SWITCHING NETWORKS and TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Let us consider the following parameters in a telecommunication network:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

800 total hours of billed usage in a month

The average call is five minutes
The average unbilled call overhead is 30 seconds
The number of business days in the month is 22
The average business day is 8 hours long
The busy hour is 17% of the daily average calls
GoS: 5% of callers will probably experience a busy tone

What is the total number of circuits required for Poisson distribution? Erlang distribution?

2. How Many Trunks to handle this Traffic with the following information?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

352 hours of first-attempt traffic in the month

22 business days/month
10% call processing
15% of traffic in busy hour
Chance of blocking = 1%

3. An Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) is installed in a busy part of a town. 150 persons use the ATM
every day. The average transaction time for a person is 1.5 minutes. There is a suggestion from the
public that another ATM is required in the same locality as the wait times are unduly long. Analyse the
situation using a single server/infinite queue Birth-Death Process and determine if the suggestion
deserves serious consideration.

How Many
4. 4. Refer the figure below: Many Tie Lines Are Required 4.4444444444444444Of

How Many Lines Are Required

How

Call centers use a device called an Automatic Call Distributor (ACD) to queue and distribute
calls to agents and may be part of a PBX or a separate device.

ny Lines Are Required to Support a

No more
than 20 percent of the calls delayed over one minute
Average hold time is 120 seconds lay not longer than 30 sec
No more than 20 percent of the calls delayed over one minute
55. Refer the Table below:

The Traffic Intensity is and the GoS is P b.20 What is your conclusion about the information available
in the above Table?

6. What do you meant by modelling of the traffic? Explain in detail?

7. During a busy hour, 1400 calls were offered to a group of trunks and 14 calls were lost. The average
call duration has 3 minutes. Find (a) Traffic offered (b) Traffic carried (c) GOS.
8. Define calling rate and holding time.
9. Define grading in telecommunication switching networks.
10. Distinguish offered traffic from carried traffic.
11. Give one valid definition of the busy hour (BH).

12. On a particular traffic relation the calling rate is 461 and the average call duration is 1.5 min during
the BH. What is the traffic intensity in CCS, in Erlangs?
13. Define grade of service.
14. A particular exchange has been dimensioned to handle 1000 calls during the busy hour. On a certain
day during the BH 1100 calls are offered. What is the resulting grade of service?
15. Based on the E rlang B formula and given a BH requirement for a grade of service of 0.005 and a BH t raffic
intensity of 25 Erlangs on a certain traffic relation, how many trunks are required?

16. How can the utilization factor of trunks be improved?

17. Derive Erlang B formula from the principle of Birth-Death Process.
18. Compare the GOS performance of BCC and BCH traffic models with a numerical example.
19. Individual trunks are only economic if they can carry 0.4 E or more. A trunk group of size N=10 is
offered 6 E. Will all 10 trunks be economical?
20. (a) Two trunk groups offered 5 Erlangs each, and the BCC GOS is 0.002. Find the total number of
trunks required and the utilization.
(b) One single trunk group offered 10 Erlangs, and the BCC GOS is 0.002. Find the total number of
trunks required and the utilization.
(c) Compare the results of (a) and (b).