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Shear loading
We assume for now pure bending with no
twist. This implies shear forces passing
through shear center
Symmetrical bending
Moments of inertia
Ix = y2 d A
I y = x2 d A
J = r2 dA
I xy = xy d A
Equilateral triangle
Angle section
Z- section
Symmetrical bending
Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, Leonhard Euler
(1707-1783) and Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)
What are the assumptions?
For symmetrical cross section
zz
MY x M X y
=
+
IY
IX
Neutral axis
zz = 0
Unsymmetrical bending
Equations of equilibrium
0 =
M
zz
dA
y dA
= x dA
zz
zz
Combining it all
zz = E zz
zz = a + bx + cy
M x I y + M y I xy
M y I x + M x I xy
y
zz =
x+
2
2
I I I
I
I
I
x
y
xy
x
y
xy
Moments
Moment is perpendicular to the plane of the
loads. If the plane of the loads makes an angle
with the x-axis,
My
Mx
M y = M x cot
Neutral axis
For bending stress to be zero
M x I xy + M y I x
x = x tan
zz =
+
M
I
M
I
x
y
y
xy
M x I xy + M y I x
tan =
M I +M I
y xy
x y
tan =
Pure bending of a nonsymmetrically loaded
cantilever beam
I xy I x cot
I y I xy cot
Example 7.3
A cantilever beam of length 3m as shown in the figure
has a channel section. A concentrated load P=12.0 kN
lies in the plane with an angle = /3 with the x-axis.
The plane of the loads passes through the shear center
C. Locate points of maximum tensile and compressive
stresses and find the magnitude of stresses.
I y = 30.73 x 106 mm 4
I xy I x cot
I y I xy cot
cot
3
3
Ix
cot
Iy
cos
3 = 0.5774
=
sin
3
Moments :
M = 3.00P = 36.0 kN .m
M x = M sin = 31.18 kN .m
Maximum stresses
.
Stress at A(-70,-118)
zz =
A =
M x ( y x tan )
I x I xy tan
M x ( 118 ( 70 ) tan )
I x I xy tan
= 133.7 MPa
Stress at B(70,82)
B =
M x ( 82 ( 70 ) tan )
I x I xy tan
= 105.4 MPa
Deflections
Determine separately x and y
components of displacement.
Here we show y component
Curvature
1 zz
=
Ry Ry
1 d 2v
where
2
R y dz
M x I y + M y I xy
Mx
d 2v
=
=
2
dz
E ( I x I xy tan )
E ( I x I y I xy2 )
Total displacement
u = v tan
v
= u +v =
cos
2
Components of deflection of a
nonsymmetrically loaded beam.
Example 7.6
Section properties :
A =10000 mm 2 I x = 36.69 x 106 mm 4 I xy = 0
y0 = 82.0 mm
I y = 30.73 x 106 mm 4
Solution
Stress :
zz =
M x ( y x tan )
I x I xy tan
B =
Moment :
PL
M=
= 26.25 kN .m
4
M x = M sin = 25.85 kN .m
PL3
=
48EI
PL3 sin
= 6.78 mm
v=
48 EI x
u = v tan = 1.54 mm
= u 2 + v2 =
v
= 6.95 mm
cos
Reading assignment
Sections 7.3-5: Question: Consider a horizontal cantilever
beam under a tip vertical load. What condition is required so
that tip will move both down and sideways?