
meeting was held.
Final data were received from 133 participating countries
and areas (see Table 7). These 133 countries and areas
account for 88% of the worlds population.

In addition, the method noted that respondents from national

statistics offices, nongovernmental organizations working
on violence prevention and academics or representatives of
other research institutions working on violence prevention
research could also be represented in the consensus
meeting. Respondents were asked to complete the
questionnaire independently and then discuss each of the
answers at the consensus meeting where the respondents
would agree as a group on one final country response, which
was then submitted to WHO.

60

Part V Explanatory notes

Table 7: Country participation in the survey, by WHO region and income group
WHO region

African

Number of
WHO Member
States and
Associate
Members

Countries/areas
participating

% of regional
population
covered by
participating
countries

Non-participating Member States/

Associate Members

47

27

70

Angola, Cabo Verde, Central African

Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote
dIvoire, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau,
Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia,
Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo

88

Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Bahamas, Barbados, Chile, Grenada,
Haiti, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay

63

Djibouti, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan,

Somalia, Syria

83

Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Denmark, France, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine

97

Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea,

Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste

97

Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru,

Niue, Palau, Republic of Korea, Tonga

(13 middle-income countries,

14 low-income countries)

Americas

35

21
(4 high-income countries,
17 middle-income countries)

Eastern
Mediterranean1

22

European

53

16
(6 high-income countries,
9 middle-income countries,
1 low-income country)
41
(25 high-income countries,
14 middle-income countries,
2 low-income countries)

South-East Asia

11

8
(5 middle-income countries,
3 low-income countries)

Western Pacific2

27

20
(5 high-income countries,
14 middle-income countries,
1 low-income country)

GLOBAL

195

133

88

(39 high-income countries,

73 middle-income countries,
21 low-income countries)
1
2

Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Includes one Associate Member, Tokelau.

References
1.
2.

World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
Krug E, Dahlberg L, Mercy J, Zwi A, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.

Part V Explanatory notes

61

ESTIMATING GLOBAL HOMICIDE DEATHS

Most countries that record information on homicide deaths

rely on vital registration or criminal justice reporting
systems, and often use both. In civil registration and vital
statistics systems, homicides are coded as a cause of death
according to the International Classification of Diseases.
The criminal justice systems typically rely on administrative
data collected through the police and court system.
For the purposes of generating comparable estimates of
homicide across countries, two databases were combined:
the WHO Mortality Database (1), which contains vital
registration data, and criminal justice statistics previously
compiled by the UNODC (2,3). For countries with long
time series of high quality reporting data for homicides,
estimates of homicide rates from 20002012 were derived
directly from the reported data, after adjustment to deal with
underreporting. For countries without high quality reporting
data for homicides across most of the 20002012 period,
estimates were obtained from a hierarchical regression
model. For countries with model-based homicide estimates,
the levels and trends indicated by those estimates are more
appropriately interpreted as guides to priority setting and
understanding the likely homicide burden within a country,
as opposed to evidence of the effectiveness of national
policies on homicide.

Types of health statistics

The reported number of homicide deaths in vital registration
and criminal justice data sources are not necessarily the
most accurate estimate of homicide deaths, and in cases
where both systems are present in a country, discrepancies
are sometimes apparent. Moreover, countries definitions
of homicide may differ, which reduces the comparability of
reported values for homicide rates across countries. Given
this, three types of homicide statistics were used to prepare
this report:
Reported homicide deaths
The number of homicide deaths as reported by countries"
in their response to the Global status report on violence"
prevention 2014 survey is presented in the Country
profiles, Annex A3.These reported homicide deaths may

62

come from data systems that are incomplete, or may use

inconsistent definitions for homicide.
Adjusted homicide deaths
Systems reporting homicide deaths may not always
capture all homicide deaths in a country. This can
occur when some deaths are not captured by the vital
registration or criminal justice reporting system, or when
deaths that are recorded are incorrectly classified as due
to causes other than homicide. Previous work on the WHO
Mortality Database developed methods for quantifying
these biases in vital registration data, after which data
are either excluded if there is evidence of large underreporting or misclassification, or adjusted in cases
where the issues are less severe. This process leads to
a set of adjusted homicide deaths that are corrected for
underreporting and misclassification.
Comparable homicide estimates
Unfortunately, many countries do not yet have robust data
collection systems for measuring their homicide rates.
To address this data gap, modelling is used to derive
homicide estimates for countries that do not have high
quality data on homicides. These model-based estimates,
combined with adjusted homicide deaths from countries
with high-quality data on homicide, provide a comparable
set of homicide estimates for all Member States.

Estimation strategy for homicide rates

National homicide rates for year 2012 were estimated
based on an in depth analysis of homicide data from 2000
to 2012, with countries grouped into two main estimation
categories. For countries with 8 or more years of recent high
quality data on homicide from at least one source between
2000 and 2012, estimates were computed directly from the
data. For countries without long time series of high-quality
data, regression modelling was used to project national
homicide rates, combining information on observed levels of
homicide rates across regions and countries with covariates
that explain variation in levels of homicide.

Part V Explanatory notes

Directly estimated homicide rates

Reported numbers of homicide deaths were obtained through
vital registration or criminal justice reporting systems. The
estimates provided in this country consultation rely primarily
on two data sets that contain such information: the WHO
Mortality Database (1), which contains vital registration
data, and criminal justice statistics compiled by UNODC
for its global studies on homicide (2, 3), which incorporate
data from the United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends
and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems. In several
cases, responses that were collected through the Global
status report on violence prevention 2014 survey duplicated
observations from the WHO and UNODC data bases. In a
few cases, data from the survey were also included (see
below). Crude homicide rates were computed using UN
Population Division estimates for country population size.

used an indicator of the quality of the reporting system, and

police data from the UNODC data base were included if they
contained values for homicide deaths for 8 or more years
from 2000 to 2012 (over 60% of years with an observation)
and at least one observation year since 2008. Analyses
undertaken for this report comparing vital registration and
criminal justice data also suggested that in countries with
high quality vital registration systems, criminal justice data
may typically underreport homicides by 15%. It is likely
that underreporting in criminal justice systems is higher
in countries without functioning vital registration systems,
but that cannot be assessed given the available data. Given
this, police data were excluded if their homicide rates were
lower than the minimum nationally observed homicide rate
from any country with a high quality vital registration system
(Japan), which led to the exclusion of police data for Egypt
and Indonesia.

Country data on homicide were extracted from the

WHO Mortality Database, in which homicides from vital
registration systems are defined according the International
Classification of Disease by codes ICD-10: X85-Y09, Y87.1
or ICD-9: E960-E969. Country vital registration data were
included in the estimation process if they met data quality
inclusion criteria. To be included, country vital registration
data had to be at least 70% complete and no more than 30%
of injuries could be classified as intent undetermined. Final
counts of homicides from the vital registration data were
then computed by adjusting reported homicides upwards to
correct for incompleteness, as well as redistributing injuries
of undetermined intent pro rata across injury causes,
including homicide. These adjusted vital registration data
were used for subsequent estimation processes.

Many countries had data included from both vital registration

and criminal justice reporting systems. As the final data set
of national homicide rates was restricted to sources with
a consistent definition of homicide, the primary concern
over the accuracy of observed homicide rates was that of
underreporting. Therefore, within a country, preference was
given to data sources reporting a higher rate, based on the
assumption that over-reporting of homicides was much less
likely than under-reporting. For countries with 8 or more
years of reliable data from WHOs Mortality Database or
the UNODC criminal justice database, homicide rates were
directly estimated from the data based on the following
decision rules summarized in Table 1:

The use of criminal justice data for the estimation of homicide

rates is complicated by the fact that there is currently no
reliable way to estimate the degree of completeness of
criminal justice reporting systems. This differs from vital
registration systems that attempt to record all causes of
death, which allows for comparisons between total deaths
recorded by vital registration to deaths implied by trends in
population numbers as a means to assess completeness.
For criminal justice systems, which only record crimerelated deaths, there are no comparator data sets (in
the absence of a vital registration system) to enable an
assessment of completeness. Given that vital registration
data is often incomplete, there is justifiable concern that
criminal justice data may in some cases be incomplete as
well. For these estimates, duration of police reporting was
Part V Explanatory notes

1. If the homicide rates reported in the criminal justice data

series were, on average, significantly higher (p<0.10)
than the homicide rates resulting from the adjusted vital
registration data, the reported criminal justice homicide
rate was used as the final estimate.
2. If there was no significant difference between the
criminal justice and adjusted vital registration homicide
rates, or the adjusted vital registration homicide rate
was significantly higher than the criminal justice rate,
the adjusted vital registration homicide rate was used
as the final estimate.
3. If a country had 8 or more years of recent criminal
justice data, but lacked vital registration data meeting
the inclusion criteria, the criminal justice homicide rate
was adjusted upwards by 15% (based on the analysis
described above) to obtain a final estimate.

63

In cases where the selected data source had an incomplete

time series, trends observed in the unused data source were
used if available to extrapolate missing years. In cases
where there were no observations for a given year from
either vital registration or criminal justice data, trends from
the regression modelling output for that country (described
below) were applied to extrapolate homicide rates for the
missing data years and bring the estimates up to year 2012.
A few countries (Albania, Bahrain, and Kuwait) had vital
registration data in the early 2000s and more complete
police data, and the two sources differed in their levels
of homicide. For these countries, we included both data
sources and projected estimates with the regression model
described in the next section.
Model-based homicide rates
For countries without long, high quality data series on
homicide rates, regression models were used to estimate
national homicide rates over time (Table 8). Potential
covariates for the regression modelling were selected in
a multi-step process. First, seven conceptual categories of
potential predictors of homicide were identified: absolute
and relative deprivation, demographic factors, social (dis)
organization, deterrence, routine activity, economic and
social development and selected individual risk factors.
Second, within each of these categories, indicator variables
were identified (Table 9). Third, graphical examination of
global and regional relationships between each of these
indicator variables and homicide rates,4 in combination with
quantitative metrics based on single covariate regression
models, were used to eliminate several of the covariates
as non-predictive or redundant. The remaining 11 covariates
(Table 9) were included as candidate covariates in a cross
validation algorithm to select the most predictive regression
models.
As the regression model was fitted to data for the period
2000 to 2012, a complete time series over this period was
necessary for each covariate for each country. In cases
where there were gaps in a countrys time series for a given
4

64

Each potential covariate was included by itself in a set of different

log-linear generalized linear models. This set of models included
different specifications of fixed or random effects for intercepts
and linear time trends for regions and countries. Covariates that
consistently had higher Akaike information criterion values across all
model specifications, and no clear relationship with homicide rates as
assessed with scatter plots and p-values, were eligible to be removed
from the initial covariate list. In cases where covariates were very
highly correlated (e.g., gross national income and gross domestic
product), only one was selected.

covariate, missing values were linearly interpolated. In cases

where a countrys time series started after 2000 or ended
before 2012, missing values were extrapolated assuming
a constant value equal to that of the nearest non-missing
year. For countries with no observed covariate values, the
value was imputed with a regression that included fixed
effects for WHO region and year.
Observations of homicide rates were taken primarily
from WHO and UNODC databases (described above),
after the vital registration data inputted for the modelling
were adjusted for incompleteness and misclassification.
Criminal justice data were not adjusted for completeness
before being inputted to the regression modelling as
a covariate was included in the model to account for
systematic differences in homicide-rate levels between
vital registration and criminal justice data. In addition to
incorporating the long, high quality time series of homicide
data that were used to directly produce country estimates
above, shorter time series of police homicide data were also
included in the model if countries also had high quality vital
registration data. Finally, initially excluded criminal justice
data from the UNODC database or the Global status report
on violence prevention 2014 survey were included based on
initial modelling results for a few countries, where modelled
projections were well below reported homicide rates,
implying reasonable completeness of those data. This led to
data inclusion for Iraq and Lesotho for modelled countries,
and for countries with direct estimation, inclusion of police
data from Global status report on violence prevention 2014
for Botswana and Swaziland.
Country-level homicide rates were estimated with
hierarchical generalized linear models with a log link. By
using a hierarchical model, estimates for countries with
limited or no data are informed by regional and global
patterns. In the regression, random intercepts were
assigned to countries and WHO regions, with high-income
countries categorized as a separate region. An additional
random effect was introduced for each unique data source
(for example, vital registration data from France) to account
for over-dispersion. Homicide counts were modelled with a
log offset for population size. The model can be described
as follows:

= ( )

log( ) = + []
+ []
+

Part V Explanatory notes

where unique data sources are denoted s and indexed by

i, countries are denoted c and indexed by j, regions are
denoted r and indexed by k, a are random effects for region,
country and data source, and is an offset. In addition to
explanatory variables, X also contained an indicator variable
for whether a data source was from vital registration or
criminal justice reporting systems. This covariate was set
equal to vital registration during prediction to adjust for
underreporting in the criminal justice data. Final estimates
were based on a model ensemble, which was computed
as a weighted average of the predicted homicide rates
from the five best performing models from a leave-one-out
cross-validation procedure. The cross-validation algorithm
dropped one unique data source at a time and computed
the root mean squared error of the predicted homicide
rate as an error metric. The five covariate sets with the
lowest average root mean squared error were included in
the ensemble, and the reciprocal of the root mean squared
error was used as a weight when averaging the model
predications. The covariates included in the final ensemble
were alcohol drinking pattern, gender inequality index,
percent of the population living in urban areas, proportion of
the population that were males aged 1530 years, religious
fractionalization, and infant mortality rate. Uncertainty
around model-based estimates was obtained via the
bootstrap.
Estimates by sex, age and mechanism
After obtaining final homicide estimates for year 2012 as
explained above, age- and sex-specific homicide rates
for 2012 were obtained by splitting the total homicide
estimates by the age and sex fractions observed in the WHO
Mortality Database for year 2012, or, for countries without
vital registration data from 2012, age and sex fractions
for homicide in year 2012 from the WHOs Global Health
Estimates (4).

Part V Explanatory notes

Estimates of homicide mechanism were derived for three

major categories: firearms, sharp objects, and other, based
on data from WHOs Mortality Database and responses
collected during the Global status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey. Data sources were excluded if the
percent of unknown causes was greater than 30%, or if
the percentage of homicides due to firearms or sharp objects
was missing. If a country had both vital registration and
Global status report on violence prevention 2014 police data
sources meeting data inclusion criteria, the police data were
dropped for countries for which vital registration data were
used to compute the homicide rate estimates, and similarly,
vital registration data were dropped in favour of police
data if homicide rate estimates were based on police data.
Blunt objects were not estimated as a distinct mechanism
category due to sparse reporting across countries. Unknown
causes were excluded, which is equivalent to assuming
that the distribution of unknown causes is the same as that
observed across firearms, sharp objects and other.
For countries with included data, final estimates of homicide
mechanism fractions were computed directly from the data
for the most recent year available. For countries whose most
recent data year was prior to 2012, this assumes stable
mechanism fractions over time. For countries without data,
mechanism fractions were estimated with a multinomial
logistic regression, which modelled firearms, sharp objects,
and other categories as a function of covariates. Potential
covariates included those considered in the cross validation
exercise for estimating homicide rates (Table 9), plus
firearms per capita and the final homicide rate estimate
for a country. Model covariates for estimating mechanism
fractions were selected via cross-validation, and included
the log of the estimated homicide rate, log firearms per
capita, alcohol drinking pattern, religious fractionalization,
corruption index for 2012, and an indicator variable for East
Asia and high income Asia Pacific countries.

65

Table 8: Estimation method by country

Estimation method
Vital registration data

Criminal justice data

Adjusted criminal
justice data

Modelled estimate
with country data
Modelled estimate
without country data

Countrya
Argentina, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland,
Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Suriname,
Sweden, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of
America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Australia, Belize, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania,
Paraguay, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Botswana, Cambodia, Dominican Republic,
Georgia, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua,
Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand,
Turkey, Uganda, Yemen
Albania, Bahrain, Fiji, Iraq, Kuwait, Lesotho, Montenegro, Philippines, Uzbekistan
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde,
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cte d'Ivoire, Democratic People's Republic of Korea,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tunisia, Turkmenistan,
United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Viet Nam, West Bank and Gaza Strip, Zambia, Zimbabwe

a Not listed here are 22 Member States with populations less than 300 000 for which homicide estimates were included in regional tables but not reported separately.

Table 9: Covariates considered for homicide rate regression model

Category

Included in cross validation

Excluded after initial tests

Absolute and relative deprivation

Infant mortality rate

Gini index

Demographic

Percentage of urban population

Proportion of population aged 1530
years old and male

Social (dis)organization

Adolescent birth rate

HIV prevalence
Religious fractionalization

Proportion of income in the highest quintile

Proportion of income in the lowest quintile
Ratio of upper and lower income quintiles
Population density
Population growth rate
Sex ratio in 1530 year old age groups
Percentage of households headed by female
Divorce rate
Health system access
Ethnic fractionalization
Language fractionalization

Deterrence
Routine activity
Economic and social development

Corruption index 2012

Selected individual risk factors

Alcohol drinking pattern

Unemployment rate
Gross domestic product
Literacy rate
Mean years of education
Alcohol consumption rate
Child stunting
Firearms per capita

Lagged gross national income

Gender inequality index

References
1. WHO Mortality Database [online database]. Geneva: World health
Organization; 2014. (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_
data/en/, accessed 20 August 2014).
2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011 Global study on
homicide: trends, contexts, data. Vienna: United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime; 2011.

66

3. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global study on

homicide 2013. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime;
2013.
4. World Health Organization. Global health estimates: deaths by
cause, age, sex and country, 20002012. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2014.

Part V Explanatory notes

COUNTRY PROFILES: EXPLANATION

The country profiles in the following section (in alphabetical

order) present a selection of core information about violence
prevention and victim support services, as reported by each
of the 133 participating countries and areas. Additional and
more detailed national data can be found in the Statistical
annex (Tables A1A11).

Background information on countries

Background information for population, gross national
income (GNI) per capita and economic inequality are
reported for the most recent year available. Population
data were extracted from the United Nations Population
Division database, while gross national income per capita
for the year 2012, and data on the Gini coefficient of income
inequality, came from World Bank estimates. Where no
data were available for 2012, published data for the latest
year were used. The World Bank Atlas method was used to
categorize GNI according to the following bands:
low-income: US$ 1005 or less
middle-income: US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275
high-income: US$ 12 276 or more.
Flags were obtained from the World Flag Database (http://
www.flags.net). Flags as of 31 December 2012 were used.

Terminology
A full list of definitions of all key terms used in this report
can be found in Part VI, Glossary.
The information on levels and patterns of drinking and
excise taxes on alcohol sales was taken from the 2014
Global status report on alcohol and health (1).
Total per capita consumption is defined as total (recorded
plus estimated unrecorded) alcohol per capita for those
aged 15 years and older within a calendar year in litres
of pure alcohol (1).
The patterns of drinking score reflects how people
drink instead of how much they drink within a population.
Strongly associated with the alcohol-attributable burden
of disease in a country, the patterns of drinking score
is measured on a scale from one (least risky pattern
of drinking) to five (most risky pattern of drinking). The
Part V Explanatory notes

higher the score, the greater the alcohol-attributable

burden of disease in population groups with the same
level of consumption. Notably, different drinking patterns
give rise to very different health outcomes in population
groups with the same level of consumption (1).
An excise tax is an inland tax applied on the sale of, or
production for sale of, specific goods. Here it refers to
beer, wine and spirits. Excise taxes are distinguished
from customs duties, which are taxes on imports (1).

Key to country profiles

The sections below reflect how the information is structured
in each of the country profiles. They include details on how
data on certain variables are presented and should be
interpreted.
Variables were coded as if the information was
unavailable or non-applicable, or if respondents had
provided a Dont know response.
Information on the existence of national and subnational
action plans, policies and laws is indicated as Yes (with
a footnote where these are subnational) or No. Countries
where the development of action plans, policies and laws
is underway but these have yet to be approved or endorsed
by government are indicated as No. National was defined
as relating to a nation or a country as a whole. In federal
states, plans of action, policies and laws were considered
national when they were either federal or when more than
90% of subnational entities such as states or provinces
had such plans of action, policies and laws.
Respondents were asked to use their professional
judgement to rate the extent of enforcement of laws and of
implementation of programmes. The group of respondents
then reached consensus on an enforcement rating for laws
and an implementation rating for programmes. These scores
were:
Extent of enforcement of laws
1 = Enforced to a limited extent: up to 40% effective
2 = Enforced to a large extent: 4079% effective
3 = Fully enforced: 80% or more effective

67

Extent of prevention programme and victim support

programme implementation
1 = The programme has been implemented once or a few
isolated times.
2 = The programme has been implemented systematically
on a larger scale (for example, across many schools or
communities, or has reached more than 30% of the intended
target population in the country).
It is noted that these scores are subjective and are only
an indication of how law enforcement and programme
implementation are perceived in the country.
Only information on whether national population-based
prevalence surveys of non-fatal violence exist is reported
here. Too few countries reported data of adequate quality
to include prevalence rates for the different types of nonfatal violence.
Reported homicide numbers or rates per 100 000,
percentage of male and female homicide victims and the
percentage of homicides by mechanism are presented for
the most recent year for which data were provided. The
proportion of homicides where the sex was unknown has
not been reported in the profiles. Proportions of homicide by
sex and by mechanism may sometimes not add up to 100%
because of rounding or because only partial information was

68

received. It is emphasized that only the reported numbers

or reported rates of homicide are included in the country
profiles. Estimates based on the statistical model developed
are listed in the Statistical annex.
It is further emphasized that all police-reported data shown
are as submitted to WHO as part of the Global status report
on violence prevention 2014 data collection survey. As such,
these data may differ from the police-reported homicide
numbers and rates supplied to and published by UNODC
owing to variations in the procedures/channels used to
gather the data, the timing of their collection and the
validation methods used by WHO and UNODC respectively.
Graphs on reported homicide rates per 100 000 population.
While many countries track data trends over decades, only
a 10-year period is depicted here. Data points for years
where this information was missing were left blank. For
countries providing fewer than 3 years of homicide trend
data, this information is presented in a table instead of a
graph. Where the primary data source for data on homicide
mechanisms and homicide trends was not specified, the
country questionnaire has been listed as the source.

Reference
1.

World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol

and health 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.

Part V Explanatory notes

Part VI At a glance

At a glance

CHILD
MALTREATMENT
Millions of children suffer abuse and neglect at
the hands of their parents and other caregivers.

Child maltreatment is the abuse and

neglect of children under 18 years of
age. It includes all types of physical
and/or emotional maltreatment,
sexual abuse, neglect, negligence
and commercial or other exploitation,
which results in actual or potential
harm to the childs health, survival,
development or dignity in the context
of a relationship of responsibility,
trust or power.

Findings from the survey

The majority of countries report having adopted national action plans to address
child maltreatment. Many countries report that prevention programmes for child
maltreatment are being implemented. However, only a minority of countries report
implementing these measures at scale.

Prevention approaches
There are a number of evidence-based programmes designed to help strengthen
early relationships and interactions between children and their caregivers, promote
healthy development and prevent child maltreatment.

Key facts:
Nearly one in four adults reports
having been physically abused
as a child; 36% say they were
emotionally abused as a child.
20% of women and 510% of
men report having been sexually
abused as children.
Maltreatment can cause changes
in the brain that increase the
risk of behavioural, physical
and mental health problems in
adulthood.
Being a victim of child
maltreatment can increase the risk
that a person will become a victim
and/or perpetrator of other forms
of violence in adolescence and
adulthood.

70

Proportion of countries with national

action plans and surveys
Yes

29

No

41
71

National action plans

59

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing

a particular strategy

23

Home visiting

35

Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses to parents and infants

in their homes to provide support, education, and information. Some
home visiting programmes can substantially reduce child maltreatment
and associated outcomes such as injuries.

42

None
(not implemented at all)

Parenting education

15

Limited
(implemented once or
a few times)

47
38

Larger scale
(e.g. across many
schools or communities
or has reached 30%
or more of the target
population)

15

Child sexual abuse avoidance training

48
37

CHILD MALTREATMENT

Parenting education programmes aim to improve childrearing skills, increase knowledge of child development
and encourage positive child management strategies
strategies.
Parenting education programmes show great promise
in preventing child maltreatment and promoting
positive parenting and child behaviour
behaviour.

Child sexual abuse prevention programmes teach children about body

ownership, the difference between good and bad touch, how to say no
and how to disclose abuse to a trusted adult. They can increase childrens
knowledge of what to do if they encounter a potentially abusive situation.

71

At a glance

YOUTH VIOLENCE
Globally, more than 500 young people are
murdered every day.

Youth violence is violence occurring

between people aged 1029 years.
It often occurs among youth who are
not relatives and who may not know
each other, and generally takes place
outside of the home. It includes harmful
behaviours that may start early and
continue into adulthood. Some violent
acts such as assault can lead to
serious injury or death. Others, such as
bullying, slapping or hitting may result
more in emotional than physical harm.

Findings from the survey

While more than half of surveyed countries report having adopted national action
plans to address youth violence, only a quarter of countries report having national
surveys to measure the magnitude and consequences of youth violence, and
identify its risk factors.

Prevention approaches
A variety of approaches have been developed to reduce violent behaviour among
young people. The most common approaches help children and adolescents
manage anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary social skills to solve
problems.

Key facts:
Worldwide an estimated 200 000
homicides occur each year among
youth aged 1029 years, accounting
for 43% of all homicides annually.
In over 80% of deaths due to youth
violence the victim is a male.
For each young person killed, many
more sustain injuries requiring
hospital treatment.
Beyond deaths and injuries, youth
violence can lead to mental health
problems and increased health
risk behaviours, such as smoking,
alcohol and drug use, and unsafe sex.
Perpetrators and victims of youth
violence often have a long history of
involvement in violence, and many
were victims of child maltreatment.

72

Proportion of countries with national

action plans and surveys
Yes

No

26
47

53
74

National action plans

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing

a particular strategy
27

Preschool enrichment

35

Preschool enrichment programmes introduce young children to the skills

necessary for success in school, thereby increasing the likelihood of future
success. Preschool enrichment programmes can reduce arrests for
academic success
40%.
violence among those aged 2024 years by up to 40%

38

34
None

15

51

(not implemented at all)

Limited

Life skills training

Life skills training programmes are designed
to help older children and adolescents manage
anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary
problems. Life skills training
social skills to solve problems
programmes can reduce adolescent violence
29%.
by up to 29%

(implemented once or
a few times)

Larger scale
(e.g. across many
schools or communities
or has reached 30%
or more of the target
population)

27
50
23

34

19

47

YOUTH VIOLENCE

Mentoring
Mentoring programmes match a young person at
high risk of antisocial behaviour or growing up in a
single-parent family with a caring older person from
outside the family
family. Mentoring can reduce illicit drug
initiation, truancy and other risk factors for youth
violence.
violence

Bullying prevention
Bullying prevention programmes can involve anger management, social skills
and assertiveness training for children involved in bullying; teaching peers active
listening and problem solving skills to help those involved; and whole-school
approaches such as developing an anti-bullying policy
policy.

73

At a glance

INTIMATE
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Globally, one in three women has been a victim
of violence by an intimate partner.

Intimate partner violence refers to

behaviour by an intimate partner
or ex-partner that causes physical,
sexual or psychological harm,
including physical aggression, sexual
coercion, psychological abuse and
controlling behaviours. It can occur
among heterosexual or same-sex
couples, and does not require sexual
intimacy. Intimate partner violence
is often hidden and only a small
percentage of victims seek help from
formal victim assistance providers.

Findings from the survey

Key facts:

Proportion of countries with national

action plans and surveys

Intimate partner violence against

women is an important risk factor
for HIV, other sexually transmitted
diseases, unwanted pregnancies
and other reproductive health
problems.
Women exposed to intimate
partner violence are almost twice
as likely to have an alcohol use
disorder, two times more likely to
experience depression and have an
increased risk for suicide attempts
compared to women who have not
been exposed to partner violence.
Intimate partner violence can
negatively affect children in
households where it occurs.

74

A majority of countries report having conducted national surveys on intimate partner

violence and two thirds report having national action plans to address it. Far fewer
report implementing school- and community-based programmes to change attitudes
and behaviour directly.

Prevention approaches
Promoting gender equity, creating a climate of non-tolerance for violence and
starting prevention efforts at a young age are some of the key strategies for
preventing intimate partner violence.

Yes

32

No

43
57
68

National action plans

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing

a particular strategy

Dating violence prevention in schools

32

Dating violence prevention programmes in schools aim to develop healthy

violence.
relationship skills and reduce attitudes that are accepting of violence
Evaluations of these programmes in mostly high-income countries show
positive changes in knowledge and attitudes toward relationship violence
behaviours.
and reductions in abusive behaviours

46
22

None

Microfinance and gender

equity training

(not implemented at all)

Limited

37

(implemented once or
a few times)

42

Larger scale
(e.g. across many
schools or communities
or has reached 30%
or more of the target
population)

21

Social and cultural norm-change

11
40
49

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Microfinance combined with gender equity training

focuses on women living in poor communities and is
designed to economically empower them and address
gender norms, cultural beliefs and communication
communication. It
is one of the few strategies with documented evidence
showing reductions in partner violence
violence.

Social and cultural norm-change strategies aim to modify social

expectations, such as the norm that men have the right to control women,
which make women vulnerable to physical, emotional and sexual violence
by men
men. Rigorous evaluations of social and cultural norm-change strategies
are still needed to assess their impact; however, they remain an important
strategy to inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and
unacceptable behaviour and in promoting norms supportive of healthy, nonviolent, and gender equitable relationships
relationships.

75

At a glance

SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Globally, 7% of women have experienced sexual
violence by someone other than an intimate
partner in their lifetime.

Sexual violence is defined as any

sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual
act, unwanted sexual comments
or advances, or acts to traffic, or
otherwise directed against a persons
sexuality using coercion, by any
person regardless of their relationship
to the victim, in any setting including
but not limited to home and work.

Key facts:
Sexual violence against women
and girls can lead to unintended
pregnancies, unsafe abortions,
gynaecological problems and
sexually transmitted infections,
including HIV.
Women who have experienced
non-partner sexual violence are 2.3
times more likely to have alcohol
use disorders and 2.6 times more
likely to have depression or anxiety
than women who have not.
Boys and men also suffer sexual
violence, although this remains
poorly documented.

Findings from the survey

Over half of countries report conducting national surveys on sexual violence and
some two-thirds of countries report adopting national action plans to address
it. While over half of countries report implementing campaigns to change social
and cultural norms, only a third report implementing school-based programmes
addressing gender norms and attitudes at a larger scale.

Prevention approaches
Addressing the root causes of violence against women starting prevention efforts
at a young age, changing social norms accepting of sexual violence against women
and implementing strategies to promote gender equity are some of the key
strategies for preventing sexual violence.

Proportion of countries with national

action plans and surveys
Yes

35

48
52
65

National action plans

76

No

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing

a particular strategy

20

School and college programmes

45

School- and college-based programmes are designed to raise awareness,

address gender norms, bystander behaviours, and knowlege and attitudes
about rape and sexual assault. Few programmes have been rigorously
evaluated, suggesting a critical gap to fill.

35

None
(not implemented at all)

Limited

26

(implemented once or
a few times)

45

Larger scale

29

(e.g. across many

schools or communities
or has reached 30%
or more of the target
population)

Physical environment changes include improving formal

and informal surveillance, better lighting of public
areas and interventions to encourage the use of public
spaces. While promising, more research is needed to
spaces
evaluate their specific effects on sexual violence
violence.

Social and cultural norm-change

11
39
50

SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Physical environment changes

Social and cultural norm-change programmes aim to modify norms of male

sexual entitlement, and can reduce attitudes and beliefs that are supportive
of sexual violence
violence. Rigorous evaluations of social and cultural norm-change
strategies are still needed to assess their impact; however, they remain an
important strategy to inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour
behaviour.

77

At a glance

ELDER ABUSE
Many older people experience some form of
abuse in the home.

Elder abuse is a single or repeated

act, or lack of appropriate action,
occurring within any relationship
where there is an expectation
of trust that causes harm or
distress to an older person. Elder
abuse includes physical, sexual,
psychological, emotional, financial
and material abuse; abandonment;
neglect and serious loss of dignity
and respect.

Key facts:
National surveys conducted
in predominantly high-income
countries find wide variation in
rates of abuse in the preceding
12 months among adults aged
over 60 years, ranging from 0.8%
in Spain and 2.6% in the United
Kingdom to upwards of 18% in
Israel, 23.8% in Austria and 32%
in Belgium.
Elder abuse can lead to serious
physical injuries and long-term
psychological consequences,
including depression and anxiety.
Elder abuse is predicted to
increase as many countries are
experiencing rapidly ageing
populations.

78

Findings from the survey

Although public and professional information campaigns to raise awareness
about elder abuse are reported in many countries, elder abuse is one of the leastinvestigated types of violence in national surveys, and one of the least addressed in
national action plans.

Prevention approaches
Strategies to prevent elder abuse include efforts to raise professional awareness
and train practitioners; inform the public about how to identify the signs and
symptoms of elder abuse and where help can be obtained, and improving policies
and practices in residential care facilities for elderly people. There is, however, very
little research on the effectiveness of any such programmes in preventing elder
abuse, and this is a critical gap to fill.

Proportion of countries with national

action plans and surveys
Yes

No

17
41
59

National action plans

83

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing

a particular strategy
Professional awareness campaigns
40

36

Professional awareness campaigns aim to improve professionals ability to

cases. While they can
identify and deal effectively with suspected elder abuse cases
increase such knowledge, their effectiveness depends on the strategies in place
identified.
to deal with a suspected case once identified

24

Public information campaigns

34

43
None
(not implemented at all)

23

Limited
(implemented once or
a few times)

Public information campaigns aim to increase public

awareness about elder abuse, promote positive
attitudes towards older people, and encourage the
people. They
respectful, dignified treatment of older people
may help to raise the visibility of elder abuse and
change social norms that are supportive of elder
abuse.
abuse

Larger scale
(e.g. across many
schools or communities
or has reached 30%
or more of the target
population)

Caregiver support
28

33

39

27

37
36

ELDER ABUSE

Caregiver support programmes provide services to

relieve the burden of caregiving, by, for instance,
providing help with housekeeping and meal
preparation, respite care, support groups and day
care. They can reduce the caregiver burden, stress
care
and depression, all of which are risk factors for
elder abuse
abuse.

Residential care policies

Residential care policies aim to improve standards of care in nursing and other
residential care homes for elderly people by implementing procedures within
the homes that reduce the likelihood of elder abuse
abuse. They can help to establish
uniform licencing requirements and professional operating standards that lower
abuse.
the risk of elder abuse

79

Part VII Glossary

Adult protective services identify and assess elderly

and disabled adults who have been abused or are at risk of
abuse, investigate these cases and provide services, in part
to prevent abuse from occurring or recurring.
After-school programmes extend adult supervision
and aim to improve childrens academic achievement and
school involvement by supporting their studies and offering
recreational activities outside normal school hours.
Armed violence is the use or threatened use of weapons to
inflict injury, death or psychosocial harm, which undermines
development.
Caregiver support programmes to prevent elder abuse
provide services to relieve the burden of caregiving, by,
for instance, providing help with housekeeping and meal
preparation, respite care, support groups and day care.
Changing social and cultural gender norms aims to alter
the social expectations that define appropriate behaviour for
women and men, such as norms that dictate men have the
right to control women, and which make women and girls
vulnerable to physical, emotional and sexual violence by
men.
Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect of children
under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or
emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence
and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual
or potential harm to the childs health, survival, development
or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility,
trust or power.
Child protection services investigate cases of child
maltreatment and identify, assess, and provide services to
children and families in an effort to protect children and
prevent further maltreatment, while wherever possible
preserving the family. Such services are also sometimes
known by other names, often attempting to reflect more
family-centred (as opposed to child-centred) practices, such
as children and family services, child welfare services
or even social services.
Collective violence is the instrumental use of violence by
people who identify themselves as members of a group
whether this group is transitory or has a more permanent

82

identity against another group or set of individuals in order

to achieve political, economic or social objectives.
Community policing strategies aim to establish policecommunity partnerships and a problem-solving approach
that is responsive to the needs of the community, through an
active partnership between the police and the community.
Elder abuse is any act of commission or omission (in
which case it is usually described as neglect), that may
be either intentional or unintentional and involves persons
aged 6065 years or more (the age bracket for old age
varies by country but often coincides with the official
age of retirement). The abuse may be physical, sexual,
psychological (involving emotional or verbal aggression), or
financial, or involve other material maltreatment and result
in unnecessary suffering, injury or pain, the loss or violation
of human rights, and a decreased quality of life for the older
person.
Gang violence is the intentional use of violence by a
person or group of persons who are members of, or identify
with, any durable, street-orientated group whose identity
includes involvement in illegal activity.
Gender norms are social expectations that define what
is considered appropriate behaviour for women and men.
The different roles and behaviours of females and males,
children as well as adults, are shaped and reinforced by
gender norms within society.
Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses
to parents and children in their homes to prevent child
maltreatment and promote positive infant, child and
parental development by providing support, education and
information.
Interpersonal violence is the intentional use of physical
force or power, threatened or actual, by a person or a small
group of people against another person or small group that
either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury,
death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.
Intimate partner violence is behaviour within an intimate
relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological
harm to those in the relationship, including acts of physical
aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and
controlling behaviours.
Part VII Glossary

Medico-legal services for sexual violence victims

provide immediate medical and psychosocial care and legal
advice for victims, and collect medical and legal evidence to
corroborate victim accounts and help identify perpetrators.

and include education about the signs and symptoms of elder

maltreatment, discussion on the roles and responsibilities
of professionals in protecting older people, and training in
problem-solving skills.

Mentoring programmes assume that a warm and

supportive relationship with a positive adult role model can
help to protect children and adolescents against involvement
in youth violence. Mentoring programmes typically match a
young person particularly one at high risk of antisocial
behaviour or growing up in a single-parent family with a
caring older person from outside the family. Mentors may
be older classmates, teachers, counsellors, police officers
or other members of the community.

Physical environment improvement involves efforts

to reduce the likelihood of sexual assault by, for instance,
improving the safety of trains or buses through the provision
of special seating areas and/or compartments for women
and girls, and ensuring that streets and parking areas have
adequate street lighting.

