Natural Convection Heat Transfer in Inclined Open Annulus Passege Heated From Two Sides

International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering
and Technology (IJMET),
ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
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ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 76-91 IAEME
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ISSN 0976 6340 (Print)

ISSN 0976 6359 (Online)
Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 76-91
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NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN INCLINED

OPEN ANNULUS PASSEGE HEATED FROM TWO SIDES
Mustafa Z. Ghani1,
1,2
Yasin K. Salman2
Department of Energy Engineering, University of Baghdad
ABSTRACT
Natural convection is investigated experimentally in an open cylindrical annulus heated with
both annulus inner and outer sides under same constant heat flux condition to study the effect of
angle of inclination and heat flux on heat transfer. Heat transfer results are given for inclination
angles of 0o (horizontal), 30o, 60o and 90o (vertical) using annulus diameter ratio of 1.8, inner and
outer tube length 50 cm and heat flux from 70 W/m2 to 600W/m2. The results show that the local and
average Nusselt number increase as the heat flux increase and when angle of inclination changed
from 0o (horizontal) to 90o (vertical).An empirical correlations of average Nusselt number as a
function of Rayleigh number were deduced.
Keywords: Heat Transfer, Natural Convection, Inclined Annulus, Empirical Correlations
NOMENCLATURE
AS: Tube surface area (m2)
D1, D2=Inner and outer annulus diameters (m)
R1, R2:Inner and outer annulus radius (m)
Dh: Hydrolic diameter, 2(R2-R1)
F1-2: view factor between the inner and outer tube

Grm: Mean Grash of number,

g: Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
hX:Local heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
:Average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)

h
K: Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
L: Axial length of annulus (m)
X*: Dimensionless axial distance, X/Dh
76
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
NuX: Local Nusselt number, hX.Dh/K

Num: Mean Nusselt number
Pr: Prandtl number, . Cp/k
V: Heater voltage, volt.
I: Heater current. Amp.
QC: Heat transfer by convection (W)
QCd: Heat transfer by conduction (W)
Qt: Total heat input (W)
Qcr:Heat transfer by convetion and radiation (W)
qc: Convetion heat flux (W/m2)
qr: Radiation heat flux (W/m2)
qcr: Convetion radiation heat flux (W/m2)
Ram: Mean Rayleigh number, Gm.Pr
Cp : Specific heat at constant pressure, (kJ/kg.Co)
( Tb )x: Local bulk air temperature
=Average bulk air temperature
(Ts1)x , (Ts2)x:Inner and outer annulus local surface temperatures (Co)
o

