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Abstract
Keywords: Heat pump technology, Vapour compression cycle, Heat recovery, Energy
efficiency,Hybridheatpumpsystems,Applicationsandsolutions.
2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Avancesenlossistemasdebombadecalor:Unarevisin
Resumen
2010ElsevierLtd.todoslosderechosreservados
1. Introduction
1. Introduccin
With raising cost of fuel and global warming at the forefront of world attention, the interest in
HP as a means ofenergy recovery appears to have been resurrected.Heatpumpsofferone
of the most practicable solutions to the greenhouse effect. It is the onlyknown process that
recirculates environmental and waste heat back into a heat production process offering
energy efficientandenvironmentally friendly heating and cooling in applicationsrangingfrom
domestic andcommercialbuildingstoprocessindustries[1].Practical studieshaveshownthe
potential of heat pumps to drastically reducegreenhousegases,inparticularC O2 emissions,
in space heating and heat generation. The positive impact on environment depends on the
typeofheatpumpandtheenergymixandefficiencyofdrivingpowerused.
Con el aumentode costo del combustible y el calentamiento global como primer plano dela
atencin mundial, el inters por las HP como un medio de recuperacin de energa parece
haber sido resucitado. Las bombas de calor ofrecen una de las soluciones ms factibles al
efecto invernadero. Es el nico proceso conocido en el que recircula calor del medio
ambiente y el calor residual vuelve al proceso de produccin ofreciendo eficiencia
One key approach to improving the energy efficiency of many industrial operations is to
recovereverypossiblesourcesofwasteheatandturnthemtousefuloutputs.Tofacilitatethis
approach, the HP becomes a critical heat system as it possesses the capacity to recover
thermal energy, otherwiseexhaustedtoenvironment,andchannelittoplaceswherethisheat
energycanbeconvertedtoproduceusefuloutcomessuchasproducinghotwatertoprovide
heat to occupants in buildings or even for the noble purpose ofdesalination. As heat pump
continues to find new novel applications in various energyrelated industries,researchefforts
have been expanding to makeitmoreenergyefficient whileevolvingnewhybridsystemsthat
improve overall system efficiency. While enough is known about heat pumps and various
thermalsystems,optimalintegrationofthetechnologiesremainsachallengingR&Dtask.
Several heat pump types exist some require external mechanical work while othersrequire
external thermal energy. Commercial heatpumps based on the vapourcompressioncycleor
the
absorption cycle are operational in numerous applications in various industries. New HP
technologies such as the adsorption cycle or the chemical reaction cycle are emerging
rapidly, although they have yet to find major industrial applications [2].Inthispaper,selected
recent works on heat pump systems in various applications and their impact on energy
efficiency are reviewed. For the purpose of discussing key heat pump characteristics and
applications, this paper focuses on the mechanical variety rather than the thermal types.
Table 1presentsanoverviewofheatpumpapplicationsinindustrialprocesses[3].Incontrast
to heat actuated systems, it is readily observed that mechanical vapour compression heat
pumps are extensively applied in many manufacturing industries. Though this table may not
be entirely comprehensive, it highlights the most common industrial applications and heat
pumptypes.
Existen varios tipos de bombas de calor algunas requieren trabajo mecnico externo
mientras que otras requieren energa trmica externa. Las bombas de calor comerciales
basadas en el ciclo de compresin devapor oel ciclo deabsorcinseencuentranoperativas
ennumerosasaplicacionesdediversasindustrias.Las nuevastecnologasdeHP,talescomo
el ciclo de adsorcin o el ciclo de reaccin qumica estn emergiendo rpidamente, a pesar
de que an no han encontrado importantes aplicaciones industriales [2]. En esta obra, son
seleccionados los trabajos recientes sobre los sistemas de bomba de calor en diversas
aplicaciones y su impacto en la eficiencia energtica. Para el propsitoclavede discutir las
caractersticas y aplicaciones de bombas de calor, este trabajo se enfoca en la variedad
mecnica en lugar de los tipos trmicos. La Tabla 1 presenta una visin general de las
aplicacionesde labombadecalorenprocesos industriales[3].Encontrasteconlossistemas
de calentamiento accionados, se observa fcilmentequelasbombasdecalordecompresin
mecnica de vapor se aplican ampliamente en muchas industrias de fabricacin. Aunque
esta tabla no es totalmente completa, se centra en las ms comunes aplicaciones
industrialesytiposdebombadecalor.
The structure and elements of the review are portrayed in Fig. 1. It begins with a section
describing various techniques that currently are being employed to improve the performance
of heat pump. Next, it presents several hybrid heat pump systems that have the capacity to
recover heat from various thermal sources. Lastly, it offers some novel applications of heat
pump systems in various energyintensive industries. Through this review paper on heat
pump, we hope to convey one key message, that is, continuous efforts in improving heat
pump performance will directly optimise energy use and reduce carbon footprint of many
energyintensiveoperatingindustries.
La estructura y los elementos de la revisin son mostrados en la Fig. 1. Comienza con una
seccin que describe varias tcnicas que actualmente se emplean para mejorar el
rendimiento de la bomba de calor. A continuacin, se presentavariossistemas hbridos de
bomba de calor que tienen lacapacidadderecuperarelcalordevariasfuentestrmicas.Por
ltimo, ofrece algunas nuevas aplicaciones de los sistemas de bomba de calor en varias
industrias de alto consumo energtico. A travs de este trabajo derevisin de la bomba de
calor, esperamos poder transmitir unmensaje clave, es decir, los continuos esfuerzos en la
mejora de rendimiento de la bomba de calor optimizar directamente el uso de energa y
reducirlahuelladecarbonodemuchasindustriasdeserviciodealtoconsumoenergtico.
Table1
Industry
Manufacturing
activity
Process
Heatpumptype
Petroleum
refining
and
petrochemicals
Chemicals
Woodproducts
Foodand
beverage
Distillationof
petroleumand
petrochemical
products.
Inorganicsalt
manufacture
includingsalt,
sodiumsulphate,
sodiumcarbonate,
boricacidTreatment
ofprocesseffluent.
Heatrecovery.
Pharmaceuticals.
Pulpmanufacturing.
Paper
manufacturing.
Paper
manufacturing.
Lumber
manufacturing.
Manufacturingof
alcohol.
Beerbrewing.
Wetcorn
milling/cornsyrup
manufacturing.
Sugarrefining.
Dairyproducts.
Juicemanufacturing.
General
foodproduct
Separationof
propane/propylene,
butane/butyleneand
ethane/ethylene.
Concentrationofwaste
streamstoreduce
hydraulicloadonwaste
treatmentfacilities.
Concentrationofwaste
streamstoreduce
hydraulicloadonwaste
treatmentfacilities.
Compressionof
lowpressuresteamor
vapourforuseasa
heatingmedium.
Processwaterheating.
Concentrationofblack
liquor.
Processwaterheating.