Microfinance combined with gender equity training is

designed to benefit women living in the poorest communities
and combines the provision of microfinance with training and
skills-building sessions for men and women on gender roles
and norms, cultural beliefs, communication and intimate
partner violence.
Parenting education programmes are usually delivered
in groups with the aim of preventing child maltreatment and
other problem behaviours by improving child-rearing skills,
increasing knowledge of child development and encouraging
positive child management strategies.
Pre-school enrichment programmes introduce young
children early on to the skills necessary for success in school,
and may also include the acquisition of life skills, thereby
increasing the likelihood of future academic success and
reducing the likelihood that children will become involved
in violence as they grow into adolescents and young adults.
Problem-orientated policing integrates daily police
practice with criminological theory and research methods
to enhance prevention and reduce crime and disorder,
and emphasizes the use of systematic data analysis and
assessment methods.
Professional awareness campaigns to prevent elder
abuse are designed for social and health care professionals
whose routine contact with older people puts them in a
position to identify and support those at risk of abuse or
already being abused. They aim to increase professional
awareness of elder maltreatment and improve professionals
ability to identify and deal effectively with suspected cases,
Part VII Glossary

Residential care policies and procedures to prevent

elder abuse aim to improve standards of care in nursing
and other residential care homes for elderly people by
implementing policies and procedures within the homes that
will reduce the likelihood of elder maltreatment. These may
include promoting teamwork and professional development,
a focus on person-centred care, and regular audits.
Schools-based bullying prevention programmes
can take different forms. Individualized interventions
provide anger management, social skills and assertiveness
training to children already involved in bullying. Peer-led
interventions teach peer helpers the basic skills of active
listening, empathy, problem solving and supportiveness that
they need to help others involved in a bullying situation.
Whole-school approaches include the development of an
anti-bullying policy, increased adult supervision on school
grounds, the establishment of an anti-bullying committee
and involvement of parents.
School-based dating violence prevention programmes
typically aim to reach students aged 1415 years, are often
integrated into existing health and physical educational
curricula and taught in sex-segregated classes. They have an
underlying theme of healthy, non-violent relationship skills,
and frequently involve using graduated practice with peers
to develop positive strategies for dealing with pressures
and the resolution of conflict without abuse or violence.
Self-directed violence is violence a person inflicts upon
himself or herself, and categorized as suicidal behaviour or
self-abuse.

83

Sexual violence is:

any sexual act or attempt to obtain a sexual act
unwanted sexual comments or advances or acts to
traffic

threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of

liberty, whether in public or in private life.
Youth violence is violence involving people between the
ages of 1029 years.

that are directed against a persons sexuality using coercion

by anyone, regardless of their relationship to the victim, in
any setting, including at home and at work.
Three types of sexual violence are commonly distinguished:
sexual violence involving intercourse (i.e. rape), contact
sexual violence (for example, unwanted touching, but
excluding intercourse), and non-contact sexual violence
(for example, threatened sexual violence, exhibitionism and
verbal sexual harassment).
Sexual violence prevention programmes for school
and college populations involve college/university,
high school and middle school populations, and usually
include educational and awareness-raising exercises that
focus on challenging rape myths; providing information on
acquaintance and date rape; reviewing statistics on rape,
and coaching in risk reduction and protective prevention
skills.
Social development/life skills training programmes
are designed to help children and adolescents manage
anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary social
skills to solve interpersonal problems without violence, and
are usually implemented in school settings.
Training children to recognize and avoid potentially
sexually abusive situations is usually delivered in
schools, and aims to teach children about body ownership;
the difference between good and bad touch; how to
recognize potentially abusive situations; how to say no,
and how to disclose abuse to a trusted adult.
Violence is the intentional use of physical force or power,
threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or
against a group or community that either results in or has
a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological
harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.
Violence against women is defined as any act of genderbased violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical,
sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including

84

Part VII Glossary

Part VIII Country profiles

AFGHANISTAN
Population: 29 824 536

Gross national income per capita: US$ 690

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 27.82

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
Youth violence

Intimate partner violence

Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
Mandatory background check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
Carrying firearms in public
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use

NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES//
YES
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

NO
NO
0.7

Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Partial
18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES1 (NO)
YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times

Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
NO
abusive situations

YES

NO
NO

YES
YES

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver support

Residential care policies

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA
ILA
BL

Afghanistan

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Larger scale
Implementation

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Albania

Subnational.

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7
6

87

ALBANIA
Population: 3 162 083

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 520

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 34.51

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence

Intimate partner violence

YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES
7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

VA

ILA

BL

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Afghanistan
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

VICTIM SERVICES

TA

NO

TA

VICTIM LAWS

DA

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
NO
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
LE
Residential care policies
YES
LAB
VAI

NO
YES

OT

AN

DAT

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
NO

Child maltreatment YES

Albania

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Other 6%
Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%
Blunt force 10%
Firearm 66%
Sharp force 17%

Rate per 100 000 population

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 142, Rate= 2.86/100 000 (87.3% M, 12.7% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Algeria

Firearm 26%

pulation

Unknown 5%

88

2
1.8
1.6
1.4

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

DATA ON VIOLENCE

ALGERIA
Population: 38 481 705

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 970

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.33

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES
1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
YES

VA
TA
NO
TA
DA

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Albania
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Other 6%
Against elder abuse
Burn 1%
Against elder abuse in institutions
Strangulation 1%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Blunt force 10%

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
LE YES
Mentoring
ILAB
AVA
OT
N
After-school supervision
NO
A
DAT
School anti-bullying
NO
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional
YES
8 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
YES
7
6
Caregiver support
YES
Residential5 care policies
YES

4
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing
forforce
victim17%
legal representation
Sharp

NO
YES

Firearm 66%

3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Algeria

YES
YES
YES
YES
2008

2007

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES1
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

19 / 19
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

ILA

BL

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against
statutory rape
Afghanistan
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 26%
Other 36%

Sharp force 32%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 5%

Strangulation 1%

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

Sources. Mechanism: DGSN and Gendarmerie Nationale/ Reported homicides: Police

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Gendarmerie Nationale and Police

Armenia

Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

Firearm 10%
Sharp force 25%

lation

2005

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 631, Rate= 1.72/100 000 (84.2% M, 15.8% F)

2.5

89

ARMENIA
Population: 2 969 081

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 770

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 31.3

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Afghanistan

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA

ILA

BL
E

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of Apure
LE alcohol)
IL B
AVA
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST
OT RISKY
N
A
Excise taxes
Beer: YESDAT
Wine: YES

YES
YES
5.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

YES
YES
Firearm 66%

Sharp force 17%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Algeria
Against non-contact sexual violence
Unknown 5%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES
NO
Firearm 26%
NO

Other 36%

1
0.8
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
NO Sharp force 32%

Strangulation 1%

Mental health services

Child maltreatment NO

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Armenia

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 10%

Other 57%

Blunt force 5%
Strangulation 1%
Burn 2%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 25%

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 62, Rate= 1.8/100 000 (74.2% M, 25.8% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Australia
Unknown 3%
Firearm 17%

1.8

ulation

90

1.6
1.4

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence
prevention programmes
7
Pre-school6enrichment
YES
Life skills and
social development training
YES
5
Mentoring4
YES
After-school
YES
3 supervision
School anti-bullying
NO
2
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
1
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
2
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.8
Public information
campaigns
NO
1.6
Caregiver1.4support
YES
1.2
Residential
care policies
NO
Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Albania
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Other 6%(all settings)
Ban on corporal punishment
Burn 1%
Youth violence laws
AgainstStrangulation
weapons on1%
school premises
AgainstBlunt
gangforce
or criminal
10% group membership

OT

AN

DA

TA

NO

DAT

AUSTRALIA
Population: 23 050 471

Gross national income per capita: US$ 59 790

Income group: High

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
8
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 6
Adult (15+)5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of4 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
2

Firearm 26%

YES1
YES1

Sharp force 32%

Intimate partner violence laws
Strangulation 1%
1
Against rape in marriage
YES

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
YES1

Armenia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES1

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES

Firearm 10%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES

Against elder abuse in institutions

YES Sharp force 25%
Other 57%

VICTIM LAWS

2008

2009

2010

2011

2
1.8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.6
Pre-school
enrichment
NO
1.4
Life skills1.2and social development training
NO
Mentoring1
YES
0.8
After-school
supervision
NO
0.6
School anti-bullying
YES
0.4
Intimate 0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention
in schools
YES
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
3
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
2.5
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver 2support
YES
Residential
care policies
YES
1.5

2009

2010

2011

YES1
1
force 5%
YESBlunt

Strangulation 1%
Burn 2%

Adult protective services

0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Australia

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide2
Unknown 3%

Other 46%
Sharp force 33%

1.8

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 17%

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Blunt force 1%
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 244, Rate= 1.1/100 000 (64.3% M, 35.7% F)

Source: Police

Austria

Subnational.
Homicides classified as commited without a weapon are included in "other".

Part VIII Country profiles

Other 33%

Firearm 14%

1.2

pulation

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES1
YES1
YES1 (NO)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

12.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Algeria
Against statutory rape
Against female genital Unknown
mutilation5%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school premises
Other 36%
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1
YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Department of Health.

Albania

National action plans

Interpersonal violence
YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Other
6%
Youth violence Burn 1%YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Strangulation 1%
Firearms
force civilian
10% access
Laws toBlunt
regulate
YES1
Mandatory background check
YES1
1
1
1
/YES
/YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES
Firearm 66%
Carrying
in public
YES1
Sharpfirearms
force 17%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES1

Income inequality:

91

Sharp force 17%

AUSTRIA

Rate per 100

Firearm 66%

4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 8 463 948

Gross national income per capita: US$ 47 960

Income group: High

Income inequality: 29.15

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Strangulation 1%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
2
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

1.8
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
Adult (15+)
1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of1 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: NO
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Algeria

National action plans

Interpersonal violence Unknown
NO
Child maltreatment
NO
5%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse Firearm 26%
NO
Firearms
Other 36%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andSharp
use force 32%
YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
YES1
10.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Other 46%
VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

Year times
No response/dont know Limited
Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Against child marriage

YES
YES
Parenting education

Armenia
Against
statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation
YES
YES
abusive situations

10%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Firearm
YES
(YES)

3
Youth violence laws
Youth violence prevention programmes
2.5
Against weapons on school premises
YES Sharp force 25% Pre-school enrichment
YES

2
Against gang or criminal group membership
YES
Life skills and
social development training
YES

Other 57%
Mentoring
YES

1.5
After-school supervision
YES

1
School anti-bullying
YES

Blunt force 5%
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate 0.5
partner violence prevention programmes
Strangulation 1% Dating violence
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Burn
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES2%
NO

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Australia
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Unknown 3%
1.8
Against elder abuse
NO 17%

Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
Firearm

1.6
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES
campaigns
YES
Public information

1.4
Caregiver1.2support
YES

Residential
YES

1 care policies

VICTIM0.8SERVICES

YES Sharp force 33%

YES

Blunt force 1%

0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Austria

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 14%

Sharp force 36%

Strangulation 11%

1.2

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 33%

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Blunt force 6%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 36, Rate= 0.4/100 000 (44.4% M, 55.6% F)

Source: Statistics Austria

Sources. Mechanism: Statistics Austria/ Reported homicides: VR

Azerbaijan

Subnational.

Firearm 12%

92
Unknown 32%

3.5

ulation

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Youth Welfare.

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100

Sharp force 32%

AZERBAIJAN
Strangulation 1%

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 308 959

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 290

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 33.71

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
3
Rate per 100 000 population

Armenia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
ChildFirearm
maltreatment
NO
10%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES1
Elder abuse
NO
Sexual violence
YES1
Sharp force 25%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
YES
Othercivilian
57% access
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Blunt
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and
useforce 5%
NO

YES
NO

2.5

Alcohol
Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1

2.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

Strangulation
1%
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Burn 2%

2006

2007

2008

2009

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2010

2011

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation
Strangulation 11%

Sharp force 36%

YES1
YES

0.6

VICTIM SERVICES

Blunt force 6%

0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Azerbaijan

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES1
Sexual violence YES1

Firearm 12%

2010

Elder abuse NO

Sharp force 51%

3.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 32%

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 231, Rate= 2.54/100 000 (66.2% M, 33.8% F)

Source: Country questionnaire

Bahrain

Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

Other 37%

Firearm 18%

1.6

ulation

2009

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 5%

2011

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO

Against child marriage

YES
NO

Parenting education
Australia
Against
statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation
NO

NO

Unknown
3%
Ban on corporal punishment
(all settings)
YES (NO)

1.8
Firearm 17%
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.6
Against weapons on school premises
YES
YES
1.4 enrichment
Pre-school

Against gang or criminal group membership

NO

Life skills1.2and social development training

YES

Mentoring1
NO

Other 46%
0.8
After-school
supervision
YES

0.6
School anti-bullying
NO

Sharp force 33%

0.4
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
NO

0
Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force
1% from home NO
Allowing removal of violent
spouse

Microfinance
and gender equity training
NO

Year
Social and cultural norms change
NO

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
NO

School and college programmes

Austria
YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Firearm 14%
1.2
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional
awareness campaigns
NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

NO

Public information
campaigns
NO

1
Other 33%
Caregiver0.8support
NO

Residential care policies

NO

1.4
1.2

93

Rate per 100

Blunt force 5%
Strangulation 1%
Burn 2%

BAHRAIN
Population: 1 317 827

1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 19 560

Income group: High

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 1.8
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Australia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
YES
Unknown 3% Child maltreatment
Youth violence
YES
IntimateFirearm
partner
violence
YES1
17%
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
46%
MandatoryOther
background
check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 33%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

1.6
1.4

Alcohol 1.2
Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 0.8
of drinking score
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

2.1

Spirits:

0.4
0.2
0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

Blunt force 1%

NO
NO

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

Year times
No response/dont know Limited
Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

Against
child marriage
YES
YES
Parenting education

Austria
Against statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation
NO

YES

Firearm
14%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
YES (NO)
1.2

Youth violence laws

Youth violence
prevention programmes
1
Against weapons
on
school
premises
YES
Pre-school
enrichment
YES

Other 33%
0.8
Against gang or criminal group membership
YES
YES
Life skills and social development training

0.6
Mentoring
YES

Sharp force 36%

After-school

0.4 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES

0.2
Strangulation
11%
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage

Dating violence
prevention
in schools
2009 2010 2011
Blunt force 6%
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Azerbaijan
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES

Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Firearm 12%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
prevention programmes
3.5
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES
Professional

3
Against Unknown
elder abuse
in
institutions
YES
Public
information
campaigns
YES

32%
2.5
Caregiver support
YES

Residential2 care policies

YES

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Otherlegal
5% representation
Providing for victim

YES Sharp force 51%

YES

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment

Bahrain

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 37%

Sharp force 27%

1.6

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 18%

Strangulation 9%

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Blunt force 9%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 13, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (100% M, 0% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2011

Source: Police

Bangladesh
Subnational.

94

2.95

opulation

2.9
2.85

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 10

Other 46%
Sharp force 33%

BANGLADESH

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Blunt force 1%

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 154 695 368

Austria

2002

Gross national income per capita: US$ 830

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 32.12

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.2
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Firearm 14%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Other 33%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Sharp force 36%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Strangulation 11%
Programmes
to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

NO
NO

Alcohol 0.8
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.6
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

0.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2
0

Blunt forceLAWS
6% AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 27%

VICTIM 0.6
SERVICES

Blunt force 9%

0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
violence
2001services
2002 2003
2004 2005
2006
Mental health services
Year

NO
YES
YES
2008
NO

2007

2009

2010

2011

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO
Bangladesh
Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

Rate per 100 000 population

2.95
2.9
2.85
2.8
2.75
OT
AN

2.7

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2.65
2.6
2.55
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 3988, Rate= 2.7/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Belarus
Albania

Strangulation 1%

Firearm 2%
pulation
opulation

Unknown 7%
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%

14
8
12
7
106

95

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
21 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
Against
child marriage
YES
Azerbaijan
Parenting education

Against statutory rape

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation
NO 12%

YES

Firearm
3.5
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
YES (NO)

3
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
2.5enrichment
Against Unknown
weapons32%
on school premises
YES

Pre-school
YES

Against gang or criminal group membership

YES

Life skills and

social development training
YES
2

Mentoring
YES

1.5
After-school
YES

1 supervision
Sharp force 51%
School anti-bullying
YES

0.5
Other 5%
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Against rape in marriage

Dating violence
prevention
in schools
NO 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

YES

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Bahrain
YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse
1.6 prevention programmes
Firearm 18%
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional
YES
1.4 awareness campaigns

Against elder
abuse
NO

Public information
campaigns
YES
1.2

Other
37%in institutions
Caregiver support
YES
1

0.8 care policies

Residential

Rate per 100 0

Sharp force 36%

BELARUS

Strangulation 11%

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Blunt force 6%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 405 097

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 400

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 26.48

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
3.5
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 2.5
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
2
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1

Firearm 18%

YES
YES

Sharp force 27%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rapeStrangulation
in marriage 9%
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouseBlunt
fromforce
home
NO
9%
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Bangladesh
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

2002

2003

2004

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

NO
YES

1.6

2009

2010

2011

Adult protective
services
2.65
Child protection
services
2.6
Medico-legal
2.55 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

2.75

VICTIM2.7
SERVICES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 2%
14

Other 23%

Sharp force 47%

Strangulation 3%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 7%

2007

Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.4
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
1.2
Life skills and
social
development
training
YES
1
Mentoring
YES
0.8
After-school
YES
0.6 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.4
Intimate 0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
2.95 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
2.9
Public information
campaigns
YES
2.85
Caregiver
support
YES
2.8
Residential
care policies
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

15 / 15
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2001

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

17.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Bahrain
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Other 37%
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

Blunt force 18%

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 429, Rate= 4.5/100 000 (68.3% M, 31.7% F)

Source: Police

Belgium
96

Firearm 10%
Sharp force 12%

1.4

lation

Unknown 29%

1.2

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Azerbaijan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
12%
Youth violence
YES
IntimateFirearm
partner
violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
FirearmsUnknown 32%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
Sharp force 51% YES
Programmes to Other
reduce5%civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Belarus

2006

BELGIUM

Rate per 100

Sharp force 51%

Other 5%

1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 11 060 095

Gross national income per capita: US$ 44 810

Income group: High

Income inequality: 32.97

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Strangulation 9%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.6
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Bahrain

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner
YES
18%
Firearmviolence
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms Other 37%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 27%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

YES1

1.4

Alcohol 1.2
Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.8
Patterns of
drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4

11
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2
0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

6
VICTIM SERVICES

Strangulation
Providing
for victim3%
compensation

YES
YES

Providing for victim legal representation

Blunt force 18%

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES1

Belgium

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 10%
Sharp force 12%
Blunt force 2%
Strangulation 2%
Burn 5%

Other 40%

1.4

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 29%

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Sources. Mechanism: General Directorate for Public Health/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 72, Rate= 0.65/100 000 (% M, % F)

Source: Police

Belize

Subnational.

Unknown 3%

Part VIII Country profiles

Blunt force 7%

Other 3%
pulation

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

45
40
35

97

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

force 9%
Year times
No response/dont know Blunt
Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Against
child marriage
YES
YES
Parenting education

Bangladesh
Against statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation
YES
YES
abusive situations

Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)

YES1 (NO)
2.95

2.9
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
2.85enrichment
Against weapons on school premises
YES

Pre-school
Against gang or criminal group membership
YES

Life skills2.8and social development training

YES

2.75
Mentoring
YES

2.7 supervision
After-school

2.65
School anti-bullying
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Intimate 2.6
partner violence prevention programmes
2.55
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention
in schools
YES 2009 2010 2011
Dating violence
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
NO

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Belarus
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES

Physical environment changes

Social and cultural norms change
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES

Firearm 2%
Elder abuse lawsUnknown 7%
Elder abuse prevention programmes
14
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
Professional awareness campaigns

12
1
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES

Public information
campaigns
YES

10support
Caregiver
YES

Other 23%
Sharp force 47%
Residential8 care policies
YES

Rate per 100 0

Sharp force 27%

BELIZE

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

Strangulation 9%

0
2001

Blunt force 9%

Population: 324 060

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 620

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 53.13

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 2.95
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Bangladesh

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

NO
NO

2.9

Alcohol 2.85
Adult (15+)
2.8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 2.75
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
2.7

8.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO

2.65
2.6

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES2.55

BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Strangulation 2%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO Burn 5%
YES1

Other 40%

0.8

VICTIM SERVICES
0.6

Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection services
0.2
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Belize

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Sharp force 20%

Firearm 67%

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 7%

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001

Elder abuse NO

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 124, Rate= 39/100 000 (90% M, 10% F)

2010

Trends in homicides

Other 3%

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

2011

Year

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 3%

2007

YES
YES
YES
YES
2008

Source: Police

Benin

Subnational.

98

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Security Council Secretariat.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

Against child marriage

YES
YES
Parenting education

Belarus
Against
statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation
NO

YES

Firearm 2%
Ban on corporal punishment
(all settings)
YES (NO)

Unknown 7%
14
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Against weapons on school premises
YES
YES
Pre-school12enrichment

10
Against gang
or
criminal
group
membership
YES
Life
skills
and
social
development
training
YES

Other 23%
Sharp force 47%
Mentoring 8
YES

After-school
YES
6 supervision

School anti-bullying
NO

4
Strangulation 3%
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence

0
Blunt force 18%
2001and2002
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
gender
Microfinance
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Against contact sexual violence without rape YES

Physical environment changes
NO

Belgium
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Firearm
Against elder abuse
NO 10%

Professional
YES

1.4 awareness campaigns

Against elderUnknown
abuse in29%
institutions
NOSharp force 12%

Public information
campaigns
YES

1.2
Caregiver support
YES

1
Blunt force 2%
Residential care policies
YES

Rate p

2.65
2.6
2.55
2001

BENIN

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 10 050 702

Belarus

Gross national income per capita: US$ 750

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 38.62

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives14provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
12
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 2%

National action plans

Unknown 7%
Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
NO
Other 23%
Sharp force 47%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Strangulation
3%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Blunt force
18%firearm possession and use
Programmes to reduce
civilian
NO

YES1
NO

10

Alcohol 8
Adult (15+)6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of4 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010

2011

Year

10
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

5
Adult protective
services
0
Child protection
services
2001 2002
2003 2004 2005 2006
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Year
Mental health services

2007

NO
YES
2008
YES
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Benin

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA
ILA
BL

Afghanistan

2011

Data collection by multi-sectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
LegalBelgium
age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Against child marriage

YES

Parenting education
YES

Against statutory rape

YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

Firearm
abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation
YES10%

YES
1.4

Unknown 29%
Ban on corporal
punishment (all settings)
YESSharp
(YES)force 12%
1.2
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1
Blunt force 2%
Against weapons on school premises
YES
YES
Pre-school0.8enrichment

YES
Against gang or criminal group membership
YES Strangulation 2%
Life skills0.6and social development training

Mentoring
YES

Burn 5%
0.4
After-school supervision
YES

0.2
School anti-bullying
YES

Other 40%
0
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage
YES
YES
Dating violence prevention in schools Year

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Belize
Against
rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Against contact sexual violence without rape YES

YES
Physical environment changes

3% Other 3% YES
Unknown
YES
Against non-contact sexual
violence
Social and45cultural norms change

Blunt force 7%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
40 prevention programmes
35 awareness campaigns
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional
NO

30
Against
elder
abuse
in
institutions
NO

Public
information
campaigns
NO

Sharp force 20%

25
Caregiver support
NO

Firearm 67%
20
Residential
care policies
NO

15

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Bhutan
1

Albania

Subnational.

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7
6

99

Rate per 100

Strangulation 3%

BHUTAN

4
2
0
2001

Blunt force 18%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 741 822

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 420

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.73

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.4
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Belgium

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child Firearm
maltreatment
YES
10%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown 29%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Sharp force 12%
NO
Firearms
Blunt force 2%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Strangulation 2% YES
Mandatory background check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
Burn 5% YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes toOther
reduce
civilian firearm possession and use
YES
40%

1.2

Alcohol 1
Adult (15+)
0.8per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of
0.6drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: YES
0.4
0

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

YES
YES

Firearm 67%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Benin
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
times Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

YES
YES

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO
Bhutan
Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA
ILA
BL

Mechanism of homicide

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Bolivia
Albania
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 9%
Sharp force 7%
Blunt force 2%
Strangulation 1%

pulation
pulation

100

45
8
40
7
35
6
30

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs.

VICTIM LAWS

45
40
Youth violence
prevention programmes
35
Pre-school30enrichment
YES
Life skills 25
and social development training
YES
Mentoring20
YES
15 supervision
After-school
YES
10
School anti-bullying
YES
5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
NO
Residential care policies
NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

0.7

Spirits: YES

0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Belize
Against statutory rape
Against female genitalUnknown
mutilation
3% Other 3%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Blunt force 7%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against
criminal group membership
Sharpgang
forceor20%

NO

Rate per 100 0

Strangulation 2%
Burn 5%

0.8
0.6
0.4

BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)

Other 40%

0.2

0
2001

Population: 10 496 285

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 220

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 56.29

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
45
Rate per 100 000 population

Belize
National
action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
3% partner violence
Unknown
Youth violence
YES1 3% Other
Intimate
YES
Sexual violence
Elder abuse
YES
Blunt forceYES
7%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Sharp force 20%
Mandatory background check
YES
Firearm 67%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/NO
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

40

Alcohol 35
Adult (15+)30 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of25 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
20
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
15
10
5
0
2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial
16 / 14
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

NO
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Bhutan
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2002

5.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
NO
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
NO
Residential care policies
NO

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Bolivia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 2%
Strangulation 1%
Burn 1%
Other 10%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 9%
Sharp force 7%

Unknown 70%

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 3505, Rate= 33/100 000 (68% M, 32% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Source: Police

Botswana

Subnational.

lation

Part VIII Country profiles

20
18
16

101

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Government, Under-Secretary of Citizen Security.

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Benin
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Firearm 67%
Rate per 10

20
15
10
5
0
2001

BOTSWANA

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 003 910

Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 650

Benin

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
NO
8.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
21 / 21
Home visiting
NO

YES
NO

Parenting education
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
NO

abusive situations
NO ()

Youth violence prevention programmes

YES
YES
Pre-school enrichment

YES
YES
Life skills and social development training

Mentoring
YES

After-school supervision
YES

School anti-bullying
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage
NO

Dating violence prevention in schools

YES

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Bolivia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Physical environment changes

Social and cultural norms change

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES1

Firearm 9%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Sharp force 7%
45 prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
40 awareness campaigns
Professional

Blunt force 2%
35
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
YES

Strangulation 1%
Caregiver 30support
YES

Burn 1%
25
Residential
care policies
NO

Unknown 70%
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

20

VICTIM SERVICES
15

Other 10%

10
Adult protective
services
5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO
Botswana
Afghanistan

Rate per 100 000 population

E
VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

DA

2011

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 220, Rate= 10.9/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

102

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

pulation
opulation

Source: Police

Brazil
Albania
Subnational.
29.5
8
29
7
28.5
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Bhutan
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

BRAZIL
Population: 198 656 019

Bhutan

Gross national income per capita: US$ 11 640

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 54.69

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES
8.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
NO

Parenting education
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Firearm
YES 9%
YES
abusive situations

Sharp force 7%
45
(NO)

40
Blunt force 2%
Youth violence
prevention programmes
35
Strangulation
1%
YES
YES
Pre-school30enrichment

Burn 1%
NO

Life skills 25
and social development training
YES

Mentoring20
NO

Other 10%
15
After-school supervision
NO

10
School anti-bullying
YES

5
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence

Year
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Botswana
Against
rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Against contact sexual violence without rape YES

YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

20 prevention programmes
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
18
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES
Professional

16
campaigns
YES
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES
Public information

14
Caregiver 12support
YES

10 care policies
Residential
YES

VICTIM SERVICES
6

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
2008
YES
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Brazil
Child maltreatment YES
Afghanistan

2011

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Bolivia
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against Unknown
gang or criminal
70% group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

29.5
29
28.5
28
27.5
27

OT
AN

26.5

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

26
25.5
25
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 47136, Rate= 24.3/100 000 (% M, % F)

Brunei
Albania

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

Source: Ministry of Health, Sistema de Informaes sobre Mortalidade.

pulation
population

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

0.8
8
0.7
7
0.6
6
0.5

103

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Population: 412 238

Gross national income per capita: US$ 31 590

Income group: High

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
45
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

40
35
Alcohol 30
Adult (15+)25per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of20drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
15
10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Bolivia

National action plans

Firearm 9%
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp violence
force 7%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Blunt force 2%
Firearms
Strangulation 1%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Burn 1%
Unknown
70%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Other 10%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

15 / 15
NO
YES
NO
NO ()
YES
NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Brazil
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES
YES
NO

0.9

Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

Parenting education
NO

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

NO

20
18
Youth violence
prevention programmes
enrichment
NO

Pre-school16
14

Life skills 12
and social development training
YES

Mentoring10
YES

8 supervision
After-school
NO

6
School anti-bullying
YES

4
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
2
0

Dating violence
prevention
in schools
NO

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change
NO

Sexual violence prevention programmes

YES
School and college programmes

NO

Physical environment changes

NO

Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse prevention programmes
29.5
awareness campaigns
NO

Professional
29

Public information
campaigns
NO

28.5
Caregiver28support
NO

27.5 care policies

Residential
NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Botswana
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

27
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
NO

26.5

Adult protective
services
26
Child protection
services
25.5
Medico-legal
25 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO
Brunei

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Rate per 100 000 population

0.8

Blunt force 100%

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 2, Rate= 0.5/100 000 (50% M, 50% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Bulgaria
Other 11%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 9%

Firearm 17%

pulation

104

2.5

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 0

Unknown 70%
Other 10%

BULGARIA

20
15
10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 7 277 831

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 850

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 28.19

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
20
Alcohol 16
14
Adult (15+)12per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of10 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
6
4
2
0
2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Brunei
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
NO

Blunt force 100%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2003

2004

2005

Bulgaria

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

29.5

Youth violence
prevention programmes
29
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
28.5
Life skills 28and social development training
YES
27.5
Mentoring
NO
27 supervision
After-school
YES
26.5
School anti-bullying
YES
26
Intimate25.5
partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
25
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
gender
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Elder abuse prevention programmes
0.8 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
0.7
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver0.6support
YES
0.5 care policies
Residential
YES

2009

2010

2011

YES
YES

0.4
0.3

Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
0.1
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

16 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2002

11.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Brazil
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

18

Rate per 100 000 population

Botswana

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Other 11%
Firearm 17%

Strangulation 9%

Blunt force 11%

Sharp force 51%

Rate per 100 000 population

Burn 1%

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 104, Rate= 1.3/100 000 (71% M, 29% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

2004

Source: Ministry of Interior

Burkina Faso
Part VIII Country profiles
ulation

1.2
1

105

Rate per 100

BURKINA FASO
Population: 16 460 141

Brazil

10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 670

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 39.79

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 29.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

29

28.5

Alcohol 28
Adult (15+)
27.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of27 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
26.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
26
25

NO Firearm 17%
NO

YES
NO

2008

2009

2010

Sharp force 51%

0.8
0.7
Youth violence
prevention programmes
0.6enrichment
Pre-school
NO
Life skills0.5and social development training
NO
0.4
Mentoring
YES
0.3 supervision
After-school
NO
0.2
School anti-bullying
YES
0.1
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention
schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
3
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
2.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
2
Caregiver support
NO
Residential
NO
1.5 care policies

VICTIM SERVICES
1

Adult protective services

0.5
Child protection services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

Afghanistan
Burkina Faso

2011

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES1
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO

2011

2011

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

1.2
1
0.8
0.6

0.2
2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 117, Rate= 0.73/100 000 (% M, % F)

Source: Police

Burundi
Albania

Subnational.

106

Other 6%
Unknown
14%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

pulation
pulation

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

0.4

0
2001

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

OT
AN

88
77
66

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

YES
YES
NO

VICTIM
BluntLAWS
force 11%
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Bulgaria
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Other 11%
Elder abuse laws
Burn 1%
Against elder abuse
Against Strangulation
elder abuse in
9%institutions

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

20 / 17
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 100%

Partial

6.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

25.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Brunei
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 100

BURUNDI

27
26.5
26
25.5
25
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 849 569

Gross national income per capita: US$ 240

Brunei

2002

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 33.27

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
0.8
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Blunt force 100%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

0.7

Alcohol 0.6
0.5
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.4
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.2

Blunt force 11%

Sharp force 51%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Burkina
Fasosexual violence
Against
non-contact
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

NO
YES

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

2008

2009

2010

Youth violence
prevention programmes
2.5
Pre-school enrichment
NO
2
Life skills and social development training
NO
Mentoring1.5
NO
After-school
NO
1 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
1.2 prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
1
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver0.8support
NO
Residential
NO
0.6 care policies

VICTIM 0.4
SERVICES

Adult protective services

0.2
Child protection services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

2011

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Burundi

2011

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 14%

Other 19%

Firearm 41%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 26%

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 478, Rate= 5.97/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Cambodia

Strangulation 2%

Firearm 14%
pulation

Other 4%

Part VIII Country

profiles
Burn 1%

4.5
4
3.5

107

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control.

Firearm 17%

YES
YES

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

2006

Year
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
times Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
NO

abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

9.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.1

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Bulgaria
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation Other 11%
Ban on corporal punishment
Burn 1% (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against Strangulation
weapons on 9%
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 100 0

Blunt force 100%

CAMBODIA

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 14 864 646

Gross national income per capita: US$ 880

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 36.03

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
3
Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Alcohol
Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
1.5 drinking score
Patterns of
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1

Partial

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Burundi
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 14%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES
NO
NO

Other 19%

Firearm 41%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

YES
YES

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

2011

2009

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 14%

Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 37%
Blunt force 42%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 4%
Burn 1%

2008

Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE

Cambodia

2007

4
VICTIM SERVICES

Sharp force 26%

Child maltreatment NO

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

1.2
Youth violence prevention programmes
1
NO

Pre-school enrichment
0.8
NO

Life skills and social development training

Mentoring0.6
YES

After-school
supervision
YES

0.4
School anti-bullying
YES

0.2
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
prevention in schools
NO

Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change
NO

Sexual violence prevention programmes

NO

School and college programmes

NO

Physical environment changes

NO

Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse prevention programmes
8 awareness campaigns

Professional
NO

Public information
campaigns
NO

6
Caregiver support
NO

Residential5 care policies

NO

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

5.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Burkina Faso
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Reported homicides (2011) N= 268, Rate= 1.9/100 000 (73.2% M, 26.8% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Ministry of Interior

Cameroon
108

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Bulgaria

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
YES
Other Child
11% maltreatment
Youth violence Burn YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
1%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Firearm 17%
YES
FirearmsStrangulation 9%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long
guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force 11%
Carrying firearms in public
Sharp force 51% YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Rate per 1

Blunt force 11%

Sharp force 51%

1
0.5

CAMEROON

0
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 190

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.91

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives1.2provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Alcohol
0.6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of
drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.2

0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES
YES

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Firearm 41%

Intimate partner
violence
Sharp force
26% laws
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
YES
Cambodia
Against contact sexual violence without rape NO
Against non-contact sexual violence Firearm 14%NO
Other 4%
Elder abuse laws
Burn 1%
Against elder abuse
NO
AgainstStrangulation
elder abuse2%
in institutions
NO

Sharp force 37%

Blunt
force 42%
VICTIM
LAWS

7
Youth violence
prevention programmes
6
Pre-school enrichment
NO
5
Life skills and social development training
YES
4
Mentoring
YES
3
After-school
supervision

2
School anti-bullying
YES
1
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence
schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
4.5
4 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver support
NO
2.5
Residential2 care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

2011

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

2007

8.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Burundi
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 14%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang
or criminal
group membership
Other
19%

NO
NO

0.8

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

VA
ILA
BL

Cameroon
Afghanistan

2011

Year

Population: 21 699 631

Burkina Faso

2002

TA

NO

TA

2006

DA

2007

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

DAT

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

5.4
2.3

Reported homicides (2011) N= , Rate= 9/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Unknown 4%
Other
1%
Other
Part VIII Country profiles6%
Burn
1%
Burn 3%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 35%

pulation
population

Canada
Albania
2
1.8
8
1.6
7
1.4
6

109

Rate per 100

CANADA

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 34 837 978

Gross national income per capita: US$ 50 650

Income group: High

Income inequality: 32.56

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sharp force 26%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
8
Rate per 100 000 population

Burundi

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence Unknown
YES14%
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Other
19%
Firearm 41%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

YES
NO

Alcohol 6
Adult (15+)5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of4 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

10.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2
1

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Against child marriage

YES1
YES
Parenting education

Cambodia
Against
statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation
YES
YES
abusive situations

Firearm 14%YES1 (NO)

Other 4%(all settings)
Ban on corporal punishment

4.5
Burn 1%
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
4
1
AgainstStrangulation
weapons on2%
school premises
YES
YES
Pre-school3.5enrichment

3
Against gang or criminal group membership
YES Sharp force 37%
social development training
YES
Life skills and

Mentoring2.5
YES

2
After-school
supervision
YES

Blunt force 42%

1.5
School anti-bullying
YES

1
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0.5
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
NO

Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Against
contact
sexual
violence
without
rape
YES
Physical
environment
changes
YES

Cameroon
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
Professional awareness campaigns

Against elder abuse in institutions

YES1
YES
Public information campaigns

Caregiver support
YES

Residential care policies

YES

VICTIM SERVICES

YES
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Canada

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 35%

Strangulation 8%
Sharp force 33%
Blunt force 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 4%
Other 1%
Burn 3%

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Sources. Mechanism: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics/ Reported homicides: Police

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 476, Rate= 1.36/100 000 (70% M, 30% F)

Elder abuse YES

Source: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

China

Subnational.

ulation

110

2
1.8
1.6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Public Health Agency of Canada.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Other 19%

Rate per 100

Firearm 41%

CHINA

3
2
1

Sharp force 26%

0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 1 384 770 183

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 720

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.06

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
4.5
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 3.5
Adult (15+)3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
2.5
Patterns of2 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE

OF VIOLENCE
2002 2003 2004 2005
Partial

22 / 20
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Canada
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Unknown 4%
Elder abuse laws
Other 1%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse
in institutions
Burn 3%

YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

Firearm 35%

Strangulation 8%

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
force 16%
ProvidingBlunt
for victim
legal representation

YES
YES

2006

2007

2009

2010

Sharp force 33%

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
2
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.8
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.6
Caregiver1.4support
YES
1.2
Residential
care policies
YES

2011

VICTIM 0.8
SERVICES
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence

Child maltreatment

2008

6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Cameroon
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

OT
AN

DAT

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 12336, Rate= 0.92/100 000 (68.3% M, 31.7% F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: VR

LE

ILAB

AVA

Source: National Disease Surveillance System

Colombia
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles

60
8

Firearm 78%

pulation
ulation

Burn 1%
Other 5%
Strangulation 1%

7
50
6

111

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Health and Family Planning Commission.

