Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
'I-TIH ALLOYS
BY
J AI.JES RICHARD
vVfL~1'TGER
THESIS
Iv~INES
Rolla, l.'::issouri
1949
/}_.~~~
27
Approved bY_..;../&7----'''"''_---...;
. . _~
. ~~~~~~~~-----
s:Ei)I)8iSheiIT
Professor of
Metallurgical Engineering
ii.
ACKN a ',VLlmGIESNT
iii
COI\ITgJ:TTS
Page
ii
iv
.~cknoviledgment
I,ist of Tables
List of Figures
Introduction
Review' of Literature
Preparation of Alloys
Thermal Analysis
Metallography
Chenical Analysis
X-Ray Analysis
Conclusions
Summary
Appendix
Vita
59
Bibliography
20
40
45
48
58
60
65
66
i'1
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
..
1.
2.
3.
.....
10
14
15
4.
22
5.
...
...
39
6.
7.
X-Ray Data
8.
53
9.
54
... ....
.
...
47
52
LIST OF FIGURiG3
Figure
1.
Page
HeliwllAtmosphere Setup for Preparation of
Ba-Sn Alloys
2.
. . . . . . . ... . .
. . 13
4.
........
..
.....
17
7.
13
6.
...
5.
11
~7ith
18
Greater
............
. 19
....
Alloys
8.
Cooling Curve
9.
21
23
....
23
10.
23
11.
Alloy 30.
28
12.
Alloy 31.
29
13.
Alloy 32.
30
14.
Alloy 33.
31
15.
AIJ.oy 34.
32
16.
Alloy 35.
33
17.
Alloy 36.
34
18.
Alloy 37.
35
vi
Figure
19.
Alloy 38.
36
20.
Alloy 40.
37
21.
22.
23.
13 ;'It
,,1
30.1 'Nt
~j
41
....
43
25.
57 Wt
26.
27.
61
62
29.
44
28.
"-12
for 24 HI's.
/)
38
24.
63
..
64
INTRODUCTION
Barium was discovered by Davy in 1808 by electrolyzing
the fused mixtures of barium oxide and mercuric oxide.
mercury amalgam was obtained that gave the pure metal when
t.he mercury
1:1J8,S
distilled away.
are plentiful in ne.ture, there is no cheap method now available for the production of this metal.
Since
bariw~
has
ir~ert
atmosphere.
101'1 barilli~1
content only.
an unusual element.
formulate the underlying principles which cause alloy systems to take their particular form.(4)
(4)
tl->ey
pyrophoric possibilities.
With these thoughts in mind, the author attempted to
produce alloys of barium and tin using metallic barium and
barium hydride.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ii.
bariw~
These allays
(1)
Cowan,~.
The
alloys contained from 0.5 per cent to 2.0 per cent barium
and from .25 to 1 per cent calciura.
~.~.,
p. 1.
Their
On electrolysis, chlorine
A THEORETICAL
STUDY
OF Ba-Sn ALLOYS
Vfuen considering a binary alloy system, the first
important fact to determine is whether the alloying metal
is soluble in the host metal in the solid state.
The next
sidered it is desirable to determine if there are any eutectics, peritectics, or monoeutectics formed and at what
compositions and temperatures.
In the formation of binary alJ.oys certain rules seem
to govern the types of alloys formed.
1. The concep-
If
The
electrochel~lical
fac-
differ~mce
GEmer-
Also, a
= -31.2%.
Considering tin as the host metal, the atomic size difference is 4.48 - 3.08
3.08
= +45.4%.
I
'7
electroche~ical
C0111-
pounds.
The normal valence of barium is two and that of tin
is four.
This would
struct~re
rOOi~'l
of tin is body-centered-tetragonal.
of barium is
temperature structure
This difference in
(3) Whanger, J. R., The Alloying Nature of Nickel, Dissertation, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla,
Mo., 1948.
that metals which show complete solid solubility have
entropy values very close together.
This relationship is
yet the fulfillment of this condition does not ipsure complete solid solubility.
Kelley, K. K., Contributions to the Data on Theoretical Metallurgy, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 350,
1932.
difference which would decrease the likelihood of any sizeable amount of solid solubility between barium and tin.
From a consideration of the factors listed above, it
would appear that the system of barium-tin will consist
of practically no solid solutions on the high tin side, and
very little if any on the high barium side of the diagram.
