Transistor

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

(BJT)

Introduction
Beside diodes, the most popular semiconductor devices is
transistors. Eg: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Transistors are more complex and can be used in many ways
Most important feature: can amplify signals and as switch
Amplification can make weak signal strong (make sounds louder
and signal levels greater), in general, provide function called Gain

Transistor Structure
BJT is bipolar because both holes (+) and electrons (-) will take part in the

current flow through the device

N-type regions contains free electrons (negative carriers)
P-type regions contains free holes (positive carriers)
2 types of BJT
NPN transistor
PNP transistor
The transistor regions are:
Emitter (E) send the carriers into the base region and then on to the
collector
Base (B) acts as control region. It can allow none,some or many
carriers to flow
Collector (C) collects the carriers
3

PNP and NPN transistor structure

P

Ic(mA)
IB(A)

IC(mA)
IB(A)

IE(mA)

IE(mA)

Arrow shows the current flows

4

NPN Transistor Structure

The collector is lightly doped.

The base is thin and

is lightly doped.

The emitter is heavily doped.

Transistor configuration
Transistor configuration is a connection of transistor to get variety

operation.
3 types of configuration:
Common Collector.
Common Base.
Common Emitter

Common-Collector Configuration
The input signal is applied to the base terminal and the output is

taken from the emitter terminal.

Collector terminal is common to the input and output of the circuit
Input BC
Output EC
Input = Output

Common-Base Configuration

Base terminal is a common point for input and output.

Input EB
Output CB
Not applicable as an amplifier because the relation between input current
gain (IE) and output current gain (IC) is approximately 1

Common-Emitter Configuration

Emitter terminal is common for input and output circuit

Input BE
Output CE
Mostly applied in practical amplifier circuits, since it provides good voltage,
current and power gain

NPN Transistor Bias

No current flows.
The C-B junction
is reverse biased.

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NPN Transistor Bias

The B-E junction

is forward biased.

Current flows.
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NPN Transistor Bias

IC
Current flows
everywhere.

When both junctions

are biased....
Note that IB is smaller
than IE or IC.

IB

IE
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Note: when the

switch opens, all
currents go to zero.

IC

Although IB is smaller
it controls IE and IC.

IB
Gain is something small
controlling something large
(IB is small).

IE
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IC = 99 mA

The current gain from

base to collector
is called b.
IB = 1 mA

b =

99
ICmA
1IBmA

= 99

IE = 100 mA

C
P

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IC = 99 mA

Kirchhoffs
current law:
IB = 1 mA

C
P

IE = I B + I C
= 1 mA + 99 mA
= 100 mA

IE = 100 mA

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IC = 99 mA

In a PNP transistor,
holes flow from
emitter to collector.
IB = 1 mA
Notice the PNP
bias voltages.

C
B

IE = 100 mA

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NPN Schematic Symbol

Collector

Base

C
B E

Emitter
Memory aid: NPN
means Not Pointing iN.
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PNP Schematic Symbol

Collector

Base

C
B E

Emitter

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Recall: NPN and PNP Bias

Fundamental operation of pnp transistor and npn transistor is similar except for:
role of electron and hole,
voltage bias polarity, and
Current direction
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I-V Characteristic for CE configuration : Input

characteristic
Input characteristic: input
current (IB) against input
voltage (VBE) for several output
voltage (VCE)
From the graph
IB = 0 A
VBE < 0.7V (Si)
IB = value VBE > 0.7V (Si)

The transistor turned on when

VBE = 0.7V

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I-V Characteristic for CE configuration : Output

characteristic
Output characteristic: output
current (IC) against output
voltage (VCE) for several
input current (IB)
3 operating regions:
Saturation region
Cut-off region
Active region

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I-V Characteristic for CE configuration :

Output characteristic
Saturation region in which both junctions are forward-biased and IC
increase linearly with VCE

Cut-off region where both junctions are reverse-biased, the IB is very

small, and essentially no IC flows, IC is essentially zero with increasing VCE

Active region in which the transistor can act as a linear amplifier, where
the BE junction is forward-biased and BC junction is reverse-biased. IC
increases drastically although only small changes of IB.