Cambodia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child14%
maltreatment
YES
Firearm
Other 4%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence Burn 1%YES
Elder abuse
YES
Strangulation 2%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
Sharp force 37% YES
Mandatory background check
NO
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force guns/
42% automatic weapons
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Afghanistan
China

2006

Rate per 100

Blunt force 42%

COLOMBIA
Population: 47 704 427

Cameroon

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 010

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Income group: Middle

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 55.91

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES
6.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
YES

Firearm 35%

Sharp force 33%

Blunt force 16%
Intimate partner
violence laws
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
China
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

1.8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school1.6
enrichment
YES
1.4
Life skills1.2and social development training
YES
Mentoring1
YES
0.8 supervision
After-school
YES
0.6
School anti-bullying
YES
0.4
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0.2
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
2
Professional
YES
1.8 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.6
Caregiver1.4support
YES
1.2
Residential1 care policies
YES

2009

2010

YES
YES

0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2011

VICTIM 0.8
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Colombia

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 1%

Firearm 78%

Sharp force 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

60

Other 5%

50
40
30
20
10
0
2001

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 15742, Rate= 34/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia/ Reported homicides: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia

2003

Source: Police

Cook Islands
112

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Legal Medicine and Ministry of Health and Social Protection.

18 / 18
NO
NO
NO
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 8%

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Canada
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 4%
Ban on corporal punishment
Other 1% (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Burn 3%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

COOK ISLANDS
Population: 20 523

Gross national income per capita: US$

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
2
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

1.8
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of1 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Canada

National action plans

Interpersonal violence Unknown
NO
Child maltreatment
NO
4%
Youth violence Other 1%
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violenceBurn 3% NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 35%
Firearms
Laws to
regulate civilian
YES
Strangulation
8% access
Mandatory background check
NO
Sharp force
33%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Blunt force 16%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

6.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Partial

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
/
Home visiting
YES

NO

Parenting education
YES

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO ()

2
1.8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.6
NO

Pre-school1.4enrichment
NO

YES
NO

Life skills1.2and social development training

Mentoring1
NO

0.8
After-school
supervision
NO

0.6
School anti-bullying
YES

0.4
0.2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage

Dating violence
prevention
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011
2001 2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

NO

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
NO

School and college programmes

Colombia
NO

Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
60
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

NO

Other
5%
50
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
NO

Firearm 78%
Caregiver 40support
YES

Blunt force 1%
Residential care policies
NO

30

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Sharp
force 16%
Providing
for victim
legal representation

NO
NO

20

Adult protective services

10
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

Afghanistan
Cook Islands

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
China
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Trends in homicides

VA
ILA
BL

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 100%

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Reported homicides (2010) N= 1, Rate= 5.6/100 000 (100% M, 0% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: VR

Costa Rica
Albania
Other 4%

Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

14
8

pulation

Other 6%
Part VIII Strangulation
Country profiles
5%

12
7
6
10

113

Rate per 100 0

Sharp force 33%

Blunt force 16%

COSTA RICA

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 805 295

Gross national income per capita: US$ 8 850

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 50.73

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
2
Rate per 100 000 population

1.8

Alcohol 1.6
1.4
Adult (15+)
1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of1 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE

OF VIOLENCE
2002 2003 2004 2005
Partial

15 / 15
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
YES
YES

Firearm 78%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

NO
YES

Blunt force 100%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2007

2008

2009

2010

60

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school50enrichment
YES
Life skills 40
and social development training
YES
Mentoring30
NO
After-school supervision
NO
20
School anti-bullying
YES
10
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

2009

2010

VICTIM SERVICES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

Child maltreatment

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2011

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Costa Rica

2011

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

forceviolence
16% laws
IntimateSharp
partner
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Cook
Islands sexual violence
Against
non-contact
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

5.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Colombia
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other 5%
Against weapons on school premises
Blunt force
1% group membership
Against gang
or criminal

YES
NO

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Other 4%

Blunt force 9%
Firearm 63%
Sharp force 19%

Rate per 100 000 population

14

Strangulation 5%

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 407, Rate= 8.8/100 000 (87.7% M, 12.3% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Judiciary/ Reported homicides: VR

2002

Source: Judiciary

Croatia

Other 18%

2.5

Firearm 24%

ulation

114

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

China

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

Rate per 100

CROATIA

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 307 422

Gross national income per capita: US$ 13 260

Income group: High

Income inequality: 33.65

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
60
Rate per 100 000 population

50

Alcohol
40
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of30 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: NO
20

16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Blunt force 100%

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact
Costa
Ricasexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Other 4%
Elder abuse laws
Strangulation
Against elder
abuse 5%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Blunt force 9%
Firearm 63%

VICTIM LAWS
force compensation
19%
ProvidingSharp
for victim

Providing for victim legal representation

2007

YES
YES

4
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

Year

2011

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Strangulation 6%
Sharp force 38%

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Firearm 24%

Burn 2%

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 50, Rate= 1.17/100 000 (62% M, 38% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2010

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 12%

2009

6
VICTIM SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence

Other 18%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
14
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
12
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver10support
YES
Residential8 care policies
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

12.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

10

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Cook Islands
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Cuba
Part VIII Country profiles

ulation

Firearm 6%
Unknown 3%

6
5

115

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Public Health.

Colombia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
YES
Other 5%
Firearms
Firearm 78%
Blunt force 1%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Sharp force 16%
Programmes
to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Croatia

2006

Rate per 100

Sharp force 16%

CUBA

20
10
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 11 270 957

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 890

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Cook
Islands
National
action
plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Blunt force 100%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

YES
YES
5.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
YES

Firearm 63%

Sharp force 19%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Croatia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Other 18%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES Firearm 24%

YES

Burn 2%
Strangulation 6%

VICTIM LAWS

14

Youth violence
prevention programmes
12
Pre-school10enrichment
YES
Life skills and
social
development
training
YES
8
Mentoring6
YES
After-school supervision
YES
4
School anti-bullying
NO
2
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
2.5
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
2
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver1.5support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

2009

2010

1
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Blunt force 12%
Providing for victim legal representation

YES Sharp force 38%

YES

Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Cuba

2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Sharp force 70%

Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 11%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 5%

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 6%
Unknown 3%

2011

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 534, Rate= 4.8/100 000 (75.3% M, 24.7% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Cyprus
Unknown 11%

2.5

Firearm 34%
pulation

116

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health,

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
childRica
marriage
Costa
Against statutory rape
Against female genitalOther
mutilation
4%
Ban on corporal
punishment
(all settings)
Strangulation
5%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
school premises
Blunt forceon9%
Against gang or criminal group membership

Blunt force 100%

CYPRUS
Population: 1 128 994

Gross national income per capita: US$ 26 390

Income group: High

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
14
Rate per 100 000 population

12

Alcohol 10
Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
4

YES
YES

Firearm 24%

Strangulation 6%
Blunt
force violence
12%
Intimate
partner
laws
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Cuba
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 6%
Against elderUnknown
abuse in3%
institutions

Sharp force 38%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Sharp force 70%

Other 5%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Burn 1%
VICTIM LAWS

2.5

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school2enrichment
YES
Life skills1.5and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
1 supervision
After-school
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
7
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
6
Public information
campaigns
YES
5
Caregiver support
YES
Residential4 care policies
YES
Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

9.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Croatia
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violenceOther
laws18%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang orBurn
criminal
2% group membership

YES
NO

2009

2010

2011

3
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing
for victim6%
compensation
Strangulation
ProvidingBlunt
for victim
legal representation
force 11%

NO
YES

2
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
2.5

Firearm 34%

Other 33%

Strangulation 22%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 11%

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Costa Rica

National action plans

Interpersonal violenceOther
YES 4%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Strangulation 5%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Blunt force 9%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Firearm 63%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp
force 19%
Carrying
firearms
in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Cyprus

Income inequality:

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 9, Rate= 1/100 000 (33.3% M, 66.7% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Czech Republic
2.5

Strangulation 5%
Other 0.5%

ulation

Part VIII Country profiles

117

CZECH REPUBLIC
Population: 10 660 051

Rate per 100

Sharp force 19%

4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Gross national income per capita: US$ 18 130

Income group: High

Income inequality: 25.82

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
2.5
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol
1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of1 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0

YES

Sharp force 70%

Strangulation 6%
Blunt force
11% laws
Intimate partner
violence
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

2008

2009

2010

Firearm 34%

Other 33%

VICTIM LAWS

7
6
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school5enrichment
YES
Life skills and
social development training
YES
4
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
supervision
YES
2
School anti-bullying
YES
1
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
2.5
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
2
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver1.5support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

2009

2010

YES
YES

Strangulation 22%

Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
2.5

Other 0.5%
Firearm 12%
Sharp force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 5%

Blunt force 69%

2011

1
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Burn 1%

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Cyprus
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 11%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

Year

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

13
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Cuba
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Firearm 6%
Youth violence laws
Unknown 3%
Against weapons on school premises
5% group membership
Against gang Other
or criminal

YES
NO

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 185, Rate= 1.75/100 000 (58.4% M, 41.6% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Dominica
118
Blunt force 33%

Firearm 17%

pulation

25
20

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Croatia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violenceOther 18%YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Firearm 24%
YES
Firearms
Burn 2%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Strangulation
6% check
Mandatory
background
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 38% YES
Carrying
in public
Bluntfirearms
force 12%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Czech Republic

2011

Year

Rate per 1

Sharp force 38%

Blunt force 12%

1
0.5
0

DOMINICA

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 71 684

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 590

Cuba

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives 7provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
6
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence FirearmNO6%
Intimate partner violence
NO
Unknown 3%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Sharp force 70%
Firearms
Other 5%
Laws to regulate
civilian access
YES
Burn 1%
Mandatory background check
YES
Strangulation guns/
6% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Carrying
firearms
in public
YES
Blunt
force 11%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Alcohol
4
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
3
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
/
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

2.5
NO ()Firearm 34%

2
Youth violence
prevention programmes
YES
NO

Pre-school1.5enrichment
NO

Life skills and social development training

NO

Mentoring1
NO

After-school supervision
NO

0.5
School anti-bullying
YES

Strangulation 22%
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage
NO

Dating violence prevention in schools

NO

Year
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against
rapeRepublic
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Czech
YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

2.5 prevention programmes

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Strangulation 5%
Against elder abuse
NO Other 0.5%

Professional awareness campaigns

NO

2
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information campaigns

YES

Caregiver1.5support
YES

Blunt force 69%

Firearm 12%
Residential care policies
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
NO

Sharp force 14%

0.5
Adult protective
services
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO
Dominica

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Cyprus
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown
11% (all settings)
Ban on corporal
punishment
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang
criminal group membership
Other or33%

NO
NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 33%

Firearm 17%
Sharp force 50%

Rate per 100 000 population

25
20
15
10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 6, Rate= 8.57/100 000 (83% M, 17% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Dominican Republic
Other 1%

Blunt force 7%

30

population

3%
Part VIII Strangulation
Country profiles

25
20

119

Rate per 100 0

Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 11%

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Population: 10 276 621

3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 430

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 47.2

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
2.5
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol
Adult (15+)
1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

Strangulation 5%

YES
YES

Other 0.5%

Firearm 12%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Dominica
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions
Blunt force 33%

Sharp force 14%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Firearm 17%

Sharp force 50%

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

2009

2010

2011

2.5

VICTIM SERVICES
10

Adult protective services

5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services
for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

Dominican Republic
Mechanism of homicide

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Other 1%

Blunt force 7%
Firearm 64%
Sharp force 25%

Rate per 100 000 population

30

Strangulation 3%

25
20
15
10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 2268, Rate= 22.4/100 000 (91.1% M, 8.9% F)

Sources. Mechanism: National Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: Police

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school2enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
1.5
Mentoring
NO
After-school
YES
1 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
0
2001
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
and2002
gender
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
25 awareness campaigns
Professional
NO
Public information
campaigns
YES
20
Caregiver support
YES
15 care policies
Residential
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 69%

Partial

6.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

22%
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS ANDStrangulation
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Czech
Republic
Against
statutory
rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
YES

Source: National Statistical Office

Ecuador

Unknown 8%

ulation

120

20
18
16

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Cyprus

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partnerFirearm
violence
YES
34%
Unknown 11%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Other background
33%
Mandatory
check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

ECUADOR

Rate per 100

Other 33%

Strangulation 22%

1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 15 492 264

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 170

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 49.26

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
2.5
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 2
Adult (15+)
1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO Firearm 17%
YES

Sharp force 50%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual
violence without rape
Dominican
Republic
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws Other 1%
Against elder
abuse 3%
Strangulation
Against elder abuse in institutions
Blunt force 7%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Firearm 64%

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
force 25%
ProvidingSharp
for victim
legal representation

YES
YES

2010

2011

2009

2010

2011

15
10

Adult protective services

5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

2007

Year

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Unknown 8%
Other 2%
Firearm 63%

Blunt force 1%
Sharp force 21%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2106, Rate= 13.79/100 000 (89% M, 11% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2009

25

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Strangulation 5%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school20enrichment
YES
Life skills 15and social development training
YES
Mentoring
NO
10 supervision
After-school
NO
School anti-bullying
NO
5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
30
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
25
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver20support
NO
Residential care policies
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

16 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

7.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Dominica
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
force on
33%
AgainstBlunt
weapons
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Czech Republic

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
violence 5% YES
Strangulation
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 0.5%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
YES
Blunt forcecivilian
69% access
Mandatory background check
YES
Firearm 12%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
Sharp force 14% YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

Ecuador

2006

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Part VIII Country profiles

Other 4%
Burn 1%

ulation

Egypt
5
4.5
4
3.5

121

Rate per 100

Firearm 12%
Sharp force 14%

EGYPT

1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 80 721 874

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 980

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 30.77

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
25
Rate per 100 000 population

20

Alcohol
Adult (15+)
15 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
10
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES

Firearm 64%
Sharp force 25%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Ecuador
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 8%
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 2%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Strangulation 5%

Firearm 63%

VICTIM LAWS

force 1%
ProvidingBlunt
for victim
compensation
Providing for victim legal representation
Sharp force 21%

YES
YES

Egypt

2010

2011

2009

2010

2011

10

6
Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

2007

Year

YES
YES
2008
NO

VICTIM SERVICES
8

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Other 4%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 4%
Firearm 67%

Sharp force 23%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 3549, Rate= 4.36/100 000 (89% M, 11% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

30

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

Blunt force 1%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes

25
Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills 20and social development training
YES
Mentoring15
YES
After-school
supervision

10
School anti-bullying
YES
5
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
20
Professional
awareness campaigns
NO
18
Public information
campaigns
YES
16
Caregiver14support
YES
12
Residential
care policies
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

0.4

Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Dominican
Republic
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Other 1%(all settings)
Ban on corporal punishment
Strangulation
Youth violence
laws 3%
Against weapons on school premises
Blunt force 7%
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES

Source: Ministry of Interior

El Salvador

Subnational.

Unknown 1%
Other 0.4%
Blunt force 6%

80

ulation

122

70
60

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Population.

Dominica

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearm 17%
Blunt force 33%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
Sharp force 50% YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

2006

Rate per 100 00

Sharp force 50%

EL SALVADOR
Population: 6 297 394

10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 600

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 48.33

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
30
Rate per 100 000 population

Dominican
Republic
National
action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Other
1%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 3%
Firearms
Blunt forcecivilian
7% access
Laws to regulate
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Firearm 64%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Sharpto
force
25%civilian firearm possession and use
Programmes
reduce
YES1

Alcohol 25
20 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of
LEAST RISKY
15 drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
10

Firearm 63%

Blunt force 1%

Intimate partner violence laws

Sharp
force 21%
Against rape
in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Egypt
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse Other 4%
Against elder abuse
Burnin
1%institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Strangulation 4%
BluntLAWS
force 1%
VICTIM

Firearm 67%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing
for force
victim23%
legal representation
Sharp

NO
YES

2003

2004

2005

El Salvador

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

20

Youth violence
prevention programmes
18
Pre-school16enrichment
YES
Life skills 14and social development training
YES
Mentoring12
YES
10
After-school
YES
8 supervision
6
School anti-bullying
YES
4
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
2
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
0
2001
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
and2002
gender
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
5 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
4.5
Public information
campaigns
NO
4
Caregiver3.5support
NO
Residential3 care policies
NO

VICTIM 2.5
SERVICES
2

Adult protective
services
1.5
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2011

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

2006

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

YES
YES

Strangulation 5%

2002

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2001

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

3.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Ecuador
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Unknown 8%
Against weapons on school premises
2%
Against gangOther
or criminal
group membership

YES
YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 1%

Other 0.4%
Blunt force 6%
Firearm 70%
Sharp force 23%

Rate per 100 000 population

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 4371, Rate=70.3/100 000 (86% M, 14% F)

Source: Tripartite Homicide Commission

Estonia

Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

lation

18
16
14

123

Rate per 10

Sharp force 25%

ESTONIA

5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 1 290 778

Gross national income per capita: US$ 16 360

Income group: High

Income inequality: 36

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown 8%YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Other 2%
Firearms
Laws to
regulate civilian
YES
5% access
Strangulation
Firearm 63%
Mandatory background check
YES
Blunt forceguns/
1% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Sharp
force 21%
Programmes
to reduce
civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives20provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
18
Rate per 100 000 population

16

Alcohol 14
12
Adult (15+)
10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of8 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4
2
0

2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
NO
YES

Firearm 67%

Sharp force 23%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
El Salvador
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual
violence
1%
Unknown
Elder abuse laws
Other 0.4%
Against elder abuse
Blunt abuse
force 6%
Against elder
in institutions

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

Firearm 70%

VICTIM LAWS

Sharp
Providing
for force
victim23%
compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

2006

2007

2008

2009

10.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010

5
4.5

Youth violence
prevention programmes
4
Pre-school3.5enrichment
YES
3
Life skills and
social development training
YES
2.5
Mentoring2
YES
After-school
YES
1.5 supervision
1
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Year
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
80 prevention programmes
Professional
NO
70 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
NO
60
Caregiver50support
YES
Residential

40 care policies

2009

2010

Child maltreatment NO

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

30

20
Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Estonia

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 1%

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Egypt
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Other 4%(all settings)
Ban on corporal punishment
Burn 1%
Youth violence laws
AgainstStrangulation
weapons on4%
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 44%

Firearm 6%
Burn 3%
Strangulation 6%

Blunt force 41%

Rate per 100 000 population

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 65, Rate= 4.85/100 000 (78% M, 22% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: VR

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Fiji

Other 12%

opulation

4.5

124

4
3.5
3

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Justice.

Ecuador

10

Sharp force 21%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 874 742

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 010

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.83

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives 5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
4.5
4

Alcohol 3.5
3
Adult (15+)
2.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of2 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
0.5
0

2002 2003 2004 2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY2001TYPE
OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
YES
YES

Firearm 70%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO Sharp force 44%

Firearm 6%
Burn 3%

VICTIM LAWS

ProvidingStrangulation
for victim compensation
6%
Providing for victim legal representation

2007

2008

2009

2010

NO Blunt force 41%

YES

80

70
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school60enrichment

Life skills 50and social development training

YES
Mentoring40
YES
30
After-school supervision

20
School anti-bullying
YES
10
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
18
Professional
YES
16 awareness campaigns
14
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver12support
YES
10
Residential
care policies
NO

2009

2010

Fiji

2011

VICTIM SERVICES
6

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Sharp force 23%

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Estonia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
El Salvador
Against statutory rape
1%
Unknown
Against female genital
mutilation
0.4%
Other
Ban on corporal
punishment
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Blunt force 6%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

2011

Elder abuse
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Fiji Police Force.

Egypt

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Other
Youth violence
NO4%
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence Burn 1%NO
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 4%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Blunt force 1%
Firearm 67%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying
in public
YES
Sharpfirearms
force 23%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

Rate per 100 000 population

FIJI

8
6
4
2
0

Rate per 10

Blunt force 1%

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 12%
Sharp force 46%
Burn 19%
Strangulation 8%

Blunt force 15%

Rate per 100 000 population

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 26, Rate= 3/100 000 (54% M, 46% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Finland
3

opulation

Part VIII Country

15%
Firearmprofiles

2.5
2

125

Rate per 10

Firearm 67%
Sharp force 23%

FINLAND

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 5 408 466

Gross national income per capita: US$ 46 820

Income group: High

Income inequality: 26.88

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
80
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

70
60

Alcohol 50
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
40
Patterns of
drinking score
LEAST RISKY
30
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
20
0

YES Sharp force 44%

NO

Burn 3%
Blunt force 41%

Strangulation 6%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Fiji
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elderOther
abuse12%
in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Sharp force 46%

VICTIM LAWS
Burn 19%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

18

16
Youth violence
prevention programmes
14
Pre-school12enrichment
YES
Life skills 10and social development training
YES
Mentoring8
YES
6 supervision
After-school
YES
4
School anti-bullying
YES
2
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
4.5 prevention programmes
4 awareness campaigns
Professional
NO
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver support
YES
2.5
Residential care policies
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

12.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

10

2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Estonia
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Firearm
6% group membership
Against gang
or criminal

YES
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation
Strangulation 8%

YES

YES Blunt force 15%

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES
Finland

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 46%

Other 16%
Burn 3%
Blunt force 7%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 15%

Strangulation 13%

2011

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 114, Rate= 2.11/100 000 (67% M, 33% F)

Sources. Mechanism: National Research Institute of Legal Policy/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: National Research Institute of Legal Policy

Subnational.

126

Gabon

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.

El Salvador

National action plansUnknown 1%

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violenceOther 0.4%YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
NO
Blunt force 6%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Firearm 70%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 23%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES1

Sharp force 23%

Rate

20
10
0
2001

GABON

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 1 632 572

Estonia

Gross national income per capita: US$ 10 020

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 41.45

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

18
National social
and educational policies
Incentives16provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
14
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp
force 44%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
violence
YES1
1
Elder abuse
NO
Sexual violence
Firearm 6% YES
Firearms
Burn 3%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Blunt force 41%
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
6% check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

12
10

Alcohol 8
Adult (15+)6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of4 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES
YES

Sharp force 46%

Blunt force 15%

Strangulation 8%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Finland
Sexual
violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact
sexual violence
Firearm 15%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 16%

YES
YES
NO
NO
NO

Sharp force 46%

Burn 3%

VICTIM LAWS

Blunt force 7%

13%
Providing forStrangulation
victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
Training to4.5recognise / avoid sexually
NO

4
abusive situations
Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

2007

3.5

3
Youth violence
prevention programmes
2.5
Pre-school2enrichment
NO
Life skills1.5and social development training
NO
Mentoring1
YES
After-school
NO
0.5 supervision
0
School anti-bullying
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Year
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
3
Social and cultural norms change
NO
2.5 prevention programmes
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
2 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
NO
1.5
Caregiver support
NO
Residential1 care policies
NO

2009

2010

2011

Rate per 100 000 population

Burn 19%

Partial

2006

10.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Year

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Fiji
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal
punishment
(all settings)
12%
Other
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

VICTIM 0.5
SERVICES

0
Adult protective
services
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Child protection services
Year
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

2007

NO
2008
YES
YES
NO

2009

2010

2011

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA
ILA
BL

Afghanistan
Gabon

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Child maltreatment YES

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Reported homicides (2012) N= 14, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (79% M, 21% F)

Georgia

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania

Subnational.

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

pulation
0 000 population

10
9
8
87
76
5
6

127

Blunt force 41%

Strangulation 6%

Rate per 100

Burn 3%

GEORGIA

6
4
2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 358 242

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 290

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.1

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
4.5
Rate per 100 000 population

National
Fiji action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Other 12%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Sharp force 46%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Burn 19%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andBlunt
use force 15%
NO

Alcohol 3.5
Adult (15+)3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
2.5
Patterns of2 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1.5
1

Partial

16 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
YES
YES

Sharp force 46%

Other 16%
Burn 3%

Intimate partner violence laws

Blunt force 7%
Against rapeStrangulation
in marriage 13%
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Gabon
Against
elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

NO

YES
YES
NO

YES
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
NO

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment YES

Rate per 100 000 population

VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA
DA

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 107, Rate= 2.3/100 000 (75.7% M, 24.3% F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Georgia
Afghanistan

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Germany
Albania
Unknown
Other
6% 9%
Burn 1%
Other 18%
Strangulation
1%

Firearm 13%

1.4
8

pulation
ulation

128

7
1.2
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Center for Disease Control and Public Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

2.5
Pre-school enrichment
NO
2
Life skills and
social development training
YES
Mentoring1.5
YES
After-school
supervision
NO
1
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
NO
Residential care policies
NO
Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Finland
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Firearm
Youth violence
laws15%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

7.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Strangulation 8%

YES
NO

Rate per 100

Burn 19%
Blunt force 15%

GERMANY

Strangulation 8%

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Population: 82 800 121

Gross national income per capita: US$ 45 170

Income group: High

Income inequality: 28.31

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Alcohol
2
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
1.5
Patterns of
drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Georgia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

11.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban Gabon
on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
10
Professional
YES
9 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
YES
8
7
Caregiver support
YES
6
Residential5 care policies
YES

4
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Germany

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Other 18%
Burn 1%
Sharp force 38%

1.4

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 13%

Strangulation 13%
Blunt force 8%

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 662, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (53% M, 47% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 9%

2011

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.

Strangulation 13%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
3
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

Finland

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Firearm 15%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Sharp force 46% YES
Laws to regulate civilian access
MandatoryOther
background
YES1
16% check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES1/YES1/YES
Burn in3%
Carrying firearms
public
YES1
Blunt
force 7%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and
use
NO

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Ghana

Subnational.

Other 3%

Part VIII Country profiles

Burn 5%

Strangulation 8%

Unknown 4%

2.5

ulation

2011

Year

129

Rate per 100 0

Other 16%
Burn 3%

GHANA

Blunt force 7%

Strangulation 13%

1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 25 366 462

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 580

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.76

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth
violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Gabon
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
4.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
YES
abusive situations

NO ()

10
Youth violence
prevention programmes
9
YES
NO

Pre-school8enrichment
7
NO

Life skills and

social development training
YES

6
Mentoring5
YES

After-school
YES

4 supervision
3
School anti-bullying
YES

2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
1
Against rape in marriage
NO

Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES

0
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
gender
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance2001and2002
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Physical environment changes

Germany
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Unknown 9%
1.4 awareness campaigns
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
Professional

Firearm 13%
1.2
Against elder
abuse
in
institutions
NO

Public
information
campaigns
YES

Other 18%
Caregiver support
YES

1
Residential
NO

0.8 care policies

Providing
for victim compensation
Strangulation
13%
Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Sharp force 38%

VICTIM 0.6
SERVICES

Blunt force 8%

Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Ghana

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2010

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Unknown 4%

Strangulation 8%
Firearm 51%
Blunt force 11%
Sharp force 18%

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Burn 5%

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 423, Rate= 1.71/100 000 (79% M, 21% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

Year

Mechanism of homicide
Other 3%

2007

YES
YES
YES
YES
2008

Source: Police

Guatemala

lation

130

50
45
40

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ghana Police Service.

1%
VICTIM Burn
LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Georgia
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

GUATEMALA
Population: 15 082 831

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 130

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 55.89

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
10
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
9
8
Alcohol 7
Adult (15+)6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
5
Patterns of4 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
3
2
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Georgia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

3.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO

2010

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
YES

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO
()

1.4
Firearm 13%
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.2
YES
YES
Pre-school1enrichment

YES
YES
Life skills0.8and social development training

Burn 1%
Mentoring0.6
NO

Sharp force 38%

After-school supervision
YES

0.4
Strangulation 13%
School anti-bullying
YES

0.2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Blunt
force 8%
Against rape in
marriage
YES
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011
Dating violence
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Ghana
YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Other 3% Unknown 4%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse prevention programmes
2.5
Burn 5%
Against elder abuse
YES
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

2
Public
information
campaigns
NO

Against
elder
abuse
in
institutions
YES

Strangulation 8%
Caregiver support
NO

1.5
Firearm 51%
Residential care policies
NO

Blunt
force 11%
VICTIM
LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Germany
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 9%
Ban on corporal punishment
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other 18%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1
NO

1
VICTIM SERVICES

NO
YES

Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Other 15%
Firearm 82%
Strangulation 3%

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

2010

Elder abuse NO

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 5155, Rate= 34.2/100 000 (88.88% M, 11.12% F)

1

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide2
Rate per 100 000 population

Guatemala

2007

Year

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

Source: Police

Guinea

Subnational.
Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in "other".

Other 3%

131

Part VIII Country profiles

Firearm 32%

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for
victim
Sharp
forcelegal
18%representation

Rate per 100 00

GUINEA

5
4
3
2
1
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 11 451 273

Gross national income per capita: US$ 440

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 39.35

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol 1.2
Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.8 drinking score
Patterns of
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6

0.7

Spirits: YES

0.4
0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Blunt force 8%

YES1
NO

1.4

Rate per 100 000 population

Germany
National
action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES 9%
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuseFirearm 13%
YES
Firearms Other 18%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Burn 1%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 38%
Carrying
firearms 13%
in public
YES
Strangulation
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2007

NO
YES
YES
NO
2008

2009

2010

2011

Firearm 82%

Providing for victim compensation

Strangulation
Providing
for victim3%
legal representation

NO
YES

25
VICTIM SERVICES

20

Adult protective
services
15
Child protection
services
10
5 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Afghanistan
Guinea

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 32%

VA
ILA
BL

Other 3%

TA

LE

ILAB

AVA

TA

NO

DAT

DA

Blunt force 55%

OT
AN

Sharp force 10%

Reported homicides (2010-2011) N= 115, Rate= 1/100 000 (85.2% M, 14.8% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania
Guyana

Subnational.

132

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Unknown 19%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 19%

pulation
ation

8
30
7
25
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Year
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Against child marriage

YES
NO

Parenting education
Against
statutory
rape
YES
Training
to
recognise
/
avoid
sexually

Ghana
Against female genital mutilation
YES
NO

abusive situations
Ban on corporal punishment

Unknown 4%YES (NO)

Other(all
3%settings)
2.5
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Burn 5%
Against weapons on school premises
YES
NO

Pre-school2enrichment
Strangulation
8% group membership
NO

Against
gang or criminal
YES
Life skills and social development training
Mentoring1.5
NO

Firearm 51%
After-school supervision
NO

Blunt force 11%

1
School anti-bullying
NO

0.5
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
Sharp
force 18%
Against rape
in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence

0
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

Microfinance
gender
NO 2009 2010 2011
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
Social and cultural norms change
NO

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Physical environment changes

NO

Against contact sexual violence without rape YES

Guatemala
NO

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
Social and cultural norms change
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional
YES

50 awareness campaigns
45
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
NO

Caregiver 40support
NO

35
Other 15%
Residential
NO

30 care policies

Rate per 100

Burn 1%
Sharp force 38%

Strangulation 13%

GUYANA

0.6
0.4
0.2

Blunt force 8%

0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 795 369

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 410

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 44.54

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
2.5
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Ghana

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
4%
Other 3% Unknown
Youth violence Burn 5%NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 8%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Firearm 51%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Blunt force
11%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes
to reduce
civilian firearm possession and use
NO
Sharp
force 18%

Alcohol
1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

8.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO ()

50
45
Youth violence
prevention programmes
40
NO

Pre-school35enrichment
NO

YES
YES
Life skills 30and social development training

Firearm 82%
Mentoring25
YES

20
After-school
supervision
YES

15
School anti-bullying
NO

Strangulation 3%
10
5
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
NO

Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
NO

School and college programmes

Guinea
NO

Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Other 3%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

NO Firearm 32%

Public information campaigns

NO

Caregiver support
NO

Residential care policies

NO

Blunt force 55%

VICTIM
LAWS

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
NOSharp force 10%

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
NO
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Unknown 19%

Firearm 19%

Other 7%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 40%

Blunt force 9%

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 17/100 000 (74% M, 26% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

Guyana

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Source: Police

Honduras
Part VIII Country profiles
Other 1%

90

ulation

Unknown 0.4%

80
70

133

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Labour, Human Services and Social Security.

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Guatemala
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Other
Against gang
or 15%
criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 100

Blunt force 11%

HONDURAS
Sharp force 18%

0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 140

2011

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 56.95

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
50
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

45
40
Alcohol 35
Adult (15+)30 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of25 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
20
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
15
10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Other 15%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Firearm 82%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Carrying
firearms3%
in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial
18 / 18
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)

NO Firearm 32%
YES

Blunt force 55%

Sharp force 10%
Intimate partner violence laws
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Guyana
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elderUnknown
abuse 19%
Against elder abuse in institutions

NO
YES
4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
YES
YES

YES Firearm 19%

NO

Other 7%

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing
for victim 2%
compensation
Strangulation
Providing for victim legal representation
Blunt force 9%

NO Sharp force 40%

YES

10

Adult protective services

5
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 1%
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 3%

Firearm 83%

Sharp force 10%

Rate per 100 000 population

90

Unknown 0.4%

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 7172, Rate= 85.5/100 000 (91.6% M, 8.4% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Iceland
134
ulation

0.16
0.14
0.12

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Burn 4%
VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
NO
Mentoring
NO
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
30
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
25
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver 20support
NO
Residential
care policies
NO
15
Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Guinea
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Other
Ban on corporal punishment
(all3%
settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Honduras

2010

Year

Population: 7 935 846

Guatemala

Rate per 10

20
15
10
5
0
2001

Strangulation 3%

ICELAND

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 325 867

Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 370

Guinea

Income group: High

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Other 3%
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Firearm 32%
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Blunt force 55%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Sharp force 10%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
NO
7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
NO

Burn 4%
Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 40%

Blunt force
9% laws
Intimate partner
violence

Against rape in marriage

YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Honduras
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Unknown
0.4%
Against elder
abuse
Against elderOther
abuse
1%in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 3%

Firearm 83%

VICTIM LAWS

30

25
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school20enrichment
YES
Life skills 15and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
10
After-school
supervision
YES
5
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Year
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
90 prevention programmes
80 awareness campaigns
Professional

70
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver60support
YES
50
Residential
care policies
YES
40

2009

2010

VICTIM SERVICES
30

Sharp force 10%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

20
Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES1

Iceland

2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2011

Elder abuse YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate of Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES) 19%
Firearm

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Guyana
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal
punishment
19% (all settings)
Unknown
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Other 7%
Against gang or criminal group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 100%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1, Rate= 0.03/100 000 (0% M, 100% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

India

Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

opulation

Source: Police

3.5
3

135

Blunt force 55%

Sharp force 10%

INDIA
Population: 1 236 686 732

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 550

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 33.9

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
30
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

25

Alcohol 20
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
15
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
10
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0

YES
YES Firearm 83%

Sharp force 10%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Iceland
Against
non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
NO

YES
YES

Sharp force 100%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2009

2010

2011

90

2009

2010

2011

0.04
Adult protective
services
0.02
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

VICTIM0.06
SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

2008

80
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school70enrichment
YES
Life skills 60and social development training
YES
50
Mentoring40
YES
After-school
YES
30 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
20
10
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
0.16
Professional
awareness campaigns
NO
0.14
Public information
campaigns
YES
0.12
Caregiver0.1support
YES
Residential
care policies
YES
0.08

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Afghanistan
India

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 3%

Partial

4.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Honduras
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence
laws
Unknown
0.4%
Against weapons
Otheron
1%school premises
Against
gang or criminal
group membership
3%
Strangulation

YES
NO

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

4
3.5
3
2.5
2

OT
AN

1.5

DAT

1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 35122, Rate= 2.89/100 000 (73.1% M, 26.9% F)

Sources. Mechanism: / Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

Source: Ministry of Home Affairs

136

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

pulation
pulation

Albania
Indonesia
0.8
8
0.7
7
0.6
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Guyana

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown 19%
19%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Firearm
YES
Firearms
Othercivilian
7%
Laws to regulate
access
YES
MandatoryBurn
background
check
YES
4%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Sharp force 40%
Carrying
firearms2%
in public
YES
Programmes
to
reduce
civilian
firearm
possession
and
use
YES
Blunt force 9%

Rate per 100

Burn 4%
Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 40%

Blunt force 9%

INDONESIA

10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 246 864 191

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 420

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.14075554

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
90
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

80

Alcohol 70
60
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
50
Patterns of
LEAST RISKY
40 drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
30
10

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
India
Against
non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
NO

YES
NO

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

2008

2009

2010

2011

0.16

Youth violence
prevention programmes
0.14
0.12enrichment
Pre-school
YES
Life skills0.1
and social development training
YES
0.08
Mentoring
YES
0.06 supervision
After-school
NO
0.04
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate0.02
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
4
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver2.5support
YES
Residential2 care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Afghanistan
Indonesia

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 21
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 100%

Partial

0.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

20

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Iceland
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

OT
AN

0.3

DAT

0.2
0.1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1456, Rate= 0.6/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

Source: Country questionnaire

Albania
Iran
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7
6

137

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Medical Education.

Honduras

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown 0.4% YES
Sexual violence
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Other 1%
3%
Laws Strangulation
to regulate civilian
access
YES
Firearm 83%
Blunt force
3%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 10%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

Rate pe

Sharp force 10%

30
20
10
0
2001

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

Population: 76 424 443

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 570

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.28

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
0.16
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
0.14
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

0.12
0.1

Alcohol 0.08
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.06
Patterns 0.04
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
0.02
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against
rape
Indonesia
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

15 / 13
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

4
abusive situations

YES

3.5

3
Youth violence
prevention programmes
2.5
Pre-school enrichment
YES
2
Life skills and social development training
YES
1.5
Mentoring
YES
1
After-school supervision
YES
0.5
School anti-bullying
YES
0
2001 2002
2003 prevention
2004 2005 programmes
2006 2007 2008
Intimate partner
violence
Dating violence prevention in schools Year
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and0.8cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
0.7 prevention programmes
0.6 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
0.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver0.4support
YES
0.3 care policies
Residential
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

2006

Spirits:

Year

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
India
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1
YES

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM 0.2
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

0.1

Adult protective services

0
Child protection
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Year
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
2008
YES
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence

Child maltreatment YES

Iran
Afghanistan

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

VA
ILA
BL

Mechanism of homicide

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Iraq
1

Albania

Subnational.