Flashsteamrecovery.
Productdrying.
Concentrationofwaste
liquids.
Concentrationofwaste
beer.
Concentrationofdeep
waterandsyrup.
Concentrationofsugar
solution.
Concentrationofmilk
andwhey.
Juiceconcentration.
Heatingofprocessand
cleaningwater.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,closed
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle
Mechanical
compression
Thermocompression,
opencycle
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle,
thermocompression,
opencycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
Utilities
Miscellaneous
manufacturing.
Softdrink
manufacturing.
Nuclearpower.
Manufacturingof
drinkingwater.
Steamstrippingof
wastewateror
processstreams.
Electroplating
industries.
Textiles.
General
manufacturing.
Districtheating.
Solventrecovery.
Concentrationof
effluent.
Concentrationof
radioactivewaste.
Concentrationof
coolingtower
blowdown.
Desalinationofsea
water.
Flashsteamrecovery.
Heatingofprocess
solutions.
Concentrationof
effluent.
Processand
washwaterheating.
Spaceheating.
Concentrationofdilute
dopestream.
Processand
washwaterheating.
Spaceheating.
Largescalespace
heating.
Removalofsolvent
fromairstreams.
cycle,
thermocompression,
opencycle
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,closed
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,closed
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Thermocompression,
opencycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,closed
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Mechanicalvapour
compression.
Mechanicalvapour
compression.
Mechanicalvapour
compression.
Mechanicalvapour
compression.
Mechanicalvapour
compression.
Mechanicalvapour
compression.
Mechanicalvapour
compression,open
cycle.
Tabla1
Panorama representativo de las aplicaciones de bomba de calor en las actividades de
fabricacinindustrial(adaptadodelDepartamentodeEnergaUS[3]).
Industria
Refinamientode
petrleoy
petroqumica
Productos
Qumicos
Productosde
madera
Actividad
manufacturera
Proceso
Tipodebombade
calor
Destilacindel
petrleoyproductos
petroqumicos.
Preparacindesal
inorgnicaincluyendo
lasal,sulfatode
sodio,carbonatode
sodio,tratamientode
efluentesdelproceso
concidobrico.
Larecuperacinde
calor.
Farmacuticos.
Preparacindepasta.
Fabricacindepapel.
Fabricacindepapel.
Fabricacinde
madera.
Separacindepropano,
propileno,butano,
butilenoyetano,etileno.
Concentracindelos
flujosderesiduospara
reducircargahidrulica
eninstalacionesde
tratamientoderesiduos.
Concentracindelos
flujosderesiduospara
reducir
cargahidrulicaen
instalacionesde
tratamientoderesiduos.
Compresindevaporde
bajapresinovaporpara
suusocomounmediode
calentamiento.
Calentamientodeaguade
proceso.
Concentracindelicor
negro.
Calentamientodelagua
deproceso.
Recuperacininstantnea
devapor.
Secadodelproducto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,ciclo
cerrado.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresin
mecnica.
Termocompresin,
cicloabierto.
Alimentosy
bebidas
Utilidades
Miscelneo
Elaboracinde
alcohol.
Elaboracindela
cerveza.
Moliendademaz
hmedo,Fabricacin
dejarabedemaz.
Refinacindeazcar.
Productoslcteos.
Elaboracindezumo.
Fabricacingeneral
delproducto
alimenticio.
Elaboracinde
refrescos.
Energanuclear
Produccindeagua
potable.
Extraccinporvapor
decorrientesde
aguasresidualesode
proceso.
Industriasde
galvanoplastia.
Textiles.
Fabricacingeneral.
Calefaccinurbana.
Recuperacinde
disolventes.
Concentracinde
residuoslquidos.
Concentracinde
residuosdecerveza.
Concentracinintensade
aguayjarabe.
Concentracindela
solucindeazcar.
Concentracindelaleche
ysuerodeleche.
Concentracindeljugo.
Calentamientodel
procesoylimpiezadel
agua.
Concentracinde
efluente.
Concentracindelos
residuosradiactivos.
Concentracindelatorre
deenfriamientodepurga.
Desalinizacindelagua
demar.
Recuperacininstantnea
devapor.
Calentamientodelas
solucionesdelproceso.
Concentracinde
efluentes.
Procesodecalentamiento
delaguadelavado.
Instalacionesde
calefaccin.
Concentracindeflujos
desustanciasdopantes
diluidas.
Procesodecalentamiento
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto,
termocompresin,
cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto,
termocompresin,
cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,ciclo
cerrado.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,ciclo
cerrado.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Termocompresin,
cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,ciclo
cerrado.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
Compresinmecnica
devapor.
Compresinmecnica
devapor.
Compresinmecnica
devapor.
Compresinmecnica
devapor.
Compresinmecnica
delaguadelavado.
Instalacionesde
calefaccin.
Espaciodecalentamiento
agranescala.
Eliminacindeldisolvente
delascorrientesdeaire.
devapor
Compresinmecnica
devapor.
Compresinmecnica
devapor,cicloabierto.
2. Improvingenergyefficiency
2.1.Multistagecycles
A multistage system employs more than one compression stage. Multistage vapour
compression system can be classified as compound or cascade systems [4] as shown in
Fig.2. A compoundsystem consist of twoormorecompressionstagesconnectedinseries.It
mayhaveonehighstagecompressor(higherpressure)andonelowstagecompressor(lower
pressure) or several compressor connected in series. Compared to a singlestage system, a
multistage has a smaller in series. Compared to a singlestage system, a multistage has a
smaller compression ratioandhigher compression efficiency foreachstageforcompression,
greater refrigeration effect, lower discharge temperature at the highstage compressor, and
greater flexibility [5,6]. The pressure between the discharge pressure of the highstage
compressor and the suction pressure of the lowstage compressor of a multistage system is
called interstage pressure. Interstage pressure for a twostage system is usuallydetermined
so that the compression ratios are nearly equal between two stages to realize a higher
coefficient of performance (COP) [6].TanakaandKotoh[7] investigatedtheperformanceofa
double stage compressor heat pump water heaters using C O2 refrigerant for cold districtsin
Japan. They noted that the ratio of suction pressure (low pressure) of thecompressor to the
discharge pressure (high pressure) is large and subjects the compressorto harshoperating
conditions in cold district where the lowest temperaturesrangefrom10to20C.Thislowers
both the waterheating capacity and the system COP. To improve the performance and
reliability of their HP system, they divided the compression stroke into two stages and the
refrigerant injection at intermediate pressure [7]. Therefore, a compound multistaging HP
system present a favourable option to improve system COP when operating in extreme cold
conditions.
