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SEPT2014 - JAN2015
LAB REPORT
LECTURER NAME
: ............................................................................................
TOTAL
MARK (%)
DATE SUBMIT
DATE RECEIVED
EC 221 ...
.....
...
No.
1.
STUDENT ID
SIGNATURE
2.
3.
4.
Instruction to Students (Reminder)
Lab report must be prepared after conducting a lab. One (1) week duration is given for lab repot (COMPILE) submission after the end of each
level of open ended lab. Any plagiarism found or not properly cited and late submission, the group will be penalized and marks will be
deducted.
NO
Analyse and solve water engineering problems based on data obtained from the laboratory sessions.
Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation & solution.
RUBRIC MARKS
ELEMENT
0-2
3 -4
Analysis and
interpretation
of data
Data
collected
is not
relevant and not sufficient
to analyse and interpret.
Discussion of
results and
Conclusion
No discussion on the
experimental results.
No attempt is made to
conclude.
The objectives of the lab are
not answered.
56
78
9 10
Discussion on experimental
results is very difficult to
follow. Information is
inaccurate that makes the
report unreliable.
Limited discussion on
experimental results.
Sufficient discussion on
experimental results.
Discussion on experimental
results is clearly stated.
Accurate interpretation of
data.
EXPRIMENT NAME
A1.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
10
10
A2.
CENTRE OF PRESSURE
10
10
A3.
ORIFICE COEFFICIENT
10
10
A4.
BERNOULLI s EQUATION
10
10
TOTAL MARKS
CEW 531
EXPERIMENT A-1 :
PREAMBLE
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
A quantity of liquid has a definite volume or a definite boundary
which is different if compares with gases. Gases will expand to fill the
space available and it can only be considered as a definite volume if
it is constrained on all sides by fixed boundaries. The volume of liquid
changes slightly with pressure and temperature, but for gas these
changes can vary a lot. For most engineering purposes liquids can be
considered as incompressible since its volume and density do not
change significantly with pressure, whereas gases usually have to be
treated as compressible. Similarly, the effects of varying temperature
can often be ignored for liquids (except in certain special cases), but
must be taken into account when dealing with gases.
Mass density, or mass per unit volume, is a basic liquid
property and is given by
mass
m
(kg/m3)
volume V
------
(1a)
SG
fluid
(dimensionless)
water
------
(1b)
g (N/m3)
------
(1c)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
EQUIPMENT
(b)
(a)
(c)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROCEDURE
(a)
3 (kg / m 3 )
volume in ml
10
5. Calculate average density
6. Repeat steps 1-6 by using a given liquid to replace water.
(b)
(c)
CEW 531
(d)
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
Using a Hydrometer
1. Place the tall glass cylinders on the flat working surface.
2. Fill up the cylinders with the given liquid.
3. Insert the hydrometer into the glass cylinders carefully and
allow it to settle in the centre of the cylinder.
4. Do not let the hydrometer touch the cylinders sides which
may cause errors due to surface tension effects.
5. After the hydrometer has settled, read and record the scale
at the bottom of the free water surface (bottom of the
meniscus).
6. Take out the Hydrometer and repeat steps 3-6 for three
times.
7. Repeat steps 3-6 by using other liquid provided.
DATA ACQUISITION
Data required for this experiment are the volume and mass of the
given liquids.
REPORT
(10 marks)
REFERENCE
(10 marks)
TQ Education and Training Ltd. 2000. TQ Instruction Manual F314 Hydrostatics and Properties of Fluids.
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
Temperature
WATER
oC
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Volume of
No.
empty beaker
beaker+water
water
water
water
(gm)
(gm)
(gm)
(cm3)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6) = (4/5)
(1)
Average liquid =
Density of
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
5
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
Temperature
oC
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Volume of
No.
empty beaker
beaker+water
water
water
water
(gm)
(gm)
(gm)
(cm3)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6) = (4/5)
(1)
Average liquid =
Density of
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
6
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
WATER
cm3
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
7
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
8
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
WATER
50 cm3
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
9
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
10
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Level 0)
C) USING HYDROMETER
Liquid 1 Used :
Stem Readings
Sample No.
Name of Liquid
1
2
3
Average
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ( SAMPLE CALCULATION)
Specific gravity
of liquid
11
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
12
(Level 0)
CEW 531
EXPERIMENT A-2 :
PREAMBLE
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
The centre of pressure may be defined as: The point in a plane at
which the total liquid thrust can be said to be acting normal to that
plane. The experimental location of the center of pressure on the fully
submerged rectangular face of the torroid can be determined by
taking the moments about the pivot,
F y W L
(1.1)
WL
F
F hg A ghg A
(1.2)
where A b d
and hg y2
d
2
(1.3)
The experimental depth of the center of pressure from the free surface
of water is obtained from
h p,exp y y1
(1.4)
h p ,theo
Ig
Ah g
hg
(1.5)
bd 3
where I g
12
If the rectangular face of the torroid is partially submerged, the depth
from the free surface of water to the center of gravity is given as
hg
y2
2
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
F h g A g
by 22
2
(1.6)
where A b y 2
The theoretical depth of the center of pressure is given by equation
(1.5)
where I g
by 23
12 .