138

Strangulation
Burn 4%1%

pulation
00 population

80

Other 24%
Other 6%
Burn 1%

70
8
60
7
50
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Iceland

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
Sharp force 100%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Rate per 100

IRAQ

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 32 778 030

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 130

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 30.86

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
4
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Indiaaction plans
National
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

3.5

Alcohol
2.5
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
2
Patterns of drinking score
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
1
0

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

NO

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Iran
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

0.8
0.7
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school0.6enrichment
YES
Life skills0.5and social development training
YES
Mentoring0.4
YES
0.3
After-school
supervision
YES
0.2
School anti-bullying
YES
0.1
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Iraq

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES1
YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

0.5

Spirits: NO

0.5

2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against
statutory rape
Indonesia
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Burn 4%

Firearm 45%

Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 7%
Sharp force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

80

Other 24%

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2518, Rate= 8.79/100 000 (81.7% M, 18.3% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Israel

Subnational.

Other 2%

Unknown 7%

Strangulation
Part VIII Country
profiles 5%
pulation

Blunt force 4%

3.5
3
2.5

139

Rate per 100 00

ISRAEL

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

Population: 7 643 905

Gross national income per capita: US$ 32 030

2002

2003

2004

2005

Income group: High

2006

2007

2008

Year

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 39.2

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
0.7

Alcohol
0.6
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.5
Patterns of
drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.3
0.1

YES
NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Iraq
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elderOther
abuse24%
in institutions

YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

Burn 4%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for
victim
Blunt
forcelegal
7% representation

2003

2004

2005

NO
NO

Sharp force 14%

30
Adult protective
services
20
Child protection
services
10
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Israel

2008

2007

YES
YES
YES
YES
2008

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

2011

2009

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Unknown 7%

Strangulation 5%

Firearm 55%
Sharp force 27%

Rate per 100 000 population

3.5

Blunt force 4%

Sources. Mechanism: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

Reported homicides (2011) N= 147, Rate= 1.9/100 000 (77% M, 23% F)

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year
Source: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics

Subnational.

140

Italy
Unknown 10%
Other 5%

1.4

ation

2007

Year

Mechanism of homicide
Other 2%

2006

40
VICTIM SERVICES

Firearm 45%

Strangulation
Providing
for victim6%
compensation

2002

1.2

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

17 / 17
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2001

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Youth violence prevention programmes

YES
Pre-school enrichment

Life skills and social development training

YES

Mentoring
YES

After-school supervision
YES

School anti-bullying
YES

Intimate partner violence prevention programmes

YES
Dating violence prevention in schools

YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence prevention programmes

YES
School and college programmes

YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse prevention programmes

YES
Professional

80 awareness campaigns
campaigns
YES
Public information

70
Caregiver60support
YES

Residential
YES
50 care policies

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

2.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against
Iranfemale genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

0.8

Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Indonesia
Interpersonal
violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Rate per 100

ITALY

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 60 884 593

Gross national income per capita: US$ 34 810

Income group: High

Income inequality: 36.03

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National
Iran action plans
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO

YES
NO
6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
YES

Firearm 45%

Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 7%

Intimate partner violence laws

Sharp force 14%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
YES
Israel
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Other 2% Unknown 7%
Elder abuse laws
Strangulation 5%
Against elder abuse
YES
Blunt
forcein4%
Against elder
abuse
institutions
YES

Firearm 55%

VICTIM LAWS

80
70
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school60enrichment
NO
Life skills 50and social development training
YES
Mentoring40
YES
30 supervision
After-school
YES
20
School anti-bullying
YES
10
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
3.5
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
3
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver2.5support
YES
Residential2 care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Unknown 10%

Sharp force 24%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 45%

Blunt force 7%

2010

Elder abuse NO

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 528, Rate= 0.89/100 000 (69.7% M, 30.3% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

1.4

Other 5%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 7%

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Part VIII Country profiles

2007

Year

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES

Sharp force 27%

Italy

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
Iraqchild marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence
laws
Other
24%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gangBurn
or criminal
group membership
4%

Source: Police

141

JAMAICA
Population: 2 768 941

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 190

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 45.51

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES1

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES1
YES
4.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education Training to recognise /

avoid sexually abusive situations

YES

YES
NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Jamaica

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Other 11%

70

Firearm 70%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 19%

Elder abuse NO

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1133, Rate= 42/100 000 (89% M, 11% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Japan

Subnational.

142

Firearm 2%
Unknown 3%

0.7

Sharp force 54%

ulation

Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force

0.6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

JAPAN
Population: 127 249 704

Gross national income per capita: US$ 47 690

Income group: High

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence

Intimate partner violence

YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
NO
7.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

NO

NO
NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Jamaica
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse Other 11%
Against elder
abuse
institutions
Sharp
forcein19%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES Firearm 70%

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
NO
Mentoring
NO
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools

Microfinance and gender equity training

NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes

Physical environment changes

YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
70
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
60
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver50support
YES
40 care policies
Residential
YES

30
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

20
Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Japan

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Sharp force 54%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.7

Other 41%

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1020, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (57% M, 43% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 2%
Unknown 3%

2011

Source: Statistics and Information Department

Jordan
3

pulation

Part VIII Country profiles

2.5

143

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

JORDAN
Population: 7 009 444

Gross national income per capita: US$

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.43

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
NO
0.7

Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

NO
YES

Firearm 70%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES1
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Japan
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse lawsFirearm 2%
Against elder abuse
Unknown 3%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

NO

YES Sharp force 54%

VICTIM LAWS

70
60
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school50enrichment
NO
Life skills40and social development training
YES
Mentoring30
YES
After-school
NO
20 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
10
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence
schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
0.7 prevention programmes
Professional
YES
0.6 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
YES
0.5
Caregiver support
YES
0.4
Residential care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

NO
YES1

0.3

0.2

Adult protective services

0.1
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES1
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Other 41%
Providing for victim legal representation

Jordan
Afghanistan

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

3
2.5
2
1.5
OT
AN

DAT

0.5
0

2001

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Ministry of Interior

Kazakhstan
Albania

Subnational.

144

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

pulation
opulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 133, Rate= 2.1/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: - / Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

14
8
12
7
106

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Jamaica
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Other 11%
Ban on corporal punishment
(all settings)
Youth violence
laws
Sharp force 19%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

KAZAKHSTAN
Population: 16 271 201

Jamaica

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 780

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 29.04

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives70provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence
Child maltreatment
YES1
Other 11%
Intimate partner violence

Youth violence
YES1
Sharp force 19%
Sexual violence

Elder abuse Firearm 70%

Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

60
50

Alcohol
40
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
30
Patterns of
drinking score
LEAST RISKY
20
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES
YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Jordan
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2008

2009

2010

Sharp force 54%

0.7

0.6
Youth violence
prevention programmes
0.5 enrichment
Pre-school
YES
Life skills0.4and social development training
YES
0.3
Mentoring
YES
After-school
YES
0.2 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.1
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
NO
3 prevention programmes
Elder abuse
Professional

2.5 awareness campaigns

Public information campaigns

2
Caregiver support

1.5 care policies

Residential

2009

2010

2011

1
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
2008
YES
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

14
12
10
8
6

OT
AN

DAT

4
2
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Kenya
Albania

Subnational.

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

population
pulation

2002

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 1416, Rate= 8.4/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

7
8
6
7
5
6

145

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Development.

VICTIM LAWS

Kazakhstan
Afghanistan

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Other 41%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

10.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

10

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Japan
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Firearm 2% (all settings)
Ban on corporal punishment
Unknown
Youth violence
laws 3%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

Rate per 100

KENYA

30
20
10
0
2001

Population: 43 178 141

Gross national income per capita: US$ 870

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Income group: Low

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 47.68

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 0.7
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Japan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
2%
Youth violence FirearmNO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Unknown 3%
Sharp force 54%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Other 41%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

0.6

Alcohol 0.5
Adult (15+)
0.4 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 0.3
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.2
0

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Kazakhstan
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

2008

2009

2010

2011

Youth violence
prevention programmes
2.5
Pre-school enrichment
NO
2
Life skills and social development training
YES
1.5
Mentoring
YES
After-school
NO
1 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
14
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
12
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver10support
YES
Residential8 care policies
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES
YES
YES

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

2007

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment YES

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

Rate per 100 000 population

7
6
5
4
OT
AN

DAT

2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2283, Rate= 5.91/100 000 (74% M, 26% F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

Source: National Bureau of Statistics

146

Other 6%
Unknown 22%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

Sharp force 23%

pulation
pulation

Kiribati
Albania
128
107
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

Afghanistan
Kenya

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

4.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.1

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Jordan
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 10

Other 41%

KIRIBATI

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 100 786

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 520

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
3
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Jordan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

2.5

Alcohol 2
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
1.5
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
0

Full KEY No response/ dont know

Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Kenya
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

2010

2011

Larger scale
Implementation

YES
YES

YES

14

Youth violence
prevention programmes
12
Pre-school
enrichment
NO
10
Life skills 8and social development training
YES
Mentoring6
YES
After-school supervision
NO
4
School anti-bullying
YES
2
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
7
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
6
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver 5support
YES
Residential4 care policies
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

2
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Kiribati

2007

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

12

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 23%

Blunt force 11%

Other 44%

10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 8, Rate= 7.15/100 000 (75% M, 25% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 22%

NO
YES
NO
2008
NO

Source: Police

Kuwait
6

opulation

Part VIII Country profiles

5
4

147

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Medical Services.

VICTIM LAWS

2009

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

2006

Year times
Once/few

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO

0.5

2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Kazakhstan
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

Rate per 1

1
0.5
0

KUWAIT

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 3 250 496

Gross national income per capita: US$ 44 940

Income group: High

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives14provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

12

Alcohol 10
Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of6 drinking score
4
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
0

Full KEY No response/ dont know

Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against
rape
Kiribati
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 22%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
NO

Sharp force 23%

YES
YES

Blunt force 11%

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal
representation
Other 44%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Yeartimes
Once/few

NO
NO

Larger scale
Implementation
NO

YES

NO

Rate per 100 000 population

17 / 15
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

6
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school5 enrichment
NO
Life skills 4and social development training
YES
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
YES
2 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
1
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 2002
2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence
prevention
schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
12 prevention programmes
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
10 awareness campaigns
Public information campaigns
YES
8
Caregiver support
YES
6 care policies
Residential
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

0.1

Spirits:

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Kenya
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

2009

2010

2011

4
VICTIM SERVICES

Adult protective
services
2
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

NO
NO
NO
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Afghanistan

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO
Kuwait

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

6
5
4
3
OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 144, Rate= 4/100 000 (77% M, 23% F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Kyrgyzstan
Albania
Other31%
6%
Unknown
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 4%

pulation
population

148

78
67
56

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour.

Kazakhstan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Rate per 100

KYRGYZSTAN
Population: 5 474 213

6
4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 040

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 33.38

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
7
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 5
Adult (15+)4 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of3 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: YES
2

Sharp force 23%

YES
YES

Blunt force 11%

Intimate partner violence laws

Other 44%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Kuwait
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES1
YES1

NO
YES

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

VICTIM SERVICES
2

Adult protective services

1
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence

Firearm 4%

2011

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse

Sharp force 35%

Other 10%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 14%

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 248, Rate= 4.4/100 000 (76.2% M, 23.8% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2010

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 31%

2009

12

Rate per 100 000 population

Kyrgyzstan

2008

Youth violence
prevention programmes
10
Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills 8and social development training
YES
Mentoring6
YES
After-school
YES
4 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
2
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
6
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
5
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver 4support
YES
Residential3 care policies
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

17 / 17
YES
YES

YES (YES)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

4.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

1
0
2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE

VIOLENCE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Kiribati
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Unknown 22%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Kenya

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

2006

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

LAOS

Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

149

Rate per 100

3
2
1

LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

0
2001

Population: 6 645 827

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 270

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.74

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Other 44%

Rate per 100 000 population

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
12
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
YES
Kyrgyzstan
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse laws
Firearm 4%
Unknown 31%
Against elder abuse
NO
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Sharp force 35%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Youth violence
prevention programmes
5
Pre-school enrichment
NO
4
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
YES
2 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
1
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
8
Professional
NO
7 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
NO
6
Caregiver 5support
NO
Residential4 care policies
NO

2009

2010

2011

3
VICTIM SERVICES

Other 10%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Strangulation 6%

Blunt force 14%

2
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

NO
YES
NO
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA
ILA
BL

Mechanism of homicide

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Latvia
Albania
Other 6%
Firearm
Burn 1%6%
Strangulation 1%

Sharp force 36%

pulation
pulation

150

128
107
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

LAOS
Afghanistan

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

7.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Kuwait
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

10

Alcohol 8
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of6 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Kiribati

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence Unknown NO
Intimate partner
NO
22%
Sharp violence
force 23%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Blunt force 11%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

LATVIA

Rate per 10

Blunt force 11%

4
2

Other 44%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 060 428

Gross national income per capita: US$ 14 060

Income group: High

Income inequality: 34.81

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
6
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Kuwait

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

NO
NO

Alcohol 4
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
3
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

12.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

1
0
2001

2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know
Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
Against
child marriage
YES
Parenting education

Kyrgyzstan
Against statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation
YES
YES
abusive situations

4%
8
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) FirearmYES
(YES)

Unknown 31%
7
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Against weapons on school premises
YES
YES
Pre-school6 enrichment

YES
Against gang or criminal group membership
YES Sharp force 35%
Life skills 5and social development training

Mentoring4
NO

3
After-school
supervision
YES

Other 10%
2
School anti-bullying
YES

1
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Strangulation 6%
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011
2001 2002
2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence
Blunt force 14%
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance and gender equity training Year

YES

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
NO

School and college programmes

LAOS
NO

Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

NO

Public information campaigns

NO

Caregiver support
NO

Residential care policies

NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes
Once/few

VICTIM SERVICES

YES
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Latvia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Sharp force 36%

Unknown 9%

Blunt force 12%

Other 31%

12

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 6%

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

Strangulation 6%

10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 200, Rate= 9.64/100 000 (50.5% M, 49.5% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Part VIII Country profiles

pulation

Liberia
1.2
10

151

Rate per 10

LIBERIA

2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 190 435

Gross national income per capita: US$ 370

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 38.16

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
8
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
6

Alcohol 5
Adult (15+)4 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of3 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
2

4.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

1
0
2001

Blunt force LAWS

14% AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO ()

Youth violence prevention programmes

YES
YES
Pre-school enrichment

YES
YES
Life skills and social development training

Mentoring
YES

After-school supervision
YES

School anti-bullying
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage
NO

Dating violence prevention in schools

YES

YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Latvia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
NO

Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse
prevention programmes
12
Sharp force 36%
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

NO

Firearm 6%
10
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information campaigns

NO

Caregiver 8support
YES
Unknown 9%

Residential6 care policies

NO

NO Blunt force 12%

YES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation
Other 31%

Strangulation 6%

VICTIM SERVICES
4

Adult protective services

2
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO

Rate per 100 000 population

VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA
DA

2010

Elder abuse NO

10
0.8
0.6

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

0.4
0.2
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 16, Rate= 0.43/100 000 (% M, % F)

Source: Police

Lithuania
Albania

Subnational.

152

Other 6%
Firearm
4%
Burn 1%
Unknown
1%
Strangulation
Other1%
9%

Sharp force 30%

pulation
opulation

2009

1.2

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Liberia
Afghanistan

2007

Year

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

12
8
107
86

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

VICTIM LAWS

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
LAOS
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Kyrgyzstan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child
maltreatment
YES1
Firearm
4%
Youth violence UnknownYES
Intimate
partner
violence
YES
31%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
Sharp force 35% YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Otherguns/
10% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
ProgrammesStrangulation
to reduce civilian
YES
6% firearm possession and use

Rate per 100

Other 10%

LITHUANIA
Strangulation 6%

3
2
1
0
2001

Blunt force 14%

Population: 3 027 621

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 13 820

Income group: High

Income inequality: 37.57

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

LAOS

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES1
NO
15.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO ()

12
Sharp force 36%
Youth violence prevention programmes
NO

Pre-school10 enrichment
YES

YES
YES
Life skills 8and social development training

Mentoring6
YES

After-school supervision
YES

4
School anti-bullying
YES

Blunt force 12%

2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
Other 31%
Strangulation
6%
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
NO

0
Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
and gender equity training
NO

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Liberia
NO

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
Social and cultural norms change
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
YES
NO

1.2 awareness campaigns

Professional
campaigns
NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
Public information
10
Caregiver support
YES

0.8
Residential
care policies
YES

VICTIM0.6
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

0.4
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
0
Mental health
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Sharp force 30%

Other 9%
Strangulation 8%

Elder abuse NO

10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 158, Rate= 5.2/100 000 (70.3% M, 29.7% F)

Source: Statistics Lithuania

Madagascar

Subnational.

Unknown 2%
Part VIII Country profiles

Firearm 39%

4.5

lation

2010

12

Blunt force 48%

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2009

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 4%
Unknown 1%

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Lithuania

2007

NO
YES
YES
YES
2008

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Latvia
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Firearm 6%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang
or criminal
Unknown
9% group membership

4
3.5

153

MADAGASCAR
Population: 22 293 914

Gross national income per capita: US$ 420

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 44.11

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
12
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
10

Alcohol 8
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
6
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0

YES
YES

Full KEY No response/ dont know

Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
YES
Lithuania
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Sharp force 30%
Elder abuse laws Firearm 4%
Against elder Unknown
abuse 1%
NO
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

2007

2008

Yeartimes
Once/few

Other 9%

Strangulation
VICTIM
LAWS 8%

2009

2010

YES
YES

YES

1.2

2009

2010

NO
YES

Blunt force 48%

Adult protective
services
2
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES
Madagascar

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES1
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Burn 2%
Strangulation 1%
Blunt force 22%

Sharp force 16%

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 0.6/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse YES1

4.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 18%

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 2%
Firearm 39%

2011

VICTIM SERVICES
4

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2011

Larger scale
Implementation

Youth violence
prevention programmes
10
Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills0.8and social development training
YES
0.6
Mentoring
NO
After-school
NO
0.4 supervision
School anti-bullying
NO
0.2
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
12
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
10
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver 8support
NO
Residential6 care policies
NO
Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
NO ()

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

1.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Liberia
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1
NO

Source: Country questionnaire.

Malawi
Subnational.

154

opulation

4
3.5
3

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Rate per 100 000 population

Latvia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
force 36%
Youth violence Firearm NO
Intimate Sharp
partner
violence
YES
6%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 9%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force 12%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce
and use
NO
Othercivilian
31% firearm possession
Strangulation 6%

Rate per 10

Blunt force 12%

Other 31%

MALAWI

Strangulation 6%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 15 906 483

Liberia

Gross national income per capita: US$ 320

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 43.91

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.2
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

YES
NO

10

Alcohol 0.8
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.6
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

2.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2
0

2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know
Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Lithuania
YES
Against
child marriage
YES
Parenting education

Against statutory rape

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation

YES

SharpNO
force 30%
12
Firearm 4%(all settings)
Ban on corporal punishment
YES (YES)

10
Youth violenceUnknown
laws 1%
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Other
Against weapons
on 9%
school premises
YES
YES
Pre-school8 enrichment

YES
Against gang or criminal group membership
YES
Life skills 6and social development training

Mentoring
NO

Strangulation 8%
4 supervision
After-school
NO

School anti-bullying
YES
2

Intimate partner violence laws

Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
Blunt force 48%
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage
NO

Dating violence
schools
Year
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against
rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Madagascar
YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Social and cultural norms change

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES

Unknown 2%
4.5 prevention programmes
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Firearm 39%
4 awareness campaigns
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
Professional

3.5
Against elder abuse
in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
YES

Other 18%
3
Caregiver2.5support
YES

Residential
NO

2 care policies
Burn 2%

VICTIM1.5SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim
Bluntlegal
forcerepresentation
22%

YES
YES
Sharp force 16%

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO
Malawi
Afghanistan

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM
LAWS 1%
Strangulation

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes
Once/few

Trends in homicides

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide
4
3.5
3
2.5
2

OT
AN

1.5

DAT

1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 438, Rate= 3.35/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

Source: Police

Other 6%
7%
Part VIII Country Firearm
profiles
Burn 1%
Unknown 4%
Strangulation
Other1%
3%

Sharp force 50%

pulation
opulation

Malaysia
Albania
3
8
2.57
26

155

Rate per 10

MALAYSIA

0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 29 239 927

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 820

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 46.21

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
12
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Lithuania

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
ChildSharp
maltreatment
YES
force 30%
Firearm 4%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown 1%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 9%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
8% check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession
and use
NO
Blunt force 48%

10

Alcohol 8
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
6
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

1.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2
0

2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Partial

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

4.5
NO ()

Firearm 39%
4
Youth violence
prevention programmes
3.5
YES
YES
Pre-school3 enrichment

YES
YES
Life skills2.5and social development training

Mentoring
YES
2

Burn 2%
1.5 supervision
After-school
NO

Strangulation 1%
1
School anti-bullying
YES

0.5
Intimate partnerBlunt
violence
laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Sharp force 16%
force 22%
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
Dating violence
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Malawi
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
4
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES
Professional

3.5
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES
campaigns
YES
Public information

Caregiver 3support
YES

2.5
Residential care policies
YES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

VICTIM1.5
SERVICES

Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Malaysia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Strangulation 12%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 50%

Elder abuse NO

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Blunt force 21%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 540, Rate= 1.93/100 000 (81% M, 19% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2010

Firearm 7%
Unknown 4%
Other 3%
Burn 3%

2009

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Source: Police

Maldives

Subnational.

156

4.5

opulation

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

4
3.5
3

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Madagascar
Against statutory rape
Against female genital
mutilation
Unknown
2%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other
Against weapons
on18%
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
YES1

Rate per 1

Strangulation 8%

4
2

Blunt force 48%

MALDIVES

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 338 442

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 430

Madagascar

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 37.37

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives
4.5 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
4
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violenceUnknown
YES 2%
Child maltreatment
YES
Firearmviolence
39%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner
YES
Sexual violenceOther 18%YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Burn 2% check
Mandatory background

Strangulation 1%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Blunt force
22% firearm possessionSharp
Programmes to reduce
civilian
and force
use 16%
YES

3.5

Alcohol 3
2.5
Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
1

1.2

Spirits:

0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

NO

Parenting education
YES

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

4
NO ()

3.5
Youth violence
prevention programmes
YES
NO

Pre-school3 enrichment
YES
YES
Life skills2.5and social development training

Mentoring2
YES

1.5
After-school
supervision
YES

1
School anti-bullying
YES

0.5
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage
NO

Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against
rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Malaysia
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

3 prevention programmes
Elder abuse laws Firearm 7%
Elder abuse
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
Professional

2.5 awareness campaigns

Unknown 4%
Sharp force 50%
Against elder abuse
in
institutions
NO

Public
information
campaigns
YES

Other 3%
2
Caregiver
support
NO

Burn 3%
1.5 care policies
Residential
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

1
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

Blunt force 21%

Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

Maldives
Afghanistan

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM
LAWS
Strangulation 12%

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Malawi
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2

OT
AN

1.5

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 5, Rate= 1.4/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Mauritania
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7
6

157

Rate per 10

Burn 2%
Strangulation 1%
Sharp force 16%

Blunt force 22%

MAURITANIA

1.5
1
0.5
0

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 3 796 141

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 040

Malawi

2001

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.46

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
4
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/NO/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

3.5

Alcohol 3
2.5
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
2
Patterns of drinking score
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
1
0

Sharp force 50%

NO
YES

Strangulation 12%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage Blunt force 21%

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against
rape
Maldives
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

NO
NO
NO

NO
NO

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

NO

abusive situations
2.5
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school2 enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
NO
1.5
Mentoring
NO
1 supervision
After-school
NO
School anti-bullying
NO
0.5
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
Dating violence
schools
Year
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
4.5 prevention programmes
Elder abuse
4
Professional
awareness campaigns
NO
3.5
Public information
campaigns
NO
3
Caregiver2.5support
NO
Residential2 care policies
NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

0.1

Spirits:

0.5

2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Malaysia
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Firearm 7%(all settings)
Ban on corporal punishment
Youth violence
laws
Unknown 4%
Other
Against weapons
on 3%
school premises
3% group membership
Against gang orBurn
criminal

NO
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM1.5
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Adult protective services

0.5
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
Mental health services

2007

NO
NO
2008
NO
NO

2009

2010

2011

Child maltreatment NO
Mauritania
Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA
ILA
BL

Mechanism of homicide

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

158

Other 6%
Unknown
Burn 12%
1%
Strangulation
Other 1%
0.2%

pulation
population

Mexico
Albania
30
8
25
7
206

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence YES

Rate per 10

MEXICO

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 120 847 477

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 720

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 47.16

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
3
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Alcohol 2
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
1.5
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0

16 / 14
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Mauritania
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Yeartimes
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

4.5
4
Youth violence
prevention programmes
3.5
Pre-school3 enrichment
YES
Life skills2.5and social development training
YES
Mentoring2
YES
1.5 supervision
After-school
YES
1
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate0.5
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

7.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Blunt force 21%

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Maldives
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES1

Mexico

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Malaysia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence Firearm
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
7%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Unknown 4%
Sharp force 50%
Firearms
Other 3%
Laws to regulateBurn
civilian
YES
3% access
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation 12%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 12%
Other 0.2%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 1%

Firearm 68%

Sharp force 12%

Rate per 100 000 population

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

2001

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: INEGI

Mongolia

Subnational.

Firearm 2%
Part VIII Country profiles

Sharp force 42%

16

opulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 27213, Rate= 24.0/100 000 (89% M, 11% F)

Sources. Mechanism: INEGI/ Reported homicides:VR

2002

14
12

159

Rate per 100

Strangulation 12%

MONGOLIA

1.5
1
0.5
0

Blunt force 21%

Population: 2 796 484

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 080

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.52

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 4.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

3.5

Alcohol 3
Adult (15+)
2.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of2 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
0

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Other 0.2%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
VICTIMBlunt
LAWS
force 1%

YES
YES

YES
YES
NO

NO
NO

Firearm 68%

Providing for victim compensation

force
12%representation
Providing forSharp
victim
legal

Mongolia

YES
YES

VICTIM 10SERVICES

Adult protective services

5
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

2011

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Blunt force 22%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 239, Rate= 8.56/100 000 (75.7% M, 24.3% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2010

16

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 42%

Other 28%

Strangulation 6%

2009

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 2%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
NO
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
30
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
25
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver20support
NO
Residential
NO
15 care policies

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Mexico
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elderUnknown
abuse in12%
institutions

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

6.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Mauritania
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Source: Police

Montenegro

Other 4%

pulation

160

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Maldives

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

Rate per 10

MONTENEGRO
Population: 621 081

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 950

Mauritania

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 28.58

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES
8.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
YES
Firearm 68%

Sharp force 12%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against
rape
Mongolia
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws Firearm 2%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

Sharp force 42%

YES
YES

Other 28%

VICTIM LAWS

30

25
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school20 enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
15
Mentoring
YES
10 supervision
After-school
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
5
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
16
Professional
YES
14 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
YES
12
Caregiver10support
YES
Residential8 care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

6
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation
Strangulation 6%

YES
YES
Blunt force 22%

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES
Montenegro

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2010

Elder abuse YES

Strangulation 13%
Firearm 70%

Sharp force 9%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 4%

5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 23, Rate= 3.68/100 000 (87% M, 13% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 4%

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 1%

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Mexico
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Unknown
Youth violence
laws 12%
Against weapons
on0.2%
school premises
Other
1% group membership
Against gang orBurn
criminal

Source: Police

Part VIII Country

profiles
Unknown
3%
Other 9%

opulation

Morocco
2
1.8
1.6
1.4

161

MOROCCO
Population: 32 521 143

Mexico

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 910

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.88

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
30
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown 12%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other 0.2%
1% access
Laws to regulateBurn
civilian
YES
Strangulation
6% check
Firearm 68%
Mandatory
background
YES
Blunt force
1% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
guns/
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms
in 12%
public
YES
Sharp force
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

25

Alcohol 20
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
15
Patterns of drinking score
10
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

0.9

Spirits:

5
0

2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial

Yeartimes
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

16
NO ()

Sharp force 42%

14
Youth violence
prevention programmes
YES
YES
Pre-school12 enrichment

Life skills10and social development training

YES
YES

Other 28%
Mentoring8
YES

6
After-school
supervision
YES

4
School anti-bullying
YES

2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Strangulation 6%
0
Blunt force
Against rape in marriage
NO22%

Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Montenegro
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse
prevention programmes
6
Against elder abuseOther 4%
YES
awareness campaigns
NO

Professional
5
NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
Public information campaigns
Caregiver 4support
YES

Strangulation 13%
Residential3 care policies
YES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for Sharp
victimforce
legal9%representation

NO
YES

VICTIM SERVICES
2

Adult protective services

1
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Morocco

2007

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Other 9%
Sharp force 70%

Blunt force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 3%

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

2010

Elder abuse YES

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 436, Rate= 1.3/100 000 (86.2% M, 13.8% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

Source: Police

Mozambique
7

opulation

162

6
5

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Firearm 70%

VICTIMBlunt
LAWS
force 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Mongolia
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Firearm 2%
Ban on corporal punishment
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

Rate per 1

Firearm 68%

Blunt force 1%
Sharp force 12%

10
5

MOZAMBIQUE

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 25 203 395

Mongolia

2001

Gross national income per capita: US$ 510

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 45.66

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives16provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
14
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence
YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Firearm 2%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
violence
YES
Sharp force
42%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Other
28% access
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to Strangulation
reduce civilian
YES
6%firearm possession and use

12

Alcohol 10
Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of6 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
4
0

Sharp force 9%

Sexual violence laws

Against
rape
Morocco
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 3%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse
in institutions
Other 9%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%

Sharp force 70%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for
victim
Blunt
forcecompensation
14%
Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

VICTIM0.8
SERVICES
0.6

Adult protective
services
0.4
0.2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
1

2010

2011

Youth violence
prevention programmes
5
Pre-school4 enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
3
Mentoring
NO
2 supervision
After-school
YES
School anti-bullying
NO
1
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
2 prevention programmes
1.8 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
1.6
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.4
Caregiver1.2support
NO
Residential1 care policies
NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

Mozambique
Afghanistan

2009

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Firearm 70%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

2008

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
YES

Blunt force 4%

2007

Year

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

2.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Blunt force 22%

2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS
AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Montenegro
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment
(all settings)
Other 4%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Strangulation 13%
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

7
6
5
4
3

OT
AN

DAT

2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: National Institute of Statistics

Myanmar
Albania

Subnational.

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Firearm
2%
Burn 1%
Unknown
2%
Strangulation 1%

population
pulation

2004

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 849, Rate= 3.7/100 000 (91.2% M, 8.8% F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Other

LE

ILAB

AVA

2.5
8
27
6

163

Rate per 1

MYANMAR
Strangulation 6%

2
0

Blunt force 22%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 52 797 319

Montenegro

Gross national income per capita: US$

Income group: Low

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
6
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 4
Adult (15+)3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES1

Strangulation 3%

Full KEY No response/ dont know

Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

Sharp force 70%

Blunt force 14%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Mozambique
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

VICTIM LAWS

2009

2010

2011

Larger scale
Implementation

YES
YES

YES

2
1.8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.6
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
1.4
Life skills1.2and social development training
YES
Mentoring1
YES
0.8
After-school
NO
0.6 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.4
Intimate 0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008

Rate per 100 000 population

20 / 20
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2006

Yeartimes
Once/few

Microfinance and gender equity training Year

Social and cultural norms change
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
Physical environment changes
Social and cultural norms change
Elder abuse
prevention programmes
7
Professional
awareness campaigns
6
Public information campaigns
5
Caregiver support
4
Residential care policies
Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

0.7

Spirits: YES

1
0
2001

2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Morocco
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Unknown 3%
Youth violence laws
Other
Against weapons
on 9%
school premises
Against gang orBurn
criminal
1% group membership

YES1
YES1

YES
YES

2009

2010

2011

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES
YES
YES

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES1
YES

Adult protective services

1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services
for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO
Myanmar

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence YES1

2009

2010

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 75%

Other 21%

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Firearm 2%
Unknown 2%

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1323, Rate= 2.06/100 000 (69% M, 31% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Nepal
Subnational.

164

Unknown 13%

Firearm 4%
Sharp force 21%

opulation

4.5
4
3.5

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES
1
Youth violence OtherYES
Intimate partner violence
NO
4%
Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Strangulation 13%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Firearm 70%
Blunt force
4% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
guns/
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Sharp force 9%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES1

Blunt force 4%

Rate per 100

Firearm 70%

Sharp force 9%

NEPAL

2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 27 474 377

Gross national income per capita: US$ 700

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 32.82

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
2
Rate per 100 000 population

Morocco

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
3%
Sexual violenceUnknownYES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other 9%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Burn 1%
Sharp force 70% YES
Mandatory
background
Strangulation
3% check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
CarryingBlunt
firearms
in
public
YES
force 14%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

1.8

Alcohol 1.6
1.4
Adult (15+)
1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of1 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Partial

2006

2007

2008

2007

NO
NO
YES
2008
YES

2009

2.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
20 / 20
Home visiting
YES

NO

YES
Parenting education
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

NO

NO ()

7
Youth violence prevention programmes
6
YES
NO

Pre-school5 enrichment
YES
YES
Life skills and social development training

Mentoring4
NO

3 supervision
After-school
NO

2
School anti-bullying
NO

1
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
NO

0
Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

Microfinance
and gender equity training
YES

Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Myanmar
NO

Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
2.5 awareness campaigns
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
Professional

Firearm
Against elder abuse
in2%
institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
NO

2
Unknown 2%
Caregiver support
NO

1.5 care policies

Residential
NO

Sharp force 75%

Other 21%

YES
YES

VICTIM SERVICES
1

Adult protective services

0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services
for sexual violence
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Nepal

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 4%
Sharp force 21%
Other 25%

Burn 2%
Strangulation 11%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 13%

Blunt force 24%

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 752, Rate= 2.76/100 000 (61.3% M, 38.7% F)

Source: Police

Netherlands

Other 16%

Firearm 34%
pulation

Unknown 3%

Part VIII Country profiles

1.4
1.2

165

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Population.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Mozambique
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 100

Sharp force 70%

Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 14%

NETHERLANDS

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 16 714 018

Gross national income per capita: US$ 48 110

Income group: High

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
7
Rate per 100 000 population

Mozambique

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
NO
NO

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Sharp force 75%

Other 21%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
YES
Nepal
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse laws Unknown 13% Firearm 4%
Against elder abuse
YES
Against elder abuse in institutions
NOSharp force 21%

Other 25%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2.5

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school2 enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
1.5
Mentoring
YES
After-school
NO
1 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
4.5 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
4
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver3.5support
YES
3
Residential
care policies

2.5

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES
2

Burn 2%
Strangulation 11%

YES
YES
Blunt force 24%

1.5
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2010

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 34%

Other 16%

Strangulation 8%
Blunt force 8%

2009

2011

Year

Mechanism of homicide1
Unknown 3%

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

Sharp force 31%

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

2002

2003

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 143, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (65% M, 35% F)

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

New Zealand

Other includes cases reported as "beating".

Other 44%

Firearm 16%

ulation

166

1.8
1.6
1.4

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Miinistry of Health, Welfare and Sport.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Netherlands

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

times Larger scale
Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

9.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Myanmar
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violenceFirearm
laws 2%
Against weapons
on school
Unknown
2% premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

Alcohol 5
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
4
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

Income inequality: 30.9

Rate per 10

NEW ZEALAND
Population: 4 459 852

3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 35 520

Income group: High

Income inequality: 36.17

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 2.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Myanmar

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES1
Sexual violenceFirearm 2%
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Unknown
2%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
Sharp force 75% YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Otherguns/
21% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

YES
YES

Alcohol
1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

10.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5
0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM0.6
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim
Blunt legal
force representation
8%

YES
NO

Sharp force 31%

0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

New Zealand

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES1
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Firearm 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 44%

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 40%

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 43, Rate= 0.979/100 000 (47% M, 53% F)

Source: Police

Nicaragua

Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

Other 14%

Firearm 48%

opulation

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Development .