2. Mejoradelaeficienciaenergtica
2.1Ciclosdemltiplesetapas
Un sistema de mltiples etapas emplea ms de una etapa de compresin. Los sistema de
compresin de vapor de multiplesetapas se pueden clasificar comocompuestos o sistemas
de cascadas [4], comose muestraen laFig.2.Unsistemacompuestoconsisteendosoms
etapas de compresin conectadas en serie. Puede tener uncompresor dealtaetapa(mayor
A cascadesystemconsistoftwoindependentlyoperated singlestagerefrigerationsystems:a
lower system that maintains a lower evaporating temperature and produces a refrigeration
effect andahighersystemthatoperatesata higherevaporatingtemperatureasshowninFig.
2c [4]. These two separate systems are connected by cascade condenser in which the heat
released by the condenser in the lower system is extracted by the evaporator in the higher
system. Wangetal.[8]examined,wherebyanairsourceheatpumpwascoupledheatpumps
heating system, wherebyan air source heatpumpwascoupledtoawatersourceheatpump.
Comparatively, they found that such a coupling process improved energy efficiency ratio by
20%comparedtoapurelyairsourceheatpump[8].
Un sistemade cascadaconsisteendossistemasindependientesderefrigeracinqueoperan
en una sola etapa: unsistema inferior que mantiene una temperatura de evaporacin baja y
produce un efecto de refrigeracin y un sistema superior que funcionaaunatemperaturade
evaporacin mayor como se muestra en la Fig. 2c [4]. Estos dos sistemas separados estn
conectados por un condensador en cascada en el cual el calor liberado por el condensador
en el sistema inferior se extrae por el evaporador en el sistema superior. Wang et al.[8]
examin, que mientras que una bomba de calor de fuente deairefueacopladaaunsistema
de calentamiento con bombas de calor,otrabombadecalordefuentedeairefueacopladaa
una bomba decalor que tiene como fuente el agua.Comparativamente,seencontrqueen
un proceso de este tipo de acoplamiento la eficiencia energtica ha mejorado enun20%en
comparacinconunabombadecalorpuramentedefuentedeaire[8].
Many of the commercial heat pump systems comprise a singlestage vapour compression
cycle. In such systems only one evaporator is used for cooling and dehumidifying, and
recovering the heat from aheatsource.Amechanicalconstraintis,therefore,imposedonthe
amount of heat recovered because of the physical area available for heattransfer.Chua and
coworkers have conducted studies on a twostages evaporator heatpumpsystemasshown
inFig.3[9].
En elsistema,el vaporrefrigerantefuedivididoendoscorrientesalasalidadelcondensador.
Una corriente ingreso por una vlvula de expansin con una mayor capacidad de descarga
para regular el evaporador a una temperatura baja, mientras que la otra ingresa por otra
vlvula de expansin para ser expandido a una temperatura ms alta[9]. Los procesos de
evaporacin se llevaron a cabo en los evaporadores de alta y baja presin. La presin de
vapor del refrigerante a la salida del evaporador de alta presin se regula mediante un
regulador de presin, se realiza lo mismo para el evaporador de baja presin antes de la
mezcla en una cmara de vapor. Las pruebas realizadas en el prototipo de un sistema de
secado mecnicode dos etapas con la bomba de calor del evaporador destac un hallazgo
clave: hasta 35% ms de calor podra ser recuperado a travs deun ciclo de secado de la
bomba de calor del evaporador de dos etapas encomparacin conuno que tiene un nico
evaporador.Elresultadofueunamejoraapreciablederendimientodelabombadecalor[9]
2.2Improvingcompressorperformance
To minimizethe energyconsumptionofthevapourcompressioncycle,onekeyapproachisto
reduce the energy consumption of the compressor for a required compression ratio. In the
other words, improve theperformance of the compressor. In recent years, one can consider
the inventionofthescrollcompressortobeamajortechnologicalbreakthroughincompressor
technology [10]. The scroll compressor is approximately 10 percent more efficient than the
standard reciprocating compressor. There are three chief reasons for this improvement [11].
Firstly, the suction anddischargeprocesses are separate, meaning that no heat is added to
the suction gas as enter the compressor in contrast to the reciprocating compressors.
Secondly, the compression process is performed slowly over 540 degrees of rotation versus
180 degrees of rotation for a reciprocating compressor. Therefore, fluctuations in driven
torque are only 10 percent those of a reciprocating compressor. Thirdly, the scroll
compression mechanism enables the elimination of the suction and discharge valves which
are a source of pressure losses in reciprocating compressors. In additional, scroll
compressors have better reliability because they have fewer moving parts and can operate
better under liquid slugging conditions. Recent works coupling the heat pump with the scroll
compressordemonstratedtheenergyefficiencyofsuchanintegration[12,13].
2.2
Mejorarelrendimientodelcompresor
Para minimizarel consumodeenergadelciclodecompresindevapor,unenfoqueclavees
reducir el consumo de energa delcompresorparaunarelacindecompresinrequerida.En
otras palabras, mejorar el rendimiento del compresor. En los ltimos aos, se puede
considerar la invencin del compresor scroll un importante avance tecnolgico en la
tecnologa de compresores[10]. El compresor scroll es aproximadamente 10porcientoms
eficiente que el compresor alternativo estndar. Hay tres razones importantes para esta
mejora [11]. En primer lugar, losprocesos de succin y descarga son independiente, lo que
significa que no se aade calor al gas de succin en la entradadel compresor, encontraste
con los compresores alternativos. En segundo lugar, el proceso de compresin se lleva a
cabo lentamente sobre 540 grados de rotacin en comparacin con 180 grados de rotacin
para un compresoralternativo. Por lo tanto, las fluctuaciones enelparaccionadosonsoloel
10 por ciento de las de un compresor alternativo. En tercer lugar, el mecanismo de
Recently, a new refrigeration compressor, named Revolving Vane (RV) compressor, has
been developed by a group of researchers [14,17]. Accordingto them, the salient feature of
their innovative design involved the radical useofarotatingcylinderthatmovedtogetherwith
the compressing mechanism to cut down on energy loss [14]. Consequently, frictional and
leakage losses were effectively reduced [14]. Compared to piston type, the leakage loss at
the radial clearance in the RV compressor was typically found to be 40% lesser than that of
the formerwithanticipatedvolumetricefficienciesreaching ashighas95%[1517].Thegreen
and novel compressor significantly lowered input energy to perform similar refrigerant
compression. Data from experiments have shown energy reduction as high as 80% when
comparedtocurrentsystemsonthemarket[14].
Un enfoque menos activo para mejorar el rendimiento del compresor es asegurar que la
temperatura del compresor se mantenga baja durante las operaciones, Wang et al. [18]
estudiaron dos mtodos para lograr esto. El primero, tiene que ver con la refrigeracin del
motor del compresor por medios externos u otros que utilizan el gas de succin. El otro
mtodo es someter al compresora unproceso isotrmico mediante la transferenciadecalor
desde la cmarade compresin. Los resultados han demostradoqueesta estrategia puede
reducir potencialmente el trabajo de compresin hasta un 14% en comparacin con el
proceso de compresin isentropica para un sistema de refrigeracinR22. Una combinacin
de ambos mtodos puede producir un ahorro de energa de hasta 16% dependiendo delas
condicionesdefuncionamientoylaeleccindelfluido[18].