However, these factors indicate that there would be a strong
tendency for relatively stable
barium and tin.
co~pounds
to be formed between
0.
./
PR3Pi\.RATIOF OF ALLOYS
In order to produce any alloys of barium, it
that
SO"19
VJas
kno\'VD
This charge
the tin (15 per cent), this method was not satisfactory
because the reSUlting alloy still had considerably less
barium in it than was
added.
in Figure 1.
10
TABLE I
CHEI.IICAL ANALYSIS OF hIATERILL USED
Sn
Sn (Belmont Virgin Pig)
99.85
99.80
Pb
Sb
Cu
As
.02
.037
.025
.02
Ba
BaH 2 (Metals Hydrides)
97.58
Ba
99+
(King Laboratories)
1.42
11
FIG. /
C"""7't----
r------~~--
He//um
C'
A-CrClphile Crucible
IJ- 8Q'i/lIm- Tin Ch ar!Je
Ashesfos Rope
c-
12
It
These
pellets were compressed by means of a hand-operated hydraulic press at 3000 pOlmds per square inert.
These samples
tr~at
Sample No. 28
ViaS
13
Figure 2.
Fig~ITe
3.
14
TABLE II
DATA FOR HELIUM ATMOSp:mi;RE PREPARATION
OF Ba-Sn ALLOYS
tIel ting Data
Sample
No.
GmBa
GmSn
Results
%Ba
Total
Weight
16
24
73
33
18
11
20
35
31
19
21
4.5
82
25.5
Weight of
Resulting
Alloy
11
Boiled over
8.25
%Obtained
33
%Ba
72.2
0
32
74.8
20
8.1
21.9
27
30
17
56
12.9
21
26
13.5
30
29
96.5
13
15
TABLE III
FOR HELIE,!
DATA
AT:OSPHER1:~
ting Data
P:C::LL:0.:TS
Results
GmBa
GmSn
%Ba
17
18
13
58
24
27.5
31.5
47
23
31.7
6.5
25
18
26
Sample
No.
BARlm~
Total
Weight
if/eight of
Resulting
lloy
%Obtained
%Ba
24.5
82
30.1
5.9
34.5
59
33.4
83
38.2
22;,.5
75
75.5
35
34
53
18
34
39.3
31
31
50
62
37
60
44.0
27 A.
32
28
53
60
42
83
69.5
27B
32
28
53
60
83
95.2
28
22
33
40
55
54
98
39.4
31
16
properties.
the alloys.
These
t~o
small
rese~bled
allo~
the crystal to
(1)
the second possibility, and the fact that the material was
hard would tend to substantiate the presence of an alloy
because barium is very soft and ductile.
Figure 4
40
18
Figure 5
<2:0X
19
Figu~e
100
20
THERMAL ANALYSIS
In an effort to use thermal analysis on the bariwjtin alloys, several methods "were tried before a satisfactory
technique was devised.
tection.
KGl) was tried, but the alloy oxidized before the salt
melted. A combination of these two methods was tried and
still the high bariwn alloys oxidized instead of melting.
A new method was devised, whereby the metal waS pro-
It will be
this data.
21
70
A/umeJ
- ------r-----+ Chrome/
h
Calvan ome fer
Iblenfiomefei
Hel/um
A -Me/al S/J/eld
B -Net/fret / Terminal
C
-a uarlz
lUbe
Confain/nt]
AI/o y
O-Crc;ph/fe Cruc/ble
-S(Juerel:Sen J eCi/
F/(j
22
TABLE; IV
TYFICAL COOLING DATA
Tin:e
T1 e
( Ga1v8.nometer
Deflection)
T1 -T 2
L1 T1
A (T 1 -T 2 )
A (T1 - T 2 )
.d T1
595
118
585
118
10
576
118
568
118
559
lis
551
liE
545
118
539
3/4
518
.104
537
1 314
.500
10
534
11
529
12
522
2 112
-112
-.071
13
516
-1/2
-.083
14
510
-1
-.167
15
503
1/4
-314
-.107
16
497
lis
-114
-.041
17
490
l/S
18
483
118
19
447
ltS
20
471
lis
1 114
.416
0
FIG. (}
5'10
FIG 9
590
FIG /0
.590
5CJO
-----.-..--
5eJo
JO
i
I~:r
. I"
"
,_1
1 ,960
to-
1:~~~ t
--',
.,"'!"'
t r ....
i---
~,..
