02a-DGA Diagnosis 2014 - Part 1

Criteria for the Interpretation of Data for
y
nTransformers
a
Dissolved Gases-In-Oil From
p
m
e
e
n
i
ng
E
e
l
ob
C
g
n
ri
Doble Laboratory Seminar
2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved
1
Why Measure Gases in Oil
Excellent indicators of incipient fault condition

Most important diagnostic in the industry
ny
a
p
Materials involved
om
C
g
n
i
r
nee
Severity of the conditionng- iabnormal
amounts
E
e
l
b
o
D
Detect of wide
variety of conditions
Complex - not easily simplified for analysis in all cases
Energy Required to Break Bonds and Form Gases

Various gasses are created during oil decomposition depending on the
type of fault
H
H
338
Hydrogen
y kJ/mole
Low
n
a
C
H omp
Temperature
338 kJ/mole
Methane
4C
About 120 C
High
Temperature
About 700 C
g
n
i
r
ee
in
g
n
Ethane
E
e
l
ob
D
H
Ethylene
Acetylene
607 kJ/mole
H
H
H
720 kJ/mole
960 kJ/mole
3
Standard Gas Chromatogram
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
Minimum Detection Limits (MDL)

MDL
Method A
(ppm)
Gas
Hydrogen
Carbon Monoxide
25
Hydrocarbons
le
b
o
D
MDL
Method B
(ppm)
MDL
Method C
(ppm)
ny
a
p
o0.6m
C
g
n
2 ri
0.09
e
e
in 1
0.04-0.06
20
MDL
Method
IEC 60567
(ppm)
Eng
2
10
0.2 1
ASTM D 3612
Method A - Vacuum extraction/GC Analysis
Method B - Stripper Column/GC Analysis
Method C - Headspace/GC Analysis
Repeatability - Moderate Concentration

Hydrogen
338
341
344
349
343
340
331
342
355
343
Acetylene Ethylene
Ethane
70
92
95
69
91
94
69
92
95
69
93
95 g
n
i
r
69
93
95
e
e
n
i
g
69
92En
95
e
l 91
b
68
94
o
D
68
92
95
69
93
95
68
92
94
Methane Carbon monoxide

134
209
132
205
y
n
a
135
212
p
m
212
Co 135
134
208
133
205
131
203
134
210
137
215
134
210
Gas-in-Oil Standard: Headspace

Spiked
Amount
Ave. of 3
runs
H2
Methane
CO
Ethane
CO2
Ethylene
Acetylene
150.0
56.4
94.0
37.6
313.0*
37.6
37.6
152.7
57.1
96.6
37.8
324.3
37.5
34.6
ny
a
p
om
C
g
n
*CO includes about 50rippm in blank
e
e
n
i
ng
E
le
b
o
D
2
Historical Information
Nameplate information including age

Has the Total Combustible Gas risen suddenly?
ny
a
p
Is the unit heavily loaded or overloaded?
om
C
g
n
i
r
etest - trend?
e
n
Previous dissolved gas-in-oil
i
ng
E
le
b
o
Did a bushing
or the transformer fail at some point?
D
If the unit has been repaired, was the oil filtered or
degassed?
Oil Preservation Systems
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
Oil Preservation Systems
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
10
Partition Coefficients
Gas
Ostwald Coefficient
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
e
l
b
o
Methane
D
Ethane
Ethylene
Acetylene
in
g
n
E
g
n
i
r
ee
0.138
0.0745ny
a
p
m
Co0.900
0.102
0.0429
0.337
1.99
1.35
0.938
11
Gas Partitioning
Gas-in-Oil
ppm (vol/vol)
Gas
Estimated ppm
gas-in-gas
space**
Estimated %
gas-in-gas
space
ny
a
p
om
Oxygen
28,400
206,000
20.6
Nitrogen
59,000
792,000
79.2
Carbon Dioxide
1,000
1,110
0.11
Carbon Monoxide*
100
980
0.10
Hydrogen*
100
2,330
0.23
Methane*
100
297
0.03
Ethane*
100
50
0.01
Ethylene*
100
74
0.01
Acetylene*
100
107
0.01
*Combustible gases
**Estimated value under equilibrium conditions at 25C and 1 atm
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
12
Solubility of Gases in Oil