2.3Ejectorsystem
The ejector, which is the heart of the jet refrigeration system, was invented by Sir Charles
Parsons around 1901 forremoving air from a steam engines condenser. In 1910, anejector
wasusedbyMauriceLeblancinthefirststeamjetrefrigerationsystem[19].
2.3Sistemadeleyector
El eyector, que es la parte ms importante del sistema de refrigeracin a chorros, fue
inventado por Sir Charles Parsons alrededor de 1901 para retirar el airedelcondensadorde
un motor de vapor. En 1910, un eyector fue utilizado por Maurice Leblanc en el primer
sistemaderefrigeracindechorrodevapor[19].
The ejector is an essential part in refrigeration and air conditioning, desalination, petroleum
refining and chemical industries [20]. Also, the ejector forms an integral part of distillation
columns, condensers and other heat exchange processes. Several recent published works
have focused on various aspects of the ejectorcompression system, namely,
ejectorexpansion transcritical C O2 heat pump cycle [21],twophase ejectorsystems[22,23],
ejectors in a multievaporator refrigeration [24], and performance of ejector refrigeration
system powered by low grade waste heat solar [25,26]. The following section highlights one
significantrecentdevelopmentofanejectorheatpumpsystem.
Una bomba de calor eyectorcompresin emplea energa trmica de baja calidad para
proporcionar la refrigeracin de instalaciones y la calefaccin [22,23,25]. Un sistema verstil
eyectorcompresin aumentada se muestra en la Fig. 4. Se emplea un eyector para llevar a
cabo diversos grados de compresin del refrigerante, dependiendo de lacalidady lapresin
del refrigerante de salidadelcondensador, as como la disposicin de los residuos de calor
de alta temperatura. Un separador de gaslquido separa refrigerante expandido en gas y
lquido de manera que el gas refrigerante se extrae directamente en el compresor a una
presin ms alta, mientras que el refrigerante lquido fluye hacia el evaporador para
intercambiar calor con el espacio refrigerado.El eyector compromete parte de la carga de
compresin, lo que permite que el requerimiento de potencia para el compresor se reduzca
significativamente. Cuando el calor residual de alta temperatura se encuentra disponible, el
eyector es capaz de llevara cabo toda la tarea de compresin como se muestra porelciclo
de lnea de puntos en la Fig. 4. Dependiendo de la geometra, aerodinmica, y el diseo
2.4.Newrefrigerants
HCFC22 is perhaps the most widely used fluid in heat pump and air conditioning
applications. It has a relatively low ozone depletion potential, but since it contains chlorine,
therefore, a replacement fluid is being sought. In seeking for a potential replacement
refrigerant, it is important to selectonethathasthermodynamicpropertiessimilartothefluids
being replaced. It should also possess the desirable attribute in terms of matching the
enthalpy of vaporization. Only when these parameters can be matched closely, the need for
systemredesignorreconfigurationwouldbeminimal.
2.4.Nuevosrefrigerantes
que contiene cloro, por lo tanto, se est buscando un fluido de sustitucin. En busca de un
potencial de refrigerante de sustitucin, esimportanteseleccionarunoquetienepropiedades
termodinmicas similares a los fluidos que se sustituye. Tambin debe poseer el atributo
deseable en trminos de bsqueda de la entalpa de vaporizacin. Slo cuando estos
parmetros pueden ser emparejados estrechamente, la necesidadderediseodelsistemao
reconfiguracinseramnimo.
Efforts to identify a replacement fluid that has thermodynamic properties similarto HCFC22
have not beenparticularlysuccessful.Thishasledresearcherstoinvestigatethepossibilityof
concocting mixtures of HFCstoreplaceHCFC22[28].Theuseofrefrigerantmixturesinheat
pump and air conditioning systems constantly poses new challenges to engineers. A pure
singlecomponent refrigerant willcondense or boil at a constant temperature. In comparison,
a refrigerant mixturechangestemperatureduringa constantpressurecondensationorboiling
process leading towhatisoftenknownastemperatureglide.Theoccurrenceofglideduring
the phase change present problems to heat transfer engineers, among which incomplete
condensation is considered the most important one [29]. Research continues to foray into
refrigerationsystem component design that can use these phasechange characteristics of
refrigerantmixtures.
energy benefits, R410A has the potential to reduce heat exchanger sizes, particularly
evaporator and condenser, since it captures and releases heat better than R22[37].Another
new refrigerantR433Ahasshowntremendous potentialinimprovingenergyefficiencyofheat
pump. Park et al.[34] have conducted R433A and R22 comparative test using a heat pump
bench testing facility. Key results from their workindicatedthatthecoefficientofperformance
of R433A is 4.97.6% higher than that of HCFC22 with significantly lower discharge
temperature. An extension of this work, they studied the thermodynamic performance of
R170/R290 mixture as a potential substitutetoR22[36].Intermsofenergyperformance,they
demonstrated that the COP of R170/ R290 mixture was higher than that of R22 in the
compositionrangeofupto6%R170undertypicalheatpumpoperations.
Adems de la cuestin del impacto ambiental causado por los refrigerantes, extensas obras
continan progresando en el ensayo de nuevas mezclas refrigerantes para mejorar la
eficiencia energtica y el funcionamiento de las bombas de calor [30]. Recientemente, las
pruebas de rendimiento sehanrealizadosobre unconjuntodenuevasmezclasrefrigerantes,
a saber, R404A [31], R407C [32], R410A [33], R433A [34], R32/ R134a [35] y R170 / R290
[36] . Chen [37] llev a cabo la evaluacin del rendimiento R410A y se encontr que la
eficiencia de la unidad de aire acondicionado R410A se observ a aproximadamente 12%
ms alta que la de la unidad de R22. Sistemas de bombas de calor que utilizan el nuevo
producto qumico son ms eficientes porque los compresores que utilizan R410A se
calientan. Esto significa que utilizan menos energa y es menos probable que se queme.En
adicional, R410A absorbe y libera calor de manera ms eficiente que significa sistemas que
utilizan usar menos electricidad y opera ms eficiencia [33]. Adems de los beneficios
positivosdelaenerga,R410Atieneelpotencialparareducireltamaodelintercambiadorde
calor, en especial evaporador y el condensador, ya que captura y libera el calor mejor que
R22 [37]. Otro nuevo refrigerante R433A ha mostrado un gran potencial en la mejora de la
eficiencia energtica de la bomba de calor. Park et al. [34] han realizado R433A y R22
prueba comparativa utilizando una instalacin de pruebas banco de bomba de calor. Los
resultados clave de su trabajoindicaron que elcoeficientederendimientodeR433A es4.9a
7.6% mayor que ladeHCFC22contemperaturadedescargasignificativamentemenor.Una
extensin de este trabajo, se estudi el rendimiento termodinmico demezcla R170 / R290
comounsustitutopotencialdeR22[36].Entrminos derendimientodeenerga,demostraron
que el COP de lamezcla R170 / R290 fue mayor que la deR22enelrangodecomposicin
dehasta6%R170marcodelasoperacionestpicasdebombadecalor.
