CH03 Transistor de Juntura Bipolar BJT

Chapter 3:
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 1
Transistor Construction
There are two types of transistors: pnp and npn-type.
Note: the labeling of the transistor:

E - Emitter
B - Base
C - Collector
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 2
Transistor Operation
With the external sources (VEE and VCC) in the polarities as shown:
The E-B junction is forward-biased and the B-C junction is reverse biased.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 3
Currents in a Transistor
IE IC IB
[Formula 3.1]
Note that IC is comprised of two currents:
IC ICmajority ICOminority
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.2]

Slide 4
Common Base Configuration
The base is common to both input (emitter base) and output (collector base) of the
transistor.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 5
Input Characteristics for a Common-Base Amplifier
This demonstrates the input current IE to input voltage VBE for various levels of output
voltage VCB.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 6
Output Characteristics for a Common-Base Amplifier
This demonstrates the output current IC to an output voltage VCB for various levels of input
current IE.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 7
3 Regions of Operation
Active
Operating range of the amplifier.
Cutoff
The amplifier is basically off. There is voltage but little
current.
Saturation
The amplifier is full on. There is little voltage but lots of
current.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 8
Approximations
IC IE
VBE 0.7
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Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.3]
[Formula 3.4]

Alpha ()
Slide 9
Alpha () relates the DC currents IC to IE :
dc
IC
IE
[Formula 3.5]
Ideally = 1, but in reality it is between 0.9 and 0.998.

Alpha () in AC mode:
IC
ac
IE VCB constant
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.6]

Transistor Amplification
Slide 10
The AC input is amplified.
[Fig. 3.12]
IE Ii
Vi 200mV
10mA
Ri
20
IC IE so IL Ii = 10mA
VL = IL * R = (10mA)(5k) = 50V
Voltage Gain (AV):
Av
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
VL
50V
250
Vi 200mV

Slide 11
Common Emitter Configuration
The Emitter is common to both input (base-emitter) and output (collector-emitter).

The input is on the Base and the output is on the Collector.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 12
Characteristics of Common-Emitter
Collector characteristics = output characteristics.

Base characteristics = input characteristics.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 13
Amplifier Currents
IE = IC + IB
IC = IE
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Actual Amplifier Currents
Slide 14
IC = IE + ICBO
ICBO = minority collector current. This is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in
high power transistors and in high temperature environments.
ICEO
ICBO
1
IB 0 A
[Formula 3.9]
When IB = 0A the transistor is in cutoff, but there is some minority current flowing called
ICEO.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Beta ()
Slide 15
In DC mode:
In AC mode:
dc
ac
IC
IB
IC
IB
[Formula 3.10]
VCE constant
[Formula 3.11]
indicates the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is sometimes referred to as hfe, a

term used in transistor modeling calculations)
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Determining beta () from a Graph
Slide 16
(3.2mA 2.2mA) 1mA

AC
(forVCE 7.5) 100

(30 3 20 0 ) 10 0
Note: AC = DC
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
DC
2.7mA
(forVCE 7.5) 108
25 A

Slide 17
Relationship between and
Both indicate an amplification factor.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.12a]
[Formula 3.12b]

Slide 18
provides a Relationship between Currents
IC IB
IE ( 1)IB
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.14]
[Formula 3.15]

Slide 19
Common Collector Configuration
The input on the Base and the output is on the Emitter.

Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 20
Characteristics of Common Collector
The Characteristics are similar to those of the Common-Emitter.

Except the vertical axis is IE.
IE
IB1
IB2
IB3
VCE
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 21
Note:
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Digital Electronics
Limitations of Operation for Each Configuration
VCE is at maximum and IC is at minimum (ICmax=ICEO) in the cutoff region.

IC is at maximum and VCE is at minimum (VCE max = VCEsat = VCEO) in the
saturation region.
The transistor operates in the active region between saturation and cutoff.
Slide 22
Power of Dissipation
Common Base:
PCmax VCBIC
[Formula 3.18]
Common Emitter:
PCmax VCEIC
[Formula 3.16]
Common Collector: a
PCmax VCEIE
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 23
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Transistor Specification Sheet

Slide 24
Transistor Testing
1. Curve Tracer
Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.
2. DMM
Some DMMs will measure DC or HFE.
3. Ohmmeter
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics

Slide 25
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Transistor Terminal Identification


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Chapter 3:

Bipolar Junction Transistors

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

There are two types of transistors: pnp and npn-type.

Note: the labeling of the transistor:

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Note that IC is comprised of two currents:

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Common Base Configuration

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Input Characteristics for a Common-Base Amplifier

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Output Characteristics for a Common-Base Amplifier

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Alpha () relates the DC currents IC to IE :

Ideally = 1, but in reality it is between 0.9 and 0.998.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Common Emitter Configuration

The Emitter is common to both input (base-emitter) and output (collector-emitter).

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Collector characteristics = output characteristics.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Actual Amplifier Currents

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

indicates the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is sometimes referred to as hfe, a

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Determining beta () from a Graph

(3.2mA 2.2mA) 1mA

(forVCE 7.5) 100

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Relationship between and

Both indicate an amplification factor.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

provides a Relationship between Currents

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Common Collector Configuration

The input on the Base and the output is on the Emitter.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Characteristics of Common Collector

The Characteristics are similar to those of the Common-Emitter.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Limitations of Operation for Each Configuration

VCE is at maximum and IC is at minimum (ICmax=ICEO) in the cutoff region.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Transistor Specification Sheet

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Transistor Terminal Identification

Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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