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, CO, and Oxygen increase with >temperature
CO2, Acetylene, Ethane, Ethylene decrease with
>temperature
y
n
a
p
m
o
C
g
Methane essentially unchanged with
change
in temperature
n
i
r
e
e
n
i
g
n
E
All increase proportionally
le with Pressure
b
o
D
doubling pressure doubles gas concentration in oil, in atmospheres
All modestly increase with decreasing oil density

13
Solubility of Gases in Oil
ny
a
p
om
C
g
n
i
Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide,e(Methane
to lesser degree)
r
e
in
g
n
proportionally higherleinEclosed conservator than gas blanketed unit
ob
D
atmosphere in open conservator
slowly lost to
If leak in nitrogen blanketed unit, these gases decrease the most
out of the combustible gases
14
Homogeneity of Gases in Oil
Rate of generation
Access of fault area to flow
ny
a
p
m
o
C
Rate of mechanical mixing mostinimportant
g
r
e
e
n
i
ng influencing factor
Presence of a gas lblanket
E
e
b
o
D
Diffusion Extremely slow
15
Gas Bubbles
Super-saturation of the oil with gas
ny
a
p
om
C
g insulation
n
Thermal decomposition of the cellulosic
i
r
e
e
n
i
ng
E
le
b
o
D
Vaporization of adsorbed moisture in the
cellulose (primary issue)
16
Oxygen and Nitrogen
Oxygen
increase-leak
decrease-overheating
C
g
n
eri
e
n
consumed in chemical reactions
i
g
n
Nitrogen
E
e
l
ob
ny
a
p
om
pressure and operating temperature dependent in gas blanketed

systems
17
Combustible Gases and Carbon Oxides
Norms - What is a normal rate of gassing

Total combustible gas - Guidelines
ny
a
p
Key gases - Identification of type of Cproblem
om
g
n
i
r
e problem
e
n
Ratios -Identification ofntype
of
i
g
E
le
b
o
Trends - Whats
D new
Fingerprints - Typical gassing behavior for certain families
of transformers
18
Dissolved Gas Acceptable Limits Various Sources

Hydrogen
CO
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
DOBLE
100
250
100
60
100
*IEEE
100
101-700
701-1800
>1800
350
351-570
571-1400
>1400
120
121-400
401-1000
>1000
65
66-100
101-150
>150
ng C
IEC 60599
Typical
Range
50-150
ri
e
e
ngin
E
e
l
400-600ob 30-130
D
20-90
50
51-100
101-200
>200
Acetylene
5 ny
a
p
1
m
o
60-280
2-9
10-35
>35
2-20
(No OLTC)
60-280
(Communicating
OLTC)
CO2
TCG
--
610
2500
2500-4000
4001-10000
>10000
720
721-1920
1921-4630
>4630
3,800-14,000
Would consider 1 ppm or more or acetylene as abnormal for further evaluation

Values based on statistical norms or consensus values
19
Total Combustible Gas Limits (ppm)

TCG
0-500
LOW LEVEL OF GASSING
501-1500
1501-2500
>2500
ny
a
p
MODERATE DECOMPOSITION
om - ESTABLISH
C
g
TREND
n
i
r
e
e
n
i
HIGHELEVEL
ng OF DECOMPOSITION - ESTABLISH
le
TREND
b
o
D
VERY HIGH LEVEL OF DECOMPOSITION
- IDENTIFY CAUSE
20
Key Gases - Arcing
Combustibles, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
CO
le
b
o
D
Hydrogen
e
n
i
g
En
Methane
C
g
n
eri
Ethane
ny
a
p
om
Ethylene
Acetylene
21
Key Gases - Overheating, Oil
Combustibles, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
CO
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
Hydrogen
Methane
C
g
n
eri
Ethane
ny
a
p
om
Ethylene
Acetylene
22
Key Gases - Partial Discharge
Combustibles, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
CO
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
Hydrogen
Methane
C
g
n
eri
Ethane
ny
a
p
om
Ethylene
Acetylene
23
Key Gases - Overheating, Paper