Q~ 550
-
5..40
I'
I~
~
~
},.5.10
~
-5/j-o.-
I
530
530
5,20
520
5/0-
~/OI
500
5(J()
-f9()
490
-f
520
~
5/0
f-
{JO
'190
4-80 ""'"'
'S
_
I'~
77mf? (ff!;"',,/-es)
{l,oh'nf t"'~/'Ye
if
2.0
'I'fl8-IJ I!
i;)
..,80 --.I;-'_----;~-___;_-----:;;---__::._--::__......
Z
I
0
I
ZS
f
SI.\J
A{i-~)
C.v
-=-'
I,
t,-~
'9'-
.3
O/r~ren-hc1
1,0//,.,/ t'''I''e
,
1
r
At
LJer/iI'eF' p"'/'~e/"<?n;ti/al
:-'~.j
I/e
24
Figure 10.
e~ployed
The derived
differer~tial
cooling
Thus, if Tl is
T2 the temperature of the neutral body, the derived differ ntL:"l.l is the graph
of~(Tl-T2) lAT 1
c:{rE"~
versus Tl The
the anplification of trans-
-;[j.th
this
SE:~tup
several
The one-
The met-
0.1 shield was sealed to the graphite crucible with sauereisen, and an inert atmosphere was Maintained.
The
These
25
If!3.S
a ttemrted.
SOl18
V'lhen this
was attem.pted it was noticed that dlU'itlg heating the temperature of the neutral junction slITpassed that of
junction.
t~e
working
c~uartz
However, at about
hlbe surpassed
that of the neutral body even though the neutral body was
closer to tile source of heat.
26
Several
The incongruent
HOVlever,
vIi tl" very lovr bariuiil concentra tions the separation of tin
This
cooling curve was obtained for the 45 per cent bariwu alloy
shown in Figure 14.
cent came to 43.4 weight per cent, so this alloy was the
next one to be tested.
In this
27
'iii tb
'fJaS
suspected at
alloy of this Ba-3n ratio, the straight line shown in Figure 18 was obtained.
of 9l0 c e extended.
The soli-
28
-~
6",0
h
6'00
o\:; 580
--t
~
56'0
040
52.0
5Q()
"'1-80 .
~6'()'
~:;----,-.------------.os ()
/0
29
rlG.12ALLOY31 DERIVED
(356;:8a)
.05
10
./5"
(~-~)
-4Jf"
30
900
800
~:
I
750
650
6'00
5"50
r/G./3
A'A(~-~)
~~~III~.
ALLOY 32 ~E,q/VO
31
;::la/~
~
ALLO Y. 33 DERIVED
7111)
o8f)
6'~o
84(}
-T
Q~
820
--f-
'i.." 6'0-0
580
56'0
5~()
5~O
50a
.0.2
. 01
.0/
-+-
32
r/c. /5
,AiLO Y 34 DERIVED
---
1/00
'~
//40
~~
to>
r-
/120
,~
--
,.,
./
,
.
,-
ffOO
'1-,.,
/080
"""'-
I ., it
.-
1t:l6(} ,
,I'
,r
I!f. ;.
I
'4
.
"
~+!~
.~
'..
:';
I'
/020
,
r
l.-
.rt
';,
,1,
..
.
.-
'.'
I.-
.1'
.p.z
I~
'
';"'
I;
If
li. ,;J.+ln
...
.;~
r ~HFlJ;:r <'i1wrr;:H~+
"'If
~r
,0'"
.06"
A(I
A
7f
tJ
~::r ~r
"
'W:;i
C"';'.'ri
h ....
t:
I~: ~~i
.1,. . IL
:~f r~!+
.~
I'
~l:
. Ir
.~.
...
0,,2
'.
i'
/OOQ
;
I-
1#.ftL
1-
,I
.08
;:<'
.. ... !
';~.;
I,,;f.t
I
r~
./0
II
I,
tl
II
33
.. ric /6'
ALia Y db DERIVED
700
6'80
6Il&
t-
()~ O~J)
T,
-=q
'i..'
6'@
000
..,
560
Dj?
