WRITINGTASK1IELTSSIMON

Content

1.Linegraph.........2
1.1.TipsforLinegraph.....2
1.2.InternetUsersaspercentageofpopulation....3
1.3.InternatioalmigrationinUK...4
1.4.UKacidrainemission...5
1.5.Waterconsumption...6
1.6.Carownership....7
2.Barchart.8
2.1.Marriagesanddivorces.....8
2.2.Levelsofparticipation....9
2.3.Consumergood.....11
2.4.Houseprices......12
3.Table...13
3.1.Tipsfortable...13
3.2.Railnetworks..14
3.3.PovertyproportioninAustralia..15
3.4.Dailyactivities.....16
3.5.Goodsconsumer....17
4.Piechart..18
4.1.Cam7,page101..18
4.2.Diet....19
5.Map...20
5.1.VillageofChorleywood....20
5.2.Gallery....21
5.3.Housedesign....22
5.4.2proposedsupermarket..23
6.Process.....24
6.1.Tipsforprocessdiagram.24
6.2.ForecastinAustralia.25
6.3.Brickmanufactuting..26
6.4.Watercycle....27

1.Linegraph

1.1.TipsforLinegraph

Linegraphsalwaysshowchangesovertime.Here'ssomeadviceabouthowtodescribethem:

Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.

Foryoursummaryparagraph,lookatthe"bigpicture"whatchangeshappenedtoallof
thelinesfromthebeginningtotheendoftheperiodshown(i.e.fromthefirstyeartothe
last).Isthereatrendthatallofthelinesfollow(e.g.anoverallincrease)?

Youdon'tneedtogivenumbersinyoursummaryparagraph.Numbersarespecific
details.Justmentiongeneralthingslike'overallchange','highest'and'lowest',without
givingspecificfigures.

Neverdescribeeachlineseparately.Theexaminerwantstoseecomparisons.

Ifthegraphshowsyears,youwon'thavetimetomentionallofthem.Thekeyyearsto
describearethefirstyearandthelastyear.Youshouldalsomentionany'special'years
(e.g.apeakorasignificantrise/fall).

Startdescribingdetails(paragraph3)withacomparisonofthelinesforthefirstyear
shownonthegraph(e.g.in1990,thenumberof...).

Usethepastsimple(increased,fell)forpastyears,and'will'or'isexpected/predictedto'
forfutureyears.

Don'tusethepassive(e.g.thenumberwasincreased),continuous(e.g.thenumberwas
increasing),orperfecttenses(e.g.thenumberhasincreased).

1.2.InternetUsersaspercentageofpopulation

ThelinegraphcomparesthepercentageofpeopleinthreecountrieswhousedtheInternet
between1999and2009.

ItisclearthattheproportionofthepopulationwhousedtheInternetincreasedineachcountry
overtheperiodshown.Overall,amuchlargerpercentageofCanadiansandAmericanshad
accesstotheInternetincomparisonwithMexicans,andCanadaexperiencedthefastestgrowth
inInternetusage.

In1999,theproportionofpeopleusingtheInternetintheUSAwasabout20%.Thefiguresfor
CanadaandMexicowerelower,atabout10%and5%respectively.In2005,Internetusagein
boththeUSAandCanadarosetoaround70%ofthepopulation,whilethefigureforMexico
reachedjustover25%.

By2009,thepercentageofInternetuserswashighestinCanada.Almost100%ofCanadians
usedtheInternet,comparedtoabout80%ofAmericansandonly40%ofMexicans.

1.3.InternationalmigrationinUK

ThechartgivesinformationaboutUKimmigration,emigrationandnetmigrationbetween1999
and2008.

Bothimmigrationandemigrationratesroseovertheperiodshown,butthefiguresforimmigration
weresignificantlyhigher.Netmigrationpeakedin2004and2007.

In1999,over450,000peoplecametoliveintheUK,whilethenumberofpeoplewhoemigrated
stoodatjustunder300,000.Thefigurefornetmigrationwasaround160,000,anditremainedat
asimilarleveluntil2003.From1999to2004,theimmigrationraterosebynearly150,000people,
buttherewasamuchsmallerriseinemigration.Netmigrationpeakedatalmost250,000people
in2004.

