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5.
(Lefkas earthquake)
available choices:
natural records (actual recordings): How to (find and) select?
artificial records
compatible with (assessment)
spectrum (engineering
approach)
from fault rupture models
(seismological approach)
1.5Ti
0.25g
Greek Code
Average Spectra
0.2i
1.5i
Scaled Average
Spectra
0.2i
0.25g
1.5Ti
0.2i
1.5i
FEMA 274:
Surface showing
relative costs of various
rehabilitation objectives
Static
(covered elsewhere in
this seminar)
Response Spectrum
Non-Linear Analysis
Time History
P-delta analysis
Large displacement analysis
suitable for
microscopic modelling
of bond slip, dowel
action, etc. (extra springs
at the ends)
. Macroscopic finite
elements (fibers/
fibers/layers)
layers)
based on the
assumption of constant
curvature in each subsubelement
can be applied for the
C. Microscopic finite
elements (1(1-D, 2-D, 33-D)
continuum
continuum models
the most accurate, but
also the most expensive
in general, not suitable
for design office
practice
practice
Modern seismic codes and design guidelines (EC8, ASCEFEMA) introduce the use of inelastic analysis as an
alternative to conventional elastic approaches
Examples:
Examples: A 4 storey pile supported building damaged by the Lefkada (2003) earthquake
Sextos, Kirtas, Fotaki & Pitilakis (2005) 4th European Workshop on Irregular &
Complex Structures
Example:
Example: National Theatre in Athens (masonry, concrete, wood & steel building)
building)
. & .
..
Various,
Various, composite and complex elements
10
For inelastic analysis mean values of the material strengths are used
11
IO : Immediate Occupancy
LS : Life Safety
CP : Collapse Prevention
12
t = C0 C1 C2 C3 (T2 e / 4
42 ) Spa
Spa: elastic spectral pseudo-acceleration based on initial period e
C0: coefficient for correlating Sd=[T2/42]Spa) to t at the top of the building
= 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, for no. of storeys 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, respectively.
C1: coefficient for correlating elastic to inelastic displacement (C1=inel/el).
C1=1.0
for e 2
C1=[1.0+(R-1)T2/ e]/R
for e < 2
where R=Vel/Vy the ratio of elastic strength demand to the yield strength
R=
S pa / g 1
Vy / W C 0
13
mn
Fi
mi
eff
n
Feff = Fi
i =1
eff
Fi
mi
Fi
mi
hn
Fi
mi
Fi
Meff
heff
heff
Keff
mi
Fi
hi
i =1
Meff = mi ci = mi (
i =1
i =1
i
)
eff
eff =
2n
mi i
i =1
n
mi i
aeff =
effi=1m=i ii=n1
mi i
Feff
Teff = 2
mi ci
i =1
eff
aeff
i =1
C2: coefficient to account for the effect of the hysteresis loop shape on the
inelastic displacement.
Type 1 structures: low ductility members that have poorer hysteretic
characteristics than those in Type 2 (high ductility) structures.
Values of C2 coefficient in FEMA 273
2
= 0.1s
Performance level
type 1
structures
type 1
structures
type 1
structures
type 1
structures
Immediate
occupancy
(serviceability)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Life safety
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.0
Collapse prevention
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.0
14
Modified Takeda
Degrading Stiffness
15
Es A s =
h
Aw,Gw
cos 2 sin
l
V
As,Es
d
h
a
l
Uncertainties involved :
Assumption made for the stiffness of the elastic part of lumped
16
200700
400
300
400
300
200700
200700
450
350
450
350
500
400
500
400
200700
250800
250800
103=30m
250850
500
400
500
400
500
400
500
400
250850
250850
250850
4m
6m
6m
Storey No.