Notation:
b
d
hg =
the depth from the free surface of water to the center of gravity (cg) of the
hp =
the depth from the free surface of water to the center of pressure (cp) of the
i.
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROBLEM STATEMENT
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
i. Measure the width (b) and depth (d) of rectangular face of
torroid.
ii. Measure the length from pivot to load hanger (L).
iii. Adjust the three (30 foot screws until the apparatus is balanced
(This will be indicated by the spirit level situated on the left side of
the apparatus).
iv. Using the rider, adjust balance arm until it is level.
v. Fill the tank with water to maximum depth (~200 mm from the
base of the rectangular face of the torroid).
vi. Place weights on the load hanger (500g).
vii. Adjust water level by opening/closing the outlet valve to restore
the balance arm to the horizontal position.
viii. Record the weights on the hanger and measure y2.
ix. Repeat steps vii and viii by reducing the weights (50g) on the
load hanger
3
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
DATA ACQUISITION
Data required for this experiment are the dimension of centre of
pressure apparatus
, depth of submersion
and the
weight on the load hanger
.
REPORT
(10 marks)
REFERENCE
(10 marks)
TQ Education and Training Ltd. 2000. TQ Instruction Manual F314 Hydrostatics and Properties of Fluids.
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
Notes
Dimension
Quadrant to pivot
y1 y2
(m)
Weight on the
load hanger
W
(g)
Hydrostatic
Thrust
F
(N)
h ptheo
(m)
(m)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
CEW 531
EXPERIMENT A-3 :
PREAMBLE
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
where
is the area of orifice and
and, therefore,
, hence
(1.4)
The product
, so finally
(1.5)
If
plotted against
vs plot.
will
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
Orifice
Ac (at vena
contracta)
Ao
OBJECTIVES
varying heads.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
EQUIPMENT
i.
ii.
CEW 531
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
sump tank.
Raise overflow pipe to a suitable level, release water into
the head tank.
Control the flow until the water is just spilling into the
overflow.
Record the head, h on the scale and measure the flow
rate, Q using the volumetric tank and stopwatch.
Confirm the reading by intercepting the jet with a
measuring cylinder.
Repeat at three different water levels, h.
For flow under varying head, the overflow pipe is raised to
obtain maximum head. Fill the tank to overflow level and
close the flow control valve.
Start a stop watch when the level reaches the first
convenient scale mark (noted as h1). Take a reading of
the head (h2) at 20 seconds intervals
DATA ACQUISITION
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
(10 marks)
i.
ii.
iii.
REFERENCE
(10 marks)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
Diameter Orifice
Diameter of Tank
Case 1: Constant Head Experiment
Head
h
(m)
Volume of
Water
(L)
Time of
Collection
(s)
Actual Flowrate
Qact
(m3/s)
Theoretical Flowrate
Qtheo
(m3/s)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
Head
(h)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
EXPERIMENT A-4 :
PREAMBLE
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
BERNOULLI EQUATION
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROBLEM STATEMENT
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
vi.
vii.
viii.
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
DATA ACQUISITION
(10 marks)
iii.
iv.
REFERENCE
(10 marks)
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
BERNOULLI EQUATION
(Level 0)
Test 1
No
Tube
Tube
Tube cross
Distance
Manometer
Velocity
Total head
diameter sectional area from 1st tube
level
head theory (h + v2/2g)
(h)
(v2/2g)
2
(mm)
(mm )
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(1)
1
(3)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
Test 2
No
Tube
Tube
Tube cross
Distance
Manometer
Velocity
Total head
diameter sectional area from 1st tube
level
head theory (h + v2/2g)
(h)
(v2/2g)
(mm)
(mm2)
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(1)
1
(3)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
BERNOULLI EQUATION
(Level 0)
Test 3
No
Tube
Tube
Tube cross
Distance
Manometer
Velocity
Total head
diameter sectional area from 1st tube
level
head theory (h + v2/2g)
(h)
(v2/2g)
2
(mm)
(mm )
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(1)
1
(3)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
Test 4
No
Tube
Tube cross
Tube diameter sectional
area
(mm)
(mm2)
(1)
1
Distance Manometer
from 1st
level
tube
(h)
(mm)
(m)
Velocity
head
theory
(v2/2g)
(m)
(3)
Total
head (h +
v2/2g)
(m)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)