,
: Average inner and outer tube surface temperature (C )
Greek symbols
=Coefficient for volumetric thermal expansion (K-1)
=Emissivity; inner surface and outer surface
=Fluid viscosity (kg/m.s)
=Kinematics viscosity (m2/s)
=Fluid density (kg/m3)
=Stefan-Boltzman constant (W/m2.K4)
=Inclination angle
1. INTRODUCTION
Natural convection heat transfer in the annulus between two concentric cylinders is an
important research topic due to its wide application in engineering problems. Applications are found
in energy conversion, storage and transmission systems. Examples of using annulus geometry
include solar collectors, phase change of material around pipes in thermal storage systems and
nuclear reactor design. Many experimental and theoretical investigations have been conducted in
recent years due to the wide range of applications as mentioned above. Kuehn and Goldstein [1]
presented numerical and experimental results for natural convection in horizontal annulus over a
wide range of Ram, Pr, and D2/D1. They obtained correlation equations for heat transfer by natural
convection using a conduction boundary layer model. Their results showed that the heat transfer
correlation is similar to that of heat transfer from a single horizontal cylinder as the outer cylinder
diameter tends to infinity and is similar to heat transfer to the fluid within a horizontal cylinder as the
inner cylinder diameter approaches zero. Takata et al. [2] studied natural convection analytically
and experimentally in an inclined cylindrical annulus enclosed in heated inner and cooled outer
cylinders. The three-dimensional structure of the fluid flow, temperature distribution and Nufor
different angles of inclination was investigated. They showed that the Nu slightly increased as the
angle of inclination from the horizontal increases for the case of D2/D1=2.0. Rao et al. [3]
investigated experimentally and theoretically the natural convection flow and temperature
distribution in horizontal cylindrical annuli. They compared the predictions with experimental results
for temperature and stream function distributions and determined the dominant flow pattern at a
77
given Ra and D2/D1.Hamad [4] investigated the natural convection heat transfer in an inclined
annulus. An empirical correlation for Nu has been given for Pr = 0.7, D2/D1=1.636 and 4104
Ram125104. His results showed that the Ra and angle of inclination had a very small effect on the
heat transfer coefficient through the annulus. Vafai and Ettefagh [5] carried out natural convection
between two horizontal, concentric cylinders open at both ends the axial velocity was found to
decrease away from the open end and a core region was observed inside the annulus where the flow
field was almost two-dimensional. Buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer in a horizontal annulus
bounded by two boundaries in the axial direction are numerically investigated in this work. The
results show that the temperature distribution remains unchanged in the core region provided that the
annulus length to outer radius ratio is larger than a critical value. Flow and temperature fields are
found to be symmetrical with respect to the mid-axial plane of the annulus. Akeel A. Mohammed
[6] carried out experimental study to find the local and average heat transfer by natural convection
in a vertical concentric cylindrical annulus. The experimental setup consists of an annulus has a
radius ratio of 0.555 and inner cylinder with a heated length 1.2m subjected to the constant heat flux
while the outer cylinder is subjected to the ambient temperature. The investigation covers heat flux
range from 58.2 W/m2 to 274.31 W/m2. Results show an increase in the natural convection as heat
flux increases leads to an improve in the heat transfer process. Asif Hussain Malik1et al.
[7]Studied buoyancy driven flow within bottom-heated vertical concentric cylindrical enclosure.
Experimental and numerical study of the axial temperature gradient and the heat transfer mechanism
within the enclosure were performed. The numerical simulations were validated by comparing the
numerical results with experimentally measured axial temperature. The numerical results of the
streamlines within the enclosure depicted the real picture of the buoyancy effects. The literature
survey indicates that most researchers have studied natural convection heat transfer through open and
closed horizontal and vertical annuli, but there was little information about the inclined cases. The
present study covers this lack and gives a clear view to actual physical behavior in the heat transfer
process by natural convection.
2. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
A schematic diagram and photograph of the experimental setup of the apparatus are shown in
Fig. (1) and Fig.(2)a respectively. It consists essentially of an outer aluminum tube and inner coaxial
aluminum tube. The outer tube internal diameter is 46 mm and the inner tube external diameter is 26
mm. All of the two tubes are 500 mm in length. The inner tube mounted in the entrance on a teflon
piece (A) which have the same outer diameter for the inner tube. A well designed teflon bell mouth
(B) was fitted at the entrance of the outer tube which have the same inside diameter of the outer tube,
both of the teflon pieces are equal to 12 cm in length, another two ylindrical teflon pieces(C and D)
with the same lengths and diameters of (A) and (B) are fixed on the exit section of both inner and
outer tubes. Teflon was chosen because of its low thermal conductivity in order to reduce the heat
loss from the tubes ends. The tubes components are held by cross plate (M) tied together with the
tubes components by rivet-net and are mounted on wooden board (W) with four long rivets fitted
with nets on the board ,the inner tube teflon piece fitted on an cross plate that connected to the four
rivets by nets. The board can rotated around a horizontal spindle. The inclination of the cylinders to