VICTIM
LAWS 8%
Strangulation

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes
No response/dont know Limited
Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Nepal
Against
child marriage
YES
YES
Parenting education

Against statutory rape

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation
YES
Firearm 4%YES
abusive situations

Unknown 13%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
YES (YES)

4.5
4
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Sharp force 21%
3.5 enrichment
Against weapons on school premises
YES
YES
Pre-school

Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES
Life skills2.53and social development training

Other 25%
Mentoring2
YES

After-school
YES

1.5 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES

1
0.5
Intimate partner violence
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Burn 2%
Blunt force 24%
0
Against rape in marriage Strangulation 11%
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
School and college programmes
YES

Netherlands
YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws Unknown 3%

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Firearm 34%
1.4
Against elder abuse
YES
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

1.2
Other 16%
campaigns
YES
Against elder abuse
in institutions
YES
Public information

Caregiver 1support
YES

0.8 care policies

Residential
YES

16
14
12

167

Rate per 10

Other 21%

NICARAGUA

1
0.5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 5 991 733

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 690

Nepal

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.47

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 4.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

4%
Interpersonal violenceUnknown
YES 13% Firearm
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Sharp force 21%
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
25% check
Mandatory Other
background
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduceBurn
civilian
YES
2% firearm possession and use

Alcohol 3.5
3
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
2.5
Patterns of2 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1.5

Blunt force 24%

1
0

Strangulation 8%

Intimate partner
violence
laws
Blunt
force 8%
SharpYES
force 31%
Against rape in marriage
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
New Zealand
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Otherin44%
Against elder abuse
institutions

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

YES
YES
YES

YESFirearm 16%
YES

VICTIM LAWS

1.4

Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.2
Pre-school1 enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
0.8
Mentoring
YES
0.6
After-school
supervision
YES
0.4
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate 0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
1.8
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.6
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.4
Caregiver1.2support
NO
Residential1 care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM0.8
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

Sharp force 40%

0.6

Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 48%

Sharp force 38%

2010

Elder abuse NO

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 738, Rate= 12/100 000 (83% M, 17% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Other 14%

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Nicaragua

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

Source: Police

Niger
168

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

YES
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

/
YES
YES
YES
Firearm
34%
YES (NO)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

TYPE
VIOLENCE
Strangulation 11%LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Netherlands
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 3%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other 16%
Against weapons
on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

Rate per 100 000

Other 25%

NIGER

Burn 2%
Strangulation 11%

Blunt force 24%

Population: 17 157 042

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

Gross national income per capita: US$ 390

2002

2003

2004

2005

Income group: Low

2006

2007

2008

Year

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 34.55

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Netherlands
National
action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES 3%
Intimate partner violence
NO
Unknown
Firearm 34%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other 16%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Carrying
firearms in8%public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

1.4

Alcohol 1.2
Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 0.8
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6

0.3

Spirits: YES

0.4

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES0.2

BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
YESFirearm 16%
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Sharp
NO force 40%
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Nicaragua
Against
non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 14%

Full KEY No response/

Once/few
Larger2010
scale2011

2001 dont
2002 know
2003 2004
2005 2006 times
2007
2008 2009
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Year
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

YES
YES
YES

YES
NO

Firearm 48%

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

Sharp force 38%

Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.8
Pre-school
enrichment
NO
1.6
Life skills1.4and social development training
YES
1.2
Mentoring
YES
1 supervision
After-school
YES
0.8
School anti-bullying
YES
0.6
Intimate 0.4
partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
0.2
0 and gender equity training
Microfinance
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Year
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
16
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver14support
YES
12
Residential
care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

10

VICTIM SERVICES
8

Adult protective
services
6
Child protection
services
4
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2
Mental health
services
0

DATA ON VIOLENCE

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

NO
YES
YES
YES

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 31%

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against
statutory
rape
New
Zealand
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weaponsOther
on school
premises
44%
Against gang or criminal group membership

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 8%

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

VA
ILA
BL

Afghanistan
Niger

YES
NO

TA

NO

TA

2011

DA

2012

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

DAT

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

5.5
4.8

Reported homicides (2012) N= 788, Rate= 4.84/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania
Nigeria
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7
6

169

Rate per 100

Strangulation 8%

NIGERIA

Blunt force 8%

0.6
0.4
0.2

Sharp force 31%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 168 833 776

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 490

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 48.83

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
1.8
Rate per 100 000 population

New Zealand

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence Other 44%
YES1
Elder abuse Firearm 16%
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

1.6

Alcohol 1.4
1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of1 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.2

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES1
YES (NO)
Firearm 48%

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Sharp force 38%
Against rape in marriage
YES1
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES1
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Niger
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

times Larger scale
Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

Parenting education
NO

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
NO
NO

NO
NO

2009

2010

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA
ILA
BL

Nigeria
Afghanistan

2011

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Reported homicides (2013) N= 1897, Rate= 1.16/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Norway
Albania

Subnational.

170

Other 6%
Firearm 11%
Burn 1%
Strangulation
Unknown1%
3%

pulation
pulation

1.28
17
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

16

Youth violence prevention programmes

14
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
12
Life skills10and social development training
YES
Mentoring8
NO
After-school
supervision
NO
6
School anti-bullying
YES
4
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
2
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
0
2001and2002
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
gender
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
NO
Residential care policies
NO
Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

10.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.4

40%
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWSSharp
ANDforce
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Nicaragua
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other 14%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 100

NORWAY

Sharp force 40%

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 993 875

Gross national income per capita: US$ 98 880

Income group: High

Income inequality: 25.79

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
16
Rate per 100 000 population

14

Alcohol 12
Adult (15+)
10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of8 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
6

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Nigeria
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

7.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

4
2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Niger
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

NO

abusive situations

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
NO
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Norway

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO
Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 3%
Sharp force 61%

Strangulation 14%
Blunt force 7%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.2

Firearm 11%

Other 4%

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 31, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (90% M, 10% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Source: Police

Oman
1.6

opulation

Part VIII Country

Sharpprofiles
force 18%

1.4
1.2

171

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Care Services .

Nicaragua

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence Other 14%
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 48%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to
reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES
Sharp force 38%

Rate per 100 00

OMAN

Sharp force 38%

10
8
6
4
2
0

Population: 3 314 001

2001

2002

Gross national income per capita: US$ 25 250

2003

2004

2005

2006

Income group: High

2007

2008

2009

Year

2010

2011

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Niger
National
action plans
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES1
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO

YES1
NO
0.9

Spirits: NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
NO ()
YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Norway
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 11%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES
YES
NO

Unknown 3%
Other 4%

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training

Mentoring
YES

After-school supervision
YES

School anti-bullying
YES

Intimate partner violence prevention programmes

Dating violence prevention in schools

Microfinance and gender equity training

NO

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence prevention programmes

School and college programmes

YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse prevention programmes

YES
Professional

1.2 awareness campaigns

Public information campaigns

YES

1
Caregiver support
YES

0.8 care policies

Residential
YES

Sharp force 61%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Strangulation 14%
Providing for victim legal representation

YES

VICTIM0.6
SERVICES

Blunt force 7%

Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
0
Mental health
services
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Oman

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 63%
Firearm 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.6

Blunt force 11%

Unknown 4%

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Reported homicides (2011) N= 29, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (--% M, --% F)

Sources. Mechanism: VR / Reported homicide: Royal Oman Police

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Sharp force 18%

2007

YES

2008

2002

2003

Source: Royal Oman Police

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Palestine

Subnational.

172
ation

6
5

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Nigeria
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

PANAMA
Population: 3 802 281

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 030

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 51.92

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.2
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 0.8
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.6
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0

YES
YES
Other 63%

Firearm 4%

Intimate partnerUnknown
violence4%laws
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Palestine
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder
abuse in2%
institutions
Strangulation

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Sharp
force 20%
VICTIM
LAWS

Firearm 78%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Child maltreatment NO

2008

2009

2010

2011

NO
YES

1.6
1.4
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.2 enrichment
Pre-school
YES
1
Life skills and
social development training
YES
0.8
Mentoring
YES
0.6 supervision
After-school
NO
0.4
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate 0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
6
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
5
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver 4support
YES
Residential3 care policies
YES

VICTIM SERVICES
2

Adult protective services

1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

2011

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Panama

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

/
YES
YES

YES (YES)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Oman
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal
punishment (all settings)
Sharp force 18%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang
or criminal group membership
Blunt force 11%

YES1

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Norway

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
11%
Youth violence Firearm YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 3%
Other
4% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Sharp force 61%
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
NO/YES/YES
Strangulation 14%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce
civilian
YES
Blunt force
7% firearm possession and use

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 16%

Firearm 77%

Rate per 100 000 population

25

Unknown 2%
Other 2%
Blunt force 3%

20
15
10
5
0

2001

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Papua New Guinea

Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

12

pulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 665, Rate= 17/100 000 (95% M, 5% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

10

173

Rate per 10

Strangulation 14%

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Blunt force 7%

Population: 7 167 010

0.4
0.2
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 790

Oman

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 50.88

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.6
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
18%
Youth violenceSharp forceYES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Blunt force
11% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Other 63%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Firearm
Carrying firearms
in 4%
public
YES
Programmes to Unknown
reduce civilian
YES
4% firearm possession and use

1.4
1.2

Alcohol
1
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.8
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4

Firearm 78%

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

Blunt force 3%

VICTIMSharp
LAWS
force 16%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Firearm 77%

2011

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM 10SERVICES

Adult protective
services
5
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Papua New Guinea

Afghanistan

2010

Youth violence
prevention programmes
5
Pre-school enrichment
NO
4
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
NO
2 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
1
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
25
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
20
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
NO
15
Residential care policies
NO

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

2009

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

Rate per 100 000 population

12
10
8
6

OT
AN

DAT

4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 713, Rate= 10.4/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

Source: Police

174

Other 6%
Unknown
Burn 1%9%
Other
Strangulation
1%5%

Firearm 57%

pulation
opulation

Peru
Albania
14
8
127
106

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Panama
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 2%
Against elder abuse
institutions
Otherin2%

2008

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

YES

YES
YES

Sharp force 20%

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2

2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Palestine
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Strangulation 2%
Against weapons
on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

Rate per 1

Other 63%
Firearm 4%

0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 29 987 800

Palestine

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 890

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 48.14

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
YES
Strangulation 2%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory
YES
Sharp background
force 20% check
Firearm 78%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
6
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

PERU

Unknown 4%

0.6

Alcohol 4
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
3
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO

8.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO

1
0

2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial

Yeartimes
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES

Parenting education
YES

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

25
NO ()

Youth violence prevention programmes

20
NO

Pre-school enrichment
YES

NO

Life skills15and social development training

YES

Mentoring
YES

10
After-school supervision
YES

Sharp force 16%

Firearm 77%
School anti-bullying
YES
5

Intimate partner violence laws

Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
schools
Dating violence
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Papua New Guinea

Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
NO

Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse
prevention programmes
12
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
Professional awareness campaigns

10
campaigns
YES
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES
Public information

Caregiver 8support
YES

Residential6 care policies

YES

NO
YES

VICTIM SERVICES
4

Adult protective services

2
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Peru

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides
Firearm 57%

Blunt force 7%
Sharp force 17%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 9%
Other 5%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 3%

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1968, Rate= 6.5/100 000 (84% M, 16% F)

Sources. Mechanism: CEIC/ Reported homicides: CEIC

2004

Source: Ministry of Interior

Philippines
Subnational.

Part VIII Country profiles

Unknown 0.5%
Other 2.5%

Firearm 56%

opulation

18
16
14

175

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate General of Health Promotion.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Panama
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violenceUnknown
laws 2%
2% premises
Against weaponsOther
on school
Blunt force 3%
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

Rate per 100

Sharp force 20%

Firearm 78%

PHILIPPINES

2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 96 706 764

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 950

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.98

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
25
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Panama

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Unknown 2%
Other 2%
Firearms
Blunt force 3%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 16%
Firearm 77%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

20

Alcohol
15 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
10
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

5.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO ()

12
Youth violence prevention programmes
10
YES
YES
Pre-school enrichment

NO

Life skills 8and social development training

YES

Mentoring6
YES

After-school
YES

4 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES

2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
NO

Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Peru
YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
14
Against elder abuse
YESFirearm 57%
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

Unknown 9%
12
Against elder abuse
in
institutions
NO

Public
information
campaigns

Other 5%
Caregiver10support
YES

Burn 2%
Residential8 care policies
YES

Strangulation 3%
Rate per 100 000 population

6
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing forSharp
victim
legal
force
17%representation

YES
YES

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES1

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Unknown 0.5%
Other 2.5%

Firearm 56%

Sharp force 41%

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 12086, Rate= 12.6/100 000 (% M, % F)

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Poland

Subnational.

176

Firearm 4%
Other 8%

pulation

2009

18

Sources. Mechanism: NSO/ Reported homicides: Police

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

Philippines

2007

Year

NO
YES
YES
2008

3.5
3

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Department of Health.

VICTIM Blunt
LAWS
force 7%

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
childNew
marriage
Papua
Guinea
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 10

Sharp force 16%

Firearm 77%

POLAND

10
5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 38 210 924

Gross national income per capita: US$ 12 660

Income group: High

Income inequality: 32.73

Papua New Guinea ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
12
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

10

Alcohol 8
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
6
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

12.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2
0

2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial

Yeartimes
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
YES
abusive situations

14
YES (YES)

Firearm 57%
Youth violence
prevention programmes
12
YES
YES
Pre-school10 enrichment

Life skills 8and social development training

YES
YES

Strangulation 3%
Mentoring6
YES

Blunt force 7%
After-school supervision
YES

4
School anti-bullying
YES

2
Sharp violence
force 17%laws
Intimate partner
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011
Dating violence
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
NO

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
School and college programmes
YES

Philippines
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
NO

Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse
prevention programmes
18
Against elderUnknown
abuse 0.5%
NOFirearm 56%

Professional
NO

16 awareness campaigns
Against elder abuse
in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
YES
Other 2.5%
14

Caregiver12support
NO

10 care policies
Residential
NO

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for Sharp
victimforce
legal41%
representation

YES
YES

VICTIM SERVICES
6

Adult protective
services
4
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES
Poland

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 4%

Sharp force 63%

Strangulation 11%

Blunt force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 8%

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Peru
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Unknown 9%
Youth violence laws
Other 5%
Against weapons on school premises
Burn 2%
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 310, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (61.6% M, 38.4% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Part VIII Country profiles

Firearm 22%

opulation

Portugal

3
2.5

177

Rate per 10

PORTUGAL

4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 10 603 804

Gross national income per capita: US$ 20 620

Income group: High

Income inequality: 38.45

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
14
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

12

Alcohol 10
Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of6 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: NO
4
0

Firearm 56%

YES
NO

Sharpviolence
force 41%
Intimate partner
laws
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Poland
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Firearm 4%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse
institutions
Otherin8%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Sharp force 63%

Strangulation 11%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim
legal14%
representation
Blunt force

YES
YES

Rate per 100 000 population

16 / 16

YES
YES
YES (YES)

Child maltreatment NO

2008

2009

2010

2011

18

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM1.5
SERVICES

Adult protective
services
1
0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Firearm 22%

Sharp force 13%

Blunt force 4%
Other 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 57%

2007

16
Youth violence
prevention programmes
14 enrichment
Pre-school
YES
Life skills12and social development training
YES
10
Mentoring8
YES
After-school
YES
6 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
4
2
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Sexual violence prevention programmes

School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
4
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver2.5support
YES
Residential2 care policies

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Portugal

2006

Yeartimes
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

12.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Philippines
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Unknown
Youth violence
laws 0.5%
Other
Against weapons
on2.5%
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES1

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 149, Rate= 1.4/100 000 (68% M, 32% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Annual Report on Internal Security/ Reported homicides: Police

2005

Source: Annual Report on Internal Security

Qatar

Subnational.

178

Part VIII Country profiles

Other 17%

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.

Peru

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence UnknownYES
Intimate partner violence
YES
9%
Firearm 57%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Other 5%
Firearms
Burn 2%
Laws to Strangulation
regulate civilian
access
YES
3%
Mandatory background check
YES
Blunt force 7%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
force 17%
ProgrammesSharp
to reduce
civilian firearm possession and use
YES

2006

Rate per 10

Blunt force 7%
Sharp force 17%

4
2

QATAR

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 050 514

Gross national income per capita: US$ 78 060

Philippines

Income group: High

Income inequality: 41.1

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
18
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Firearm 56%
Unknown 0.5%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 2.5%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
forcecivilian
41% firearm possession and use
Programmes Sharp
to reduce
YES

14

Alcohol 12
Adult (15+)
10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of8 drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
6
2
0

YES

Sharp force 63%

YES

Strangulation 11%

Intimate partner
laws
Bluntviolence
force 14%
Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Portugal
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

Firearm 22%
YES
NO

VICTIMUnknown
LAWS57%

Sharp force 13%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
Blunt force 4%
YES

Other 4%

2007

2009

2010

2011

Youth violence
prevention programmes
3.5
Pre-school3 enrichment
YES
Life skills2.5and social development training
YES
Mentoring2
YES
1.5 supervision
After-school
YES
1
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate0.5
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
3
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
2.5
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver 2support
YES
Residential
care
policies
YES
1.5

2009

2010

Adult protective services

0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence

Child maltreatment

2008

2009

2010

2011

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Supreme Council of Health.

18 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

2006

Yeartimes
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

1.5

Spirits:

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Poland
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment
Firearm 4%(all settings)
Youth violence laws
8% premises
Against weaponsOther
on school
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

16

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

Qatar
Afghanistan

2006

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 66%

OT
AN

TA

VA
ILA
BL

Other 17%

TA

NO

DAT

DA

Burn 17%

LE

ILAB

AVA

Reported homicides (2011) N= 6, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (100% M, 0% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

Firearm 3%

pulation
opulation

Moldova
Albania
14
8
12
7
10
6

179

Rate per 10

Sharp force 41%

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Population: 3 514 381

8
6
4
2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 150

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 33.03

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
4
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

3.5

Alcohol 3
2.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns of2 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

Firearm 22%

YES
NO

Unknown 57%

Sharp force 13%

Blunt force 4%
Intimate partner violence laws
Other
Against rape in marriage
YES 4%
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Qatar
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Otherin
17%
Against elder abuse
institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

NO

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Sharp force 66%

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

2.5
Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills 2and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
1.5
After-school supervision
YES
1
School anti-bullying
NO
0.5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
NO
Residential care policies
YES
Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

16.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Portugal
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim

Burncompensation
17%
Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
NO

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Moldova

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 15%

Other 81%

Blunt force 1%

Rate per 100 000 population

14

Firearm 3%

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2001

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Romania

Subnational.

180

Sharp force 28%

Blunt force 10%

Strangulation 5%

4.5

pulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 304, Rate= 8.5/100 000 (81.6% M, 18.4% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

4
3.5

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Health.

Poland

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
1
Youth violence Firearm
YES
Intimate partner violence
NO
4%
Elder abuse
NO
Sexual violence
YES1
Other 8%
Firearms
Sharp force 63%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
11% check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to
reduce
YES
Blunt
forcecivilian
14% firearm possession and use

Rate per 100

Strangulation 11%

ROMANIA
Blunt force 14%

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 21 754 741

Gross national income per capita: US$ 8 560

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 27.42

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
3
Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Alcohol
Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
YES
YES

2001

Sharp force 66%

Burn 17%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Moldova
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YESFirearm 3%
YES

Sharp force 15%

VICTIM LAWS
Other 81%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2002

2003

2004

2005

Romania

2007

YES Blunt force 1%

2009

2010

2011

YES

6
VICTIM SERVICES

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Blunt force 10%
Strangulation 5%

Firearm 3%
Other 20%

4.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 28%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
14
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
12
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver10support
YES
Residential8 care policies
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

14.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWSOther
AND4%PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Qatar
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other 17%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Portugal

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
YES
Firearm violence
22%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Unknown 57%
Sharp forceYES/YES/YES
13%
Handguns/long
guns/ automatic weapons
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Bluntuse
force 4%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and
NO

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Unknown 34%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 421, Rate= 2.09/100 000 (64.6% M, 35.4% F)

Sources. Mechanism: National Institute for Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR

2006

Source: National Institute of Legal Medicine

Russia
Firearm 25%
pulation

Part VIII Country profiles

20
18
16
14

181

Rate per 100

Unknown 57%

Sharp force 13%

Blunt force 4%
Other 4%

RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Population: 143 169 653

1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 12 740

Income group: High

Income inequality: 40.11

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Qatar

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violenceOther 17%
YES1
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
Sharp force 66% YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Burn in
17%
Carrying firearms
public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES1

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
NO
15.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Firearm 3%

YES
YES

Other 81%

Sharp force 15%

Blunt force 1%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Romania
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Sharp force 28%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES
Blunt force 10%
NO
NO

Strangulation 5%

Firearm 3%

VICTIM LAWS

YES1 Other 20%

YES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Unknown 34%

14

Youth violence
prevention programmes
12
Pre-school10 enrichment
NO
Life skills 8and social development training
YES
Mentoring6
NO
After-school supervision
NO
4
School anti-bullying
NO
2
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
4.5
Professional
YES
4 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
YES
3.5
Caregiver 3support
YES
2.5 care policies
Residential
YES

2
VICTIM1.5
SERVICES

Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

Russia

2009

2010

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence YES

2011

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 13%

Sharp force 20%

Other 5%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 25%

Blunt force 29%

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 18951, Rate= 12.32/100 000 (75% M, 25% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Federal State Statistics Service/ Reported homicides: VR

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Rwanda

Subnational.

182

Sharp force 7%
Strangulation 17%

pulation

2005

5
4.5
4
3.5

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Moldova
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Burn 17%

RWANDA
Population: 11 457 801

Gross national income per capita: US$ 600

Income group: Low

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
14
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

12

Alcohol 10
Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of6 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4
0

YES Strangulation 5%
YES

Other 20%

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Russia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Firearm 25%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions
Unknown 13%

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Sharp force 20%

VICTIM LAWS
Other 5%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

4.5
4
Youth violence
prevention programmes
3.5
Pre-school enrichment
YES
3
Life skills2.5and social development training
YES
Mentoring2
YES
After-school
YES
1.5 supervision
1
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate0.5
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
20
Professional
YES
18 awareness campaigns
16
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver14support
YES
12
Residential
YES
10 care policies

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 21
YES
YES
NO
YES
(YES)
Blunt force 10%

Intimate partner violence laws

Unknown 34%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Yeartimes
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 3%

Partial

9.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Romania
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
force 28%
Ban on corporalSharp
punishment
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

2009

2010

2011

8
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Burn 4%
Providing for victim legal representation
Strangulation 4%

YES
YES
Blunt force 29%

Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 17%
Other 54%

Burn 22%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 7%

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 500, Rate= 4.745/100 000 (45% M, 55% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Moldova

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Firearm 3%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
Sharp force 15% YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Other 81%
Handguns/long
guns/ automatic weapons
Blunt forceNO/YES/YES
1%
Carrying firearms in public
NO
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Rwanda

Income inequality: 50.82

Source: Police

Samoa
Part VIII Country profiles

183

Other 81%

Rate per

Blunt force 1%

2
0

SAMOA

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 188 889

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 260

Romania

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
4.5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Incentives
4
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Sharp force 28%
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Blunt force 10%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse Strangulation 5%
NO
Firearms
Firearm 3%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Other 20%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce
civilian
YES
Unknown
34%firearm possession and use

3.5

Alcohol 2.5
Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
1
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

YES Sharp force 20%

YES

Other 5%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 4%

Intimate partner violence laws

Blunt force
29%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Rwanda
Against
rape
YES

Against contact sexual violence without rape YES

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES

Sharp
force 7%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

NO Strangulation 17%
Other 54%

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

18

16
Youth violence
prevention programmes
14
Pre-school12enrichment
NO
Life skills10and social development training
NO
Mentoring8
NO
6
After-school
supervision
NO
4
School anti-bullying
YES
2
0
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
5
Elder abuse
prevention programmes
4.5
Professional
NO
4 awareness campaigns
3.5
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver 3support
NO
2.5
Residential2 care policies
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM1.5
SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
Burn 22%
YES

Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Mental health services
Year

2007

NO
YES
2008
YES
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Samoa
Child maltreatment YES
Afghanistan

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

TA

VA
ILA
BL

2009
D

LE

ILAB

AVA

8.6
8.6

DA

TA

NO

2010

ATA

NOT

2013

3.2

Reported homicides (2013) N= 6, Rate= 3.15/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: ------/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Ministry of Police and Prisons

184

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

0opulation
population

San Marino
Albania
4
3.58
37
2.56

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2007

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
NO

abusive situations
20

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

3.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits:

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Russia
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Firearm 25%
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Unknownon13%
Against weapons
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 1

Other 20%

1.5
1
0.5

SAN MARINO

Unknown 34%

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 31 247

Gross national income per capita: US$ 51 470

Russia

2002

Income group: High

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives20provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
18
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Firearm 25%
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 13%
Sharp force 20%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background
check
YES
Other 5%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Burnin4%
Carrying firearms
public
YES
4% firearm possession and use
ProgrammesStrangulation
to reduce civilian
YES

NO
NO

16

Alcohol 14
12
Adult (15+)
10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of8 drinking score
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
4
2
0
2001

2002 2003 2004 2005

Blunt
force
29% PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
LAWS
AND
OF VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

Spirits: YES
2010

2011

Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes
No response/dont know Limited
Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO

Rwanda
Against
child marriage
YES
NO

Parenting education
Against statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation
YES
NO

abusive situations
Sharp
force 7%
5
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
YES (YES)

4.5
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
4
3.5 enrichment
Against weapons on school premises
YES Strangulation 17%
NO

Pre-school
54% group membership
NO

Against gangOther
or criminal
YES
Life skills2.53and social development training
Mentoring2
YES

1.5 supervision
After-school
YES

1
School anti-bullying
YES

0.5
Burn 22%
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage
YES
schools
Dating violence
NO

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against
rape
YES
School and college programmes
YES

Samoa
YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
YES
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
Public information campaigns
Caregiver support
YES

Residential care policies

YES

VICTIM SERVICES

YES
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child
maltreatment NO
San
Marino
Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides2

Mechanism of homicide1

DA
T

NO

TA

VA

ILA

BL

Rate per 100 000 population

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5

DAT

1
0.5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Sao Tome
No homicides
were recorded for the year 2011, and therefore there is no data on mechanisms.
Albania
Zero homicides were reported for the years 2001, and 2003 to 2011.

Other 6%

Part VIII CountryBurn

profiles
1%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 10%
Sharp force 10%

opulation

2002

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 0, Rate= 0/100 000 (0% M, 0% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police

LE

LAB

VAI

A
NOT

7
6

185

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Secretary of State, Health and Social Security.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100

Other 5%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 4%

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Blunt force 29%

Population: 188 098

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 310

2002

2003

2004

2005

Income group: Middle

2007

2008

Year

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 50.82

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
5

1.5
1
0.5
0

14 / 14
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

YES
YES
YES

YES
NO

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

2008

2009

2010

2011

YES
YES

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
NO
Mentoring
NO
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
NO
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
4
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
3.5
Public information campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver support
NO
2.5
Residential care policies
YES

VICTIM1.5SERVICES

Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

2007

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
abusive situations

YES
YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
sexual violence without rape
Sancontact
Marino
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO

2007

NO
YES
NO
2008
NO

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 10%
Sharp force 10%

Other 60%
Blunt force 10%
Burn 10%

YEAR

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

2011

4.2

2012

2.6

2013

5.3

Reported homicides (2013) N= 10, Rate= 5.3/100 000 (40% M, 60% F)

Sources. Mechanism: General Public Attorney Office/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: General Public Attorney Office

Saudi Arabia
186

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Samoa
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

4.5

Alcohol3.54
Adult (15+)
3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns2.5
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
2
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Sao Tome

2006

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp force 7%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate
partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Strangulation 17%
Laws to regulate
YES
Othercivilian
54% access
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possessionBurn
and22%
use
NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Rwanda

10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

Population: 28 287 855

Rate per 100 0

SAUDI ARABIA

Burn 22%

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 24 660

Income group: High

2010

2011

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Samoa

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence

Intimate partner violence

YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

YES

Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

0.2

Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial
/
NO
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
YES
Against
Saocontact
Tome sexual violence without rape YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse laws
Firearm
Against elder abuse
YES 10%
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES

Sharp force 10%

Other 60%
VICTIM LAWS

YES Blunt force 10%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Burn 10%

Youth violence
prevention programmes
3.5
Pre-school3 enrichment
YES
Life skills2.5and social development training
YES
Mentoring2
YES
After-school
YES
1.5 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
1
Intimate0.5partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Year
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES
Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Sanstatutory
Marinorape
Against
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

2009

2010

VICTIM SERVICES
Adult protective services
Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence

Child maltreatment

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting.

VA
ILA
BL

Afghanistan
Saudi
Arabia

2011

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Albania
Senegal
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7
6

187

SENEGAL
Population: 13 726 021

San Marino

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 030

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.3

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives4 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing3.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Alcohol2.5
Adult (15+)
2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns1.5of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1

Other 60%

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
Firearm
10%
YES (YES)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Blunt force 10%

Sexual violence laws

Against
rapeArabia
Saudi
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
times Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

NO Sharp force 10%

YES

Burn 10%
Intimate partner violence laws
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

0.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Saochild
Tome
Against
marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

NO
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence YES1

Child maltreatment NO
Senegal
Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA
ILA
BL

Mechanism of homicide

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Reported homicides (2013) N= 25, Rate= 0.2/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Serbia
Albania

Subnational.

188

Other 6%
Unknown
9%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 40%

population
pulation

3
8
2.5
7
26

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Action.

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
NO
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
NO
Residential care policies
NO

Rate per 1

1.5
1
0.5
0

SERBIA

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 552 553

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 350

Sao Tome

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 29.62

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Firearm 10%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Sharp force 10%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
civilian access
YES
Other 60%
Mandatory background check
YES
Blunt force 10%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possessionBurn
and10%
use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES
YES
12.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against
rape
Senegal
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

NO
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
NO
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES
Serbia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide1

Other 42%

Firearm 40%

Strangulation 9%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 9%

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

Sources. Mechanism: Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: VR

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 1.8/100 000 (70% M, 30% F)

Source: Statistical Office

Seychelles

Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in other. Firearm includes deaths
reported as due to "explosives".

14

Part VIII Country profiles

Strangulation 38%

Sharp force 37%

population

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Saudi
Arabia
Against
child
marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

12
10

189

Other 60%
Blunt force 10%

SEYCHELLES

Burn 10%

Population: 92 339

Gross national income per capita: US$ 11 590

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 65.77

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Saudi Arabia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
NO
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
NO
5.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES ()

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES1
NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Serbia
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 9%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

Firearm 40%
YES
NO

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
3
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
2.5
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver2support
YES
Residential
care policies
YES
1.5

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation
Other 42%

NO
Strangulation 9%
YES

Adult protective services

0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Seychelles

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 38%

Sharp force 37%

Rate per 100 000 population

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Blunt force 25%

2001

2002

2003

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Country questionnaire

Singapore

Subnational.

190

Other 13%

0.9

Sharp force 44%

pulation

2005

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 8, Rate= 9.15/100 000 (62.5% M, 37.5% F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: VR

2004

0.8
0.7

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Senegal
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

SINGAPORE
Population: 5 303 264

Gross national income per capita: US$ 51 090

Income group: High

Income inequality: 42.48

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Senegal

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
YES
2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
21 / 21
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO ()

3
Firearm 40%
Youth violence prevention programmes
2.5
YES
NO

Pre-school enrichment
YES
YES
Life skills 2and social development training

Mentoring
YES
1.5

After-school
supervision
YES

1
School anti-bullying
YES

0.5
Strangulation 9%
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Other 42%
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
NO

Microfinance and gender equity training

Year
Social and cultural norms change
NO

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Seychelles
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
NO

Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse prevention programmes
14
Against elder abuse
YES
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

12
AgainstStrangulation
elder abuse 38%
in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
YES

Sharp force 37%

Caregiver10support
YES

8 care policies
Residential
YES

6
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
YES

Blunt force 25%

4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Singapore

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Serbia
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence
laws 9%
Unknown
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 44%

Strangulation 12%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.9

Other 13%

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Blunt force 31%

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 17, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (64.7% M, 35.3% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Slovakia
Firearm 9%
pulation

Other 26%
Part VIII Country profiles

3.5
3

191

SLOVAKIA
Population: 5 445 757

Gross national income per capita: US$ 17 200

Income group: High

Income inequality: 26

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

2.5

Alcohol
2
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns1.5
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1

YESSharp force 37%

YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
25%
Allowing removal of violent spouse fromBlunt
homeforce
YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Singapore
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Other 13%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES
NO
Sharp force 44%

Strangulation 12%

VICTIM LAWS

YES
YES

Blunt force 31%

2009

2010

2011

14

Youth violence prevention programmes

12
Pre-school enrichment
YES
10
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring8
YES
6 supervision
After-school
YES
4
School anti-bullying
YES
2
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
0.9 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
0.8
Public information
campaigns
YES
0.7
Caregiver0.6support
YES
Residential
YES
0.5 care policies
0.3
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection services
0.1
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2009

2010

2011

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES1
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 9%

Burn 1%
Strangulation 8%
Sharp force 35%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 26%

Blunt force 21%

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

Reported homicides (2011) N= 93, Rate= 1.72/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

2008

VICTIM0.4SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Slovakia

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

17 / 17
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

13
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Seychelles
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
AgainstStrangulation
weapons on38%
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES1

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year
Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Slovenia

Subnational.

Other 11%

ulation

192

2
1.8
1.6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Other 42%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
3
Rate per 100 000 population

Serbia
National
action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Firearm 40%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Unknown 9%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Strangulation
9%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and
use
YES

Rate per 100

Strangulation 9%

SLOVENIA

Other 42%

1.5
1
0.5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 067 717

Gross national income per capita: US$ 22 830

Income group: High

Income inequality: 31.15

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing 14
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Seychelles

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 38%
Firearms
Sharp force 37%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

12

Alcohol 10
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
8
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4

11.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Blunt force 25%

Partial

2006

2007

2008

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

times Larger scale
Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
YES
abusive situations

NO ()

0.9
Youth violence
prevention programmes
0.8
Sharp force 44%
NO

Pre-school
YES
0.7 enrichment

YES
YES
Life skills0.6and social development training

0.5
Strangulation 12%
Mentoring
YES

0.4
After-school
supervision
YES

0.3
School anti-bullying
YES

0.2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate0.1
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force
31%
and gender equity training
NO

Allowing removal of violent spouse

from
home YES
Microfinance
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Slovakia
YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Other 26%
Firearm
3.5 awareness campaigns
Against elder abuse
YES 9%
YES
Professional

3
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
YES

Caregiver2.5support
YES

Burn 1%
Residential
YES

2 care policies
Strangulation 8%

VICTIM1.5SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES Sharp force 35%

YES

Blunt force 21%

Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Slovenia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Firearm 63%

Sharp force 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 11%

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 19, Rate= 0.93/100 000 (42% M, 58% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 10%

2009

Year

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Singapore
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Other 13%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Solomon Islands
Part VIII Country profiles
ulation

6
5

193

Rate per 10

SOLOMON ISLANDS

4
2
0

Blunt force 25%

Population: 549 598

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 480

Singapore

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
0.9
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES1
Youth violence Other 13%
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Sharp force 44%
YES
Firearms
Laws Strangulation
to regulate civilian
YES
12% access
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

0.8
0.7

Alcohol 0.6
0.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Adult (15+)
Patterns0.4
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.3
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
0.2

1.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits:

0.1
0

2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Blunt force 31%
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE

Partial

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year times
Once/few

Full KEY No response/ dont know

Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
/
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

Firearm
3.5
NO () 9%

3
Youth violence
prevention programmes
NO

Pre-school
YES
2.5 enrichment

NO

Life skills 2and social development training

YES

Strangulation 8%
Mentoring
NO

1.5
After-school
supervision
NO

1
Sharp force 35%
School anti-bullying
NO

0.5
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Blunt force 21%
0
Against rape in marriage
YES

Dating violence
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

NO

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against
rape
YES
School and college programmes
YES

Slovenia
NO

Against contact sexual violence without rape YES

Physical environment changes
Against non-contact sexual violence
NO

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse
prevention programmes
2
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional
NO

1.8 awareness campaigns

Other 11%
1.6
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
NO

Caregiver1.4
support
NO

1.2
Firearm 63%
Residential
NO

1 care policies
Strangulation 10%

VICTIM0.8SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing forSharp
victimforce
legal
representation
16%

NO
YES

0.6

Adult protective
services
0.4
0.2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment
Solomon
Islands NO
Afghanistan

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

6
5
4
3
OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2008) N= 19, Rate= 3.7/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

South Africa
Albania

Subnational.

194

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 33%
opulation
pulation

Source: -

45
408
357
306

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Slovakia
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Other 26%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on1%
school premises
Burn
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Rate per 10

SOUTH AFRICA

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Blunt force 31%

Population: 52 385 920

0.4

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 460

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 63.14

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol2.5
Adult (15+)
2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns1.5
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1
0

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
YES
YES

Strangulation 10%

Firearm 63%

Intimate partner violence laws

Sharp force 16%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Solomon Islands
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

NO
NO

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

1.8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.6
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
1.4
Life skills1.2and social development training
YES
Mentoring1
YES
0.8 supervision
After-school
YES
0.6
School anti-bullying
YES
0.4
Intimate0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
6
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
5
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver4support
YES
Residential
YES
3 care policies

VICTIM SERVICES
2

Adult protective services

1
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES1

Firearm 33%

2009

2010

Elder abuse NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 32%

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

2001

2002

Sources. Mechanism: National Injury Mortality Surveillance System/ Reported homicides: Police

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012/2013) N= 16259, Rate= 31.1/100 000 (80% M, 15% F)3

2011

45

Blunt force 27%

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide2

Unknown 0.2%
Other 2.8%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 3%

2011

DATA ON VIOLENCE
South Africa

2011

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

11
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Slovenia
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other 11%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Blunt force 21%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing3.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

Slovakia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Other 26%
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate Firearm
partner9%
violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Burn 1%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Strangulation
8%
Mandatory background
check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 35%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

2011

Year

Source: Police

Subnational.
For Gauteng Province (an urban setting) only.
The reported total of 95% leaves 5% of cases undetermined as to whether male or female.

Part VIII Country profiles

195

SPAIN
Population: 46 754 541

Gross national income per capita: US$ 29 340

Income group: High

Income inequality: 34.66

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO

NO
NO
11.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial
16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES1
NO

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Spain

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence
Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 17%

Other 10%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 41%

Blunt force 6%

1.6

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 16%

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

Sources. Mechanism: National Institute of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 334, Rate= 0.7/100 000 (68.9% M, 31.1% F)

Elder abuse YES

Source: National Institute of Statistics

Sudan

Subnational.

196

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Social Policies and Equity.

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

SUDAN
Population: 37 195 349

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 460

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.29

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

NO
NO
2.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

/
NO
YES
YES
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Spain
Against
non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 16%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES
NO
Firearm 17%
NO

Other 10%

VICTIM LAWS

Burn 1%

Providing for victim compensation

ProvidingStrangulation
for victim legal
9% representation

YES
YES

Blunt force 6%

Sharp force 41%

VICTIM SERVICES
0.8

Adult protective
services
0.6
Child protection
services
0.4
0.2 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
0 services
Mental health
2001

DATA ON VIOLENCE

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

NO
YES
YES
YES
2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA
ILA
BL

Afghanistan
Sudan

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
1.6
Public information campaigns
NO
1.4
Caregiver support
NO
1.2
Residential1 care policies
NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1244, Rate= 3.5/100 000 (90.8% M, 9.2% F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania
Swaziland
Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

pulation
tion

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles

8
25
7
6

197

SWAZILAND
Population: 1 230 985

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 100

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 51.49

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO

NO
NO
5.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

1.6
NO
() 17%

Firearm
1.4
Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.2
NO

Pre-school enrichment
YES

1
NO

Life skills and social development training

YES

0.8
Burn 1%
Mentoring
YES

0.6
After-school
supervision

0.4
Strangulation 9%
School
anti-bullying
NO

Sharp force 41%

0.2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
Blunt force 6%
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage

Dating violence
schools
Year
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Microfinance and gender equity training

NO

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
School and college programmes
YES

Sudan
YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

NO

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

YES

Against elder abuse in institutions

NO

Public information campaigns

YES

Caregiver support
NO

Residential care policies

NO

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Spain
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 16%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school premises
Other 10%
Against gang or criminal group membership

VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

NO
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

Swaziland
Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

Rate per 100 000 population

25
20
15
10

OT
AN

DAT

5
0
2001

LE

ILAB

AVA

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 102, Rate= 9.3/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Country questionnaire.