After2004,therateofimmigrationremainedhigh,butthenumberofpeopleemigratingfluctuated.
Emigrationfellsuddenlyin2007,beforepeakingatabout420,000peoplein2008.Asaresult,
thenetmigrationfigurerosetoaround240,000in2007,butfellbacktoaround160,000in2008.

(159words)

1.4.UKacidrainemission


ThegraphbelowshowsUKacidrainemissions,measuredinmillionsoftones,fromfour
differentsectorsbetween1990and2007.

I'vemadethefollowingessayintoagapfillexercise.

Thelinegraphcomparesfoursectorsin______oftheamountofacidrainemissionsthatthey
producedoveraperiodof17yearsintheUK.

ItisclearthatthetotalamountofacidrainemissionsintheUK____________between1990
and2007.Themost______decreasewasseenintheelectricity,gasandwatersupplysector.

In1990,around3.3milliontonesofacidrainemissionscamefromtheelectricity,gasandwater
sector.Thetransportandcommunicationsectorwas______forabout0.7milliontonesof
emissions,whilethedomesticsector______around0.6milliontones.Justover2milliontones
ofacidraingasescamefromotherindustries.

Emissionsfromelectricity,gasandwatersupplyfelldramaticallytoonly0.5milliontonesin
2007,a______ofalmost3milliontones.Whileacidraingasesfromthedomesticsectorand
otherindustriesfellgradually,thetransportsector______asmallincreaseinemissions,______
apeakof1milliontonesin2005.

Fillthegapsusingthesewords:produced,reachingfell,responsible,saw,considerably,terms,
drop,dramatic.

1.5.Waterconsumption


Thegraphandtablebelowgiveinformationaboutwateruseworldwideandwaterconsumptionin
twodifferentcountries.

Thechartscomparetheamountofwaterusedforagriculture,industryandhomesaroundthe
world,andwateruseinBrazilandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.

Itisclearthatglobalwaterneedsrosesignificantlybetween1900and2000,andthatagriculture
accountedforthelargestproportionofwaterused.Wecanalsoseethatwaterconsumption
wasconsiderablyhigherinBrazilthanintheCongo.

In1900,around500kmofwaterwasusedbytheagriculturesectorworldwide.Thefiguresfor
industrialanddomesticwaterconsumptionstoodataroundonefifthofthatamount.By2000,
globalwateruseforagriculturehadincreasedtoaround3000km,industrialwaterusehadrisen
tojustunderhalfthatamount,anddomesticconsumptionhadreachedapproximately500km.

Intheyear2000,thepopulationsofBrazilandtheCongowere176millionand5.2million
respectively.WaterconsumptionperpersoninBrazil,at359m,wasmuchhigherthanthatin
theCongo,atonly8m,andthiscouldbeexplainedbythefactthatBrazilhad265timesmore
irrigatedland.

(184words,band9)
1.6.Carownership


ThegraphbelowgivesinformationaboutcarownershipinBritainfrom1971to2007.

Thegraphshowschangesinthenumberofcars______householdinGreatBritain______a
periodof36years.

Overall,carownershipinBritainincreased______1971and2007.Inparticular,thenumberof
householdswithtwocarsrose,whilethenumberofhouseholds______acarfell.

In1971,______halfofallBritishhouseholdsdidnothaveregularuseofacar.Around44%of
householdshadonecar,butonlyabout7%hadtwocars.Itwasuncommonforfamiliestoown
threeormorecars,______around2%ofhouseholdsfallingintothiscategory.

Theonecarhouseholdwasthemostcommontypefromthelate1970s______,althoughthere
waslittlechangeinthe______forthiscategory.Thebiggestchangewasseenintheproportion
ofhouseholdswithoutacar,whichfellsteadilyoverthe36yearperiod______around25%in
2007.Incontrast,theproportionoftwocarfamiliesrosesteadily,reachingabout26%in2007,
andtheproportionofhouseholdswithmorethantwocarsrose______around5%.

Fillthegapsintheessaywiththefollowingwords:almost,to,figures,per,between,by,over,
with,without,onwards.

2.Barchart

2.1.Marriagesanddivorces

TherstbarchartshowschangesinthenumberofmarriagesanddivorcesintheUSA,andthe
secondchartshowsguresforthemaritalstatusofAmericanadultsin1970and2000.