the horizontal can thus be adjusted as required. The outer tube surface is electrically heated by means
of neickel chromium wire (main heater) of 0.3 mm in diameter and 5 per meter resistance. The
wire is electrically insulated by means of ceramic beads and is wound uniformaly along the tube
length with an asbestos rope of 5mm thickness in order to give a uniform heat flux. As seen in Fig.
(3) The main heater is covered by 30 mm thick asbestos ropes on which three pairs of thermocoupes
(A1/A2, B1/B2, C1/C2)
are fitted at an aluminum plates with 10 mm thickness asbestos rope
between it and 10 mm thikness asbestos rope was wounded on it where an electric (guard-heater) is
78
uniformly wounded. For a certain main heater input the guard-heater input could adjusted so that the
thermocouple forming in each pair registered the same temperature ensuring that all heat generated
by the main heater flows to the inner surface of the outer tube .An asbestos rope of 10 mm thickness
covered the guard- heater. A fiber-glass layer of 7 mm thickness serves as an outside cover for the
heating system. The inner cylinder is internally heated by an electrical current passing through an 85
resistance of 500 mm length, fixed in the center of the inner tube. The space between the heater
and the inner cylinder is filled totally with Magnesium oxide (MgO) powder, to avoid convection
currents. The axial temperature distribution of the inner and outer annulus surfaces have been
measured by using 34 Type K (chromel alumel) thermocouples of 0.276 mm in size. 17
thermocouples are fixed on both the inner and outer surfaces at equal distances along the axis of the
annulus, all of the thermocouples are fixed with defcon adhesive. Three additional thermocouples
were fixed at the midpoint of the outer surface annulus, spaced 90o, to measure the temperature
distribution in the circumferential direction. The temperature difference was found negligible in the
circumferential direction, hence the inner and outer cylinder was assumed to be circumferentially
isothermal. To measre the axial lagging losses two thermocouples are fitted with uniform distance in
the inner cylinder Teflon piece. One thermocouple is fixed in the entarance of the annulas to measure
the inlet temperature and three thermocouples are fixed in the exit part to measure the outlet
temperature .All thermocouples were used with leads, the thermocouples with and without lead were
calibrated against the melting point of ice made from distilled water and the boiling points of several
pure chemical substances.Fig. (2) b shows the photographs of instruments used in the test.The power
consumed by the heater was measured by an ammeter and voltmeter. A three variac units was used
to control the power supplied to the heaters by controlling the voltage across the heaters, a data
logger pico- (Tc-008) was used to record the thermocouple outputs to accuracy within 0.03 mV.
Figure (1) Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus: (A) Inner tube lower Teflon piece ;
(B) Outer tube lower Teflon piece(Bell mouth); (C) Upper Teflon piece for inner tube; (D)Upper
Teflon piece for outer tube; (E)Thermo couples of the outlet hole; (F)Inner tube heater;(G)Guard
heater;(H)Fiber glass layer; (I) Outer tube heater; (M) Inner tube support plate (R)Asbestos layer;
(K)Wooden box; (W) Wooden board;(N) Thermocouple of the inlet hole .
79
( a)
(b )
Fig. (2): Photographic of: (a) Test apparatus,(b) instruments used in the test
Figure (3) Cross-section through apparatus. (1) thermo couples of the inner tube; (2)thermo
couples of the outer tube; (3) outer tube heater with 5 mm (thickness) asbestos rope ; (4) 30 mm
(thickness) asbestos rope; (5) 10 mm (thickness) asbestos rope; (6) 10 mm (thickness) asbestos rope;
(7) Guard Heater; (8) 10 mm (thickness) asbestos rope (9) 7 mm (thickness) fiber glass layer.
80
3. EXPREMENTAL PROCEDURE
To achieve the experiments with working conditions, the following procedures were followed:
A. The test apparatus prepared to insure the well performance of all components.
B. Adjusting the required inclined angle.
C. The supply power to the electric elements was switched on, and it was adjusted by variac to
obtain the same required constant heat flux, then it was left in operation action for a period until
the surface temperature of the cylinders reached to steady state after about (6 hours) .
D. During each experiment, at all selected temperature recording position the temperature recorded
by data logger for each interval time about of (15 minutes), together with the input voltage and
current.
4. EXPERIMENTAL DATA REDUCTION
The experimental apparatus described in section two has been used to provide the
experimental data for heat transfer calculations through the annulus. The inner and the outer tubes
was subjected to the uniform heat flux separately and together (with the same heat flux), depending
on the case of the study (inner tube heated, outer tube heated and both tubes heated). The total power
supplied to the inner or the outer tube was calculated in the same way as follows:
Qt =VI
.. (1)
The convection radiation heat transferd from the any of the tubes suface is:
Qcr = Qt-Qcond
... (2)
Where Qcond is the axial conduction heat loss which was found experimentally equal to 3% of the
input power.The convection and radiation heat flux can be represented by:
qcr= (Qcr )/As
(3)
where (AS=2R1L) for the inner tube and (AS=2R2L) for the outer tube.
The convection heat flux which is used to calculate the local heat transfer coefficient is obtained
after deduce the radiation heat flux from qcr value. The local radiation heat flux can be calculated as
follows:
qr = F1-2(( + 273)4 - + 273)4 ) . (4)
where:
F F 1
Hence the convection heat flux at any position is:
qc=qcr-qr
(5)
The local heat transfer coefficient can be obtained as:
81
"#
(hX) =$
(6)
% $ %
All the air properties were evaluated at the mean film air temperature:
(Tf) x =
$ % &$ %