Carbon dioxide, non-combustible gas also important
Combustibles, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
le
b
o
D
CO
e
n
i
g
En
Hydrogen
C
g
n
eri
Methane
Ethane
ny
a
p
om
Ethylene
Acetylene
24
Key Gases - Composite
Combustibles, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
le
b
o
D
CO
Hydrogen
e
n
i
g
En
Methane
C
g
n
eri
Ethane
Ethylene
ny
a
p
om
Arcing
Heating Oil
PD
Heating Paper
Acetylene
25
Transformers With Incipient Faults

GAS
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Carbon Dioxide
Ethylene
Acetylene
*TGC
**TCG
1 - Arcing
0
1,100
79,000
9
33
7
510
8
9
80,676
57
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
2 - PD
1,700
3,000
110,000
43
440
6
8,400
2
0
123,591
2,191
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
3 - Thermal
540
2,300
87,000
1,300
420
160
2,000
810
2
94,532
3,232
*TOTAL GAS CONTENT

**TOTAL COMBUSTIBLE GAS
26
Transformers Exhibiting Overheating Of Oil

GAS
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Carbon Dioxide
Ethylene
Acetylene
le
b
o
Total combustible gas
D
540
1,300
420
160
2,000
810
2
e
n
i
g
En
3,232
TRANSFORMERS
2
3
1
69
400
2,300
6,800
180
0
C
g
n
eri
16
390
240
480
4,400
33
0
110
110
140
39
1,500
8
0
1,059
407
ny
a
p
om
2,950
Decreasing temperature
27
Ratio Methods
Advantages
quantitative
independent of oil volume
can be computer programmed
Disadvantages
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
dont always yield b

anleanalysis
o
D
not always
correct
dependence of preservation system
Solid insulation handled separately

28
Rogers Ratio-Fault Diagnosis

Case
Acetylene
Ethylene
Methane
Hydrogen
Ethylene
Ethane
Fault
<0.1
>0.1,<1.0
<1.0
Normal
<0.1
<0.1
<1.0
0.1-3.0
0.1-1.0
<0.1
<0.1
le
b
o
D
<0.1
m
o
C
ng >3.0
eeri
in
g
n
E
Low energy
y
n
pa PD
>0.1<1.0
1.0-3.0
>1.0
1.0-3.0
>1.0
>3.0
Arcing
Low temp
thermal
Thermal
<700C
Thermal
>700C
Apply when normal levels exceeded

29
IEC 60599 Ratio-Fault Diagnosis

Acetylene
Ethylene
Methane
Hydrogen
Ethylene
Ethane
Fault
NS
<0.1
<0.2
PD
>1
0.1-0.5
>1
0.6-2.5
0.1-1
>2
NS
>1 (NS)
<0.1
<0.2
le
b
o
>1
D
>1
ny
a
p
om
D1 - Low energy
C D2 - High energy
g
n
eri
e<1
n
i
g
En
1-4
>4
T1 <300C
T2 >300C
<700C
Thermal
>700C
NS = not significant regardless of value

30
Overheating of Oil
GAS
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Carbon Dioxide
Ethylene
Acetylene
y
pan
540
1,300
420
160
2,000
810
2
1
69
400
2,300
6,800
180
0
16
390
240
480
4,400
33
0
110
110
140
39
1,500
8
0
3,232
2,950
1,059
407
om
C
ng
ri
e
e
ngin
E
e
l
ob
TRANSFORMERS
2
3
31
Overheating of Oil
Rogers Ratio evaluation

Case 1: Core and tank circulating currents, overheated
joints
any
Case 2: Overheating 150-200Cring
e
e
n
i
ng
Case 3: Overheating
150-200C
E
le
b
o
Doverheating <150C
Case 4: Slight
p
m
Co
32
Ratio Methods Do Not Always Work