198

Other
Other 16%
6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

Firearm 27%

pulation
opulation

Sweden
Albania
1.4
8
1.2
7
61

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

SWEDEN
Population: 9 511 313

Gross national income per capita: US$ 56 120

Income group: High

Income inequality: 25

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Rate per 100 000 population

1.4
1.2

Alcohol
1
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.8
Patterns of
drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.4

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

YES
NO

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
25
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
20
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver 15
support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

10
VICTIM SERVICES

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

Adult protective
services
5
Child protection services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Sweden

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2011

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Other 16%

Strangulation 11%

Blunt force 7%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.4

Firearm 27%

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Sharp force 39%

Sources. Mechanism: National Board of Health and Welfare/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 81, Rate= 0.854/100 000 (69% M, 31% F)

2011

Year

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Swaziland
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

9.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2

2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Sudan
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES1

Source: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention

Switzerland

Subnational.

Unknown 7%
1.4

Firearm 29%

pulation

Other 4%
Part VIII Country profiles

1.2
1

199

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.

Blunt force 6%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.6
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

Spain

National action plans

Interpersonal violence
NO16%
Child maltreatment
YES1
Unknown
Firearmviolence
17%
Intimate partner
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Other 10%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Burn 1% check
Mandatory background
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Carrying
firearms in9%
public
YES
Sharp force 41%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Strangulation 9%

Rate per 100

Burn 1%
Sharp force 41%

SWITZERLAND

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Blunt force 6%

Population: 7 997 399

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 80 950

Income group: High

Income inequality: 33.68

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sudan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES1

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO

NO
NO
10.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES
YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Sweden
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuseOther 16%
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES1

Firearm 27%

Strangulation 11%

VICTIM LAWS

25

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school20enrichment
YES
Life skills 15
and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
10 supervision
After-school
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
5
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
1.4 awareness campaigns
Professional
YES
1.2
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
YES
1
Residential
YES
0.8 care policies

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES
0.6

Providing for
victim
Blunt
forcecompensation
7%
Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

Sharp force 39%

Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

Switzerland

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2011

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 7%
Other 4%

Blunt force 31%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.4

Firearm 29%

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Sharp force 29%

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Macedonia

Subnational.

200

Firearm 38%

ulation

2002

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 41, Rate= 0.5/100 000 (61% M, 39% F)

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Office of Public Health.

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Swaziland
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Rate per 100

TAJIKISTAN

10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 8 008 990

Gross national income per capita: US$ 880

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 30.83

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
1.4
Rate per 100 000 population

1.2

Alcohol 1
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.8
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4

Firearm 29%

YES
YES

Blunt force 31%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Sharp
NO force 29%
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Macedonia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
Firearm 38%
YES

Sharp force 3%

VICTIM LAWS

Other 45%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

2002

2003

2004

2005

Child maltreatment NO

YES

YES Blunt force 14%

2009

2010

2011

2009

2010

2011

2
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

Year

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

3
VICTIM SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Sharp force 31%

Blunt force 17%

3.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 5%

Other 26%

2008

1.4

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 8%

2007

Youth violence prevention programmes

1.2
Pre-school enrichment
YES
1
Life skills and
social development training
YES
Mentoring0.8
YES
0.6 supervision
After-school
YES
0.4
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0.2
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
0
2001and2002
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
gender
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional7 awareness campaigns
YES
6
Public information
campaigns
YES
5
Caregiver support
YES
Residential4care policies
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Tajikistan

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2001

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

NO

Parenting education
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

2.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS
AND
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
Sharp
force
39%

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Switzerland
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 7%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Other 4%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Sweden

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
OtherNO16%
Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 27%
Firearms
Strangulation
11%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
NO/YES/NO
forcein7%
CarryingBlunt
firearms
public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

Strangulation 13%

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 117, Rate= 1.5/100 000 (73.5% M, 26.5% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Thailand
Unknown
Part VIII Country
profiles11%

pulation

Strangulation 2%
Other 2%

8
7

201

Rate per 100

Blunt force 7%

THAILAND

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Sharp force 39%

2002

2003

2004

2005

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 250

2008

2009

2010

2011

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 39.37

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
1.4
Rate per 100 000 population

1.2

Alcohol 1
Adult (15+)0.8per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4

17 / 17
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Firearm 38%

YES
YES

Sharp force 3%
Other 45%
Blunt force 14%
Intimate partner violence laws
Against rape in marriage
YES

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Tajikistan
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 8%
Against elder abuse in institutions
Unknown 5%

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

YES
YES
YES

Sharp force 31%

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence
prevention programmes
6
Pre-school 5enrichment
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
4
Mentoring
YES
3
After-school supervision
NO
2
School anti-bullying
YES
1
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
3.5
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
3
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver2.5
support
YES
Residential2 care policies
YES
Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 29%

7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.2

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Macedonia
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

2009

2010

2011

1.5
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim

Other compensation
26%
Providing for victim legal representation

YES Blunt force 17%

YES

Strangulation 13%

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES1

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES1
Sexual violence YES1

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 11%

Sharp force 19%

Firearm 66%

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 2%
Other 2%

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2941, Rate= 4.5/100 000 (86.17% M, 13.86% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR

2004

Source: Ministry of Public Health

Trinidad and Tobago

Subnational.

Sharp force 14%

45

Blunt force 5%
Strangulation 2%

pulation

202

40
35

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Switzerland

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child
YES
Unknown
7%maltreatment
Youth violence
YES4%
Intimate partner violence
YES
Other
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Firearm 29%
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Blunt force guns/
31% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

2007

Year

Population: 66 785 001

Thailand

2006

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Population: 2 105 575

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 710

Income group: Middle

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
25
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Swaziland

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES ()

YES Firearm 27%

YES

Blunt force 7%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YESforce 39%
Sharp
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Switzerland
Against non-contact sexual violence
Unknown 7%
Elder abuse laws
Other
4%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

YES
YES
YES

YES
NO Firearm 29%

1.4

Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.2
Pre-school 1enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
0.8
Mentoring
YES
0.6
After-school
supervision
YES
0.4
School anti-bullying
YES
0.2
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
1.4
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.2
Public information
campaigns
YES
1
Caregiver support
NO
0.8 care policies
Residential
NO

2009

2010

2011

0.6
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
YES

Sharp force 29%

0.4
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM
LAWS
Blunt
force 31%

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education Training to recognise /

avoid sexually abusive situations

YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Sweden
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment
Other 16%(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
11% group membership
AgainstStrangulation
gang or criminal

YES
NO

20

Alcohol
Adult (15+)15per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of10drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Firearm 38%

Sharp force 3%
Other 45%
Blunt force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Macedonia

Income inequality: 43.56

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 29, Rate= 1.4/100 000 (75.9% M, 24.1% F)

Sources. Mechanism: State Statistical Office / Reported homicides: Police

2004

Source: State Statistical Office

Tajikistan

Unknown 5%

Sharp force 31%

3.5

pulation

Part VIII CountryFirearm

profiles8%

3
2.5

203

Rate per 100 0

Blunt force 31%

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Sharp force 29%

Population: 1 337 439

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 14 780

Income group: High

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
7
Rate per 100 000 population

Macedonia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuseFirearm 38%

Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
Sharp force 3% YES
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Other guns/
45% automatic weapons
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andBlunt
useforce 14%
NO

Alcohol 5
Adult (15+)4per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
2

6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Partial

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO
()force 31%

3.5
Sharp
Youth violence
prevention programmes
3
NO

Pre-school2.5enrichment
YES

social development training

YES
YES
Life skills and

2
Mentoring
YES

1.5
After-school
supervision
YES

1
School anti-bullying
YES

Blunt force 17%

Other 26%
0.5
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
YES
Dating violence

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Strangulation 13%
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Thailand
YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Unknown 11%
9
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional
awareness campaigns
YES

Strangulation 2%
8
Against elder abuse in institutions

Public information
campaigns
YES

7
Other 2%
Caregiver support
YES

6
Residential5 care policies
YES

4
VICTIM SERVICES

Sharp force 19%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES Firearm 66%

YES

Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment

Trinidad and Tobago

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Sharp force 14%

Strangulation 2%
Burn 1%
Unknown 1%
Firearm 77%

Rate per 100 000 population

45

Blunt force 5%

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 379, Rate= 28.6/100 000 (88% M, 12% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Tunisia
Other 38%
0.3

Firearm 2%

lation

204

0.25

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Tajikistan
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Firearm 8%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school
Unknown
5% premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Blunt force 14%

TUNISIA

Rate per 100

Sharp force 3%
Other 45%

2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 10 874 915

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 240

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.06

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
3.5
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 2.5
Adult (15+)2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of1.5drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1
0

YES
YES

Sharp force 19%

Firearm 66%

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
YES
Trinidad
Tobago
Against
contactand
sexual
violence without rape YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Sharp force 14%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES Blunt force 5%
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES
Strangulation

2%

Burn 1%
Unknown 1%

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Firearmlegal
77%representation
Providing for victim

Child maltreatment YES

2008

2009

2010

2011

NO
YES

9
8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school 7enrichment
YES
6
Life skills and social development training
NO
5
Mentoring 4
NO
After-school
YES
3 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
2
1
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention
NO
2001 2002
2003 in
2004schools
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
45
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
40
Public information
campaigns
YES
35
Caregiver 30support
YES
25 care policies
Residential
YES
20
VICTIM SERVICES
15

Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
5
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Tunisia

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2006

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

1.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.5

LAWS
AND PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF
2003
2004 2005
Strangulation
13%
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Thailand
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
11%(all settings)
Ban on corporal Unknown
punishment
Strangulation
Youth violence
laws 2%
Other
Against weapons
on 2%
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES
2007 2008
YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Tajikistan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp force
31%
Youth violence FirearmNO8%
Intimate partner
violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 5%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force 17%
Other in
26%
Carrying firearms
public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Other 38%
Firearm 2%
Burn 5%

Strangulation 8%
Blunt force 5%

Sharp force 42%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 332, Rate= /100 000 (% M, % F)

Source: Police

Turkey
Unknown 12%

Part VIII Country profiles

pulation

Other 14%

4
3.5
3

205

Rate per 100

Blunt force 17%

Other 26%

TURKEY

1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

Strangulation 13%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 73 997 128

Gross national income per capita: US$ 10 810

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.03

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
9
Rate per 100 000 population

Thailand

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
11%
Youth violence UnknownYES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Strangulation 2%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 2%
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 19%
Firearm 66%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

YES
NO

Alcohol 7
Adult (15+)6per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
5
Patterns of4drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
3

2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2
1

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2007

YES
YES
YES
YES
2008

2009

2010

2011

2010

2011

VICTIM0.15
SERVICES

8%
ProvidingStrangulation
for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Blunt force 5%

YES
YES
Sharp force 42%

Adult protective
services
0.1
Child protection
services
0.05
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
0
Mental health
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Turkey

2009

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Unknown 12%

Other 14%
Blunt force 2%

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 20%

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1703, Rate= 2.28/100 000 (80% M, 20% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Tuvalu

ulation

206

20
18
16

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
17 / 17
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES
Against child marriage
YES

Trinidad and Tobago

Against statutory rape
YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation
NO

YES

Sharp
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
NOforce
() 14%

45
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
40
Blunt force 5%
Against weapons on school premises
YES Strangulation 2%
YES
Pre-school35enrichment

Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
Life skills 30and social development training
YES

Burn 1%
Mentoring25
YES

20
Unknown 1%
After-school
supervision
NO

15
School anti-bullying
YES

10
Firearm
77% laws
Intimate partner
violence
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
5
0
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
NO

Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
NO

School and college programmes

NO

Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes
Tunisia
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Other 38%
Against elder abuse
YES
NO

Professional
0.3 awareness campaigns
campaigns
YES
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES
Public information

0.25
Firearm 2%
Caregiver support
YES

0.2
Residential
care policies
YES

Burn 5%

Rate per 10

Sharp force 19%

Firearm 66%

TUVALU

4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 860

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 650

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

Trinidad and TobagoACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
45
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp force 14%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse Blunt force 5%
NO
Strangulation 2%
Firearms
Burn 1%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Unknown 1%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms
public
YES
Firearmin77%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

40
35

Alcohol 30
Adult (15+)25 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of20 drinking score
LEAST RISKY
15
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

1.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

10
5
0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY2001

TYPE
OF 2003
VIOLENCE
2002
2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
YES
abusive situations

NO ()

0.3
Youth violence prevention programmes
0.25
YES Firearm 2% Pre-school enrichment
NO

and social development training

YES
YES
Life skills 0.2

Burn 5%
Mentoring
YES

0.15
After-school supervision
YES

Strangulation 8%
0.1
School anti-bullying
YES

0.05
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Blunt force 5%
Sharp
Against rape in marriage
YES force 42% Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
gender
equity training
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance2001and2002

Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Turkey
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Unknown 12%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse prevention programmes
4
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES
Professional

3.5
Against elder abuse in institutions
NO

Public information
campaigns
YES

3
Other 14%
Caregiver2.5
support
YES

Residential2 care policies

YES

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation
Sharp force 20%

YES
YES

VICTIM SERVICES
1.5

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Other 50%

Sharp force 50%

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

2009

2010

Elder abuse NO

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 2, Rate= 17.8/100 000 (100% M, 0% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Rate per 100 000 population

Tuvalu

2007

Year

NO
YES
YES
2008

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Blunt force 2%

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Tunisia
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Other (all
38%settings)
Ban on corporal punishment
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Source: Police

Part VIII Country profiles

pulation

Uganda
20
18
16
14

207

20

Rate per 10

Unknown 1%
Firearm 77%

UGANDA

15
10
5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Population: 36 345 860

Gross national income per capita: US$ 480

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 44.3

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sharp force 42%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
0.3
Rate per 100 000 population

0.25

Alcohol
Adult (15+)0.2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns 0.15
of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.1

YES
YES

Blunt force 2%

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

Intimate partner violence laws

Sharp force 20%
Against rape in marriage
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Tuvalu
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
NO
YES

YES
NO

Sharp force 50%

Other 50%

2002

2003

2004

2005

VICTIM LAWS

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

4
3.5
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Pre-school 3enrichment
YES
Life skills 2.5
and social development training
YES
Mentoring 2
YES
1.5 supervision
After-school
YES
1
School anti-bullying
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
20
Professional
YES
18 awareness campaigns
16
Public information
campaigns
YES
14
Caregiver support
YES
12
Residential10care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

YES
YES

Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES1
Intimate partner violence YES1
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES1

Rate per 100 000 population

E
VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA
DA

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

YEAR

NUMBER OF HOMICIDES

2009
2010

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2669

2013
2002

2003

2004

2753

1761
2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1987, Rate= /100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

NO
YES
YES
2008
YES

8
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Uganda
Afghanistan

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

2001

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

9.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.05

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Turkey
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 12%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Otheron14%
Against weapons
school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
NO

Source: Police

United Arab Emirates

Albania

Subnational.

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%

pulation

208

7
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Tunisia

National action plans

Interpersonal violence Other
YES 38%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearm 2%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Burn
5% access
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
8% automatic weapons
Carrying firearms in public
YES
ProgrammesBlunt
to reduce
civilian firearm possession and use
YES
force 5%

2006

Year

Rate per 100 00

Burn 5%
Strangulation 8%

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Blunt force 5%

Sharp force 42%

Population: 9 205 651

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 620

Income group: High

2010

2011

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sharp force 20%

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
4
Rate per 100 000 population

Turkey

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NOUnknown 12% Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Other 14%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory
YES
Blunt background
force 2% check
Firearm 50%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation 2%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use

3.5

Alcohol 3
Adult (15+)2.5per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of2drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
1.5

4.3

Spirits:

1
0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001

Partial

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
NO

YES

NO ()

20
Youth violence
prevention programmes
18
YES

Pre-school16enrichment
14 social development training

YES
Life skills and
12
Sharp force 50%
Other 50%
Mentoring10

After-school8 supervision

6
School anti-bullying

4
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2
Against rape in marriage
NO

Dating violence
prevention in schools

0
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Microfinance
gender
NO 2009 2010 2011
Year
Social and cultural norms change

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Uganda
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
20 awareness campaigns
Against elder abuse
YES1

Professional
18
campaigns

Against elder abuse in institutions

YES1
Public information
16
Caregiver support

14
Residential12care policies

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

NO
NO

10

VICTIM SERVICES
8

6
Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment

Afghanistan
United Arab Emirates
Mechanism of homicide

2009

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Tuvalu
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES

VA
ILA
BL

Trends in homicides

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

Albania
United Kingdom

Subnational.

Other 26%

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%

Strangulation
1%3%
Burn

Unknown 4%

pulation
pulation

82
1.8
7
1.6
6

209

Blunt force 2%

Rate per 100

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

UNITED KINGDOM
Sharp force 20%

Population: 62 783 115

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 300

Income group: High

Income inequality: 35.97

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
20
Alcohol 16
14
Adult (15+)12per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of10drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes8
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
6
4
2
0
2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE

OF VIOLENCE
2002 2003 2004 2005
16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

YES
YES1

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact
sexual
violence without rape
United
Arab
Emirates
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

YES
YES
YES

YES1
YES1

YES
NO

VICTIM LAWS

20

Youth violence
prevention programmes
18
Pre-school16enrichment
YES
14
Life skills and
social
development
training
YES
12
Mentoring10
YES
After-school8 supervision
YES
6
School anti-bullying
YES
4
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES1
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

United Kingdom

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 8%

Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 40%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 4%

Blunt force 10%

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011/12) N= 653, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (70% M, 30% F)

1

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides2

Other 26%
Burn 3%

Source: Police

National and subnational.

In 2002, there were 172 deaths attributable to the activities of Harold Shipman.

Tanzania

210
ulation

30
25

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Home Office.

Partial

11.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Uganda
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
YES1

18

Rate per 100 000 population

Tuvalu

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Sharp force 50%
50%
MandatoryOther
background
check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

Rate per 100

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

Population: 47 783 107

10
8
6
4
2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 570

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 37.58

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
20
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

18
16
Alcohol 14
Adult (15+)12per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of10drinking score
LEAST RISKY
8
Excise taxes6
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Uganda

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial

7.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
16 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
YES
abusive situations

NO ()

Youth violence prevention programmes

YES
NO

Pre-school enrichment
YES
YES
Life skills and social development training

Mentoring
YES

After-school supervision
NO

School anti-bullying
NO

Intimate partner violence laws

Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage

Dating violence prevention in schools

YES

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Microfinance and gender equity training

YES

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

United
Kingdom
YES
Against
contact
sexual violence without rape YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES

Social and cultural norms change

YES

Other 26%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse2 prevention programmes
Unknown
Against elder abuse
NO 4%

Professional
YES
1.8 awareness campaigns

1.6
Against elder abuse
in
institutions
NO

Public
information
campaigns
YES

Burn 3%
1.4
Firearm 8%
Caregiver1.2
support
NO

Residential1 care policies

YES

Strangulation 9%

0.8
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Blunt
forcelegal
10%representation
Providing for
victim

NO
YES

Sharp force 40%

0.6

Adult protective
services
0.4
0.2
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

Tanzania
Afghanistan

2011

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
United
Arab
Emirates
Against
statutory
rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

NO
YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Rate per 100 000 population

DA

TA

NO

TA

VA
ILA
BL

30
25
20
15

OT
AN

DAT

10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 3928, Rate= 8.7/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: / Reported homicides: Police

LE

ILAB

AVA

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

USA
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles

88

pulation
pulation

Burn 1%
Unknown
11%
Strangulation 1%

77
66

211

Rate per

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Population: 317 505 266

8
6
4
2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 52 350

Income group: High

Income inequality: 40.81

United Arab Emirates

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans
Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate partner violence
YES1
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES2
Mandatory background check
YES2
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES2
Carrying firearms in public
YES2
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES1

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

YES1
YES
9.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

10
VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

YES
NO

5
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
Mental health services

2007

YES
YES
2008
YES
YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES
USA

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence YES
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Firearm 68%

Sharp force 11%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 11%

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

Reported homicides (2011) N= 16 259, Rate= 5.3/100 000 (78% M, 22% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Civil and Vital Registration
1
2
3
4
5
6

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 5%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 1%

2011

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year
Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Subnational.
Federal, state and local laws. The nature and extent of restrictions vary by state.
Aged 16 and older with parental consent; a few states allow children <16 to marry with parental consent and/or a court order.
Most states do not use the term "statutory rape" but have statutes addressing sexual activity involving minors.
Federal and state laws; federal law applies to specific interstate conduct that occurs in enumerated locations subject to federal jurisdictions.
27%
Federal and state laws but state law isSharp
primaryforce
source of
sanctions, remedies and protections.

Uzbekistan

212

Part VIII Country profiles

Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Implementation
Child maltreatment laws
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 183
Home visiting
YES

United
Kingdom
Against
child marriage
YES3
YES
Parenting education

Against statutory rape

YES4
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Other 26%
Against female genital mutilation
YES
YES
abusive situations

2
Unknown
4%
1.8
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
YES1 (NO)

1.6
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
prevention programmes
Burn 3%
1.4
Firearm 8%
Against weapons on school premises
YES
YES
Pre-school1.2enrichment

1 social development training

AgainstStrangulation
gang or criminal
group
membership
NO

Life
skills
and
YES

9%
Mentoring0.8
YES

0.6
After-school
YES

0.4 supervision
School anti-bullying
YES
0.2
Blunt force 10%

Sharp force 40%

0
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage
YES
YES
Dating violence prevention in schools Year

NO

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Microfinance and gender equity training
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
5
Against
rape
YES
School and college programmes
YES

Tanzania
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES5
YES
Physical environment changes

Against non-contact sexual violence

YES5
YES
Social and cultural norms change

30 prevention programmes
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Against elder abuse
YES6
YES
25 awareness campaigns
Professional

campaigns
YES
Against elder abuse in institutions
YES1
Public information

20
Caregiver support
YES

Residential15 care policies

YES

UZBEKISTAN
Population: 28 541 423

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 700

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.72

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
2
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty

1.8
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
Adult (15+)1.2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of1drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:

Wine:
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)

Other 5%
Burn 1%
Strangulation
VICTIM
LAWS 3%
force compensation
1%
ProvidingBlunt
for victim

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES1

NO Firearm 68%
YES

Providing for victim legal representation

Sharp force 11%

Uzbekistan
Afghanistan

2011

30

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school25enrichment
YES
Life skills 20
and social development training
YES
Mentoring15
YES
After-school supervision
YES
10
School anti-bullying
NO
5
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional8 awareness campaigns
NO
7
Public information
campaigns
YES
6
Caregiver support
NO
Residential5care policies
YES

2009

2010

2011

Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

NO
NO
NO
2008
YES

2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

VICTIM SERVICES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

2010

Year times
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few
Larger scale
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES1
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
USAcontact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 11%
Against elder abuse in institutions

4.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits:

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Tanzania
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

YES
NO

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

United Kingdom

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES Other 26% Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate
partner4%
violence
YES1
Unknown
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Burn 3%
Firearms
Firearm 8%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
9% check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Blunt
force 10%
Programmes
to reduce
civilian firearm possession and
use
YES
Sharp
force 40%

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide
Sharp force 27%

VA
ILA
BL

Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%

TA

OT
AN

DAT

NO
TA
DA

Other 14%

LE

ILAB

AVA

Blunt force 37%

Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%
Sources. Mechanism: Forensic Medical Service/ Reported homicides:

Vanuatu
Albania

Subnational.

Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7
6

213

Blunt force 10%

VANUATU

Rate per 100

Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 40%

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 247 262

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 990

Income group: Middle

Income inequality:

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
30
Rate per 100 000 population

Tanzania
National
action plans
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

Alcohol 25
Adult (15+)20per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of15drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
10

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

2001

NO
YES

Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 1%

Firearm 68%

Intimate partner violence laws

Sharp force 11%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Uzbekistan
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Sharp force 27%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions
Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

times Larger scale
Year
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

-* Parenting education
NO

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

NO

YES
NO
NO

NO
NO

VICTIM LAWS

8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
7
Pre-school enrichment
NO
6
Life skills and social development training
NO
5
Mentoring
NO
4
After-school supervision
NO
3
School anti-bullying
NO
2
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
1
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
0
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
gender
NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
NO
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
NO
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
NO
Public information campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
NO
Residential care policies
NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

1.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
USAstatutory rape
Against
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence
laws
Unknown 11%
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or
criminal
Other
5% group membership

NO
NO

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM SERVICES
YES Blunt force 37%

YES

Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%

NO
NO
NO
NO

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA
ILA
BL

Afghanistan
Vanuatu

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

TA

OT
AN

LE

ILAB

AVA

DA

TA

NO

DAT

214

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Firearm
Strangulation
1%7%

pulation
ulation

Albania
Viet Nam
8
1.8
7
1.6
1.4
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Other compensation
14%
Providing for victim
Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100

15

VIET NAM

10
5
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 90 795 769

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 550

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.57

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
8
Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 6
Adult (15+) 5per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of4drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes3
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

Partial
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
YES
YES

Other 14%

1
2001

Sexual violence laws

Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Vanuatu
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Blunt force 37%

Intimate partner violence laws

Burn 3%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse
from home
Strangulation
16% NO

6.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Uzbekistan
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
force 27%
Ban on corporal punishmentSharp
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school
premises
Firearm
1%
Against gang
or criminal
Unknown
2% group membership

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

YES
YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
YES
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional awareness campaigns
YES
Public information campaigns
YES
Caregiver support
YES
Residential care policies
YES

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Viet Nam

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

USA

National action plans

Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
YES
Unknown 11%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other
5% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Burn 1% check
Mandatory background
YES
Strangulation 3%
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Firearm 68%
Blunt force 1%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes toSharp
reduce
civilian
YES
force
11% firearm possession and use

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 4%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 62%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.8

Firearm 7%

Blunt force 23%

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1358, Rate= 1.56/100 000 (58.5% M, 41.5% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police

2004

Source: Ministry of Public Security

Yemen
Part VIII Country profiles
ulation

8
7
6

215

WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP

Population: 4 218 771

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 810

Nigeria

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.5

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
NO/NO/YES
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

NO
NO

Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

NO
YES

Sharp force 61%

Strangulation 14%

Intimate partnerBlunt
violence
forcelaws
7%
Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Oman
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Sharp force 18%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

Blunt force 11%

Other 63%

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim
compensation
Firearm
4%
Providing for victim
legal4%
representation
Unknown

YES
YES

0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services

Palestine

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

2009

2010

2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

VICTIM0.6
SERVICES

1.2

Youth violence
prevention programmes
1
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
0.8
Life skills and social development training
YES
0.6
Mentoring
YES
0.4 supervision
After-school
YES
School anti-bullying
YES
0.2
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
1.6 prevention programmes
Professional
YES
1.4 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
NO
1.2
Caregiver 1support
YES
Residential
YES
0.8 care policies

2009

2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 20%

Firearm 78%

Rate per 100 000 population

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Palestinian Health Information Center

Panama

Subnational.

216

25

Unknown 2%
Other 2%

opulation

2007

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 80, Rate= 3/100 000 (81.2% M, 18.8% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Palestinian Health Information Center/ Reported homicides: Police

2006

20

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

16 / 15
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Norway
Against
child marriage
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment
Firearm 11% (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Unknown 3%
Against weapons
on school premises
4% group membership
Against gang orOther
criminal

Rate per 100

Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 1%

Firearm 68%

Sharp force 11%

YEMEN

3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 23 852 409

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 220

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 37.69

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Uzbekistan

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO Sharp force 27%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Otherguns/
14% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force
37%
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce
YES
Burncivilian
3% firearm possession and use

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

NO
NO

Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:

0.3

Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Partial
/
NO
YES
NO
YES (NO)
YES
YES

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO

Parenting education
YES

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

abusive situations

YES

Intimate partner violence laws

Against rape in marriage

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Vietcontact
Nam sexual violence without rape
Against
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 7%
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 4%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 2%

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO

Sharp force 62%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation
Blunt force 23%

NO
NO

Youth violence prevention programmes

Pre-school enrichment
YES
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
NO
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Dating violence prevention in schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
1.8 prevention programmes
Professional
NO
1.6 awareness campaigns
1.4
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver1.2
support
NO
Residential1 care policies
NO

0.8

VICTIM SERVICES
0.6

0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health services
Year

2007

NO
YES
YES
2008
NO

2009

2010

2011

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment NO

Yemen

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 8%

Firearm 84%

Blunt force 5%
Sharp force 3%

Rate per 100 000 population

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1866, Rate= 7.45/100 000 (95% M, 5% F)

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

2003

Source: Ministry of Interior

Zambia
Part VIII Country profiles

217

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Population.

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against
child marriage
Vanuatu
Against statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Against gang or criminal group membership

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 16%

Other 14%

Blunt force 37%

ZAMBIA

Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%

Population: 14 075 099

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 410

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 57.49

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Vanuatu

National action plans

Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES1
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse

Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
YES
Mandatory background check
YES
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
NO/NO/NO
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

National social and educational policies

Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
LEAST RISKY
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO
NO
4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES

YES Sharp force 62%

Intimate partner violence laws

Blunt force 23%
Against rape in marriage
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Yemen
Against non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions

YES
YES
YES

YES
YES

Other 8%

Firearm 84%

Blunt
force 5%
VICTIM
LAWS

1.8

Youth violence
prevention programmes
1.6
Pre-school1.4enrichment
NO
Life skills 1.2
and social development training
NO
Mentoring 1
NO
0.8
After-school
supervision
NO
0.6
School anti-bullying
YES
0.4
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
0.2
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
and gender equity training
YES
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
School and college programmes
YES
Physical environment changes
YES
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse prevention programmes
Professional8 awareness campaigns
YES
7
Public information
campaigns
YES
6
Caregiver support
YES
Residential5care policies
YES

2009

2010

YES
YES

4
3

Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health

2007

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES1

YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

2011

VICTIM SERVICES

ProvidingSharp
for victim
force compensation
3%
Providing for victim legal representation

Afghanistan
Zambia

2011

Elder abuse

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

TA

VA
ILA
BL

2008
DAT

LE

ILAB

AVA

7.02
8.21

DA

TA

NO

2009

OT
AN

2010

6.22

Reported homicides (2010) N= 814, Rate= 6.22/100 000 (% M, % F)

Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania
Zimbabwe

Subnational.

218

Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation
Other1%
9%

Unknown 32%
pulation
ulation

Source: Police

82
1.8
7
1.6
6

Part VIII Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

21 / 21
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale

Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
YES

YES
Parenting education

Training to recognise / avoid sexually

YES
abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Burn 2%
Strangulation 2%

Partial

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Vietstatutory
Nam rape
Against
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Firearm 7%
Against weapons on school premises
Other
4% group membership
Against gang or
criminal

ZIMBABWE
Population: 13 724 317

Gross national income per capita: US$ 800

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 50.1

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
1.8
Rate per 100 000 population

Vietaction
Nam plans
National
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner violence
NO
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 7%
Firearms
Other
4% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
Sharp force 62% YES
Burn 2%
Mandatory background
check
YES
Strangulationguns/
2% automatic weapons
Handguns/long
/YES/
Carrying firearms in public
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES

1.6

Alcohol 1.4
Adult (15+)1.2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of1drinking score
LEAST RISKY
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.2

2001

Partial

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few

Larger scale
Year times
Implementation
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES
Parenting education

YES
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES
YES
abusive situations

NO ()

8
Youth violence prevention programmes
7
YES
YES
Pre-school 6enrichment

NO
Life skills and
social
development
training
NO

Firearm 84%
5
Mentoring 4
NO

Blunt force 5%
After-school3 supervision
NO

School
anti-bullying
YES

Sharp force 3%
2
Intimate partner violence laws
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
1
Against rape in marriage
YES
prevention in schools
NO

Dating violence
0
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
gender
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Microfinance2001and2002
Year
Social and cultural norms change
YES

Sexual violence laws

Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
YES
YES
School and college programmes

Against
contact
sexual
violence
without
rape
YES

Physical
environment
changes
YES

Zambia
YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
YES
Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws

Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
NO

Professional awareness campaigns

NO

Against elder abuse in institutions

NO

Public information campaigns

NO

Caregiver support
YES

Residential care policies

NO

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/dont know Limited

Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Yemen
Against
statutory rape
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons on school premises
Other
8% group membership
Against gang or
criminal

5.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

0.4

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

Blunt force 23%

NO
NO

VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES

Adult protective services

Child protection services
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Mental health services

YES
YES
YES
YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES

Zimbabwe

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence

Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 9%

Firearm 2%

Blunt force 18%

Sharp force 39%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 32%
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001

Sources. Mechanism: ZimSTAT/ Reported homicides: Police

Part VIII Country profiles

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 981, Rate= 7.5/100 000 (% M, % F)

Source: ZimSTAT

219

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Child Care.

VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation

Part IX Statistical annex

Table A1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region

Country/area

WHO region

Name of national data coordinator(s)

Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
China
Colombia
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador

Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Africa
Europe
Western Pacific
Europe
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
South-East Asia
Europe
Europe
Americas
Africa
South-East Asia
Americas
Africa
Americas
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
Africa
Western Pacific
Africa
Americas
Western Pacific
Americas
Western Pacific
Americas
Europe
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Americas
Americas
Eastern Mediterranean
Americas

Estonia
Fiji
Finland
Gabon
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras

Europe
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
Europe
Europe
Africa
Americas
Africa
Americas
Americas

Zakhmi, Babrak
Qirjako, Gentiana
Djeraoune, Nadia
Nanushyan, Lena
Arthur, Caroline
Orthofer, Maria
Talishinskiy, Rustam
Alhadyan, Badreya
Rahman Arif, Mizanur
Lomat, Leonid
Reynders, Daniel
Mira, Oscar; Vasquez, Mary
Chaffa, Christian
Tshering, Dago
Quispe, Cabo Elias Choque
Motlhanka, Kelebogile
da Silva, Marta Maria Alves
Abdul Hamid, Hjh Hadzilahwatie Hj
Dinolova, Rumyana
Sanon, Djnba
BihiziEugenie-Colombe
Prak, Piseth Raingsey
Kouo Ngamby, Marquise
Ponic, Pamela
Leilei, Duan
Rivillas, Juan Carlos; Lozada, Sandra Lucia Moreno
Puni, Lawrence Teariki
Castillo, Sisy
Brkic Bilos, Ivana
Basanta, Marlen
Ashikales, Xenia
Millerova, Eva
Ricketts, Paul
Oganda, Sarai
Salinas, Victoria
Al Ashry, Nagwa
Armero, Julio; Avalos Marina Estela; Ticas,
Julio Oscar Robles
Salla, Jako
Kurabui, Bale
Ewalds, Helena
Oye Nguema, Bernadette
Chachava, Tamar
Balas, Chariklia
Ohene, Sally-Anne
Funes, Jose
Beavogui, Kezely
Conway, Dinte
Cerna, Migdonia Nohemy Ayestas

Part IX Statistical annex

223

Country/area

WHO region

Name of national data coordinator(s)

Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Latvia
Liberia
Lithuania
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mauritania
Mexico
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Samoa
San Marino

Europe
South-East Asia
South-East Asia
Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Europe
Americas
Western Pacific
Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Africa
Western Pacific
Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
Europe
Africa
Africa
Western Pacific
South-East Asia
Africa
Americas
Western Pacific
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Africa
South-East Asia
South-East Asia
Europe
Western Pacific
Americas
Africa
Africa
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Americas
Western Pacific
Americas
Western Pacific
Europe
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Europe
Europe
Africa
Western Pacific
Europe

Thordardottir, Edda Bjork; Ingudttir, Jenny

Thergaonkar, Arvind
Djupuri, Rita
Talebian, Mohammad Tagi
Hassan, Zainab
Peleg, Kobi
Lecce, Maria Giuseppina
Davidson, Tamu
Suzuki, Takashi; Nakamura, Rieko
Habashneh, Malek
Kapanovna, Aigul Tastanova
Githinji, Wilfred
Kamantoa, Tabiria
Alkandiri, Kholud
Boobekova, Aigul
Phoutsavath, Phisith; Southivong, Bouavanh
Feldmane, Jana
Mulbah, J. Mike
Povilaitis, Robertas
Razafindranazy, Eulalie
Chiwaula, Catherine
Ramly, Rosnah
Shabana, Fathimath
Bouhabib, Abdallahi Mohamed
Cervantes, Arturo
Narantuya, Khad
Stojanovic, Svetlana
Elmarzgioui, Samira
Romao, Francelina
Win, Thit Thit
Ghimire, Dhruba Raj
Hofstede, Margreet
Tanielu, Liz
Acevedo, Angela Rosa
Adakal, Aboubacar
Omoyele, Chiamaka
Krki, Freja Ulvestad
Al Yazidi, Mohammed
Rodrigues, Hermelinda
Robert, Sebastien
Jimenez, Nency Virrueta
Benegas, Agnes
Klosinski, Wojciech/Trzewik, Anna
Nogueira, Paulo
Al-Khulafai, Hilal
Pascal, Lilia/Caitaz, Angela
Iliuta, Costin
Klimenko, Tatiana
Mukasine, Caroline
Maua, Rumanusina
Gualtieri, Andrea

224

Part IX Statistical annex

Country/area

WHO region

Name of national data coordinator(s)

Sao Tome and Principe

Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Spain
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United Republic of Tanzania
United States of America
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
West Bank and Gaza Strip
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Africa
Eastern Mediterranean
Africa
Europe
Africa
Western Pacific
Europe
Europe
Western Pacific
Africa
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Africa
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
South-East Asia
Americas
Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Western Pacific
Africa
Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Africa
Americas
Europe
Western Pacific
Western Pacific
Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Mediterranean
Africa
Africa

Matos, Celso
Alanazi, Faisal
Sene, Bineta
Paunovic, Milena
Michel, Gina
Gomez, Yvonne
Bruchacova, Zora
Mihevc, Barbara
Vozoto, Nashley
Netshidzivhani, Pakiso
Merino, Begoa
Eltahir, Suad
Kophozile, Mahlalela
Nordstrand, Kerstin
Hofner, Marie-Claude
Razzakov, Abduvali
Tozija, Fimka
Panjapiyakul, Pornpet
Thomas, Andy
Chebbi, Henda
Songur, Emrah
Lototele, Kaevaa
Mugisha, James
Hassan, Kalthoom
Bellis, Mark/Hardcastle, Katie
Steven, Ester
Dahlberg, Linda
Iskandarov, Alisher
Tovu, Viran
Anh, Luong Mai
Bitar, Jawad
Alyusfi, Reema
Shumba, Chabwela
Bakasa, Clemenciana

