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1. (Kittel 9.3)
~ Fourier component of the lattice potential U (~r) is given by
a) The G
Z
1
~
~
U (~r) eiG~r d3 r
U G =
V
(1)
The lattice potential is the sum of the potentials of each atom in the unit
cell:
X
U (~r) =
Ua (~r ~j )
(2)
j
Z X
1
~
~
Ua (~r ~j ) eiG~r d3 r
U G =
V
j
Z
X
1
~
=
Ua (~r) eiG(~r+~j ) d3 r
V
j
Z
1 X iG~
~
~
Ua (~r) eiG~r d3 r
e j
=
V
(3)
(4)
(5)
~c =
We are considering G
is 1 = 0, 2 =
2
. From Fig. 1.21, the basis for the
c z
structure
hcp
2
1
1
~ c to be zero,
a1 + 3 ~a2 + 2 ~a3 . To see if symmetry forces U G
3~
P ~
c
we evaluate the prefactor j eiGc ~j . In this case, we get 1 + exp i 2
c 2 =
1 1 = 0.
c
~
b) For
G2c= c z, instead the structure factor is 1 + exp i c 2 = 1 + 1 = 2, so
~ 2c 6= 0.
U G
2. (Kittel 9.4)
In two dimensions, for N electrons,
2
L
A 2
N =2
k
(6)
kF2 =
2
2 F
will extend out of the first Brillouin zone into the second, but not into the
third. With this information we can make a rough sketch. First we sketch
the surface in the extended-zone scheme, and identify the Brillouin zones
(left). Then we can sketch the surfaces in the first and second Brillouin
zones (right), where they are hole-like and electron-like respectively. To
show the shape of the orbits, we draw some of the periodic repetitions. The
sharp corners have been rounded off and the intersections with the zone edge
made perpendicular, in accordance with Kittels rules of thumb for making
it the nearly free-electron model.
3. (fcc tight-binding)
We can start with equation 9.10:
~k =
eik~m
(7)
The sum is over the nearest neighbors. In the fcc crystal structure, there
are 12 nearest neighbors, with coordinates (from Fig. 1.22) which we can
write in a condensed form as
n
a a a
a a a o
~m =
0, ,
, , 0,
, , ,0
(8)
2 2
2
2
2 2
Thus
~k = eiky a/2 eikz a/2 + eikz a/2 eikx a/2 + eikx a/2 eiky a/2
(9)
ky a
ky a
kz a
kz a
kx a
kx a
= 4 cos
cos
+ cos
cos
+ cos
cos
(10)
2
2
2
2
2
2
4. (Kittel 9.7)
a) The de Haas-van Alphen period is given in equation (9.37):
2e
1
=
B
hcS
(11)
where S is the area of the extremal orbit of the Fermi surface perpendic~ Within the free-electron model, the surface is
ular to the direction of B.
2
a sphere, and S = kF . From Table 6.1, for K, kF = 0.75 108 cm1 .
Using these numbers, and the value Kittel conveniently gives us 2e
hc =
c
h
eB
2
(12)