.0/
.01
34
_.J_.J'
.960
(S7%8aJ
_-!-'-_.+-----
95~ ~
920
--r-
~ gOO
~,
880
860
820 -
Boo
780
---=
?.P:.O
,OZ
_0/
,0/
-+
. oz
----=-_--::-_ _--:-_ _
-o~
- tJa ,06 .0;
.03
35
(S2']
% f3a)
36
r/c
/9 ALLOY 38 iJER/VEfJ
LJ/F/I?EIVT/AL CtJtJL/A/G C{/RV
.910
( 6' -1 ;Z Bcr)
37
10 DERIVED
FI620ALLOY
DIFFERENTIAL COOLINC
(82/t8a)
C{jRV~
95"-<7
BOO
8ao
./
+
.,1{f;-4)
A
T,
.3
.4-
,~
,6'
38
,<::I
39
TABLE V
A LIST OF
INTER~~TALLIC
CO~WOUNDS
Formula
wt%Ba
Melting Point
43.4
l120 0 C ?
53.6
Above l130 0 C
40
METALLOGRAPHY
The use of metallography as a tool in the examination
of bariuIn-tin alloys is limited to the low barium alloys.
Specimens with a high bariuri"l content were acted upon by the
atmosphere to such an extent that they appeared black under
the microscope.
thirty seconds.
Figure 24
These
After a fif-
Figure 22
lOOX
42
Figure 23
l50X
Barium-Tin alloy, 13 wt. %Ba, as annealed at 200C for 24 hrs. EtchB. ten
sec. in cold water. BaSn 5 (black) in a
matrix of unetched tin.
43
Figure 24
150X
Bari~~-Tin alloy, 30.1 wt. %Ba, as annealed at 500C for 24 hrs. Etched by
exposure to the atmosphere during polishing. Very dark Ba2SnS in a matri ~
of dark BaSns'
44
Figure 25
lOOX
45
CHEMICil.L lu'rALYSIS
The method of chemical analysis used was the gravimetriC determination of barium.(l)
(1)
The solution
The
In order to
'::2'::
decanted through
The
46
c13
follows:
\'[eight BaS04 x
Ba
BaS04
= 'deight
of barhJJH
in original sample.
The mercury
amalgamated with the tin and barium, but the barium amalgam was unstable in the presence of water.
It was thought
47
TABLE VI
RES1JLTS OF CJIEI",fICAL ANALYSIS
Sample No.
Weight
16
72.2
17
30.1
19
74.8
20
12.9
21
13.0
23
75.5
24
33.4
25
39.3
26
44.0
27A
h~
27 B
95.2
28
39.4
30
32.1
31
35.6
32
39.0
33
46.1
34
43.0
35
49.2
36
57.0
37
52.3
38
63.8
39
87.3
40
81.7
.5
Ba
48
X-RAY ANALYSIS
The X-ray Ii/ark was done on a North American Phillips
X-ray
spectror~~eter
The high
was accomplished the pO-IJ.!der oxidized rapidly, thus swelling and spalling off during X-ray exposure.
As a result of these difficulties, the X-ray data was
not conclusive enough to make any predictions
diagram.
8.S
to tri8 phase
the X-ray results with the thermal analysis, the tv,;o methods were in agreement.
Thernal anaJysis showed the presence of an intermetallic compound Ba2Sna at 43.3 weight per cent barium.
There
The X-ray
49
These
line::~
TableVIII.
There were enough lines assigned to the Ba2Sn3 phase
for an attempt to be made to determine the cryst3l structure
of this intermetallic compound.
Hull, A. W., and Davey, W. P., Graphical Determination of Hexagonal and Tetragonal Structures from X-Ray
Data, Physical Review 17, pp. 549-570. (1921)
When an exact
match is found between the chart and the interplanar spacing of the unknown, then the crystal belongs to the system
and subdivision marked on the Chart, and the correct axial
ratio is given on the ordinate.
/.?
M x 1.649 x 10- 24
= n ~(d x 10-8)3
Where:
~iS
the density
If the line
50
system)
This procedure was folJ.ovved and an exact match rias
possible in only two places.
In the body-centered-
(1)
.10.
The
~4
.u
01
r-a~
-lc j.
