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Prof. Zongjin Li
Department of Civil Engineering
5. Concrete
-5.1 Introduction
Definition of Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse
granular material (the aggregate of filler) embedded in a
hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills
the space between the aggregate particles and glues
them together.
Concrete = Filler + Binder
5. Concrete
-5.1 Introduction
Composition of Concrete
Cement
+
Water
(Admixture)
Cement paste
+
Fine Aggregate
Mortar
+
Coarse
Aggregate
Concrete
5.1 Introduction
--Advantages of concrete
Concrete HK$ 200/T
Cement HK$ 400-500/T
V.S.
Aggregate HK$ 40 ~ 60/T Steel HK$ 2,000 ~ 4,000/T
Concrete
Reinforced concrete
Steel
(copper 10-8)
pH value 12 ~ 13.5
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12
Strain Softening
Strain hardening
Brittle
Quasi-brittle
Improvement
Ductile
Reinforced concrete
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Improvement
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Steel
Conc.
Improvement
15
Steam curing
Precast
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Precast
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Prestressed concrete
Reinforced Concrete
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19
--Based on strength
Low-strength
concrete
<20 MPa compressive strength of cylinder
Moderate-strength concrete
20~50 MPa compressive strength of cylinder
High-strength concrete
50~200 MPa compressive strength of cylinder
Ultra high-strength concrete
>200 MPa compressive strength of cylinder
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--Based on additives:
Normal
concrete
Fiber reinforced concrete
Polymer concrete
Micro Silica (M.S.) concrete
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Three phases:
Aggregate
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5. 3 Fresh Concrete
--Definition
A
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27
5. 3 Fresh ConcreteWorkability
-Factors Affecting Workability: Water Content
Fluidity
28
5. 3 Fresh ConcreteWorkability
-Factors Affecting Workability: Aggregate
Aggregate/cement
ratio
Fine aggregate/Coarse aggregate
Maximum aggregate size
Aggregate shape and texture
29
5. 3 Fresh ConcreteWorkability
-Factors Affecting Workability: Cement
Fineness
Fluidity
Cement
with fineness
paste
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5. 3 Fresh ConcreteWorkability
-Factors Affecting Workability: Admixtures
Air
entraining agent
-- air bubbles lubricates
Superplasticizers
-- release water; retarding, air entraining
effect
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5. 3 Fresh ConcreteWorkability
-Factors Affecting Workability: Temperature
Can
Workability
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--Slump test
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--Slump test
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--Slump test
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--Slump test
--Vebe test
Vebe apparatus
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--Vebe test
Vebe apparatus
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factor = mp/mf
mp mass of partially compacted
cylinder
mf mass of fully compacted cylinder
(using rod)
Range between 0.8 to 0.92
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--Ball-penetration test
Ball-penetration apparatus
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43
44
.
..
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
Uniform distribution
water
. . .. . . .. .. .. .
aggregate
Nonuniform distribution
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Compacting
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Curing method
Principle
Keep moist condition and provent the evaporation of
water inside concrete
Methods
Moisten the subgrade and forms; erect windbreaks and
sunshades; cooling aggregate and mixing water; fog
spray; covering
Curing materials
Liquid membrane-forming compounds
Paper and plastic sheets
Mats and blankets
52
5. Concrete
--Fresh Concrete: Curing (3)
Plastic shrinkage
Result of improper curing
Surface layer shrinks; inside concrete is plastic
crack
Wet
concrete
. .
.
. ..
. ..
Coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
Plastic shrinkage
53
5. Concrete
--Fresh Concrete: Curing (4)
Photo showing plastic shrinkage crack
Plastic shrinkage
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5. Concrete
--Fresh Concrete: Setting of Concrete
False
C S H 2 C S H 1 / 2
120
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5. Concrete
--Fresh Concrete: Setting of Concrete
Diagrammatic sketches of
different types of set of
cement mortar, and slump
loss of concrete
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