.. (7)
where:
(Tf)x is the local mean film air temperature atT( ) .
The local nusselt number for the inner cylinder (Nux) then can be determine as:
(Nux) =
*% +
.... (8)
)2.
T
( = . /)23 T( ) dx
)2.

T4 = . /)23 T4 ) dx
$ &$
T
5 =
...... (9)
.. (10)
. (11)
The averge heat transfer coefficient and the vavrege Nusselt number (Num) based on the
calculation of the averge tube surface temperature and the average bulk air temperature were
calculated as follows:
)2.
h = . /)23 h6 dx
7

Num =,$ $

Grm =
.. (12)
... (13)
$

$

8
... (14)
where = 9:& $

;
<=
Pr=
Ram = Grm . Pr
. (15)
(16)
All the air physical properties , , v and k were evaluated at the average mean film temperature
T
5 Holman [8].
82
5. EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY
Generally the accuracy of experimental results depends upon the accuracy of the individual
measuring instruments and the manufacturing accuracy of the circular tube. The accuracy of an
instrument is also limited by its minimum division (its sensitivity). In the present work, the
uncertainties in heat transfer coefficient (Nusselt number) and Rayleigh number were estimated
following Kline and McClintock differential approximation method reported by Holman [9]. For a
typical experiment, the total uncertainty in measuring the heater input power, temperature difference
(Ts-Tb), the heat transfer rate and the circular tube surface area were 0.38%, 0.48%, 2.6, and 1.3%
respectively. These were combined to give a maximum error of 2.43% in heat transfer coefficient
(Nusselt number) and maximum error of 2.36% in Rayleigh number.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Temperature variation
The variation of tubes surface temperature for different heat flux and for angle of inclination
= 0(horizontal) , 30o,45o 60, and 90(vertical) are shown in Figs.(4)-(7) respectively . It is
obvious from these figures that the surface temperature increases as heat flux increases because of
faster increasing of the thermal boundary layer as heat flux increases. It can be seen from Fig.(4)that
at = 0o, the inner and outer tube surface temperature have no obvious change with the axial
distance except at the end of the tubes due the conduction end losess. this behavior explained that
there is no flow in the axial direction so the bouncy effect is just in the radial direction .For =
30o,45o, 60, and 90, the distribution of the surface temperature (Ts) with tubes axial distance for
different heat fluxes have the same general shape as shown in Figs.(5)-(7). The surface temperature
distribution exhibits the following trend: the surface temperature gradually increases with the axial
distance at the same rate of the increasing for the inner and the outer tube until a certain limit to
reach a maximum value at approximately(X*= 17) beyond which it begins to decrease.
(a)
(b)
Fig.(4) : Surface temperature variation with the axial distance for different heat fluxes,=0o (a) Inner
tube , (b) Outer tube.
83
(a)
(b)
Fig.(5) : Surface temperature variation with the axial distance for different heat fluxes,=30o (a)
Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
(a)
(b)
Fig.(6) : Surface temperature variation with the axial distance for different heat fluxes,=60o (a)
(a)
(b)
Fig.(7) : Surface temperature variation with the axial distance for different heat fluxes, =90o (a)
84
Figs.(8)-(10) show the effect of angle of inclination on the temperature distribution along the inner
and the outer tube surface .It is clear that the surface temperature increases as angle of inclination
moves from vertical to horizontal position . This behavior can be attributed to the fact that says as
the air is heated and dilates, the difference between air density near the wall and the annulus center
causes a circulation which displaces the wall air in a direction parallel to the gravity vector. When
the heat transfers through the wall of a horizontal tube, the warmer air moves upward along the side
walls, and by continuity the heavier air near the smallest temperature wall of the tube flows
downward. As a result, a two symmetrical spiral, like motion is formed along the annulus. This air
motion is slightly small due to very small tempareture different between the tubes surface in this case
because both tubes heated with the same heat flux. The circulation is driven by radial temperature
variation, and at the same time it reduces this temperature variation. These two spiral vortex weak as
the angle of inclination moves from horizontal to vertical position to be single vortex only and the
flow would be totally in the axial direction in the vertical position. Therefore; it is expected that the
convection heat transfer process in vertical position is better than that in other positions.
(a)
(b)
Fig.(8) : Surface temperature variation with the axial distance for different inclination angles , q=70
W/m2 (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
(a)
(b)
Fig.(9) : Surface temperature variation with the axial distance for different inclination angles , q=300
W/m2 (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
85
(a)
(b)
Fig.(10) : Surface temperature variation with the axial distance for different inclination angles ,
q=600 W/m2 (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
6.2 Variation of local Nusselt number
The local Nusselt number variation along the tubes surfaces for different heat fluxs (70
2
W/m to 600 W/m2) and for angle of inclination = 00 (horizontal) , 30 ,60, and 90 (vertical);are
shown by plotting the local Nusselt number with the dimensionless axial distance in Figs.(11)-(14)
respectively. Generally, It is obvious from these figures that the local Nusselt number values increase
as the heat flux increases because of increasing natural convection currents which improves the heat
transfer process. At the higher heat flux, the results of Nux were higher than the results of lower heat
flux. This may be attributed to the secondary flow effect that increases as the heat flux increases
leading to higher heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, as the heat flux increases, the fluid near the
wall becomes hotter and lighter than the bulk fluid in the core. As a consequence, in the vertical
position two upward currents flow along the sides walls, where for the horizontal case the flow near
the tubes walls would be in the radial direction depending on the small temperature difference
between the walls caused by inner and outer tube surface shape. For inclined positions the flow will
be combined of the axial and radial direction and by continuity, the fluid near the tube center flows
downstream.
(a)
(b)
Fig.(11) :Local Nusselt number variation with the axial dimensionless distance for different heat
fluxes, =0o(a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
86
(a)
(b)
Fig.(12) Local Nusselt number variation with the axial dimensionless distance for different heat
fluxes , =30o (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
(a)
(b)
fluxes , =60o (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
(a)
(b)
fluxes, =90o(a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
87
The effects of angle inclination on the local Nusselt number variation are shown in Figs(15)(17). For the horizontal position it can be seen that the values of Nux as they should , are constant
and independent of x.As be expected ,it is clear that , the local Nusselt number increases relatively as
angle of inclination moves from horizontall to vertical position for the same heat fluxs of the inner
and the outer tubes .
(a)
(b)
Fig.(15) :Local Nusselt number variation with the axial dimensionless distance for different angles
of inclination , q= 70 W/m2 (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube
(a)
(b)
of inclination , q= 300 W/m2 (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
(a)
(b)
of inclination , q= 600 W/m2 (a) Inner tube , (b) Outer tube.
88
6.3 Average Nusselt number