Part IX Statistical annex

225

226

Part IX Statistical annex

7277831

16460141

9849569

14864646

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

880

240

670

6850

31590

11640

7650

2220

2420

750

4620

44810

6400

830

19560

6290

3770

4970

Low

Low

Low

Middle

High

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Low

Middle

High

Middle

Low

High

Middle

High

High

Middle

Middle

Middle

Low

Income level3

36.03

33.27

39.79

28.19

54.69

56.29

38.73

38.62

53.13

32.97

26.48

32.12

33.71

29.15

31.30

35.33

34.51

27.82

Income
inequality
(Gini index)4

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Interpersonal
violence

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Dont know

No

Armed
violence

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Subnational

Dont know

No

Gang
violence

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Dont know

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Child
maltreatment

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Youth
violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS

Organized
crime

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Intimate
partner
violence

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Sexual
violence

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

No

Elder abuse

Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2014). World Population Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. New York: United Nations.
Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita is the dollar value of a countrys final income in a year divived by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, June 2014.
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
3
World Development Indicators (WDI) database: Low income is US$ 1005 or less, middle-income is US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275, high-income is US$ 12 276 or more. Where a precise GNI was not available, the WDI estimation
of income level was used.
4
Latest available year. The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A
Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, June 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI

412238

Brunei Darussalam

198656019

2003910

Brazil

Botswana

741822

10496285

Bhutan

Bolivia (Plurinational
State of)

324060

10050702

Benin

11060095

Belgium

Belize

9405097

154695368

Belarus

Bangladesh

1317827

Bahrain

47960

8463948

9308959

23050471

Australia

Austria

2969081

Armenia

Azerbaijan

59790

38481705

Algeria

690

3162083

4520

29824536

Gross
national
income per
capita2

GENERAL INFORMATION

Afghanistan

Population
(2012)1

Albania

Country/area

Table A2: General information and national action plans addressing violence

Part IX Statistical annex

227

1384770183

China

10660051

Czech Republic

246864191

Indonesia

325867

Iceland

1236686732

7935846

Honduras

India

795369

82800121

Germany

Guyana

4358242

Georgia

11451273

1632572

Gabon

Guinea

1580

5408466

Finland

25366462

874742

Fiji

15082831

1290778

Estonia

Ghana

6297394

El Salvador

Guatemala

45170

80721874

Egypt

3420

1550

38370

2140

3410

440

3130

3290

10020

46820

4010

16360

3600

2980

5170

15492264

Ecuador

5430

10276621

6590

18130

26390

5890

13260

8850

7010

5720

50650

1190

Gross
national
income per
capita2

Dominican Republic

71684

1128994

Cyprus

Dominica

4307422

11270957

Cuba

4805295

Costa Rica

Croatia

20523

Cook Islands

47704427

34837978

Canada

Colombia

21699631

Population
(2012)1

Cameroon

Country/area
3

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

Middle

Low

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

High

High

Middle

High

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

Income level

GENERAL INFORMATION

38.14

33.90

56.95

44.54

39.35

55.89

42.76

28.31

42.10

41.45

26.88

42.83

36.00

48.33

30.77

49.26

47.20

25.82

33.65

50.73

55.91

42.06

32.56

38.91

Income
inequality
(Gini index)4

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Interpersonal
violence

No

No

Yes

No
Yes

Yes
No

No

Yes

Subnational

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Subnational

Gang
violence

Subnational

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Dont know

No

No

Armed
violence

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Organized
crime

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Youth
violence

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Child
maltreatment

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Intimate
partner
violence

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Sexual
violence

No

Yes

Subnational

No

No

Yes

Subnational

No

Subnational

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Elder abuse

228

Part IX Statistical annex

32521143

25203395

52797319

27474377

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Nepal

621081

2796484

Mongolia

Montenegro

120847477

5430

338442

3796141

Maldives

Mauritania

Mexico

9820

700

510

2910

6950

3080

9720

1040

320

420

13820

370

29239927

4190435

Liberia

14060

Malaysia

2060428

Latvia

1270

15906483

6645827

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

1040

44940

Malawi

5474213

Kyrgyzstan

3027621

3250496

Kuwait

2520

22293914

100786

Kiribati

870

Madagascar

43178141

Kenya

9780

47690

5190

34810

32030

6130

6570

Gross
national
income per
capita2

Low

Low

Low

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Low

Low

High

Low

High

Middle

Low

High

Middle

Low

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

High

High

Middle

Middle

Income level3

GENERAL INFORMATION

Lithuania

7009444

16271201

127249704

Japan

Jordan

2768941

Jamaica

Kazakhstan

7643905

60884593

Italy

32778030

Iraq

Israel

76424443

Population
(2012)1

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Country/area

32.82

45.66

40.88

28.58

36.52

47.16

40.46

37.37

46.21

43.91

44.11

37.57

38.16

34.81

36.74

33.38

47.68

29.04

35.43

45.51

36.03

39.20

30.86

38.28

Income
inequality
(Gini index)4

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Dont know

Subnational

Dont know

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Interpersonal
violence

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Armed
violence

Subnational

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Gang
violence

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Subnational

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Child
maltreatment

Yes

No

Subnational
No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Intimate
partner
violence

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

No

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Youth
violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS

Organized
crime

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Dont know

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Sexual
violence

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Dont know

Yes

Yes

No

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Elder abuse

Part IX Statistical annex

229

2050514

3514381

21754741

143169653

11457801

188889

Qatar

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Rwanda

Samoa

2067717

Slovakia

Slovenia

549598

5445757

Singapore

Solomon Islands

92339

5303264

Seychelles

9552553

10603804

Portugal

Serbia

38210924

Poland

13726021

96706764

Philippines

Senegal

29987800

Peru

28287855

7167010

Papua New Guinea

Saudi Arabia

3802281

Panama

31247

3314001

Oman

188098

4993875

Norway

Sao Tome and

Principe

168833776

Nigeria

San Marino

5991733

17157042

Niger

4459852

New Zealand

Nicaragua

16714018

Population
(2012)1

Netherlands

Country/area

1480

22830

17200

51090

11590

5350

1030

24660

1310

51470

3260

600

12740

8560

2150

78060

20620

12660

2950

5890

1790

9030

25250

98880

2490

390

1690

35520

48110

Gross
national
income per
capita2
3

Middle

High

High

High

Middle

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

Low

High

Middle

Middle

High

High

High

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

High

High

Middle

Low

Middle

High

High

Income level

GENERAL INFORMATION

Yes

No

Yes

26.00
31.15

No

Subnational

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Interpersonal
violence

42.48

65.77

29.62

40.30

50.82

50.82

40.11

27.42

33.03

41.10

38.45

32.73

42.98

48.14

50.88

51.92

25.79

48.83

34.55

40.47

36.17

30.90

Income
inequality
(Gini index)4

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes
No

No

No

No

No

Dont know

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Gang
violence

No

No

No

Yes

Dont know

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Armed
violence

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Dont know

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Organized
crime

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Child
maltreatment

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

No

Dont know

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Youth
violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Intimate
partner
violence

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Sexual
violence

Yes

No

Yes

No

Subnational

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Elder abuse

230

Part IX Statistical annex

2105575

8008990

66785001

1337439

10874915

73997128

9860

36345860

9205651

62783115

47783107

317505266

28541423

247262

90795769

4218771

TFYR Macedonia

Tajikistan

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Tuvalu

Uganda

United Arab
Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Viet Nam

West Bank and

Gaza Strip

13724317

7997399

Switzerland

14075099

9511313

Sweden

Zimbabwe

1230985

Swaziland

Zambia

37195349

Sudan

23852409

46754541

Yemen

52385920

Spain

Population
(2012)1

South Africa

Country/area

800

1410

1220

2810

1550

2990

1700

52350

570

38300

38620

480

5650

10810

4240

14780

5250

880

4710

80950

56120

3100

1460

29340

7460

Gross
national
income per
capita2

Low

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

High

Low

High

High

Low

Middle

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

Low

Middle

High

High

Middle

Middle

High

Middle

Income level3

GENERAL INFORMATION

50.10

57.49

37.69

35.50

35.57

36.72

40.81

37.58

35.97

44.30

40.03

36.06

39.37

30.83

43.56

33.68

25.00

51.49

35.29

34.66

63.14

Income
inequality
(Gini index)4

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Dont know

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Interpersonal
violence

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Armed
violence

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Gang
violence

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Child
maltreatment

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Subnational

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Youth
violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS

Organized
crime

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Intimate
partner
violence

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Sexual
violence

No

Dont know

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Dont know

Yes

No

No

No

Subnational

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Elder abuse

Part IX Statistical annex

231

156 - 2521

7 - 15

1.1

6.2

9.8

3.1

0.8

Cabo Verde

117

478

Burkina Faso

Burundi

104

Bulgaria

Brunei Darussalam

47136
4

115

104

51

141

50108

10.3

1.9

25.2

1461

43

657

1613

141

64357

249

Brazil

220

12.1

Botswana

1270
132

3505d

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

10 - 195

138 - 2844

404 - 6274

2 - 35

32 - 566

8.8

6.7

9.8

1.9

2.1

32.4

12.4

3.4

13.9

1.9

6.3

117

581

28

4794

10

2.4
32.1

14

2586d

225
120

1.1
0.9

633

44.7

1.6

7.4

2.7

29.8

77

254

Benin

182
145

1.1
0.9

Bhutan

134

21

4169

111

77

254

44.7

72

124

Belgium

Belize

478

231

36

190

2.1

6.0

4.4

145

429

3988

Belarus

Barbados

Bangladesh

Bahrain

13

231

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

244

165

Australia

Austria

1.8

62

54

526 - 9140

10.7

2232
2445
39

11.2

62

10

4.4

5.0

7.3

Rate

0.8

390 - 6998

130 - 188

516 - 9030

95%
confidence
intervals

1701

159

2180

Number

Armenia

631

5.0

6.5

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate

1.9 - 39.4

1.4 - 28.9

2.5 - 38.1

0.5 - 8.4

0.8 - 14.8

1.5 - 25.1

0.5 - 1.1

2.5 - 43.9

1.0 - 18.2

4.1 - 5.9

1.7 - 30.3

95%
confidence
intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides

per 100 000 (2012)c

Argentina

Antigua and Barbuda

Angola

Andorra

Algeria

157

63

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
1948

142

Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number

Number and rate of

homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb

Afghanistan

Police
homicide
number

Number of homicides (latest

year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey

Albania

Country/area

HOMICIDES

13.5

9.8

13.0

3.0

2.2

60.0

17.1

4.7

21.8

1.8

8.5

80.8

1.3

9.0

16.2

3.5

1.0

48.0

3.4

0.9

1.4

2.6

10.5

6.0

17.1

1.2

7.4

7.6

11.7

Male
homicide
rate

4.1

3.6

6.7

0.9

2.1

5.6

7.8

2.3

6.1

1.9

4.1

8.7

0.8

3.7

3.4

2.7

0.3

16.9

1.4

0.8

1.5

1.6

2.7

4.4

0.5

1.4

2.4

2.8

Female
homicide
rate

Homicide rate by sex

(2012)

42%

47%

22%

17%

4%

73%

36%

30%

45%

13%

27%

69%

38%

2%

40%

11%

18%

75%

16%

14%

17%

10%

58%

31%

55%

32%

27%

66%

45%

Percentage
firearms

41%

31%

42%

51%

43%

17%

43%

33%

35%

47%

39%

21%

26%

51%

60%

41%

27%

18%

53%

37%

34%

25%

32%

39%

23%

39%

34%

16%

27%

Percentage
sharp force

17%

22%

35%

32%

53%

10%

22%

37%

20%

41%

34%

10%

36%

47%

0%

48%

55%

8%

32%

49%

48%

65%

10%

30%

22%

29%

39%

18%

28%

Percentage
other
mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of

homicides by mechanism (2012)

Table A3. Reported homicide numbers and rates by sourcea, estimated homicide numbers and rates by sex, and estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism

232

Part IX Statistical annex

543

1.6

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
356

Number

Costa Rica

Cyprus

Ethiopia

7334

1644 - 29060

102 - 2024
70

65

474

70

956 - 16123

Eritrea

2767

4101

2144

2608

Estonia

41.2

12.4

22.1

5 - 112

2594

1924

2268

26

Equatorial Guinea

4371

171

El Salvador

2106

3549

Ecuador

2268

Egypt

Dominican Republic

7.0

8.0

5.4

7.7

3.5

43.9

5.1

13.8

25.4

6.8

12 - 295

60

Djibouti

13.3

4.7

0.9

2.0

5.0

1.3

12.2

Dominica

1954 - 37066

271 - 5015

535 - 9912

8.5

3.1

10.4

8.0

43.9

1.1

4.6

9.4

13.5

1.8

11.7

2.4

Rate

0.9

99

23

561

54

2412

110 - 2113

13 - 220

257 - 4734

140 - 2646

606 - 11129

95%
confidence
intervals

50

0.8

1
407

8755

Denmark

47

1.0

2.0

1.2

8.5

Democratic Republic of the Congo

105

23

51

407

1169

10

534

50

407

Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea

185

589

Cuba

Czech Republic

50

Croatia

Cte dIvoire

474

Cook Islands

20923
450

30.8

811
15480

Congo

14670

3.1

57

15742

16033

Colombia

550

Comoros

12336

China

Chile

610
1168

Central African Republic

Chad

614

527

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number

HOMICIDES

1.8 - 31.7

1.7 - 33

0.7 - 15.2

1.2 - 20

1.4 - 34.3

3 - 56.4

1.1 - 20.3

2.7 - 50

2.5 - 48.7

1.8 - 30.6

2.1 - 38

3.1 - 58.5

2.8 - 51.3

95%
confidence
intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides

per 100 000 (2012)c

Canada

476

Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number

Number and rate of

homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb

2544

268

Police
homicide
number

Number of homicides (latest

year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey

Cameroon

Cambodia

Country/area

12.9

8.4

12.0

5.5

80.9

7.8

24.4

46.2

11.7

9.8

1.2

22.1

7.2

1.1

2.8

7.3

1.9

16.9

14.5

4.4

17.4

11.1

81.7

1.4

8.0

13.7

23.5

2.8

17.8

3.5

Male
homicide
rate

3.1

2.8

3.5

1.3

10.5

2.4

3.3

4.5

1.9

4.2

0.6

4.6

2.4

0.8

1.3

2.6

0.6

7.2

2.2

1.6

3.4

4.8

7.3

0.8

1.4

5.1

3.8

0.8

5.7

1.3

Female
homicide
rate

Homicide rate by sex

(2012)

13%

4%

17%

48%

77%

33%

66%

64%

37%

36%

17%

29%

4%

18%

22%

5%

32%

31%

63%

15%

32%

35%

80%

4%

41%

23%

24%

30%

33%

14%

Percentage
firearms

43%

54%

42%

26%

13%

37%

25%

25%

39%

39%

56%

35%

30%

39%

33%

72%

28%

35%

19%

37%

34%

39%

16%

30%

52%

36%

37%

41%

33%

37%

Percentage
sharp force

44%

42%

41%

26%

11%

30%

9%

11%

24%

24%

28%

36%

65%

43%

44%

23%

40%

34%

17%

48%

34%

26%

5%

66%

7%

42%

39%

28%

34%

50%

Percentage
other
mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of

homicides by mechanism (2012)

Part IX Statistical annex

233

7014

17.0

Indonesia

1133

1020

133

1416

2283

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

2641

1464

416

1130

464

2761

1263

1087

530

134

154

528

Israel

Italy

147

733
54

2518

1456

Ireland

Iraq

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

1456

1
43355

35122

Iceland

India

132

7172

7172

Honduras

Hungary

6.4

7.8

39.3

0.9

1.8

1.2

0.6

3.5

0.3

1.3

90.4

10.2

3175

1499

205

450

1250

530

160

54

6093

3630

11687

52998

154

8248

2703

160

1033

Guyana

Haiti

169

1008

Guinea-Bissau
135

115

130

6025

5155

Guatemala

Guinea

6025

39.9

180
13.3

653
2527
14

3821

431

Grenada

423

Ghana

Greece

662

Germany

3063 - 9886

874 - 16070

2775 - 46330

633 - 10908

39 - 717

243 - 4065

587 - 10999

38 - 704

169

18 - 27

95%
confidence
intervals

209

102

665

76

20

Number

Gambia

1.0

1.6

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate

Georgia

665

89

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number

7.4

9.2

2.9

0.4

45.1

0.9

2.1

1.2

18.6

4.8

4.7

4.3

0.6

1.5

103.9

26.6

20.2

10.1

8.8

39.9

6.2

1.6

10.0

0.8

4.8

9.4

9.3

1.0

1.4

2.3

Rate

9.3 - 30.2

1.1 - 21

1.1 - 18.8

6.2 - 107.2

2.4 - 43.1

2.1 - 35.5

2.3 - 43.4

2.1 - 39.3

1.9 - 48.1

2 - 3.1

95%
confidence
intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides

per 100 000 (2012)c

31 - 785

107

99

Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number

Number and rate of

homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb

152

14

Gabon

France

26

114

Fiji

Police
homicide
number

Number of homicides (latest

year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey

Finland

Country/area

HOMICIDES

11.2

15.6

3.9

0.4

82.1

1.3

3.2

2.1

28.2

7.7

7.3

6.9

0.9

1.9

193.6

41.9

30.7

14.5

12.8

72.1

10.0

2.5

12.1

0.8

8.5

13.4

14.8

1.3

1.5

3.8

Male
homicide
rate

3.5

3.3

1.9

0.3

9.3

0.5

0.3

8.8

1.8

2.1

1.5

0.4

1.2

14.1

11.5

9.3

5.8

4.8

9.4

2.4

0.8

7.8

0.8

1.5

5.5

3.7

0.8

1.3

0.8

Female
homicide
rate

Homicide rate by sex

(2012)

32%

17%

65%

3%

70%

50%

58%

43%

45%

43%

14%

27%

0%

8%

84%

36%

49%

27%

32%

86%

27%

32%

12%

16%

35%

27%

47%

41%

22%

0%

Percentage
firearms

31%

39%

27%

33%

19%

27%

29%

30%

14%

32%

45%

38%

100%

45%

10%

37%

47%

36%

10%

8%

35%

31%

46%

37%

36%

45%

28%

30%

45%

46%

Percentage
sharp force

37%

44%

9%

64%

10%

24%

13%

27%

41%

25%

41%

35%

0%

47%

7%

27%

5%

37%

58%

6%

38%

37%

42%

47%

28%

28%

25%

29%

33%

54%

Percentage
other
mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of

homicides by mechanism (2012)

234

Part IX Statistical annex

97

4.7

497

102

Number

158

Maldives

12

1323

Myanmar

Nauru

Namibia

436

849

Morocco

Mozambique

849
388

704

17.2

2.2

23

Montenegro

446

2198

852

810

17

283

239

Mongolia
14

Monaco

271

26597

Micronesia (Federated States of)

Mexico

33

2.7

2.8

1640

12

1244

Mauritius

17

12

1.8

430

27213

279

Mauritania

Marshall Islands

Malta

Mali

46

321

438

540

Malawi

Malaysia

1
1810

130

Madagascar

6.7

Luxembourg

202

202

194

Lithuania

3.2

469

135
157

16

Liberia

Libya

249
770

Lebanon

Lesotho

473

129

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate

143

200

248

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number

HOMICIDES

505 - 8815

13 - 22

94 - 1879

413 - 6466

3 - 50

292 - 6109

452 - 7244

35 - 663

111 - 2045

678 - 848

51 - 1339

119 - 1919

72 - 133

95%
confidence
intervals

1.3

19.7

4.2

3.4

2.5

2.8

10.1

1.1

4.6

22.0

2.7

11.3

4.7

2.8

11.0

3.5

4.3

2.0

8.1

0.2

6.7

2.6

11.2

37.5

5.4

7.0

7.1

9.1

3.1

8.2

Rate

1 - 16.7

2.1 - 3.5

2.5 - 49.5

2.8 - 43.5

0.8 - 14.7

1 - 20.9

2 - 32.5

0.6 - 10.8

2.6 - 48.8

33.1 - 41.3

1.1 - 28.8

1.8 - 28.9

2.2 - 4.1

95%
confidence
intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides

per 100 000 (2012)c

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

467

Kyrgyzstan

Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number

Number and rate of

homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb

Latvia

144

Kuwait

Police
homicide
number

Number of homicides (latest

year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey

Kiribati

Country/area

1.9

27.7

3.8

5.2

4.4

4.0

15.8

1.5

5.9

40.6

3.1

15.2

7.3

2.3

13.8

4.4

6.2

3.1

11.5

0.4

10.5

3.4

16.8

51.7

8.3

11.1

10.5

13.9

4.8

10.5

Male
homicide
rate

0.8

12.2

4.5

1.7

0.6

1.6

4.5

0.6

3.3

4.6

2.2

7.4

3.4

8.2

2.7

2.4

0.9

4.8

3.4

1.7

5.5

23.7

2.3

3.5

3.8

4.4

0.7

5.9

Female
homicide
rate

Homicide rate by sex

(2012)

8%

47%

32%

20%

0%

70%

2%

25%

18%

73%

24%

40%

20%

52%

31%

33%

7%

5%

19%

14%

2%

43%

29%

50%

39%

4%

21%

12%

73%

27%

Percentage
firearms

32%

33%

32%

34%

72%

9%

42%

41%

37%

15%

39%

39%

38%

32%

42%

36%

52%

34%

42%

46%

44%

28%

42%

33%

27%

48%

37%

49%

27%

38%

Percentage
sharp force

60%

21%

36%

46%

28%

22%

56%

34%

45%

12%

38%

22%

42%

16%

27%

31%

41%

61%

39%

40%

54%

29%

30%

17%

34%

48%

42%

40%

0%

35%

Percentage
other
mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of

homicides by mechanism (2012)

Part IX Statistical annex

235

750

12249

6.5

1.2

150
146

Romania

378

10

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

10

25.6

33.6

457

665

18780

14

15

Samoa

28

1.7
9.2

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

18

13120

28

500

500

421

18951

495

15408

Saint Lucia

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Rwanda

Russian Federation

196

304

993
229

122

418

12029

265

99

649
3295

Republic of Moldova

8.8

9.6

Republic of Korea

149

Portugal

Qatar

353

8484

310

12086

Philippines

Poland

649
2865

Paraguay

Peru

9.7

713

Papua New Guinea

774

734

17.2

665

Panama

654

15923

Palau

Pakistan

29

Oman

159

17059

1760

776

53

152

905

Number

31
7.7

11.3

0.9

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate

31
13846

675

41

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number

154 - 2726

24 - 1037

10713 - 13329

27 - 1137

4158 - 66312

383 - 6929

95%
confidence
intervals

7.2

0.7

3.7

14.0

15.3

13.8

5.8

13.1

2.1

7.5

2.0

7.1

1.4

1.1

12.4

11.0

9.7

10.8

19.3

3.1

8.9

4.8

0.6

2.8

10.1

10.3

13.0

1.2

0.9

3.3

Rate

1.3 - 23.8

1.2 - 50.6

11.1 - 13.8

0.8 - 34.3

2.5 - 39.3

2.2 - 40.4

95%
confidence
intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides

per 100 000 (2012)c

Norway

1897

Nigeria

401

143

Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number

Number and rate of

homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb

Niue

738

788

43

New Zealand

Nicaragua

165

Niger

752

Netherlands

Police
homicide
number

Number of homicides (latest

year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey

Nepal

Country/area

HOMICIDES

10.8

0.7

5.6

22.1

26.9

25.1

8.2

21.4

2.9

10.5

2.5

8.1

1.9

1.7

22.4

17.6

17.5

15.6

34.3

4.5

12.5

6.1

0.9

4.2

14.3

13.5

22.1

1.5

1.2

4.8

Male
homicide
rate

3.7

0.7

1.7

5.7

4.1

2.6

3.5

1.4

4.9

1.5

3.8

0.6

2.4

4.3

1.8

5.8

1.8

2.6

0.4

1.4

5.8

0.9

0.6

1.9

Female
homicide
rate

Homicide rate by sex

(2012)

36%

21%

14%

54%

51%

62%

12%

29%

8%

8%

1%

25%

34%

5%

55%

47%

60%

26%

80%

13%

55%

55%

19%

14%

24%

25%

48%

14%

34%

5%

Percentage
firearms

39%

42%

35%

31%

37%

26%

49%

23%

45%

33%

33%

75%

41%

45%

42%

37%

33%

38%

16%

35%

26%

27%

48%

36%

37%

45%

38%

41%

27%

24%

Percentage
sharp force

25%

37%

51%

15%

13%

11%

39%

49%

47%

59%

66%

0%

25%

49%

3%

16%

7%

36%

4%

52%

20%

18%

33%

50%

40%

30%

13%

45%

39%

71%

Percentage
other
mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of

homicides by mechanism (2012)

236

Part IX Statistical annex

South Africa

332

1703

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

379

Trinidad and Tobago

Tonga

1
379

1.0
28.3

223

2020

199

472

54
618

Timor-Leste

37

Togo

29

2941

3704

29

3327

The former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia

Thailand

145

117

Tajikistan

46
544

Syrian Arab Republic

39

41

Switzerland

72

239

81

Sweden

0.7

102

Swaziland
68

50

Suriname
67

364
2435

1244

0.8

524

18698

560

27

14

Sudan

364

13.9

31.0

0.7

75

33

774

154

795

334

1504

16259

14

1.4

0.2

1.9

1.2

Sri Lanka

Spain

South Sudan

16259

19

16

19

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

11
75

75

17

93

Singapore

Slovakia

8
113

111

Sierra Leone

Seychelles

130

135

Serbia

Number

1829

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
1087

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number

HOMICIDES

54 - 901

47 - 853

152 - 2392

13 - 219

585 - 9560

117 - 2257

130 - 2370

6 - 112

174 - 3331

266 - 4449

405 - 8559

95%
confidence
intervals

4.3

2.7

1.8

35.3

4.7

9.3

4.9

1.8

5.5

1.8

2.5

0.6

0.8

19.4

9.4

6.5

3.8

0.8

4.8

35.7

5.5

4.9

0.7

1.4

0.6

13.0

9.5

1.6

7.9

6.5

Rate

1 - 17.4

0.4 - 7.8

2.3 - 36

1.2 - 19.6

1.6 - 25.7

1.1 - 20.8

1.3 - 23.2

1.1 - 20.3

2.9 - 55.7

1.9 - 32.4

1.4 - 30.3

95%
confidence
intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides

per 100 000 (2012)c

25

Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number

Number and rate of

homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb

Saudi Arabia

Police
homicide
number

Number of homicides (latest

year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey

Senegal

Country/area

7.3

4.8

2.9

62.2

5.7

13.6

6.6

2.4

10.0

3.1

4.0

0.6

1.0

27.4

14.8

9.7

6.3

1.1

7.2

62.2

8.5

6.7

0.8

1.5

0.8

19.0

15.2

2.3

12.3

7.1

Male
homicide
rate

1.4

0.7

0.8

3.7

5.1

3.1

1.1

1.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

11.7

3.4

1.3

0.5

2.5

10.7

2.6

0.6

1.2

0.4

3.7

0.9

3.7

5.7

Female
homicide
rate

Homicide rate by sex

(2012)

31%

57%

3%

77%

19%

20%

10%

38%

74%

8%

20%

31%

27%

56%

6%

38%

28%

25%

48%

54%

55%

9%

10%

15%

0%

22%

42%

42%

33%

70%

Percentage
firearms

33%

23%

43%

14%

37%

39%

44%

3%

21%

33%

34%

31%

50%

28%

50%

29%

39%

47%

28%

28%

24%

40%

20%

38%

44%

43%

38%

29%

41%

20%

Percentage
sharp force

36%

20%

55%

8%

44%

40%

47%

59%

5%

59%

46%

38%

23%

16%

44%

33%

33%

29%

24%

18%

22%

51%

70%

46%

56%

35%

19%

30%

27%

10%

Percentage
other
mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of

homicides by mechanism (2012)

Part IX Statistical annex

237

1866

814

981

Zambia

Zimbabwe

80

Yemen

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Viet Nam

44

1393

53.7

267

17293

2066

1476

1300

288

3605

17259

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

16072

4.7
7.9

Vanuatu

267

14827
920

32

16259

922
3831

Uzbekistan

1358

14612

United States of America

Uruguay

653

3928

United Kingdom

United Republic of Tanzania

521 - 8051

372 - 5968

66 - 1354

830 - 14008

767 - 1066

905 - 16023

62 - 2755

95%
confidence
intervals

15.1

10.5

5.4

6.8

4.0

57.6

2.9

3.2

7.9

5.4

8.0

1.5

4.1

5.2

12.0

4.2

Rate

3.8 - 58.7

2.6 - 42.4

1.6 - 32.1

0.9 - 15.4

2.7 - 3.7

1.9 - 33.5

0.7 - 29.9

95%
confidence
intervals

24.1

15.4

8.6

10.9

6.1

108.9

3.9

5.1

13.2

8.7

12.2

1.9

5.2

8.0

20.6

5.6

Male
homicide
rate

6.2

5.6

2.2

2.6

1.8

1.9

1.4

2.9

2.3

3.9

1.3

2.9

3.3

2.8

Female
homicide
rate

Homicide rate by sex

(2012)

33%

42%

84%

24%

7%

90%

12%

24%

52%

76%

21%

8%

48%

15%

27%

23%

Percentage
firearms

31%

31%

3%

46%

62%

6%

35%

60%

39%

12%

40%

42%

35%

33%

38%

40%

Percentage
sharp force

36%

27%

13%

31%

31%

3%

53%

16%

9%

11%

39%

50%

17%

52%

35%

37%

Percentage
other
mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of

homicides by mechanism (2012)

All police-reported data shown are as submitted to WHO as part of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey. As such, these data may differ from the police-reported homicide numbers and rates supplied
to and published by UNODC owing to variations in the procedures/channels used to gather the data, the timing of their collection and the validation methods used by WHO and UNODC respectively.
b
Source: Global Study on Homicide [website] hosted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html, accessed 6 October 2014).
c
These estimates of homicide represent the best estimates of WHO, based on the evidence available to it up until October 2014, rather than representing the official estimates of Member States, and have not necessarily
been endorsed by Member States. They have been computed using standard categories, definitions and methods to ensure cross-national comparability and may not be the same as official national estimates produced using
alternate, potentially equally rigorous methods.
d
Includes manslaughter and homicide in a traffic accident.
e
Police data include completed and attempted cases of homicide.

4358

Number

375

0.7

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate

United Arab Emirates

69

UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides

per 100 000 (2012)c

2381

428

Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number

Number and rate of

homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb

Ukraine

1987

Uganda

Police
homicide
number

Number of homicides (latest

year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey

Tuvalu

Country/area

HOMICIDES

Table A4: Availability of national population-based surveys by types of violence

NATIONAL POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS OF VIOLENCE
Country/area

Afghanistan

Survey
interpersonal
violence

Survey
armed
violence

Survey gang
violence

Survey child
maltreatment

Survey youth
violence

Survey
intimate
partner
violence

Survey sexual
violence

Survey elder
abuse

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Albania

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Algeria

Yes

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Armenia

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Australia

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Austria

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Azerbaijan

Subnational

No

No

No

No

Subnational

Subnational

No

Bahrain

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Bangladesh

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Belarus

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Belgium

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Belize

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Benin

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Bhutan

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Bolivia (Plurinational
State of)

No

No

No

No

Dont know

Yes

Yes

No

Botswana

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Brazil

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
No

Brunei Darussalam

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

No

No

No

Burkina Faso

No

No

No

No

No

Subnational

Yes

Burundi

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Cambodia

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Cameroon

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Bulgaria

Canada

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

China

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Colombia

Dont know

Subnational

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Cook Islands

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Costa Rica

Yes

No

No

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

No

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

No

Cuba

Croatia

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Cyprus

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Czech Republic
Dominica

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Dominican Republic

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Ecuador

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Egypt

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

El Salvador

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Estonia

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Fiji

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Finland

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Gabon

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Georgia

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Germany

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Ghana

Subnational

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Guatemala

Subnational

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Guinea

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Guyana

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Honduras

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Iceland

Yes

No

No

Subnational

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Subnational

India

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Indonesia

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

238

Part IX Statistical annex

NATIONAL POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS OF VIOLENCE

Country/area

Survey
interpersonal
violence

Survey
armed
violence

Survey gang
violence

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Survey child
maltreatment

Survey youth
violence

Survey
intimate
partner
violence

Survey sexual
violence

Survey elder
abuse

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Iraq

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Israel

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Italy

Yes

Dont know

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Jamaica

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Japan

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jordan

Subnational

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

No

Kazakhstan

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Kenya

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Kiribati

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No
No

Latvia

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Liberia

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Lithuania

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

No

No

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Malawi

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Malaysia

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Maldives

No

No

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Madagascar

Mauritania

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Mexico

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Mongolia

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Montenegro

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Morocco

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Subnational

No

Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Netherlands

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

No

No

No

Subnational

No

No

No

Nicaragua

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Niger

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Nigeria

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Norway

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Oman

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Panama

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Papua New Guinea

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Peru
Philippines

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

No

Subnational

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

No
Yes

Poland

Yes

No

Dont know

Yes

No

No

No

Portugal

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Subnational

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Rwanda

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Samoa

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

San Marino

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Sao Tome and Principe

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Saudi Arabia
Senegal

No

No

No

No

No

No

Subnational

No

Serbia

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Seychelles

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Part IX Statistical annex

239

NATIONAL POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS OF VIOLENCE

Country/area

Survey
interpersonal
violence

Survey
armed
violence

Survey gang
violence

Survey child
maltreatment

Survey youth
violence

Survey
intimate
partner
violence

Survey sexual
violence

Survey elder
abuse

Singapore

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Slovakia

No

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Subnational

Slovenia

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Solomon Islands

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

South Africa

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

No
Yes

Spain

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Sudan

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Swaziland

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Sweden

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Switzerland

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tajikistan

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Thailand

Subnational

Subnational

No

Subnational

No

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Trinidad and Tobago

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

Tunisia

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Turkey

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Tuvalu

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No
Subnational

Uganda

No

Subnational

No

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

United Arab Emirates

No

No

No

Dont know

Dont know

Dont know

No

No

United Kingdom

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

United States of
America

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Uzbekistan

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Vanuatu

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Viet Nam

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

West Bank and Gaza

Strip

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yemen

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Zambia

No

No

No

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Zimbabwe

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

United Republic of
Tanzania

240

Part IX Statistical annex

Table A5: Laws and policies that address multiple types of violence: social and educational policies, policing strategies, laws
to regulate civilian access to firearms, and consumption of alcohol and alcohol policies and laws
SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES
Country/area

Incentives provided
for high risk youth to
complete schooling

POLICING STRATEGIES

Housing policies to
de-concentrate poverty

Improving communitypolice relations

Problem-oriented policing

Afghanistan

No

No

Yes

Yes

Albania

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Algeria

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Armenia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Australia

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Austria

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Azerbaijan

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Bahrain

No

No

Yes

Yes

Bangladesh

No

No

Yes

Yes

Belarus

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Belgium

Subnational

Dont know

Yes

Dont know

Belize

No

No

Yes

Yes

Benin

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Bhutan

No

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

No

No

Yes

Yes

Botswana

No

No

Yes

Yes

Brazil

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Brunei Darussalam

No

No

Yes

Yes

Bulgaria

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Burkina Faso

No

No

Yes

Yes

Burundi

No

No

Yes

Yes

Cambodia

No

No

Yes

Yes

Cameroon

No

No

Yes

Yes

Canada

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

China

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Colombia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cook Islands

No

No

Yes

Yes

Costa Rica

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Croatia

No

No

Yes

Yes

Cuba

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cyprus

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Czech Republic

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Dominica

No

No

Yes

Yes

Dominican Republic

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ecuador

No

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Estonia

No

No

Yes

Dont know

Fiji

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Finland

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Gabon

No

No

Yes

Yes

Georgia

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Germany

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ghana

Dont know

No

Yes

Yes

Guatemala

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Guinea

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Guyana

No

No

Yes

Yes

Honduras

No

Yes

Yes

No

Iceland

No

No

Yes

Yes

India

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Indonesia

No

No

Yes

Dont know

Egypt

Part IX Statistical annex

241

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES

Country/area
Iran (Islamic Republic of)

POLICING STRATEGIES

Incentives provided
for high risk youth to
complete schooling

Housing policies to
de-concentrate poverty

Improving communitypolice relations

Problem-oriented policing

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Iraq

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Israel

No

No

Yes

No

Italy

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Japan

No

No

Yes

Yes

Jordan

No

No

Yes

Yes

Kazakhstan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kenya

No

No

Yes

Yes

Kiribati

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Jamaica

Kuwait

No

No

Yes

Yes

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Latvia

No

No

Yes

Yes

Liberia

No

No

Yes

Yes

Lithuania

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Madagascar

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Malawi

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Malaysia

No

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Maldives

No

No

Yes

Yes

Mauritania

No

No

Yes

Yes

Mexico

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mongolia

No

No

Yes

Yes

Montenegro

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Morocco

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mozambique

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Nepal

No

No

Yes

Yes

Netherlands

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nicaragua

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Niger

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Nigeria

No

No

Yes

Yes

Norway

No

No

Yes

Yes

Oman

Subnational

No

No

Yes

Panama

Dont know

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Papua New Guinea

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Peru

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Philippines

No

No

Yes

Yes

Poland

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Portugal

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Qatar

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Republic of Moldova

No

No

Yes

Yes

Romania

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Russian Federation

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Rwanda

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Samoa

No

No

Yes

Yes

San Marino

No

No

Yes

Yes

Sao Tome and Principe

No

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Myanmar

Saudi Arabia
Senegal

No

No

Yes

Yes

Serbia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Seychelles

No

No

Yes

Yes

Singapore

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

242

Part IX Statistical annex

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES

Country/area

POLICING STRATEGIES

Incentives provided
for high risk youth to
complete schooling

Housing policies to
de-concentrate poverty

Improving communitypolice relations

Problem-oriented policing

Slovakia

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Solomon Islands

No

No

Yes

Yes

South Africa

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Spain

No

No

Yes

Yes

Sudan

No

No

Yes

Yes

Swaziland

No

No

Yes

Yes

Sweden

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Switzerland

No

No

Yes

Yes

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Tajikistan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Thailand

No

No

Yes

Yes

Trinidad and Tobago

No

No

Yes

Yes

Tunisia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Turkey

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Tuvalu

No

No

Yes

Yes

Uganda

No

No

Yes

Yes

United Arab Emirates

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

United Kingdom

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Uzbekistan

Yes

No

No

No

Vanuatu

No

No

Yes

No

Viet Nam

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Strip

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yemen

No

No

Yes

Yes

Zambia

No

No

Yes

Yes

Zimbabwe

No

No

Yes

Yes

United States of America

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1

Country/area

Laws to
regulate
civilian access

Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic
weapons

Carrying
firearms in
public

Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use

Afghanistan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Albania

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Algeria

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Armenia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Australia

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Austria

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Azerbaijan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Bahrain

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Bangladesh

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Belarus

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Belgium

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Belize

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Benin

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Bhutan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Botswana

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Brazil

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

There is great variability in the content of these laws between countries and between states/provinces in countries with federal constitutions.