Ii-
3.5611
TL...---- T
There fore, a == JL
.34
3.56
.34
51
/=
/=
c,
.24
=b
Therefore, a
and ~
3.56~
= .24
= 3.56
.24
== 14.8~
c01J~d
However,
.24.
The broken
x2 = 2 y 2
x =
V2y
Subs ti tuting
52
TABLE: VII
X-RAY DATA
(CuY"'clC RADIATION)
BaO JL#
Tin!!
d
/I
BaH 2 ff
1.10
.1
1.06
.05
1.10
.2
1.20
.5
1".13
.15
1.11
.3
1.29
.4
1.23
.25
1.44
.5
1.30
.4
1.26
.2
1.51
.4
1.44
.7
1.38
.1
1.68
1.0
1.46
.3
1.59
.2
1.73
.5
1.48
.6
1.66
.5
1.81
.2
1.65
.2
1.95
.8
1.82
.1
2.01
.8
2.75
.9
2.06
.9
2.06
.6
3.20
1.0
2.14
.5
2.78
1.0
2.33
.8
2.89
.9
2.46
.5
2.71
.8
2.91
.7
2.99
.7
3.03
.6
# Authorts Values
## ASTM Values
TABLE VIII
d-VALOES ASSIGNBD
TO
SP~CIFIC
PHASE
~f17
PEj.33S
FORE PHASE
',;:24
~!'31
#34
~~36
1/33
#38
Ba2Sna
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.78
.4
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.85
.5
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
.4
2.28
2.30
2.28
2.30
2.28
1.0
2.57
2.56
2.56
.6
2.58
3.44
2.54
2.93
2.93
2.93
.7
3.42
3.42
3.42
.8
1.37 1.37
1.37
.8
1.58 1.56
1.57
.8
1.88 1.88
1.88
1.0
BaSn
1.34
1.35
1.60
1.88
54
TABLE IX
X- RAY D ~:r :~ FOR
B.~RIm,f-TIN
due to
Alloy
d
ALLOYS
~':24,
33% Ba
due to
1.22
.5
3n
1.09
.3
3n
1.2:
.4
3n
1.22
.7
3n
1.30
.5
3n
1.29
.6
3n
1.44
.8
3n
1.30
.8
3n
1.45
.5
3n
1.43
.9
Sn
1.48
.9
3n
1.45
.7
Sn
1.65
.6
Sn
1.48
1.0
3n
1.84
.15
Ba2SnS
1.65
.8
3n
1.94
.1
BaO
1.85
.2
Ba23nS
2.00
2.5
3n
1.94
.2
BaO
2.05
1.6
3n
1.99
3.0
3n
2.14
.1
2.03
2.0
3n
2.42
.15
Ba3ns
2.13
.15
Ba2SnS
2.51
.2
BaSns
2.28
.4
Ba23nS
2.58
.2
Ba23nS
2.34
.2
2.77
3.0
3n
2.39
.3
Ba3ns
2.88
3.8
3n
2.75
4.0
3n
BaSns
2.86
4.5
3n
3.09
.2
BaSng
3.30
.7
3.42
.3
Ba23nS
3.13
.25
3.34
.2
55
due to
1.20
1.24
1.29
1.30
1.32
1.43
1.44
1.47
1.61
1.66
1.68
1.79
1.85
1.94
2.00
2.03
2.12
2.16
2.30
2.39
2.57
2.76
2.89
3.11
3.17
3.29
3.44
.4
.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.2
.4
.2
.4
.2
.25
.2
.25
1.0
.5
.2
.3
.7
.6
.5
1.0
1.0
.3
.1,5
.25
.4
Sn
BaG
Sn
Sn
?
Sn
Sn
Sn
BaO
Sn
BaO
Ba2SnS
Ba2SnS
BaO
Sn
Sn
Ba2Sns
BaH;a
Ba28ns
BaE2
Ba28nS
Sn
Sn
BaSns
BaO
BaO
Ba28ns
Alloy
d
1.10
1.20
1.24
1.26
1.29
1.30
1.32
1.34
1.43
1.45
1.48
1.60
1.62
1.65
1.68
1.72
1.78
1.81
1.85
1.93
1.99
2.03
2.12
2.28
2.36
2.56
2.74
:-J. {OLl,
. .,_
2.93
3.11
3.24
3.42
jl?LI.