ItisclearthattherewasafallinthenumberofmarriagesintheUSAbetween1970and2000.
ThemajorityofadultAmericansweremarriedinbothyears,buttheproportionofsingleadults
washigherin2000.

In1970,therewere2.5millionmarriagesintheUSAand1milliondivorces.Themarriagerate
remainedstablein1980,butfellto2millionbytheyear2000.Incontrast,thedivorcerate
peakedin1980,atnearly1.5milliondivorces,beforefallingbackto1millionattheendofthe
period.

Around70%ofAmericanadultsweremarriedin1970,butthisguredroppedtojustunder60%
by2000.Atthesametime,theproportionofunmarriedpeopleanddivorceesrosebyabout10%
intotal.TheproportionofwidowedAmericanswasslightlylowerin2000.

(174words)

2.2.Levelsofparticipation

Thechartsbelowshowthelevelsofparticipationineducationandscienceindevelopingand
industrialisedcountriesin1980and1990.

Thethreebarchartsshowaverageyearsofschooling,numbersofscientistsandtechnicians,
andresearchanddevelopmentspendingindevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Figuresare
givenfor1980and1990.

Itisclearfromthechartsthatthefiguresfordevelopedcountriesaremuchhigherthanthosefor
developingnations.Also,thechartsshowanoverallincreaseinparticipationineducationand
sciencefrom1980to1990.

Peopleindevelopingnationsattendedschoolforanaverageofaround3years,withonlyaslight
increaseinyearsofschoolingfrom1980to1990.Ontheotherhand,thefigureforindustrialised
countriesrosefromnearly9yearsofschoolingin1980tonearly11yearsin1990.

From1980to1990,thenumberofscientistsandtechniciansinindustrialisedcountriesalmost
doubledtoabout70per1000people.Spendingonresearchanddevelopmentalsosawrapid
growthinthesecountries,reaching$350billionin1990.Bycontrast,thenumberofscience
workersindevelopingcountriesremainedbelow20per1000people,andresearchspendingfell
fromabout$50billiontoonly$25billion.

(187words)

2.3.Consumergood

ThebarchartcomparesconsumerspendingonsixdifferentitemsinGermany,Italy,Franceand
Britain.

ItisclearthatBritishpeoplespentsignificantlymoremoneythanpeopleintheotherthree
countriesonallsixgoods.Ofthesixitems,consumersspentthemostmoneyonphotographic
film.

PeopleinBritainspentjustover170,000onphotographicfilm,whichisthehighestfigure
shownonthechart.Bycontrast,Germanswerethelowestoverallspenders,withroughlythe
samefigures(justunder150,000)foreachofthesixproducts.

ThefiguresforspendingontoyswerethesameinbothFranceandItaly,atnearly160,000.
However,whileFrenchpeoplespentmorethanItaliansonphotographicfilmandCDs,Italians
paidoutmoreforpersonalstereos,tennisracquetsandperfumes.TheamountspentbyFrench
peopleontennisracquets,around145,000,isthelowestfigureshownonthechart.

(154words)

2.4.Houseprices

Thebarchartcomparesthecostofanaveragehouseinfivemajorcitiesoveraperiodof13
yearsfrom1989.

Wecanseethathousepricesfelloverallbetween1990and1995,butmostofthecitiessaw
risingpricesbetween1996and2002.Londonexperiencedbyfarthegreatestchangesinhouse
pricesoverthe13yearperiod.

Overthe5yearsafter1989,thecostofaveragehomesinTokyoandLondondroppedby
around7%,whileNewYorkhousepriceswentdownby5%.Bycontrast,pricesroseby
approximately2%inbothMadridandFrankfurt.

Between1996and2002,Londonhousepricesjumpedtoaround12%abovethe1989average.
HomebuyersinNewYorkalsohadtopaysignificantlymore,withpricesrisingto5%abovethe
1989average,buthomesinTokyoremainedcheaperthantheywerein1989.Thecostofan
averagehomeinMadridrosebyafurther2%,whilepricesinFrankfurtremainedstable.

(165words)

3.Table

3.1.Tipsfortable

Tablesseemdifficultwhentheycontainalotofnumbers.Here'ssomeadvice:

Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.