Researchers, such as Atipoang et al.[38] and Gorozabel Chata et al.[39], have studied the
performance of hybrid heat pump systems employing refrigerant mixture. They were able
determinedthebestperformanceoftheirsystemswiththerightmassmixtureofrefrigerants.
Los investigadores, como Atipoang y otros [38], y Gorozabel Chata y otros [39], han
estudiado el rendimiento de los sistemas hbridos de bombas de calor que utilizan mezcla
refrigerante. Pudieron determinado el mejor rendimiento de sus sistemas con la mezcla de
masaderechoderefrigerantes.
The future poses anumber ofchallengesandopportunitiesformanufacturersofHPsystems.
Most notably is the sustained effort to develop new refrigerants. Concurrently, there will be
pressure to improve efficiency to maintain the competitive edge over new technologies such
as gas heat pumps and to satisfy minimum efficiency requirements imposed by legislations.
New performance enhanced refrigerants must compliment improved cycle controls,
higherefficiency motors and compressors, and new cycles to realize optimum cycle
efficienciestomeetvarying
refrigeratingcapacities.
3.Hybridsystem
3.1.Hybriddesiccantsystem
3.Lossistemashbridos
3.1.Sistemahbridobombadecalordesecantes
3.2.Hybridsolar
The integration of heatpump with solar technology presents a novelhybrid system whereby
the performance oftheheatpumpcanbesignificantly enhancedbytakingheatfromanatural
source solar energy. The applications for solarassisted heat pump system include water
heating,heatstorageanddrying.
3.2SolarHbrido
As far as the application of SAHP for drying of agricultural products is concern, it hasbeen
observed that coupling the heat pump to a solar collector improved the thermal efficiency of
the air collector with values spanning 0.70.75 while efficiencies ofthe evaporatorcollector
were found to vary between 0.80.86. Improved efficiencies were primarily due to the
reduction of losses from the collector. Recent works have been devotedto investigating the
performance of a SAHP for hot water production. In these works, the solarassisted heat
pump was specifically applied towater heating in Hong Kong. A mathematical systemmodel
was developed to study its performance under varying operatingconditions.Resultsfromthe
model highlighted several key points SAHP system performance was strongly governed by
the change of circulation flowrate, solar collector area and initial water temperature in the
preheatingsolartank.
Se demostr adems que el sistema SAHP podra conseguir un COP promedio de 6.46 de
un ao de duracin, que es considerablemente ms alto que el sistema de bomba de calor
convencional. La Fig. 6 ilustra la variacin del calor ganado del condensador, la potenciade
entrada del compresor y el COP del sistema durante el sistema en inviernoparacalentar el
agua en la regin subtropical de Hong Kong. Se observ tambin que la cantidad de agua
caliente producida en verano puede ser ms del doble que la de invierno. Con estos
indicadores energticos favorables atribuidos a su capacidad de recuperacin de calor, el
sistema SAHP se considera econmicamente superior a la calefaccin elctrica y sistemas
4.Novelapplications/solutions
4.1.Desalination
Desalination is the process of converting sea water to fresh water. HPs employ heat energy
effectively at desalination plants. Several works have been conducted to study the
deployment of heat pump systems for producing fresh water. Desalination plants based on
mechanical vapour compression (MVC) technology are inherently the most
thermodynamically efficient. The thermodynamic efficiency of the MVC process is derived
fromtheapplicationoftheHPprinciple.
4.AplicacionesNovedosas/Soluciones
4.1.Desalinizacin
A single unit of a twoeffect MVC desalination pilot plant of 50 m3 /day capacity was
commissioned at Trombay, Mumbai. Horizontal tube thinfilm spray desalination evaporators
were used for efficient heat transfer. The HP application was adeptly applied as the feed
water was deemedto be highly salineandcondensercoolingwaterwasabsent,andwherea
thermal heat source was not available. The unit produces highquality water, nearly
demineralised quality, directly from seawater. Gao et al. (2008) have demonstrated the
energy efficiency of a MVC system to produce freshwater [56]. Results from their testrig
demonstrated that freshwater could be produced at a rate 60 kg/day with a conservative
powerof500W.
Una unidad simple deplanta piloto de desalinizacin MVCde dos efectos, de capacidad de
50 m3 /da fue comisionada en Trombay, Mumbai. Se utiliz un tubo horizontal de capa
delgada para la transferenciaeficientedecalorde unevaporadordedesalinizacinporroco.
La aplicacin de la HPse realiz hbilmente donde elaguadealimentacinfue considerada
altamente salina y el agua de enfriamiento del condensador estaba ausente, y donde una
fuente trmica de calor no estaba disponible. La unidad produce agua de alta calidad, la
calidad casi desmineralizada, directamente del agua de mar. Gao et al. (2008) han
demostrado la eficiencia energtica de un sistema MCV para producir agua dulce. Los
resultados de su prueba de plataforma demostraron que el agua dulce se podra producir a
unavelocidadde60kg/daconunapotenciaconservativade500W.
4.2.Geothermal
A geothermal heat pump or groundsource heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or
cooling system thatpumpsheattoorfromthegroundtoprovideheating,airconditioningand,
in most cases, hot water. They are ideally suited to tap the ubiquitous shallow geothermal
resources. GSHPs include those in which heating/cooling coils are placed in horizontal and
vertical configurations, under a building or parking lot as shown in Fig. 7. Geothermal HP
heating and cooling systems operateasfollow:Duringwinterperiod,theymovetheheatfrom
the earth into buildings and pump the heat from buildings and discharge it into the ground
during summer season. Studies have shown that approximately 70 percent of the energy
used in a geothermal heat pump system is renewable energy from theground . The earths
constant temperature is what makes geothermal heat pumps one of the most efficient,
comfortable, and quiet heating and cooling technologies available today. Zamfirescu and
Dincer and Granowskii have developed new mechanical compression heat pumps using
organic fluids to upgrade the heat and increase the temperature to a level which can run a
thermochemical or hybridcycle.Theirheatpumpshavedemonstratedfavourableefficiencyin
applications with a temperature difference of about 50 C andwhere available constant heat
sourceisavailable,asinthecaseofthegroundsource.
4.2.Geotrmica
Una bomba de calor geotrmica o bomba de calor de fuente subterrnea (GSHP) es un
sistema de calefaccin central y/o sistema de refrigeracin que bombea calor desde ohacia
el suelo para proporcionar calefaccin, aire acondicionado y, en la mayora de los casos,
agua caliente. Son ideales para aprovechar los recursos geotrmicos superficiales ubicuos.