0
10
0
0.05
0.1
COV
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
SIel(0.1-2.5) .25g
SIel(0.8-1.2) .25g
SIel(To-Tef) .25g
SIel(To-Tef) .5g
SIel(0.8-1.2) .5g
SIel(0.1-2.5) .5g
0.4
dE h
low-cycle fatigue
D = max +
u
M y u
(hysteretic energy dissipated)
17
18
FEMA 356
19
DisplacementDisplacement-based
assessment
(Priestley 1997)
Examples of nonlinear
assessment of buildings
20
Same buildings previously designed (Kappos & Athanassiadou, EEE,1997) for old ductility classes H and M
comparisons between the old and new designs
in terms of cost of materials and of seismic
performance
FR (T=0.96s)
FW (T=0.64s)
q=5.85
q=5.40
PGA=0.25g, C20/25 concrete, S400 steel
21
new DC H
old DC M
old DC H
M ax i m um (A = 0. 25 g )
M ea n (A =0 .5 0 g)
M ax i m um (A = 0. 50 g )
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 .0
0 .4
0. 8
1 .2
x /h (% )
1 .6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x/h (%)
22
p, av (A= 0,25g)
p,req (A=0,50g)
p, av (A= 0,50g)
10
9
10
p,req (new DC H)
p,av (new DC H)
p,req (old DC M)
p,av (old DC M)
p,req (old DC H)
p,av (old DC H)
6
5
2
1
1
0
0. 00
0.02
0.04
0. 06
0
0.00
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
p+,av (newDC H)
p+,av (newDCH)
p+,req (old DC M)
p+,av (old DC M)
p+,req (old DC H)
p+,av (old DC H)
p+,av (old DC M)
p+,av (old DC H)
10
10
1
0
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
positive values
0.05
0.06
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
negative values
23
VR (A=0.25g)
VR (A=0.50g)
10
10
0
0
200
400
600
Vmax (new DC H)
V max (old DC M)
VR (new DC H)
VR (old DC M)
Vmax (old DC H)
V R (old DC H)
800
200
400
60 0
80 0
100 0
VR (A =0.25g)
VR (A =0.50g)
10
10
Vmax (ne w DC H)
VR (n ew D C H)
Vmax (old DC M)
Vmax (old D C H)
VR (o ld DC M)
VR (old D C H)
0
0
100
200
300
400
100
200
300
400
24
A=0.50g
100
80.75
64.63
80
60
40
23.22
4.64
20
0
14.61
12.15
ext. columns
int. columns
beams
n ew D C H
o ld D C M
o ld D C H
10
9
10
9
8
7
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
2
3
1
1
0
0 .0
0.2
0 .4
0.6
0.8
x / h (% )
0 .0
0.2
0.4
0.6
x / h (% )
25
p,av (new DC H)
p,req (old DC M)
p,av (old DC M)
p,req (old DC H)
p,av (old DC H)
p,req (new DC H)
p,av (new DC H)
p,req (old DC M)
p,av (old DC M)
p,req (old DC H)
p,av (old DC H)
10
10
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0
0.00
0.02
wall
0.04
0. 06
0.08
columns
p+, av (new DC H)
p-,req (new DC H)
p-,av (new DC H)
p+ ,req (old DC M)
p+, av (old DC M)
p-,req (old DC M)
p-,av (old DC M)
p+ ,req (old DC H)
p+, av (old DC H)
p-,req (old DC H)
p-,av (old DC H)
10
10
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0. 04
positive values
0.05
0. 06
0
0.000
0.005
0.010
0. 015
0. 020
0.025
negative values
26
10
Vmax (new DC H)
VR (new DC H)
Vm ax ( new D C H)
VR (new DC H)
Vmax (old DC M)
VR old (DC M)
Vm ax ( old DC M)
VR (old D C M)
Vmax (old DC H)
VR (old DC H)
Vm ax ( old DC H)
VR (old D C H)
10
10
0
0
500
1000
1500
VR (new DC H)
VR (old DC M)
VR (old DC H)
0
0
2000
Vmax (new DC H)
Vmax (old DC M)
Vmax (old DC H)
200
40 0
wall
600
800
100
200
300
400
500
beams
columns
A=0.50g
100
75.31
65.64
80
60
40
20
0
22.16
2.53
27.48
6.88
columns
wall
beams
27