Beforeyoustartwriting,highlightsomekeynumbers.Choosethebiggestnumberin
eachcategoryinthetable(i.e.ineachcolumnandrow).Ifthetableshowsyears,look
forthebiggestchangesinnumbersoverthetimeperiod.Youcouldalsomentionthe
smallestnumbers,butyoucanignoe'middle'numbers(neitherbiggestnorsmallest).

Foryoursummaryparagraph,trytocomparewholecategories(columnsorrows)rather
thanindividual'cells'inthetable.Ifyoucan'tcomparewholecategories,comparethe
biggestandsmallestnumber.Write2sentencesforthesummary.

Inyourtwo'details'paragraphs,neverdescribeeachcategory(columnorrow)
separately.Theexaminerwantstoseecomparisons.Trytoorganisethenumbersyou
highlightedinto2groupsoneforeachparagraph(e.g.highestnumbersforall
categoriestogether,andlowestnumberstogether).

Describe/comparethenumbersyouhighlightedincludeatleast3numbersineach
paragraph.

Usethepastsimpleforpastyears,and'will'or'isexpected/predictedto'forfutureyears.
Ifnotimeisshown,usethepresentsimple.

3.2.Railnetworks

Thetablebelowgivesinformationabouttheundergroundrailwaysystemsinsixcities.

Thetableshowsdataabouttheundergroundrailnetworksinsixmajorcities.

Thetablecomparesthesixnetworksintermsoftheirage,sizeandthenumberofpeoplewho
usethemeachyear.Itisclearthatthethreeoldestundergroundsystemsarelargerandserve
significantlymorepassengersthanthenewersystems.

TheLondonundergroundistheoldestsystem,havingopenedin1863.Itisalsothelargest
system,with394kilometresofroute.Thesecondlargestsystem,inParis,isonlyabouthalfthe
sizeoftheLondonunderground,with199kilometresofroute.However,itservesmorepeople
peryear.Whileonlythirdintermsofsize,theTokyosystemiseasilythemostused,with1927
millionpassengersperyear.

Ofthethreenewernetworks,theWashingtonDCundergroundisthemostextensive,with126
kilometresofroute,comparedtoonly11kilometresand28kilometresfortheKyotoandLos
Angelessystems.TheLosAngelesnetworkisthenewest,havingopenedin2001,whilethe
Kyotonetworkisthesmallestandservesonly45millionpassengersperyear.

(185words)

3.3.PovertyproportioninAustralia

Thetablebelowshowstheproportionofdifferentcategoriesoffamilieslivinginpovertyin
Australiain1999.

ThetablegivesinformationaboutpovertyratesamongsixtypesofhouseholdinAustraliainthe
year1999.

Itisnoticeablethatlevelsofpovertywerehigherforsinglepeoplethanforcouples,andpeople
withchildrenweremorelikelytobepoorthanthosewithout.Povertyrateswereconsiderably
loweramongelderlypeople.

Overall,11%ofAustralians,or1,837,000people,werelivinginpovertyin1999.Agedpeople
weretheleastlikelytobepoor,withpovertylevelsof6%and4%forsingleagedpeopleand
agedcouplesrespectively.

Justoveronefifthofsingleparentswerelivinginpoverty,whereasonly12%ofparentsliving
withapartnerwereclassedaspoor.Thesamepatterncanbeseenforpeoplewithnochildren:
while19%ofsinglepeopleinthisgroupwerelivingbelowthepovertyline,thefigureforcouples
wasmuchlower,atonly7%.

(150words,band9)

3.4.Dailyactivities

ThechartbelowshowsaveragehoursandminutesspentbyUKmalesandfemalesondifferent
dailyactivities.

I'vemadethefollowingessayintoagapfillexercise.

Thetablecomparestheaverage______oftimeperdaythatmenandwomenintheUKspend
______differentactivities.

ItisclearthatpeopleintheUKspendmoretime______thandoinganyotherdailyactivity.Also,
therearesignificantdifferencesbetweenthetime______bymenandwomenon
employment/studyandhousework.

