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INTRODUCTION
What is milk?
– Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands
of mammals.
– It is should be free from colestrum.
– It provides the primary source of nutrition for young mammals.
– The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the
mother's antibodies to the baby.
– It can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby.
– it contains significant amounts of saturated fat, protein and
calcium as well as vitamin C.
– milk has a pH ranging from 6.4 to 6.8, making it slightly acidic.
– In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through
breastfeeding
– cow's milk has been processed into dairy products such as cream,
butter, yogurt, kefir, ice cream, and especially the more durable
and easily transportable product, cheese.
– Modern industrial processes produce casein, whey protein,
lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-
additive and industrial products.
Types of milk
1) Pasteurised milk:-
1) Sterilised milk:-
1) Flavoured milk:-
4)Skimmed milk:-
– It means product prepared from milk from which almost all the
fat has been removed mechanically.
– It shall have not more than 0.5% fat and 8.7% Solid Not
Fat(SNF).
5) Standardised milk:-
6)Recombined milk:-
Composition of milk
– Milk is a complex mixture of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and
many other organic compounds and inorganic salts.
COMPOSITION OF MILK
What are
adulterants?
– Adulterants are chemical substances which should not be
contained within any other substances(eg. food, beverages,
fuel or pesticides)for legal or any other reasons.
Why adulterants
used in milk?
– To increase the quantity.
– Starch.
– Ammonium sulphate.
– Urea.
– Detergents.
– Glucose.
– Sodium Chloride.
– Pulverized soap.
Detection of
adulterants:-
I. Detection of cane sugar
○ Requirements:-
Resorcinol and concentrated HCl.
○ Procedure:-
a) Curdle an aliquot of the milk by adding a little concentrated
HCl(for 25 ml of milk usually 1 ml of concentrated HCl is
required).
b) Let stand for about 10 minute and filter.
c) To 5 ml of the modifed resorcinol-HCl reagent taken in a test
tube , add 1 ml of the filtered milk serum and mix.
d) Place the test tube in boiling water bath for exactly 1 min.
e) Withdraw the tube and observe the colour.
○ Observation:-
Apperance of deep red colour indicates presence of sucrose ,or a
ketose.
I. Detection of starch
○ Introduction:-
Addition of starch also increases the Solid not Fat(SNF)
content of milk.
○ Requirements:-
Iodine Solution
○ Procedure:-
a) Take about 5 ml of milk in a test tube.
b) Bring to boiling condition and allow the test tube to cool to
room temperature.
c) Add 1-2 drops of iodine solution to the test tube.
○ Observation:-
○ Development of blue colour indicates presence of
starch ,which disappears when sample is boiled and
reappear on cooling.
○ Introduction:-
The presence of sulphate in milk increases the lactometer
reading.
○ Requirements:-
Sodium hydroxide , sodium hypochlorite ,phenol.
○ Procedure:-
a) Take 1 ml of milk add 0.5 ml of 2% sodium hypochlorite and
0.5 ml of 5% phenol solution.
b) Heat for 20 second in boiling water bath.
○ Observation:-
○ Bluish colour turns deep blue in presence of ammonium
sulphate. The development of pink colour shows that the
sample is free from Ammonium Sulphate.
I. Detection of urea
○ Introduction:-
Urea is generally added in the preparation of synthetic
milk to raise the SNF value.
○ Requirement:-
p – Dimethyl amino benzaldehyde (DMAB),HCl. 1.6%
DMAB: Dissolving 1.6gm of p-Dimethyl amino
benzaldehyde in 100ml of 10% HCl.
○ Procedure:-
5 ml of milk is mixed with 5ml of 1.6% DMAB and
Observe the colour of the milk.
○ Observation:-
The control (normal milk) shows a slight yellow colour
due to presence of natural urea.
○ Requirements:-
– Liquid NH3 and concentrated HNO3
○ Procedure:-
a) Take 50ml of milk in centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at
1000 RPM for 30 minutes.
b) Decant the supernatant milk carefully.
c) Dissolve it in distilled water and add 2.5ml of liquid
NH3 and few drop of concentrated HNO3
d) Observe the change in colour.
○ Observation:-
– Orange colour shows the presence of skimmed milk
powder as adulterants.
– Yellow colour shows the absence of skimmed milk
powder.
I. Detection of detergents
○ Requirements:-
– Bromocresol solution.
○ Procedure:-
– Take 5 ml of milk in a test tube and add 0.1 ml of
bromocresol.
○ Observation:-
– Appearance of voilet colour indicates the presence of
detergent in milk.
– Unadulterant milk shows faint violet colour.
○ Procedure:-
a) Take 5 ml milk in a test tube.
b) Add 5 drops of paraphenylene diamine and shake it
well.
○ Observation:-
– Change in the colour of milk to blue confirms
addition of hydrogen peroxide in the milk.
I. Detection of glucose
○ Requirements:-
– Modified barford’s reagent , Phosphomolybdic acid ,
acetate buffer.
○ Procedure:-
a) Take 1 ml of milk sample in a test tube.
b) Add equal volume of acetate buffer and filter.
c) Add 0.2 ml of filterate to 2.8 ml of water and 2 ml of
barford’s reagent.
d) Heat the tube in boiling water for 4 minutes.
e) After cooling for 2 minutes add 3 ml of
Phosphomolybdic acid and mix the contents.
○ Observation:-
– Development of deep blue colour indicates the
presence of glucose.
○ Requirements:-
– 5% potassium chromate , 0.1N silver nitrate.
○ Procedure:-
– Take 2.0 ml of milk and add 1.0 ml of 5% potassium
chromate , 2.0 ml of silver nitrate.
○ Observation:-
– Apperance of red precipitate indicates the absence of
dissolved chloride in milk and appearance of yellow
colour indicates presence of dissolve chloride.
I. Detection of pulverized soap
○ Requirements:-
– Phenolphthalein indicator.
○ Procedure:-
a) Take 10 ml of milk in a test tube , dilute it with
equal quantity of hot water.
b) Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
○ Observation:-
– Development of pink colour indicates that the milk is
adulterated with soap.
RESULT
• www.dairyforall.com/milk-adulteration.php
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1710849/
• McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised
Edition). Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80001-2.
• Information on milk by Parmalat
• Introduction to Dairy Science and Technology: Milk History,
Consumption, Production, and Composition
• http://www.sciencebyjones.com/MILK_NOTES.HTM
• Giblin, James. Milk: The Fight for Purity. Thomas Y. Crowell,
1986.
• Hui, Y.H., ed. Encyclopedia of Food Science and Technology.
John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1992.
• Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I. and Mary Howe-Grant, ed.
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition. John Wiley
and Sons Inc., 1993
• http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Milk.html
• Dairy Farmers of Ontario. http://www.milk.org .
• International Dairy Foods Association. http://www.idfa.org .
• National Milk Producers Federation. http://nmpf.org .
• McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology,
McGraw-Hill, 1997.
An assignment on: MILK ADULTERATION
ROLL NO:66374