GSHPs incluyen aquellos enlos que las bobinas decalefaccin/refrigeracinsecolocanen
posiciones horizontales y verticales, bajo un edificio o de un estacionamiento, como se
muestra en la Fig. 7. Bombade calor geotrmicaconsistemasdecalefaccinyrefrigeracin
operan de la siguiente manera: Durante la temporada deinvierno, se mueven el calor de la
tierra hacia edificios y bombean el calor de los edificios y descargan en el suelo durante la
temporada de verano. Los estudios han demostrado que aproximadamente el 70 por ciento
de la energa utilizada en un sistema de bomba de calor geotrmicaeslaenergarenovable
desde el suelo. Temperatura constante de la tierra es lo quehace que las bombas de calor
geotrmica sea una de las tecnologas de calefaccin y refrigeracin ms eficientes,
cmodos y tranquilos en la actualidad. Zamfirescu y Dincer y Granowskii han desarrollado
nuevas bombas de calor por compresin mecnica que utilizan fluidos orgnicos para
mejorar el calor y aumentar la temperatura a un nivel que puede ejecutar un ciclo
termoqumico o hbrido.Sus bombas de calor han demostrado la eficiencia favorable en
aplicaciones con una diferencia de temperatura de alrededor de 50 C y donde la fuente de
calorconstantedisponibleestdisponible,comoenelcasodelafuentesubterrnea.
As a renewable energytechnology,theGSHPshighenergyefficiencyandlowenvironmental
impact characteristics have already drawn a fair amount of attention in huge
energyconsuming nation like China [62]. GSHP can employ both the earth and buried
underground water as potential heat sources/sinks as shownin Fig. 8. Thewater below the
ground levelcan be the waste water from power plants (e.g. chemical, fossilfuel,etc.)tothe
wastewater treatment plant [63]. The primary advantage of the GSHP technology is that the
both the earth and water stream provides a relatively constant temperaturefor heat transfer,
thereby, improving the energy efficiency (COP) over that of conventional airsystems. Work
has also been carried out to integrate groundcoupled heatpump(GCHP)systemwithafluid
cooler, a cooling tower or surface heat rejecters in coolingdominated buildings [64]. The
operation principle of the GCHP systemwith acoolingtowerinvolvesthecoolingtowerbeing
connected in series withthegroundheatexchangerloopandisisolatedfromthebuildingand
ground loops with a plate heat exchanger. The ground loop is judiciously sized to meet the
building heating load and the cooling load in excess of the heating load is met through the
supplementalheatrejection[64].
trmica y la tasa de intercambio decalor, como parmetros claves que repercuten sobreel
rendimientodelGCHP.
Better quality of groundcoupled heat pump system installations has also occurred in recent
years. Todays systems typically consist of thermally fused polyethylene or polybutylene
piping with an expected lifetime of at least 50 years [71]. Engineers, architects,
manufacturers, and installers have supported standardization of design methods and
installation techniques for systems that use horizontal trenches and vertical boreholes [64].
Accordingly,GSHPsperformanceaswellasthereliabilityofthesystemhaveimproved.
Geothermal heat pumps are durable and require little maintenance. They have fewer
mechanical components than other systems, and most of those components are
underground, sheltered fromtheweather.Theundergroundpipingusedinthesystemisoften
guaranteed to last 2550 years and is virtually worryfree. Geothermal heat pumps are also
known to be economically attractive in terms of reducing operating cost to provide heating
[70,72]. Employing groundcoupled heat pumps for residential heating and cooling benefits
the environment. In a CO2 emission study conducted in Japan, it has shown that a typical
residentialGSHPproduces
2038 kgCO2/year [73].This emission amount is less than half compared to conventional oil
boiler systems. It is noteworthy that a geothermalheatpump doesnotcreateheatbyburning
fuel like a furnace does. Instead, it collects the earths natural heat for various heating
applications.Asaresult,itisoneofthecleanesttechnologiesavailablefortransferringheatto
and from a natural heat source or sink. To date, geothermal heat pump remainsan under
used technology, due mainly to the limited awareness of its potential. Therefore, continuous
research and publicityefforts will serve to create greater public awareness about its benefits
andpromoteendusersconfidenceinusingitfordifferentheating/coolingapplications.
Bombas de calor geotrmicas son durables y requieren poco mantenimiento. Ellos tienen
menos componentes mecnicos que otros sistemas, y la mayora de los componentes son
subterrneas, protegidos delaintemperie.Latuberasubterrneautilizadoenelsistemaesa
menudo garantizado para durar 2550 aos y es virtualmente libre de preocupaciones.
Bombas de calor geotrmicas tambin son conocidos por ser econmicamente atractivo en
trminos de reduccin de costos de operacin para proporcionar calefaccin. El empleo de
bombas de geotrmicas acopladas para la calefaccinyrefrigeracinresidencialbeneficiaal
medio ambiente. En un estudio de emisiones de CO2 realizadoenJapn,sehademostrado
4.3.Drying
Heat pump dryers have been known to be energy efficient when used in conjunction with
drying operations[9].Theprincipaladvantagesof heatpumpdryersemergefromtheabilityof
heat pumps to recover energy from the exhaust gas as well as their ability to control the
drying gastemperatureandhumidity[74,75].Researchershavedemonstratedtheimportance
of producing a rangeofprecisedryingconditionstodryawiderangeofproductsandimprove
their quality [2,76,77]. Clearly, any dryer that uses convection as the primary mode of heat
input to the dryer (with or withoutsupplementary heat input by other modes of heat transfer)
can be fitted with a suitably designed heat pump (HP). Although batch shelf or traydryersor
kilns (for wood) are the most commonlyreporteddryersusedinconjunctionwithheatpumps,
other types may also be used e.g. fluid beds, rotary dryers etc. The ability of heat pump
dryers to convert the latent heat of condensation into sensible heat at the hot condenser
makes them uniqueheat recovering devices for drying applications. The energy efficiency of
HPD can be reflected by the higher SMER values and drying efficiency when compared to
other drying systems as shown in Table 2 [78]. Consequently, higherSMER would then be
translated to lower operating cost, making the payback period for initial capital considerably
shorter.
4.3.Secado
Secadores por bomba de calor han sido conocidos por ser energticamente eficientes
cuando se utiliza en conjunto con lasoperacionesdesecado.Lasprincipalesventajasde las
secadoras por bomba de calor emergen de la capacidad de las bombas de calor para
recuperar energa del aire de escape, as como su capacidad para controlar la temperatura
del aire de secado y la humedad. Los investigadores han demostrado la importancia de
producir una amplia gama de condiciones de secado precisas para secar una amplia gama
de productos y mejorar su calidad. Claramente, cualquier secador que utiliza conveccin
como el principal modo de entrada decalorala secadora(conosinaportesuplementariode
calor por otros modosdetransferenciadecalor)puedeserequipadoconunabomba decalor
diseado adecuadamente (HP). Aunque calentador por estantes o bandeja de secadores u
hornos (para madera) son los secadores notificados con mayor frecuenciaqueseutilizanen
combinacin con bombas de calor,otrostipostambin sepuedenutilizar,porejemplocamas
de fluidos, secadores rotatorios, etc. La capacidad de los secadores por bombas de calor
para convertir el calor latente de condensacin en calor sensible en elcondensadorcaliente
los hace los nicos dispositivos de recuperacin de calor para aplicaciones de secado. La
eficiencia energticade HPD puede ser reflejada por los valores altos deSMER yeficiencia
de secadocuandosecomparconotrossistemasdesecadocomosemuestraenlaTabla2.