Onaverage,menandwomenintheUK______forabout8hoursperday.Leisure______
______thesecondlargestproportionoftheirtime.Menspend5hoursand25minutesdoing
variousleisureactivities,suchaswatchingTVordoingsport,______womenhave4hoursand
53minutesofleisuretime.

Itisnoticeablethatmenworkorstudyforanaverageof79minutesmorethanwomenevery
day.Bycontrast,womenspend79minutesmorethanmendoinghousework,andtheyspend
____________asmuchtimelookingafterchildren.

Fillthegapsusingthesewords:doing,up,over,spent,while,sleeping,sleep,twice,amount,
takes

3.5.Goodsconsumer

Thetablebelowgivesinformationonconsumerspendingondifferentitemsinfivedifferent
countriesin2002.

Percentageofnationalconsumerexpenditurebycategory2002

Thetableshowspercentagesofconsumerexpenditureforthreecategoriesofproductsand
servicesinfivecountriesin2002.

Itisclearthatthelargestproportionofconsumerspendingineachcountrywentonfood,drinks
andtobacco.Ontheotherhand,theleisure/educationcategoryhasthelowestpercentagesin
thetable.

Outofthefivecountries,consumerspendingonfood,drinksandtobaccowasnoticeablyhigher
inTurkey,at32.14%,andIreland,atnearly29%.Theproportionofspendingonleisureand
educationwasalsohighestinTurkey,at4.35%,whileexpenditureonclothingandfootwearwas
significantlyhigherinItaly,at9%,thaninanyoftheothercountries.

ItcanbeseenthatSwedenhadthelowestpercentagesofnationalconsumerexpenditurefor
food/drinks/tobaccoandforclothing/footwear,atnearly16%andjustover5%respectively.
Spainhadslightlyhigherfiguresforthesecategories,butthelowestfigureforleisure/education,
atonly1.98%.

(155words)

4.Piechart

4.1.Cam7,page101

Thepiechartscomparetheamountofelectricityproducedusingfivedifferentsourcesoffuelin
twocountriesovertwoseparateyears.

Totalelectricityproductionincreaseddramaticallyfrom1980to2000inbothAustraliaand
France.Whilethetotalsforbothcountriesweresimilar,therewerebigdifferencesinthefuel
sourcesused.

Coalwasusedtoproduce50ofthetotal100unitsofelectricityinAustraliain1980,risingto130
outof170unitsin2000.Bycontrast,nuclearpowerbecamethemostimportantfuelsourcein
Francein2000,producingalmost75%ofthecountryselectricity.

Australiadependedonhydropowerforjustunder25%ofitselectricityinbothyears,butthe
amountofelectricityproducedusingthistypeofpowerfellfrom5toonly2unitsinFrance.Oil,
ontheotherhand,remainedarelativelyimportantfuelsourceinFrance,butitsusedeclinedin
Australia.Bothcountriesreliedonnaturalgasforelectricityproductionsignificantlymorein1980
thanin2000.

(170words)

4.2.Diet

Fillthegapswiththesewords:constitutes,drops,amount,fifth,higher,make,one,relative,
figure,up

Thepiechartscomparetheproportionofcarbohydrates,proteinandfatinthreedifferentdiets,
namelyanaveragediet,ahealthydiet,andahealthydietforsport.

Itisnoticeablethatsportspeoplerequireadietcomprisingasignificantlyhigherproportionof
carbohydratesthananaveragedietorahealthydiet.Theaveragedietcontainsthelowest
percentageofcarbohydratesbutthehighestproportionofprotein.

Carbohydrates____________60%ofthehealthydietforsport.Thisis10%______thanthe
proportionofcarbohydratesinanormalhealthydiet,and20%morethantheproportioninan
averagediet.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhoeatanaveragedietconsumeagreater______
______ofprotein(40%)thanthosewhoeatahealthydiet(30%)andsportspeople(25%).

Thethirdcompoundshowninthechartsisfat.Fat______exactly____________ofboththe
averagedietandthehealthydiet,butthe____________toonly15%forthehealthysportsdiet.

5.Map

5.1.VillageofChorleywood

ThemapshowsthegrowthofavillagecalledChorleywoodbetween1868and1994.

Itisclearthatthevillagegrewasthetransportinfrastructurewasimproved.Fourperiodsof
developmentareshownonthemap,andeachofthepopulatedareasisneartothemainroads,
therailwayorthemotorway.