GAS
CASE 3
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Carbon Dioxide
Ethylene
Acetylene
le
b
o
D
650
81
380
170
g
n
i
r
2,000
e
e
n
i
Eng 51
270
CASE 7
76
6,000
36any
p
27,000
Com
4,400
120,000
1,700
1,602
154,812
33
Problems Detected
Case 3 - Electrical problem caused by poor shield contact.

ny
a
p
Case 7 - Core problem - metal particles,
omcarbon found,
C
g
n
i
r
e
erosion by electric currentinfound
e
ng
E
le
b
o
D
34
Important Ratios
Acetylene/Ethylene
<10% thermal problems
n electrical fault
a
> 10 but <20% thermal problems often developing
into
p
m
o
C
beginning of discharge activity
ng
>20% arcing
ri
e
e
ngin
E
e
l
ob monoxide
Carbon dioxide/Carbon
D
<3:1 indicative of high temperature localized overheating of paper
>10:1 general heating of the winding

35
Important Ratios
Ethylene/Ethane
>4:1 indicative of heating of bare metal
n
a
<4:1 indicative of heating of paper-wrapped conductor
p
m
o
C
g
n that paper is involved even when
Not always correct, provides indication
i
r
e
carbon oxides are low ngine
E
e
l
ob paper overheated to increase carbon oxides
Sometimes notDenough
in large oil volume
above normal
Sometimes paper burned away at some point and little further
deterioration in paper
36
Classical Duval Triangle for Transformers Filled with Mineral Oil
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
PD = Corona Partial Discharges

D1 = Discharges of low energy
D2 = Discharges of high energy
T1 = Thermal faults, T < 300 C
T2 = Thermal fauts, 300 C < T < 700 C
T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C
DT = Mixtures of electrical, thermal faults
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
Provided by Michel Duval of IREQ

37
The Use of Triangular Coordinates

Example:
y
If CH4 = C2H4 = C2H2
pa=n100 ppm,
om
C
ng
le
b
o
D
ri
The
triangular
coordinates to use are:
e
e
n
i
Eng %CH4 = % C2H4 = % C2H2 = 100/ 300 = 33.3%,
and correspond to only one point in the Triangle.
Free triangular paper and software to calculate triangular coordinates, and to

display the DGA point in the Triangle, are available from duvalm@ireq.ca, for all
versions of the Triangle presented
here
38
The Duval Triangle 2 for LTCs of Oil-Type

Fault zones:
le
b
o
D
N = Normal operation
T3 = Thermal faults
y T > 700C
n
a
p
T2 = Thermal
faults 300C < T < 700C
m
o
C
g = Fault T3/T2 in progress
X3
n
i
r
e X3 = Abnormal arcing D2
e
n
i
Eng
D1 = Abnormal arcing D1
: Normal operation; : Severe
coking; : Light coking; : Heating;
: Strong arcing D2; : Arcing D1
39
The Duval Triangle for Low Temperature Faults in Mineral Oil (H2, CH4 and C2H6)
Fault zones:
n
i
r
e
ine
ng
E
le
ob
D

S = Stray gassing of oil
nTy< 250C
a
O = Overheating,
p
m
o
C
C =gCarbonization of paper T > 300C
Stray gassing can easily be distinguished
from the other low temperature faults.
: Corona partial discharges; : Stray
gassing at 120C; Stray gassing at
200C; : Hot spots with carbonization
of paper; : Overheating (T < 250C).
40
The Duval Triangle for Low Temperature Faults in Mineral Oil (CH4, C2H6 and C2H4)
le
b
o
D
Fault zones:
S = Stray gassing of oil
O = Overheating,aTn<y250C
p
m
C = Carbonization
of paper T > 300C
o
C
gHigh temperature faults T > 700C
n
T3
=
i
r
e
e
n
i
Stray gassing can easily be distinguished
Eng
from the other low temperature faults.
: Corona partial discharges; : Stray
gassing at 120C; Stray gassing at
200C; : Hot spots with carbonization
of paper; : Overheating (T < 250C);
: faults T3 > 700C
41
Trend Analysis + Doble Database
Key gases