Part IX Statistical annex

243

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1

Country/area

Bulgaria

Laws to
regulate
civilian access
Yes

Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic
weapons

Carrying
firearms in
public

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use
No

Burkina Faso

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Burundi

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cambodia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cameroon

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Canada

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

China

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Colombia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cook Islands

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Costa Rica

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Croatia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cuba

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cyprus

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Czech Republic

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dominica

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Dominican Republic

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ecuador

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Egypt

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Estonia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Fiji

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Finland

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Gabon

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Georgia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Germany

Yes

Subnational

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

No

Ghana

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Guatemala

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Guinea

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Guyana

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Honduras

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Iceland

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

India

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Indonesia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Iraq

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Israel

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Italy

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Jamaica

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Japan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jordan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kazakhstan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kenya

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kiribati

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kuwait

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Lao Peoples Democratic

Republic

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Liberia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Lithuania

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Madagascar

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Malawi

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Malaysia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

244

Part IX Statistical annex

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1

Country/area

Laws to
regulate
civilian access

Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic
weapons

Carrying
firearms in
public

Yes

Yes

Yes

Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use

Maldives

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Mauritania

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Mexico

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mongolia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Montenegro

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Morocco

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Mozambique

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Myanmar

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational
Yes

Nepal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Netherlands

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

New Zealand

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nicaragua

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Niger

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nigeria

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Norway

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Oman

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Panama

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Papua New Guinea

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Peru

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Philippines

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Poland

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Portugal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Qatar

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Republic of Moldova

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Romania

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Russian Federation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Rwanda

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Samoa

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

San Marino

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Saudi Arabia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Senegal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Serbia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Seychelles

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Singapore

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No
Yes

Slovakia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Solomon Islands

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

South Africa

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Spain

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Sudan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Swaziland

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Sweden

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Switzerland

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational
Yes

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tajikistan

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Thailand

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Tunisia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Turkey

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tuvalu

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Uganda

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Part IX Statistical annex

245

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1

Country/area

United Arab Emirates

Laws to
regulate
civilian access
Yes

Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic
weapons

Carrying
firearms in
public

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use
Dont know

United Kingdom

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

United States of America

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Uzbekistan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Vanuatu

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Viet Nam

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No
Yes

Yemen

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Zambia

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Zimbabwe

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, AND ALCOHOL POLICIES AND LAWS

Patterns of
drinking score1

Adult (15+)
per capita
consumption
(litres of pure
alcohol)2

Albania

Medium risky

Algeria

Somewhat risky

Country/area

Afghanistan

Excise tax
Spirits

On premise
age limits

Off premise age

limits

Beer

Wine

7.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

1.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

0.7

Armenia

Somewhat risky

5.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Australia

Somewhat risky

12.2

Yes

No

Yes

18

18

Austria

Least risky

10.3

Yes

No

Yes

16

16

Medium risky

2.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Medium risky

0.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Belarus

Very risky

17.5

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Belgium

Least risky

11.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

16

16

18

18

18

18

Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh

2.1

Belize

Very risky

8.5

No

No

No

Benin

Somewhat risky

2.1

Yes

Yes

Yes

0.7

No

Yes

Yes

Medium risky

5.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

Bhutan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Botswana

Medium risky

8.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Brazil

Medium risky

8.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

0.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

Somewhat risky

11.4

Yes

No

Yes

18

18

Burkina Faso

Medium risky

6.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

Burundi

Medium risky

9.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cambodia

Medium risky

5.5

Yes

Yes

Yes

Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria

Cameroon

18

Medium risky

8.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

Canada

Somewhat risky

10.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

China

Somewhat risky

6.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

Colombia

Medium risky

6.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Cook Islands

Medium risky

6.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Costa Rica

Medium risky

5.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Croatia

Medium risky

12.2

Yes

No

Yes

18

18

The patterns of drinking score reflects how people drink instead of how much they drink within a population. Strongly associated with the alcoholattributable burden of disease in a country, the patterns of drinking score is measured on a scale from 1 (least risky pattern of drinking) to 5 (most
risky pattern of drinking). The higher the score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease in population groups with the same level of
consumption. Notably, different drinking patterns give rise to very different health outcomes in population groups with the same level of consumption
(WHO Global status report on alcohol, WHO, 2014, p.28).
2
Total per capita (15 years and older) consumption is defined as total (recorded plus estimated unrecorded) alcohol per capita (aged 15 years and older)
consumption within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol (WHO Global status report on alcohol, WHO, 2014, p.35).
1

246

Part IX Statistical annex

CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, AND ALCOHOL POLICIES AND LAWS

Country/area

Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic

Patterns of
drinking score1

Adult (15+)
per capita
consumption
(litres of pure
alcohol)2

Excise tax
Beer

Wine

Spirits

On premise
age limits

Off premise age

limits

Somewhat risky

5.2

18

18

Least risky

9.2

Yes

No

Yes

17

17

Medium risky

13.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Dominica

Medium risky

7.1

Yes

Yes

Yes

16

16

Dominican Republic

Medium risky

6.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Ecuador

Medium risky

7.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

0.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Egypt
El Salvador

Medium risky

3.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Estonia

Medium risky

10.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Fiji

Medium risky

3.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18
18

Finland

Medium risky

12.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

Gabon

Medium risky

10.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

Georgia

Somewhat risky

7.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Germany

Least risky

11.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

16

16

Medium risky

4.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ghana
Guatemala

Very risky

Guinea

3.8

No

No

No

18

18

0.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Guyana

Medium risky

8.1

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

16

Honduras

Medium risky

4.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

20

20
21

Somewhat risky

7.1

Yes

Yes

Yes

India

Iceland

Medium risky

4.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

Indonesia

Medium risky

0.6

Yes

Yes

Yes

21

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

1.0

Iraq
Israel
Italy

Somewhat risky

0.5

No

No

No

21

21

2.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

16

Least risky

6.7

Yes

No

Yes

Jamaica

Somewhat risky

4.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Japan

Somewhat risky

7.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

20

20

0.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Very risky

10.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya

Medium risky

4.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Kiribati

Medium risky

3.0

No

No

No

21

21
18

Kuwait

0.1

Kyrgyzstan

Medium risky

4.3

No

Yes

Yes

18

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Medium risky

7.3

Yes

No

No

18

Latvia

Medium risky

12.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Liberia

Medium risky

4.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18
18

Lithuania

Medium risky

15.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

Madagascar

Medium risky

1.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Malawi

Medium risky

2.5

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Malaysia

Medium risky

1.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Maldives

1.2

Mauritania
Mexico

0.1
Medium risky

7.2

Mongolia

Medium risky

6.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

21

21

Montenegro

Medium risky

8.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Medium risky

2.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

0.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

2.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Morocco
Mozambique

0.9

Myanmar
Nepal

Medium risky

Netherlands

Least risky

9.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

16

16

New Zealand

Somewhat risky

10.9

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Medium risky

5.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Nicaragua

Part IX Statistical annex

247

CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, AND ALCOHOL POLICIES AND LAWS

Country/area

Patterns of
drinking score1

Adult (15+)
per capita
consumption
(litres of pure
alcohol)2
0.3

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Nigeria

Medium risky

10.1

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Norway

Medium risky

7.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

0.9

No

No

No

21

21

Medium risky

8.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Niger

Oman
Panama

Excise tax
Beer

Wine

Spirits

On premise
age limits

Off premise age

limits

Papua New Guinea

Medium risky

3.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Peru

Medium risky

8.1

Yes

No

No

18

18

Philippines

Medium risky

5.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Poland

Medium risky

12.5

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Portugal

Least risky

12.9

Yes

No

Yes

16

16

Very risky

16.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Medium risky

14.4

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18
18

Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation

1.5

Most risky

15.1

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

Rwanda

Medium risky

9.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

Samoa

Medium risky

3.6
Yes

No

Yes

16

No

No

No

18

San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe

Medium risky

Saudi Arabia

7.1

16

0.2

Senegal

Medium risky

0.6

Yes

Yes

No

18

18

Serbia

Medium risky

12.6

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Seychelles

Medium risky

5.6

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Singapore

Somewhat risky

2.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Slovakia

Medium risky

13.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Slovenia

Somewhat risky

11.6

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Solomon Islands

Medium risky

1.7

South Africa

Very risky

11.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Spain

Least risky

11.2

Yes

No

Yes

16

16

Sudan

Medium risky

2.7

Swaziland

Medium risky

5.7

Yes

No

Yes

18

18

Sweden
Switzerland

Somewhat risky

9.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Least risky

10.7

Yes

No

Yes

16

16

TFYR Macedonia

Medium risky

6.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Tajikistan

Medium risky

2.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Medium risky

7.1

Yes

Yes

Yes

20

20

Trinidad and Tobago

Thailand

Somewhat risky

6.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Tunisia

Somewhat risky

1.5

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Turkey

Medium risky

2.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Tuvalu

Medium risky

1.5

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Uganda

Medium risky

9.8

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

United Arab Emirates

4.3

United Kingdom

Medium risky

11.6

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

United Republic of Tanzania

Medium risky

7.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

Somewhat risky

9.2

Yes

Yes

Yes

21

21

Uzbekistan

Medium risky

4.6

20

20

Vanuatu

Medium risky

1.4

Viet Nam

Medium risky

6.6

Medium risky
Very risky

United States of America

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

4.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

5.7

Yes

Yes

Yes

18

18

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

248

0.3

Part IX Statistical annex

Part IX Statistical annex

249

None

None

Larger scale

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Larger scale

Larger scale

Croatia

None

Cuba

Larger scale

None

Colombia

Cook Islands

Limited

China

Costa Rica

Limited

Larger scale

Cameroon

Canada

None

None

Burundi

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale
Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

None

None

Limited

Limited

None

Cambodia

Burkina Faso

Bulgaria

Brunei Darussalam

Larger scale

None

Brazil

Botswana

Limited

None

Limited

Bhutan

Limited

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Limited

Larger scale

Belize

Benin

Limited

Larger scale

Belgium

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Dont know

Belarus

Bangladesh

Bahrain

None

Larger scale

Austria

Azerbaijan

Larger scale

Australia

Limited

Limited

Limited

Algeria

Armenia

Limited

None

Limited

Afghanistan

Albania

Implementation

Parenting
education

Home visiting

Country/area

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT
CHILD MALTREATMENT

Table A6: Child maltreatment prevention programmes and laws

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Existence

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Not enforced

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Partial

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Enforcement

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes/No

Covers all
settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

No

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Enforcement

Against female genital

mutilation

250

Part IX Statistical annex

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Israel

Italy

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Latvia

Larger scale

Kenya

Kazakhstan

None

Limited

Iraq

Jordan

Limited

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Larger scale

Limited

Indonesia

Larger scale

Limited

Jamaica

Larger scale

Iceland

India

Japan

Limited

None

Guatemala

Honduras

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Germany

Ghana

Guyana

Limited

Georgia

Larger scale

None

Gabon

Guinea

Larger scale

Finland

Fiji

Limited

Limited

Estonia

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Egypt

El Salvador

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Implementation

Parenting
education

Ecuador

Larger scale

Home visiting

Dominican Republic

Dominica

Country/area

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT
CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Existence

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Dont know

Partial

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Limited

Enforcement

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes/No

Covers all
settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Limited

Partial

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

No

Dont know

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Existence

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Dont know

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against female genital

mutilation

Part IX Statistical annex

251

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Rwanda

Samoa

San Marino

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Larger scale

Larger scale

Portugal

Qatar

Larger scale

Poland

Philippines

Limited

None

Papua New Guinea

Peru

None

None

Panama

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Oman

None

Nigeria

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Norway

None

Larger scale

Nicaragua

Niger

Larger scale

New Zealand

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Nepal

Netherlands

Limited
Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Mozambique

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Implementation

Parenting
education

Myanmar

Morocco

Limited

Limited

Mauritania

Montenegro

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Madagascar

Malawi

Mexico

Limited

Limited

Liberia

Home visiting

Lithuania

Country/area

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT
CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Existence

Yes

Yes
Full

Yes
Full

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes/No

Full

Limited

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Limited

Limited

Limited

Partial

Partial

Enforcement

Covers all
settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Dont know

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Not enforced

Dont know

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Enforcement

Against female genital

mutilation

252

Part IX Statistical annex

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Spain

Sudan

Swaziland

Sweden

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Vanuatu

Viet Nam

Limited

Limited

Limited

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Limited

Limited

None

Yemen

Limited

Limited

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

United States of America

Limited

Limited
Larger scale

Uzbekistan

United Republic of Tanzania

Larger scale

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Tuvalu

Uganda

Larger scale

Limited

Turkey

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Trinidad and Tobago

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tunisia

Limited

Larger scale

Thailand

Larger scale

Tajikistan

TFYR Macedonia

Limited

Larger scale

Slovakia

Switzerland

Limited

Singapore

Limited
Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Implementation

Parenting
education

None

Larger scale

None

Home visiting

Seychelles

Serbia

Senegal

Saudi Arabia

Sao Tome and Principe

Country/area

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT
CHILD MALTREATMENT

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Limited

Limited

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes/No

Covers all
settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Dont know

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Dont know

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against female genital

mutilation

Part IX Statistical annex

253

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Limited

None

Bhutan

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Limited

Larger scale

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Limited

Larger scale

Croatia

Cuba

None

Larger scale

Cook Islands

Larger scale

Colombia

Costa Rica

Larger scale

Larger scale

Canada

China

None

Cameroon

None

None

None

Burundi

Cambodia

None

None

Burkina Faso

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Brunei Darussalam

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Bulgaria

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Belize

Benin

Botswana

Larger scale

Dont know

Brazil

Larger scale

Larger scale

Belarus

Belgium

Dont know

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Bangladesh

Limited

Larger scale

Armenia

Australia

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited
Limited

Algeria

None

Larger scale

Afghanistan

Life skills
and social
development
training

Albania

Pre-school
enrichment

Country/area

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Dont know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Implementation

Mentoring

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Dont know

Larger scale

Limited

Dont know

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

None

None

After-school
supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE

Table A7: Youth violence prevention programmes and laws

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

School
anti-bullying

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against weapons on school premises

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Dont know

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group

membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE

254

Part IX Statistical annex

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Guatemala

Guinea

Guyana

Honduras

Iceland

India

None

Limited

None

None

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale
Limited

Limited

Limited

Latvia

Liberia

Limited

Limited

None

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Kyrgyzstan

Larger scale

None

Kuwait

Limited
Limited

None

None

Kenya

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Kiribati

Larger scale

Limited

Israel

Italy

Kazakhstan

Larger scale

Larger scale

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Iraq

Limited

None

Indonesia

Larger scale

Finland

Gabon

Limited

Dont know

Estonia

Fiji

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

El Salvador

Egypt

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

None

None

Implementation

Mentoring

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Dont know

Larger scale

Limited

Dont know

None

Limited

None

After-school
supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE

Life skills
and social
development
training

Ecuador

None

Pre-school
enrichment

Dominican Republic

Dominica

Country/area

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

School
anti-bullying

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Enforcement

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Dont know

Partial

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group

membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE

Against weapons on school premises

Part IX Statistical annex

255

Larger scale

Montenegro

Larger scale
Limited

Larger scale

Nicaragua

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

San Marino

Larger scale

Limited

Rwanda

Samoa

Sao Tome and Principe

None

Russian Federation

None

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale
Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Qatar

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Larger scale

Larger scale

Portugal

Larger scale
Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Philippines

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Poland

Larger scale

Peru

None

Larger scale

Dont know

Larger scale

Oman

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Limited

None

Norway

Limited

None

Limited

Niger

Nigeria

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

New Zealand

None

Nepal

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Netherlands

Limited

Limited

Mozambique

Myanmar

Limited

None

Morocco

Larger scale

Mongolia

Larger scale

None

None

Maldives

Mauritania

Mexico

Limited
None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Malawi

Malaysia

Larger scale

Larger scale
Limited

Life skills
and social
development
training

Pre-school
enrichment

Limited

Madagascar

Lithuania

Country/area

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

None

None

Limited

Implementation

Mentoring

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

None

None

Larger scale

After-school
supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

School
anti-bullying

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against weapons on school premises

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group

membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE

256

Part IX Statistical annex

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Seychelles

Singapore

Slovakia

Larger scale

None

Limited

Tuvalu

Uganda

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Limited
Limited

Limited

Limited

Viet Nam

West Bank and Gaza Strip

None

None

None

None

Vanuatu

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Uzbekistan

United States of America

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Dont know

Limited

None

Dont know

United Republic of Tanzania

United Kingdom

United Arab Emirates

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tunisia

Turkey

Limited
Larger scale

None

Limited

Thailand

Limited

Limited

Limited

Trinidad and Tobago

Tajikistan

Larger scale

TFYR Macedonia

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Sweden

Switzerland

Larger scale
Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Sudan

Swaziland

Larger scale
Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

South Africa

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Spain

Solomon Islands

Limited

Limited

Serbia

Slovenia

Larger scale

None

Senegal

Limited

Limited

Saudi Arabia

None

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Dont know

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Implementation

Mentoring

None

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Dont know

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

After-school
supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE

Life skills
and social
development
training

Pre-school
enrichment

Country/area

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Dont know

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

School
anti-bullying

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Limited

Partial

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group

membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE

Against weapons on school premises

Part IX Statistical annex

257

None

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Armenia

Australia

Larger scale

None

None

None

Burkina Faso

Burundi

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Cuba

Cyprus

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Social and
cultural
norms
change

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Existence

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

In some countries, the minimal legal age of marriage may be lowered with parental consent in individual cases.

Larger scale

Larger scale

Costa Rica

Croatia

None

Cook Islands

Colombia

Larger scale

Larger scale

Canada

China

None

None

None

Cambodia

Cameroon

Limited

Limited

None

None

Brunei Darussalam

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Dont know

Bulgaria

Larger scale

Brazil

None

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Larger scale

Limited

Botswana

Larger scale

Larger scale

Benin

Bhutan

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Belgium

Belize

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Dont know

Dont know

None

None

None

Belarus

Bangladesh

Bahrain

Azerbaijan

Austria

Larger scale

Limited

Algeria

None

Limited

Albania

None

None

Implementation

Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training

Afghanistan

Country/area

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE

PARTNER VIOLENCE

Table A8: Intimate partner violence prevention programmes and laws

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into

marriage/divorce

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Partial

Limited

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent

spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Exists

18

18

16

15

18

20

18

18

18

18

17

16

15

18

21

14

18

18

16

18

15

18

16

18

18

18

16

19

18

16

18

18

16

15

18

22

18

18

18

21

20

16

15

18

21

16

18

18

16

18

15

21

16

18

18

18

16

19

18

18

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum

legal age of marriage1

258

Part IX Statistical annex

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

El Salvador

Estonia

None

None

None

Dont know

None

Larger scale

None

None

None

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Gabon

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Guatemala

Guinea

Guyana

Honduras

Iceland

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Israel

None

None

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Latvia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

Limited

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Limited

None

Kiribati

Limited

Larger scale

None

Kenya

Larger scale

None

Kazakhstan

None

Dont know

Japan

Jordan

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Jamaica

Italy

Limited

Limited

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Iraq

None

Limited

Limited

India

Indonesia

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

Limited

Fiji

Finland

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Ecuador

None

Dominican Republic

Limited

Larger scale

Implementation

Egypt

None

Larger scale

Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training

Dominica

Czech Republic

Country/area

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Social and
cultural
norms
change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE

PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into

marriage/divorce

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Not enforced

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Limited

Limited

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent

spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Exists

18

18

17

15

18

18

18

18

16

18

18

17

18

13

21

18

18

18

16

18

18

18

18

16

18

18

18

18

18

18

16

18

18

18

18

17

17

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

17

18

15

21

21

18

18

16

18

18

18

18

16

18

18

18

18

18

18

16

18

18

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum

legal age of marriage1

Part IX Statistical annex

259

Limited

Madagascar

None

None

Republic of Moldova

Limited

Limited

Samoa

San Marino

Limited

Larger scale

Rwanda

Russian Federation

Larger scale

Limited

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

None

Limited

Peru

None

None

Philippines

Limited

Limited

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Poland

None

None

Dont know

Norway

Oman

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

None

None

Limited

None

Limited

Niger

Nigeria

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

New Zealand

Nicaragua

None

Limited

None

None

Nepal

Limited

Limited

Netherlands

Myanmar

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Mozambique

Morocco

None

Limited

None

Limited

Mongolia

Montenegro

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Mauritania

Mexico

None

None

Malaysia

Maldives

Larger scale

None

Malawi

Limited

Liberia

Implementation

Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training

Lithuania

Country/area

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Social and
cultural
norms
change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE

PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Dont know

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into

marriage/divorce

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Subnational

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Dont know

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent

spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Exists

18

16

21

18

18

18

16

16

16

18

16

16

18

18

18

16

18

18

20

20

18

18

18

18

14

18

18

16

18

18

18

18

18

18

21

18

18

18

18

16

16

18

16

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

20

20

18

18

18

18

16

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum

legal age of marriage1

260

Part IX Statistical annex

None

Larger scale

Limited

Senegal

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

South Africa

Spain

Sudan

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

TFYR Macedonia

Tajikistan

Thailand

None

None

Limited

None

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Larger scale

Viet Nam

Yemen

None

None

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Limited

Limited

United Republic of Tanzania

United States of America

Limited

United Kingdom

Dont know

None

Uganda

United Arab Emirates

None

None

Turkey

Tuvalu

None

None

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Trinidad and Tobago

None

Limited

Tunisia

Limited

Larger scale

Singapore

Slovakia

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

None

None

None

Limited

Serbia

Seychelles

None

None

Saudi Arabia

None

None

Implementation

Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training

Sao Tome and Principe

Country/area

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Social and
cultural
norms
change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE

PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Not enforced

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into

marriage/divorce

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Dont know

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Limited

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Not enforced

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent

spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Exists

18

21

15

18

18

18

18

18

16

18

18

18

17

18

18

17

18

16

18

18

18

16

18

18

17

21

18

18

18

14

18

21

16

18

18

18

18

16

16

18

18

18

17

18

18

17

18

16

18

18

18

16

18

18

17

21

18

18

18

14

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum

legal age of marriage1

Part IX Statistical annex

261

Dont know

None

Larger scale

Azerbaijan

None

None

Limited

Cyprus

Larger scale

Larger scale

Cuba

Czech Republic

Larger scale

Larger scale

Costa Rica

Croatia

None

Larger scale

Colombia

Cook Islands

Larger scale

Larger scale

Canada

China

None

Larger scale

Cambodia

Limited

Burundi

Cameroon

None

Limited

Burkina Faso

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Bulgaria

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Brunei Darussalam

Larger scale

Brazil

None

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Larger scale

Limited

Bhutan

Botswana

Larger scale

Larger scale

Belize

Benin

Dont know

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Belarus

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Belgium

Bangladesh

Bahrain

Larger scale

Limited

Austria

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Algeria

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Albania

Australia

Limited

Afghanistan

Implementation

Physical
environment
changes

Armenia

School and college

populations

Country/area

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Social and cultural

norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Table A9: Sexual violence prevention programmes and laws

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence

without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Existence

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Dont know

Full

Partial

Limited

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

262

Part IX Statistical annex

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Kyrgyzstan

Lao Peoples Democratic

Republic

Latvia

Liberia

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Kuwait

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Kiribati

Kenya

Larger scale

Limited

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Limited

Dont know

Jamaica

Limited

Japan

Larger scale

Israel

Limited

Limited

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Italy

Limited

Larger scale

Iceland

India

Larger scale

Limited

None

Honduras

Iraq

Larger scale

None

Guyana

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Germany

Ghana

Limited

Limited

None

Georgia

None

Guinea

None

Gabon

None

Guatemala

Larger scale

Finland

Fiji

None

None

Estonia

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

El Salvador

Limited

Limited

Limited

Implementation

Egypt

Larger scale

Limited

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Limited

Physical
environment
changes

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Social and cultural

norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

School and college

populations

Dominica

Country/area

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Partial

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence

without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Limited

Limited

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Dont know

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

Part IX Statistical annex

263

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Maldives

Mauritania

Mexico

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Limited

Limited

None

Dont know

Limited

Limited

Norway

Oman

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Romania

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

Limited

Saudi Arabia

Larger scale

Rwanda

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Samoa

Russian Federation

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Republic of Moldova

Qatar

Limited

Limited

Portugal

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Poland

Philippines

Larger scale

Limited

Nigeria

Peru

Limited

Niger

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

None

Limited

Nepal

None

Limited

Myanmar

Limited

Limited

Mozambique

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Malawi

Malaysia

Limited
Limited

Limited

Limited

Implementation

Physical
environment
changes

Lithuania

School and college

populations

Madagascar

Country/area

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Social and cultural

norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence

without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

264

Part IX Statistical annex

Limited

United Arab Emirates

Limited

Limited

Limited

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Limited

Viet Nam

Limited

None

Vanuatu

West Bank and Gaza Strip

None

United States of America

Uzbekistan

Limited

Larger scale

United Republic of Tanzania

Larger scale

Limited

Uganda

United Kingdom

None

Larger scale

Turkey

Tuvalu

Limited

Limited

Trinidad and Tobago

Limited

Thailand

Tunisia

Limited

Limited

TFYR Macedonia

Tajikistan

Limited

Sweden

Switzerland

Limited

Larger scale

Swaziland

Larger scale

Sudan

Limited

Larger scale

Spain

South Africa

Limited

Limited

Limited

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Limited

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Singapore

Slovakia

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Serbia

None

Implementation

Seychelles

Limited

Physical
environment
changes

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Social and cultural

norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

School and college

populations

Senegal

Country/area

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Partial

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence

without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Not enforced

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

Part IX Statistical annex

265

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Algeria

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Limited

None

None

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

None

Limited

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Cameroon

Canada

China

Larger scale

Limited

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Dominica

None

Larger scale

Limited

Costa Rica

Czech Republic

None

Limited

Cook Islands

Limited

None

Cambodia

Colombia

None

Burundi

Larger scale

Limited

Brazil

Burkina Faso

Limited

Botswana

Larger scale

Larger scale

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Larger scale

Belgium

Limited

Larger scale

Belarus

Bangladesh

Bahrain

None

Larger scale

Afghanistan

Albania

Azerbaijan

Professional awareness
campaigns

Country/area

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

None

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information
campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Table A10: Elder abuse prevention programmes and laws

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

None

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Residential care
policies

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Existence

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Limited

Full

Full

Not enforced

Full

Not enforced

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against elder abuse

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Subnational

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Existence

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Dont know

Full

Not enforced

Full

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE

266

Part IX Statistical annex

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Finland

Gabon

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Guatemala

Guinea

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

None

None

None

None

None

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Latvia

Liberia

Lithuania

Madagascar

Larger scale

Kuwait

Limited

None

Kiribati

Kyrgyzstan

Limited

Kenya

Dont know

Limited

Italy

Kazakhstan

Larger scale

Israel

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Larger scale

Limited

Indonesia

Iraq

None

Limited

India

Dont know

Limited

Fiji

Iceland

None

Estonia

None

Limited

El Salvador

Larger scale

None

Egypt

Honduras

Limited

Ecuador

Guyana

None

Limited

None

None

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Dont know

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

None

None

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Dont know

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information
campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Professional awareness
campaigns

Dominican Republic

Country/area

None

Larger scale

None

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Dont know

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

None

None

None

None

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

None

Dont know

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Residential care
policies

No

Yes

No

No

No

Subnational

Yes

No

No

Dont know

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Partial

Limited

Limited

Enforcement

No

Yes

No

No

No

Subnational

Yes

No

No

Dont know

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Partial

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE

Against elder abuse

Part IX Statistical annex

267

None

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Sao Tome and Principe

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

None

San Marino

Larger scale

Samoa

Russian Federation

Rwanda

None

Limited

Romania

Qatar

Limited

Larger scale

Portugal

Republic of Moldova

None

Larger scale

Poland

None

Limited

Panama

Philippines

Larger scale

Oman

None

Limited

Norway

Limited

Limited

Nigeria

Peru

None

Papua New Guinea

Limited

Niger

Limited

Nepal

Nicaragua

Limited

Myanmar

None

Limited

Mozambique

New Zealand

None

Morocco

Larger scale

Limited

Montenegro

Netherlands

None

Mongolia

None

Mauritania

Larger scale

Limited

Maldives

Mexico

Limited

Larger scale

Malaysia

Professional awareness
campaigns

Malawi

Country/area

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Dont know

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information
campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Residential care
policies

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Partial

Limited

Full

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Enforcement

Against elder abuse

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Existence

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE

268

Part IX Statistical annex

None

Limited

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Limited

Limited

Limited

Tajikistan

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

None

Limited

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Zimbabwe

Limited

Viet Nam

None

None

Vanuatu

Limited

None

Uzbekistan

Zambia

Limited

United States of America

Yemen

Limited

United Republic of Tanzania

Larger scale

United Kingdom

Limited

Uganda

Dont know

Tuvalu

United Arab Emirates

None

Larger scale

Turkey

Larger scale

Limited

Tunisia

Limited

Sweden

TFYR Macedonia

Larger scale

Swaziland

Switzerland

None

Limited

Sudan

Larger scale

Limited

Slovakia

Spain

None

Larger scale

Singapore

None

None

Limited

None

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Dont know

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Dont know

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information
campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Professional awareness
campaigns

Seychelles

Country/area

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Dont know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Residential care
policies

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

Subnational

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Subnational

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Dont know

Dont know

Full

Full

Partial

Enforcement

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Subnational

Subnational

No

Subnational

Subnational

No

No

Yes

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Yes

No

Subnational

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Dont know

No

No

Existence

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Full

Full

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Dont know

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE

Against elder abuse

Table A11: Health and social services for victims of violence and victim support laws
HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
Country/area

Prenatal
screening
for child
maltreatment
and intimate
partner
violence risk

Identification
Identification
Medico-legal
and referral for
and referral
services for
victims of child
for victims
sexual violence
maltreatment
of intimate
by health care
partner and
providers
sexual violence
by health care
providers

Child
protection
services

Adult
protective
services

Mental health
services

Larger scale

Implementation
Afghanistan

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Albania

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Algeria

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Armenia

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Australia

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Austria

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

None

Belarus

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Belgium

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Belize

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Benin

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Bhutan

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Dont know

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Brunei Darussalam

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Bulgaria

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Burkina Faso

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Botswana
Brazil

None

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Cambodia

Burundi

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Cameroon

None

Dont know

None

Limited

Limited

Dont know

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Canada

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Dont know

Limited

Colombia

China

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Cook Islands

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Costa Rica

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Estonia

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Fiji

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Finland

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Gabon

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

None

Georgia

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

None

Germany

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

El Salvador

Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras

Part IX Statistical annex

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

None

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

269

HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES

Country/area

Prenatal
screening
for child
maltreatment
and intimate
partner
violence risk

Medico-legal
Identification
Identification
services for
and referral for
and referral
sexual violence
victims of child
for victims
maltreatment
of intimate
by health care
partner and
providers
sexual violence
by health care
providers

Child
protection
services

Adult
protective
services

Mental health
services

Implementation
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale
Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Iraq

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Israel

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited
Larger scale

Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Dont know

Larger scale

Kenya

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Kiribati

Limited

None

None

None

Limited

None

None

Kuwait

Larger scale

None

None

None

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

None

None

None

Limited

None

Limited
Limited

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan
Lao Peoples Democratic
Republic
Latvia

None

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Liberia

None

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Lithuania

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Madagascar

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Malawi

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Malaysia

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Maldives

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Mauritania
Mexico
Mongolia

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Montenegro

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Morocco

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale
Limited

Mozambique

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Myanmar

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Nepal

None

None

Limited

Limited

None

None

Limited

Netherlands

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

New Zealand

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale
Larger scale

Nicaragua

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Niger

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Nigeria

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Norway

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Dont know

Dont know

Limited

Dont know

Dont know

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Oman
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Portugal

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Qatar

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Republic of Moldova

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Romania

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Russian Federation
Rwanda

270

Larger scale

Part IX Statistical annex

HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES

Country/area

Prenatal
screening
for child
maltreatment
and intimate
partner
violence risk

Medico-legal
Identification
Identification
services for
and referral for
and referral
sexual violence
victims of child
for victims
maltreatment
of intimate
by health care
partner and
providers
sexual violence
by health care
providers

Child
protection
services

Adult
protective
services

Mental health
services

Implementation
Samoa

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

San Marino

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Sao Tome and Principe

Larger scale

None

None

None

Larger scale

None

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale
Limited

Seychelles

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Singapore

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Slovakia

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Slovenia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Solomon Islands

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

South Africa

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Spain

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Sudan

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Swaziland

None

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Switzerland

Limited

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

TFYR Macedonia

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tajikistan

Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Sweden

Thailand

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Trinidad and Tobago

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tunisia

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Turkey

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Tuvalu

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Dont know

Uganda

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

None

Limited

United Arab Emirates

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

United Kingdom

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Limited

Dont know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale
Limited

United Republic of Tanzania

United States of America
Uzbekistan

None

None

None

None

None

None

Vanuatu

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Viet Nam

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Limited

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yemen

None

None

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

None

Zambia

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Larger scale

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Zimbabwe

Part IX Statistical annex

271

VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS

Country/area

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim

compensation

Providing for victim

representation

Providing for victim

representation

Existence

Enforcement

Existence

Enforcement

Afghanistan

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Albania

No

Yes

Limited

Algeria

No

Yes

Full

Armenia

No

No

Australia

Subnational

Partial

Subnational

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Austria
Azerbaijan

Yes

Not enforced

Yes

Full

Bahrain

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Bangladesh

No

Yes

Full

Belarus

No

Yes

Full

Belgium

Yes

Belize

Full

Yes

Full

No

Subnational

Limited

Benin

No

Yes

Full

Bhutan

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

No

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Botswana

No

Brazil

Yes

Brunei Darussalam

No

Bulgaria

Yes

Limited

Burkina Faso

Yes

Limited

Burundi

No

Yes

Full

Cambodia

No

Yes

Partial

Full

No
Yes

Limited

No

Cameroon

No

Canada

Yes

China

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Colombia

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Cook Islands

No

No

Costa Rica

No

Yes

Partial

Croatia

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Cuba

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Cyprus

No

Yes

Full

Czech Republic

Yes

Yes

Full

Dominica

No

Partial

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

No

Dominican Republic

No

Ecuador

Yes

Partial

Yes

Yes

Limited
Full

Egypt

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

El Salvador

No

Estonia

Yes

Fiji

No

Finland

Yes

Gabon

No

Yes

Full

Georgia

No

Yes

Partial

Germany

Yes

Yes

Full

Ghana

No

Yes

Full

Guatemala

No

Yes

Limited

Guinea

No

Yes

Full

Guyana

No

No

Honduras

No

Yes

Limited

Iceland

Yes

Full

Yes

Limited

India

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Indonesia

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Iraq

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

272

Full
Full

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Part IX Statistical annex

VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS

Country/area

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim

compensation

Providing for victim

representation

Providing for victim

representation

Existence

Enforcement

Existence

Enforcement

Israel

No

Italy

Yes

Limited

Yes

Limited

Jamaica

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Japan

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Jordan

No

Subnational

Limited

Dont know

Dont know

Kazakhstan

No

Kenya

Yes

Yes

Limited

Kiribati

No

Limited

Yes

Full

Kuwait

No

No

Kyrgyzstan

No

Yes

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

No

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Liberia

No

Lithuania

Yes

Madagascar

No

Partial
Full

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Yes

Limited

Yes

Full

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

No

Maldives

Yes

Mauritania

No

Mexico

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Mongolia

Yes

Limited

Yes

Limited

Montenegro

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Morocco

No

Yes

Full

Mozambique

No

Yes

Full

Myanmar

Partial

Partial

Yes

Limited

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Subnational

Limited

Yes

Limited

Nepal

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Netherlands

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

New Zealand

Yes

Full

No

Nicaragua

Yes

Full

Yes

Niger

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Nigeria

No

Yes

Partial

Norway

Yes

Partial

Dont know

Yes

Partial

Panama

No

Yes

Partial

Papua New Guinea

No

Yes

Partial

Peru

No

Yes

Limited

Philippines

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Poland

Yes

Dont know

Yes

Full

Portugal

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Qatar

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Oman

Yes

Partial

Full

Republic of Moldova

No

Romania

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Subnational

Limited

Yes

Full

Rwanda

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Samoa

No

Yes

Full

San Marino

Yes

Full

Yes

Full
Full

Russian Federation

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

Not enforced

Yes

Saudi Arabia

Yes

Full

Dont know

Senegal

No

Yes

Limited

Serbia

No

Yes

Full

Seychelles

No

Yes

Full

Singapore

No

Yes

Full

Slovakia

Yes

Yes

Full

Part IX Statistical annex

Full

273

VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS

Country/area

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim

compensation

Providing for victim

representation

Providing for victim

representation

Existence

Enforcement

Existence

Enforcement

Slovenia

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Solomon Islands

No

Yes

Limited

South Africa

No

Spain

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Sudan

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Swaziland

No

Yes

Full

Sweden

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Switzerland

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

Partial

Yes

Not enforced

Tajikistan

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Thailand

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Tunisia

No

Yes

Full

Turkey

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Tuvalu

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Uganda

Yes

Partial

Yes

Limited

United Arab Emirates

No

United Kingdom

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

No

United States of America

Yes

Uzbekistan

No

Vanuatu

Yes

Viet Nam
West Bank and Gaza Strip

No
Full
Full
Limited

No

Not enforced

Yes

Limited

No
Yes

Partial

Yes

Limited

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Subnational

Limited

Yes

Full

Limited

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Yemen

No

Zambia

Yes

Zimbabwe

No

274

No

No

Part IX Statistical annex

Management of Noncommunicable Diseases,

Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention (NVI)
World Health Organization
20 Avenue Appia
CH-1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Tel +41-22-791-2064
violenceprevention@who.int
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/status_report/2014

978 92 4 156479 3