From1868to1883,Chorleywoodcoveredasmallareanexttooneofthemainroads.
ChorleywoodParkandGolfCourseisnowlocatednexttothisoriginalvillagearea.Thevillage
grewalongthemainroadtothesouthbetween1883and1922,andin1909arailwaylinewas
builtcrossingthisareafromwesttoeast.Chorleywoodstationisinthispartofthevillage.

TheexpansionofChorleywoodcontinuedtotheeastandwestalongsidetherailwaylineuntil
1970.Atthattime,amotorwaywasbuilttotheeastofthevillage,andfrom1970to1994,further
developmentofthevillagetookplacearoundmotorwayintersectionswiththerailwayandoneof
themainroads.

(174words)

5.2.Gallery

Thefirstpictureshowsthelayoutofanartgallery,andthesecondshowssomeproposed
changestothegalleryspace.

Itisclearthatsignificantchangeswillbemadeintermsoftheuseoffloorspaceinthegallery.
Therewillbeacompletelynewentranceandmorespaceforexhibitions.

Atpresent,visitorsenterthegallerythroughdoorswhichleadintoalobby.However,theplanis
tomovetheentrancetotheParkinsonCourtsideofthebuilding,andvisitorswillwalkstraight
intotheexhibitionarea.Inplaceofthelobbyandofficeareas,whichareshownontheexisting
plan,thenewgalleryplanshowsaneducationareaandasmallstoragearea.

Thepermanentexhibitionspaceintheredevelopedgallerywillbeabouttwiceaslargeasitis
nowbecauseitwilloccupytheareathatisnowusedfortemporaryexhibitions.Therewillalso
beanewroomforspecialexhibitions.Thisroomisshowninredontheexistingplanandisnot
currentlypartofthegallery.

(178words,band9)

5.3.Housedesign

Thediagramsshowhowhousedesignsdifferaccordingtoclimate.

Themostnoticeabledifferencebetweenhousesdesignedforcoolandwarmclimatesisinthe
shapeoftheroof.Thedesignsalsodifferwithregardtothewindowsandtheuseofinsulation.

Wecanseethatthecoolclimatehousehasahighangledroof,whichallowssunlighttoenter
throughthewindow.Bycontrast,theroofofthewarmclimatehousehasapeakinthemiddle
androofoverhangstoshadethewindows.Insulationandthermalbuildingmaterialsareusedin
coolclimatestoreduceheatloss,whereasinsulationandreflectivematerialsareusedtokeep
theheatoutinwarmclimates.

Finally,thecoolclimatehousehasonewindowwhichfacesthedirectionofthesun,whilethe
warmclimatehousehaswindowsontwosideswhichareshadedfromthesun.Byopeningthe
twowindowsatnight,thehousedesignedforwarmclimatescanbeventilated.

(162words,band9)

5.4.2proposedsupermarket

ThemapbelowisofthetownofGarlsdon.Anewsupermarket(S)isplannedforthetown.The
mapshowstwopossiblesitesforthesupermarket.

Themapshowstwopotentiallocations(S1andS2)foranewsupermarketinatowncalled
Garlsdon.

ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwositesisthatS1isoutsidethetown,whereasS2isinthe
towncentre.Thesitescanalsobecomparedintermsofaccessbyroadorrail,andtheir
positionsrelativetothreesmallertowns.

Lookingattheinformationinmoredetail,S1isinthecountrysidetothenorthwestofGarlsdon,
butitisclosetotheresidentialareaofthetown.S2isalsoclosetothehousingarea,which
surroundsthetowncentre.

TherearemainroadsfromHindon,BransdonandCransdontoGarlsdontowncentre,butthisis
anotrafficzone,sotherewouldbenoaccesstoS2bycar.Bycontrast,S1liesonthemain
roadtoHindon,butitwouldbemoredifficulttoreachfromBransdonandCransdon.Both
supermarketsitesareclosetotherailwaythatrunsthroughGarlsdonfromHindontoCransdon.

(171words)

6.Process

6.1.Tipsforprocessdiagram

Processdiagramsshowhowsomethingisdoneormade.Theyalwaysshowsteps/stages.
Here'ssomeadviceabouthowtodescribethem:

Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.