Enconsecuencia,unamayorSMERentoncessera traducidoalmenorcostooperativo,porlo
queelperododerecuperacinparaelcapitalinicialseaconsiderablementemscorto.
heat can be recovered from the moistureladen air (2) heat pump dryers can significantly
improve product quality via drying at low temperatures. At low temperatures, the drying
potential of the air can bemaintainedbyfurtherreductionoftheairhumidity(3)awiderange
of dryingconditionstypically20to100C(withauxiliaryheating)andrelativehumidity1580%
(with humidification system) can be generated and (4) excellent control of environment for
highvalueproductsandreducedelectricalenergyconsumptionforlowvalueproducts.
En una revisin reciente de la tecnologa de secado por bomba de calor, HPD y sistemas
hbridos de bomba de calor claramente han demostrado su capacidad para mejorar la
eficiencia energticaparala eliminacin de una cantidadsimilardehumedadparadiferentes
productos. Varios investigadores involucrados en el secado han encontrado que el HPD
utiliza la energa demanera ms eficiente en comparacin con lossistemas convencionales
de secado. Hepbasliet al. utiliz una bomba de aire accionado por elmotortrmico(GEHP)
para el secado de alimentos por primera vez. El sistema consta de cuatro componentes
principales a saber: (1) una unidad de GEHP con capacidad decalentamientode18kW,(2)
unaunidaddeHPcondesplazamientomodificadoparalacompresinconinyeccindevapor
mejorada, (3) uncolectorsolardeaire,y(4)unsecadordecintatransportadora.Losestudios
preliminares han indicado que el calor ganado por recuperacin de calor puede ser
proporcionado poraproximadamente 30% delacapacidadtotaldecalefaccinpara sistemas
deGEHP.
There has been a raising trend in applying HPD to various heat sensitive herbs [82]. In
comparison to various conventional dryer, heat pumpdried herbs yielded improved colour
and aroma of herbs (e.g. parsley, rosemary, and sweet fennel). The sensory values were
nearly doubled in case of heat pumpdried herbs compared to commercially dried products
[2]. The specific energy consumption (kg/kWh) for herbs drying was also found be low
particularly with moistureladen herbs because greater amount of latent heatis available for
recovery[2].
The use of modified atmospheres for drying of sensitive materials such asfood products is
another important aspectof the HPD technology [83]. Drying with oxygensensitive materials
such as flavour compounds and fatty acids can undergooxidation,givingrisetopoorflavour,
colour, and rehydration properties. Using modified atmospheres to replace air would allow
newdryproductstobedevelopedwithoutoxidativereactionsoccurring[83].
Table2
Comparing heat pump drying with other drying systems (adapted from Perera and Rahman
[78]).
Parameter
Hotairdrying
vacuumdrying
Heatpumpdrying
SMER(kgwater/kW
h)
0.121.28
0.721.2
1.04.0
Dryingefficiency(%)
3540
<=70
95
Operating
temperaturerange
(C)
4090
3060
1065
Operating%RH
range
Variable
Low
1065
Capitalcost
Low
High
Moderate
Runningcost
High
Veryhigh
Low
Tabla2
Comparando el secado de la bomba de calor con otros sistemas de secado (adaptado de
PererayRahman)
Parmetro
Airecalientede
secado
Secadoalvaco
Secadodela
bombadecalor
SMER(kgagua/kWh)
0.121.28
0.721.2
1.04.0
Eficienciadesecado
(%)
3540
<=70
95
Temperaturade
funcionamiento(C)
4090
3060
1065
Rangodeoperacin
del%HR
Variable
bajo
1065
Costodecapital
bajo
alto
moderado
Gastosde
funcionamiento
alto
muyalto
bajo
4.4.Heating/cooling
One of the primary applications of heat pump is to provide heating and cooling to a
designatedspace.Thespacecanvaryfromamodest sizesuchasamotorvehicletoaslarge
as a township whereby heat can be pumped from one sector to another. Although the
application of heat pump technology for heating/coolingisnotnew,novelapplicationsarestill
constantly being developed. For example, heating and cooling of space and provision of hot
water in a building can be simultaneously being carried out [84]. On a larger scale, novel
designs of district heating/cooling systems have been recently looked atto support township
operations. With improved heat pump heating/cooling system designs, energy efficiency for
districtheating/coolingissignificantlyenhancedwithsignificantreductionincarbonfootprint.
4.4.Calefaccin/refrigeracin
Heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings can be divided into four main categories
depending on their operational function and needs. Thecategories include: (1) heatingonly
heat pumps, providing space heating and/or water heating (2) heating and cooling heat
pumps, providing both space heating and cooling (3) integrated heat pump systems,
providing space heating, cooling,waterheatingandsometimesexhaustairheatrecoveryand
(4)heatpumpwaterheaters,fullydedicatedtowaterheating[84].
Heat pumps can be both monovalent and bivalent [85]. A monovalent heat pump heating
system is one whereby the heat pump alone supplies heat during the heating season. In a
bivalent heat pump heating system, the heat pump heat capacity may be supplemented by
other heating equipmenttomeetorassistinmeetingheatingdemandonunusually colddays.
In other words, a hybrid heating system comprising heat pump and another heating system,
suchas gasoroilboiler,isborneout.Typically,monovalentheatpumpsaresizedtomeetthe
entire annualheatingandcoolingdemand,whilebivalentheatpumpsaresized for2060%of
themaximumheatloadandmeetaround5095%oftheannualheatingdemand[85].
Key results from the study indicated that Dalian has great potential for applying SWHP
system. It is both technically and economically feasible because of the favourable
geographical locationandurbanenvironmentalsetting[89].Economically,districtheatingwith
heatpumpsystemhasdemonstratedsignificantreductioninannualenergybill.
Los principales resultados del estudio indicaron que Dalian tiene un gran potencial para la
aplicacin del sistema de SWHP. Es a la vez tcnica y econmicamente factible debido ala
favorable ubicacin geogrfica y el entorno del medioambienteurbano.Econmicamente,la
calefaccin urbana con sistema de bomba de calor se ha demostrado una reduccin
significativaenlafacturaenergticaanual.