Rate of gas generation
Fingerprints
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
42
Conversion - Absolute Value to PPM
ny
6
a
p
m
(GAS IN FTg C)o(7.48)(10 )
n
i
r
e
e
n
i
g
(GALLONS
OF OIL)
n
E
le
b
o
D
3
PPM
Feet3 = 0.028 Meter3

43
Gassing Rates
Arcing - active gassing needs to be monitored closely and
investigated to identify source
Usually more than two data points required and needs
to be over a
y
n
a
p
significant amount of time
m
o
C
g
n
i
r
Thermal and PD
e
e
in
g
n
<1 ppm per day - normal,
depending on loading, previous behavior, time
E
e
l
interval
ob
D
1-3 ppm- indications of developing problem

3 + ppm increasing serious problem
100 ppm - immediate removal from Service
44
Transformer Fingerprints
GAS (PPM)
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Carbon Dioxide
Ethylene
Acetylene
Initial
3 years later
Initial 3 years later
350
260
110
210
44
61
11 ny
13
a
p
670
650
520
630
m
o
26
25ng C
3
4
i
r
e
3000
1900
5000
3900
e
n
i
g
9En
5
8
10
e
---obl --
45
Transformer Fingerprints
GAS (PPM)
Initial 2 years later Initial 2 years later
Hydrogen
20
12
0
0
y
Methane
55
16
60 pan29
Carbon Monoxide
2
9
0om
0
C
g
Ethane
25
83erin
61
46
e
Carbon Dioxide
1900 ngin
1500
650
250
E
Ethylene
500
620
200
150
le
b
o
Acetylene
TRACE
0
0
D 1
46
Water And Other Materials
Water
Electrolysis of free water + core steel + heat = hydrogen
+
y
n
a
p
oxygen
om
C
g
n
ri hydrogen
wet cellulose under PD yields
more
e
e
in
g
n
E
e
l
Silicone compounds,
ob organic polymers
D
under severe thermal and electrical discharge (arcing)
hydrogen and CO
47
Carbon Oxide Gases and Ratios
Cellulose Insulation
Shell form > CO2 than core form - due to mass
ny
a
p
Accidental CO2
om
C
g
n
i
r
CO2/CO : 3 -14 (Vitols)nginee
E
e
l
ob
CO2/CO Avg.
7:1
D
Approach 1 high temperature faults

High CO2 with low CO-lack of cooling/general overheating
48
IEEE Trial Use Guide

No acetylene acceptable
3 classes based on gassing rate in ppm/hr.
Condition I - No problem
ny
a
p
om
C
g
n
ri duplicate sample and
e
Condition II - Possible Problem,
take
e
in
g
n
E of data, advise customer
investigate cause by
review
e
l
ob
D
Condition III
- Certain problem, manufacturer and customer
conference
HC = methane + ethane + ethylene
49
IEEE Trial Use Guide

Gas
Component
Hydrogen
Condition I
Condition II
y
n
a
p
=>0.5<1.0 m
=>1.0
o
C
g
=>2.0<5.0
=>5.0
n
i
r
ee
<0.8
Hydrocarbon
<0.5
CO
CO2
<2.0
<20.0
le
b
o
D
Condition III
in
g
n
E
=>0.8<1.5
=>1.5
=>20.0<40.0
=>40.0
Gassing rates given in ppm/hour
50
DGA for Factory Heat Runs
le
b
o
D
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
New transformer tested in factory

51
DGA on 345 kV Auto Transformer

Tests at Transformer Factory
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon
Monoxide
Ethane
Utility Limits
13.8
2.3
34.5
2.3
Before Tests
After OA (TV)
After OA (HV)
After FA (HV)
12
After TV (FA)
After all Tests
Description
Carbon
Acetylene
ny
a
2.3
p
om
Comb
Gas
N/A
56
14
39
14
36
22
23
18
61
48
23
20
83
52
e
0l
b
o
D
e
11in
g
En
Dioxide
138
C22
g
n
eri
0
Ethylene
52
Using IEEE Proposed Limits