Writetheintroductionbyparaphrasingthequestion(rewriteitbychangingsomeofthe
words).

Foryoursummary,firstsayhowmanystepsthereareintheprocess.Thensay
where/howtheprocessbeginsandends(lookatthefirstandlaststages).

Inparagraphs3and4,describetheprocessstepbystep.Includethefirstandlaststeps
thatyoumentionedinthesummary,buttrytodescribetheminmoredetailorina
differentway.

Youcoulddescribethestepsinoneparagraph,butitlooksmoreorganisedifyoubreak
thedescriptionintotwoparagraphs.Juststartparagraph4somewhereinthemiddleof
theprocess.

Mentioneverystageintheprocess.

Use'sequencing'languagee.g.atthefirst/second/following/finalstageofthe
process,next,afterthat,then,finallyetc.

Times(e.g.pastdates)arenotusuallyshown,sousethepresentsimpletense.

It'susuallyagoodideatousethepassivee.g.'Atthefinalstage,theproductisdelivered
toshops'(becausewedon'tneedtoknowwhodeliveredtheproduct).

6.2.ForecastinAustralia

ThediagrambelowshowshowtheAustralianBureauofMeteorologycollectsuptotheminute
informationontheweatherinordertoproducereliableforecasts.

ThefigureillustratestheprocessusedbytheAustralianBureauofMeteorologytoforecastthe
weather.

Therearefourstagesintheprocess,beginningwiththecollectionofinformationaboutthe
weather.Thisinformationisthenanalysed,preparedforpresentation,andfinallybroadcastto
thepublic.

Lookingatthefirstandsecondstagesoftheprocess,therearethreewaysofcollectingweather
dataandthreewaysofanalysingit.Firstly,incominginformationcanbereceivedbysatelliteand
presentedforanalysisasasatellitephoto.Thesamedatacanalsobepassedtoaradarstation
andpresentedonaradarscreenorsynopticchart.Secondly,incominginformationmaybe
collecteddirectlybyradarandanalysedonaradarscreenorsynopticchart.Finally,drifting
buoysalsoreceivedatawhichcanbeshownonasynopticchart.

Atthethirdstageoftheprocess,theweatherbroadcastispreparedoncomputers.Finally,itis
deliveredtothepublicontelevision,ontheradio,orasarecordedtelephoneannouncement.

(170words)

6.3.Brickmanufactuting

Herearemy2mainparagraphsdescribingthesteps:

Atthebeginningoftheprocess,clayisdugfromtheground.Theclayisputthroughametalgrid,
anditpassesontoarollerwhereitismixedwithsandandwater.Afterthat,theclaycanbe
shapedintobricksintwoways:eitheritisputinamould,orawirecutterisused.

Atthefourthstageintheprocess,theclaybricksareplacedinadryingovenforonetotwo
days.Next,thebricksareheatedinakilnatamoderatetemperature(200900degrees
Celsius)andthenatahightemperature(upto1300degrees),beforespendingtwotothreedays
inacoolingchamber.Finally,thefinishedbricksarepackagedanddelivered.

6.4.Watercycle

Thediagrambelowshowsthewatercycle,whichisthecontinuousmovementofwateron,
aboveandbelowthesurfaceoftheEarth.

Thepictureillustratesthewayinwhichwaterpassesfromoceantoairtolandduringthenatural
processknownasthewatercycle.

Threemainstagesareshownonthediagram.Oceanwaterevaporates,fallsasrain,and
eventuallyrunsbackintotheoceansagain.

Beginningattheevaporationstage,wecanseethat80%ofwatervapourintheaircomesfrom
theoceans.Heatfromthesuncauseswatertoevaporate,andwatervapourcondensestoform
clouds.Atthesecondstage,labelledprecipitationonthediagram,waterfallsasrainorsnow.
Atthethirdstageinthecycle,rainwatermaytakevariouspaths.Someofitmayfallintolakesor
returntotheoceansviasurfacerunoff.Otherwise,rainwatermayfilterthroughtheground,
reachingtheimperviouslayeroftheearth.Saltwaterintrusionisshowntotakeplacejustbefore
groundwaterpassesintotheoceanstocompletethecycle.

(156words,band9)