Figs.(18)-(21) show the logarithmic of mean Nusselt number versus logarithmic Rayleigh
number for q=70 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 ,at = 0 (horizontal) , 30 , 60 , and 90 (vertical) ;
respectively. An empirical equations have been deduced from these figures as follows:For inner tube:
=0o
Num= 0.00325 Ra3.F:9
E
Num= 0.00138 Ra3.9:HFI
=30o
E
Num= 0.00946 Ra3.IF3M
=60o
E
Num= 0.00178Ra3.9OH
=90o
E
For outer tube:
Num= 0.04102 Ra3.H3F9
=0o
E
Num= 0.23739 Ra3.FFF
=30o
E
Num= 0.20731 Ra3.9FMF
=60o
E
Num= 0.00794 Ra3.IO:MI
=90o
E
(a)
(b)
o
Fig.(18) : Logarithm Average Nusselt Number Versus log(Ram) ,=0 (a) Inner tube,(b) Outer tube.
89
(a)
(b)
Fig.(19) : Logarithm Average Nusselt Number Versus log(Ram) ,=30o(a) Inner tube,(b) Outer tube.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
90
7. CONCLUSIONS
1.
2.
3.
The extent of the local mixing increases as the heat flux increases.
The heat transfer process improves as heat flux increases and as angle of inclination moves
from horizontal to vertical to horizontal.
The effect of buoyancy is small at the cylinder entrance and increases downstream.
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[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
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[6]
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[10]
[11]
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International Journal of Mechanical

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print)

NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN INCLINED

Department of Energy Engineering, University of Baghdad

:Average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)

NuX: Local Nusselt number, hX.Dh/K

The local heat transfer coefficient can be obtained as:

6.3 Average Nusselt number

Kuehm, T. H. and Goldstein, R. J., An experimental and theoretical study of natural

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