Varios trabajos han llevado a cabo sobre el desempeo delos sistemas de bomba de calor
empleadas para automviles. Antonijevic y Heckt desarrollaron un sistema prototipo de
bomba de calor para la evaluacin del desempeo enunvehculodeprueba.Losresultados
obtenidos fueron analizados y comparados con otros sistemas vigentes de calefaccin
complementados a los automviles. El sistema de calefaccin por bomba de calor del
automovil propuesta se realiza superiormente en comparacin con otras soluciones de
calefaccin complementada a los automviles mediante la demostracin de mejores
parmetros de rendimiento, menor consumo de combustible y el comportamiento operativo
4.5.Cogeneration
4.5.Cogeneracion
Typically, cogeneration systems for combined heat, cold and powerproductionare designed
mainly incorporating absorption heat pumps. But as compression heat pumps become more
energy efficient, attention has recently been focused at employing them for cogeneration
purpose. One such example is the application of heatpumpwherebythecompressiondriven
by gasengine[93].Cogenerationsystemsassociatedwithgasenginedrivenheatpump have
higher efficiency. A recent study on a gas engine heat pump appliedtoaspecificbuildingfor
cogeneration demonstrated effective energy usage. Result of the energy consumption
showed that theprimaryenergy ratio of suchsystemwas1.49,aperformanceindexthatwas
muchhigherthanthatoftheconventionalseparatedproductionsystem[93].
Cogeneration can dramatically increase energy efficiency, slash carbon emissions, and save
money. Heat pumpbringsaboutevengreateropportunitiesforenhancedenergyefficiency.In
designing a cogeneration, heat pumps readily compliment with many renewable energy
technologies to produce desired heatandpoweratreducedbasicfuelinput.Thus,integrating
heat pumps with clean technologies becomes a potent tool in combating carbon emission.
Thisisthedirectionenergyengineeringshouldbemovingwithalldeliberatespeed.
Table3
SummaryofenergyperformanceofdifferentHPsystems.
Typeofstudy
Typeof
system
Applicatio
n
Result(s)
Year
Investigato
r(s)
Theoretical
(simulation)
experiment
al
Heating
Coolin
g
Water
heating
A/
C*
Oth
er
2010
Chowetal.
SAHPsystemmean
achievableCOPof6.46
2009
Parkand
Jung
ImprovedCOPabout6%
withtheuseofnew
refrigerantmixture
2008
Chaiwongs
aand
Wongwise
s
HPwithejectorCOP
approachingashigha
valueas6
2008
Aynuretal.
HPwithdehumidifier
COPapproaches5to6
2007
Yariand
Sirousazar
HPwithejector
improvedCOPof21%
2005
Chuaand
Chou
ImprovedHPenergy
efficiencyapproaching
35%viamultistaging
Tabla3
ResumenderendimientoenergticodelosdiferentessistemasdeHP.
Tipode
estudio
Tipode
sistema
Aplicacin
Resultados
Ao
Investigador(es
)
Terico(simu
lacin)
Experi
mental
Calefacc
in
Enfria
mient
o
Calentami
entode
agua
A/C*
Otros
1 2010 Chowetal.
SistemaSAHP
significaCOP
alcanzablede6,46
2 2009 Parkand
Jung
MejoradelaCOP
sobreel6%conel
usodelasnuevas
mezclarefrigerante
3 2008 Chaiwongsa
and
Wongwises
HPconeyector
COPacercarseaun
valortanaltocomo
6
4 2008 Aynuretal.
HPcon
deshumidificador
COPseacercade5
a6
5 2007 Yariand
Sirousazar
HPconeyector
mejoradelaCOP
del21%
6 2005 Chuaand
Chou
x
(sec
Mejoradela
eficiencia
ado) energticaHPse
acercaal35%a
travsde
multipuestaen
escena
5.Conclusions
Heat pump technologies are widely used for upgrading ambient heat from sustainable
sources, suchasair,water,thegroundandwasteheat,to heatingtemperatures.Theycanbe
used for residential and commercial space heating, cooling and water heating, refrigeration
and in many industrial processes. In producing heat, they are called heat pumps and they
compete with fossil fired boilers and direct electric heating. This paper has portrayedHP as
an energyefficient technology with enormous potential to contribute to various
energyintensive industries. Table 3 summarises the key performance values of several
reviewed HP works presented in thispaper.Wehavedemonstratedthroughvariousliterature
sources how recent efforts have improved heat pump energy efficiency by 35% through
multistaging and enhanced COP by 20% thorough ejectoraugmentation. In additional,
various recently developed hybrid heat pump systems have furtherimproved efficient use of
thermal heat, extended the application of HP and markedly reduced carbon emission.
Employing HP for residential heating and cooling produces about 2038 kgCO2/year, an
amountislessthanhalfcomparedtoconventionalboilersystems.
5. Conclusiones
Las tecnologas de bombas de calor son ampliamente utilizados para el mejoramiento del
calor ambiental de fuentes sostenibles, como el aire, el agua, el suelo y el calor de los
residuos, a temperaturas de calentamiento. Se pueden utilizar para calefaccin industrial y
residencial, enfriamiento y calentamiento de agua, refrigeracin y en muchos procesos
industriales. En la produccin de calor, se llaman bombas de calor y compiten con calderas
fsiles y calefaccin elctrica directa. En este trabajo se ha retratado la HP como una
tecnologa de eficiencia energtica con un enorme potencial para contribuir a diversas
industrias de alto consumo energtico. La Tabla 3 resume los valores de rendimiento de
varias trabajos de HP presentados en este documento. Se ha demostrado a travs de
diversas fuentes bibliogrficas como los esfuerzos recientes han mejorado la eficiencia
energtica de la bomba de calor en un 35% a travs de una multipuesta en escena y
mejoras del COP en un 20% a travs de eyector de aumento. Adicionalmente, diversos
sistemas hbridos de bombasdecalorrecientementedesarrolladoshanmejoradoanmsel
uso eficiente de calor trmico,extendido laaplicacindeHPyunamarcadareduccindelas
emisiones de carbono. El empleo de HP para la calefaccin y refrigeracin residencial
produce aproximadamente 2.038 kg CO2 / ao, una cantidadque es menos de la mitad en
comparacinconlossistemasdecalderasconvencionales.
Con abundante cantidad de calor disponible endiversas fuentes naturales yel calorresidual
generado en diversas industrias de proceso, la HP se convierte en una tecnologa
indispensable que puedan contribuir aun medioambientemslimpio.Esimportante,cuando
se forja nuevastecnologasverdesparacombatirelcambioclimtico,paranoperderdevista
de la tecnologa convencional disponible como la bomba de calor. Mucho trabajo se ha
hecho, pero ms an es necesario para integrar la HP en sistemasinnovadores.Se espera
que esta revisin ayude a aumentar la conciencia y estimular los esfuerzos para explorar y
maximizarelpotencialdelaHPparalograrunamayoreficienciaenergtica.
6.References
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Anexos:
Eyectocondensador