II '..-' ". ,
I
.15
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
LlC'>D
..... 0/.1)
Ba
due to
Sn
Sn
BaO
BaO
Sn
Sn
.1
.1
.4
.2
.4
.15
.4
.35
.35
.4
.4
.2
.5
.45
1.2
.8
.4
1.3
1.2
BaSn
Sn
Sn
Sn
BaSn
BaO
Sn
BaO
BaH2
Ba;aSns
BaH 2
Ba2Sns
BaO
Sn
Sn
Ba2SnS
Ba2;:>ns
BaE2
0
.;:;
3a2SnS
1.2
1.S
1.2
.3
1.1
1.3
Sn
811
Ba2SnS
BaH 2
BaO
Ba28113
56
1.20
1.24
1.26
1.30
1.35
1.41
1.43
1.48
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.68
1.79
1.86
1.88
1.93
1.95
2.00
2.04
2.12
2.14
2.30
2.37
2.76
2.88
2. 9 3
3.18
3.27
3.42
46,,1
- ~ ?.:..o
due to
.2
.1
.2
Sn
BaO
BaO
8n
BaSn
Sn
Sn
Sn
BaO
BaO
Sn
BaO
Ba 2 Sn s
Ba2Sns
BaSn
BaO
BaO
Sn
Sn
Ba2SnS
BaH 2
Ba2SnS
BaH 2
Sn
Sn
Ba2SnS
BaO
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.35
.45
.1
.2
.2
.1
.8
.3
.1
.25
.9
.5
.7
1.2
.3
.1
.3
.65
Alloy
Ba
Ba2SnS
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.19
1.20
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.37
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.50
1.54
1.58
1.65
1.72
1.88
1.92
1.98
2.03
2.05
2.27
2.34
2.54
2.74
2.79
2.88
''r')6 ,
ii W
57% Ba
due to
.1
.2
.5
.2
.6
.45
.45
.4
.5
.1
.2
.65
.5
.65
.4
.1
.2
1.0
.2
.25
Sn
BaH 2
Ba s Sn2
?
Sn
BaO
BaO
Sn
Sn
?
BaSn
Sn
Sn
Sn
Ba s Sn2
?
.0
BaSn
Sn
BaH 2
BaSn
BaO
.c
"
3n
c::
.5
.5
.5
.4
.2
.2
.2
.1
Sn
BaH 2
BaH 2
BaI-I 2
Ba2Sng
BaO
Sn
Sn
57
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.16
1.20
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.37
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.50
1.52
1.56
1.60
1.64
1.68
1.73
1.88
1.93
1.99
2.03
2.12
2.15
2.27
2.36
2.76
2.86
3.03
3.09
J:c:(o
'I: ,-,0,
.1
.2
.5
.2
.4
.3
.4
.3
.4
.1
.6
.5
.65
.3
.1
.1
.1
.8
.15
.35
.2
.5
1.7
.6
.25
.3
.8
.8
1.5
2.0
.2
.35
64( Ba
due to
Sn
BaH 2
Ba a Sn2
?
Sn
BaO
BaO
Sn
Sn
BaSn
Sn
Sn
Sn
Ba aSn2
Ba a Sn2
BaSn
BaO
Sn
BaO
BaH 2
BaSn
BaO
Sn
Sn
?
?
BaH 2
BaE 2
Sn
Sn
BaH 2
BaO
58
1.
2.
3.
4.
The crystal structure of Ba2Sna is believed to be facecentered-tetragonal with an axial ratio of .24.
5.
6.
59
SULLAliY
co~rect,
APPENDIX
65
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burgess, G. K., Bureau of Standards Sci'omtific Papers,
No. 9S', 1908.
Cowan, U. fl.., and Simpkins, L. D., and Eiers, G. 0.,
Met. Eng. 25, 1181 (1920).
Che'~'.
p. 329.
U. S. Bureau of Standards, Pyrometric Practice, Technologic Paper No. 170, p. 202, 1921.
Vickers, Charles, Trans. Am. Electrochen. Soc. 40, p. 15.
(1921) .
':'i11anger, J. R., The Alloying Pature of :Nickel, Dissertation, Ivlissouri School of l';=ines and ;',~eta1Iurgy, Rolla,
Nissouri, 1948.
056
VITA
James Richard
~lhanger