After All Tests
Gases
Hydrogen
HC
CO
Conc.
(ppm)
Condition
Problem
0.92
Condition II
Possiblempa
o >0.8, <1.5
Problem
C
g
ny
n
i
r
e
e I No problem
Condition
0.34
n
i
g
n
E
e
l
b
o
Condition I
No problem
0.63
D
CO2
CO2/CO
2.54
Condition I
IEEE
Limits
No problem
OK
<0.5
<2.0
<20.0
>4, <10
53

After FA (HV)
Gases
Hydrogen
HC
CO
CO2
Rate
(ppm/hr.)
Condition
IEEE
Problem
Limits
y
n
a
p
om ppm/hr.
C
Possible
g
n
Condition IIeri
1.7
e
Problem
n
i
g
n
E
e
l Condition I No problem
b
0.29
o
D
0
0
Condition I
Condition I
No problem
No problem
>0.8, <1.5
<0.5
<2.0
<20.0
54

After FA (TV)
Gases
Rate
(ppm/hr.)
1.83
Hydrogen
HC
CO
CO2
le
b
1.0
o
D
Condition
IEEE
Problem nLimits
y
a
p
om ppm/hr.
C
g
Certain
n
ri
Condition
III
e
e
Problem
n
i
g
En
Certain
Condition III
problem
>1.5
>1.0
1.7
Condition I
No problem
<2.0
4.2
Condition I
No problem
<20.0
55
Problem
e
n
i
g
En
C
g
n
eri
ny
a
p
om
le a CT open during testing causing

b
Mistakenly
left
o
D
current transformer to fail and CT terminal board

under oil to flash over.
This apparently caused the increased gas levels
56
DGA on 345 kV Auto Transformer

Re-test at transformer factory
Description
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Methane Carbon
Utility Limits
Before 2nd Heat Run
After OA (TV)
After OA (HV)
After FA (HV)
After FA (TV)
Ethane Carbon EthyleneAcetylene Comb

Monoxide
Dioxide
Gas
ny
a
p
13.8
N/A
N/A
2.3
34.5
2.3 m 138
2.3
o
C
g 0
n
i
2
4015
27263
0
10
51
0
r
e
e
in 12
g
n
2
6961
24224
0
0
41
0
E
e
l
b
o
4
5626
9
0
40
0
D 18934 0
N/A
12
14
13
7258
24675
17
56
21
8361
28775
20
81
24
57

02a-DGA Diagnosis 2014 - Part 1

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Criteria for the Interpretation of Data for

Doble Laboratory Seminar

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Why Measure Gases in Oil

Excellent indicators of incipient fault condition

Energy Required to Break Bonds and Form Gases

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Standard Gas Chromatogram

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Minimum Detection Limits (MDL)

Repeatability - Moderate Concentration

Methane Carbon monoxide

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Gas-in-Oil Standard: Headspace

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Nameplate information including age

Oil Preservation Systems

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Oil Preservation Systems

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Solubility of Gases in Oil

All modestly increase with decreasing oil density

Solubility of Gases in Oil

Homogeneity of Gases in Oil

Access of fault area to flow

Diffusion Extremely slow

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Oxygen and Nitrogen

pressure and operating temperature dependent in gas blanketed

Combustible Gases and Carbon Oxides

Norms - What is a normal rate of gassing

Dissolved Gas Acceptable Limits Various Sources

Would consider 1 ppm or more or acetylene as abnormal for further evaluation

Total Combustible Gas Limits (ppm)

LOW LEVEL OF GASSING

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Key Gases - Arcing

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Key Gases - Overheating, Oil

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Key Gases - Partial Discharge

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Key Gases - Overheating, Paper

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Key Gases - Composite

2014 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved

Transformers With Incipient Faults

*TOTAL GAS CONTENT

Transformers Exhibiting Overheating Of Oil

dont always yield b

Solid insulation handled separately

Rogers Ratio-Fault Diagnosis

Apply when normal levels exceeded

IEC 60599 Ratio-Fault Diagnosis

NS = not significant regardless of value

Total combustible gas

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Rogers Ratio evaluation

Case 2: Overheating 150-200Cring

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Ratio Methods Do Not Always Work