Saturation and cut-off regions areas where the transistor can operate as a
switch

Active region area where transistor operates as an amplifier

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Current Relationships
Relations between IC and IE :

= IC
IE
Value of usually 0.9998 to 0.9999, 1
Relations between IC and IB :
= IC @ IC = IB
IB
Value of usually in range of 50 400
The equation, IE =IC + IB can also written in
IC = IB
IE = IB + IB => IE = ( + 1)IB
The current gain factor , and is:
=
@ = .
+1
-1

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TRANSISTOR
BJT :
DC BIASING

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Transistor Currents
Emitter current (IE) is the sum of the collector current (IC) and

the base current (IB) .

Kirchhoffs current law;

I E IC I B

(Eq. 3.1)

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Collector Current (IC)

Collector current (IC) comprises two components;

majority carriers (electrons) from the emitter

I Cmajority I E
minority carriers (holes) from reverse-biased BC junction leakage
current, ICBO

I Cminority I CBO
Total collector current (IC);

I C I E I CBO

(Eq. 3.2)

Since leakage current ICBO is usually so small that it can be

ignored.
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 Then;

Collector Current (IC)

IC

IE

(Eq. 3.3)

The ratio of IC to IE is called alpha (), values typically range

from 0.95 to 0.99.

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Base Current (IB)

IB is very small compared to IC;

The ratio of IC to IB is the dc current gain of a transistor, called
beta ()

IC
IB

(Eq. 3.4)

The level of beta typically ranges from about 50 to over 400

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Current & Voltage Analysis

Consider below figure. Three dc currents and three dc voltages can be
identified
IB: dc base current
IE: dc emitter current

IC: dc collector current

VBE: dc voltage across baseemitter junction
VCB: dc voltage across
collector-base junction
VCE: dc voltage from
collector to emitter
Transistor bias circuit.
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Current & Voltage Analysis

When the BE junction is forward-biased, it is like a forwardbiased diode. Thus; (Si = 0.7, Ge = 0.3)
VBE 0.7V

(Eq. 3.5)

From KVL, the voltage across RB is

VR B VBB VBE

By Ohms law;
VR B I BR B

Solving for IB
IB

VBB VBE
RB

(Eq. 3.6)

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Current & Voltage Analysis

The voltage at the collector is;
VCE VCC VR C

The voltage drop across RC is

VR C IC R C

VCE can be rewritten as

VCE VCC IC R C

(Eq. 3.7)

The voltage across the reverse-biased CB junction is

VCB VCE VBE

(Eq. 3.8)

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Transistor as Amplifier

Transistor is capable to amplify

AC signal : (output signal > input

signal)
Eg: Audio amplifier that amplify
the sound of a radio

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Transistor Amplifier Circuit Analysis

There are 2 analysis;
DC Analysis
AC Analysis

Transistor will operate when DC voltage source is applied to

the amplifier circuit
Q-point must be determined so that the transistor will
operate in active region (can operate as an amplifier)

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Transistor Amplifier Circuit Analysis

Q-Point
Operating point of an amplifier to
state the values of collector
current (ICQ) and collector-emitter
voltage (VCEQ).
Determined by using transistor
output characteristic and DC load
line

Q-Point

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DC LOAD LINE
DC Load Line
A straight line intersecting the
vertical axis at approximately
IC(sat) and the horizontal axis at
VCE(off).
IC(sat) occurs when transistor
operating in saturation region

I Csat

VCC

RC

Saturation Region

Q-Point

DC Load Line

VCE 0

VCE(off) occurs when transistor

operating in cut-off region

VCE( off ) VCC I C RC

I C 0

Cutoff Region
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DC LOAD LINE (Example)

VCC = 8V

Draw DC Load Line and Find Q-point.

Answers;
RC = 2 k

RB = 360 k

I Csat

VCC
RC

VCE 0

8V
4mA
2k

VCE( off ) VCC I C RC

I C 0

VCE( off ) VCC 8V

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DC LOAD LINE (Example)

Draw DC Load Line and Find Q-point.
Answers;

Q-point can be obtained by

calculate the half values of
maximum IC and VCE

2 mA

4V

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DC Analysis of Amplifier Circuit

Amplifier Circuit

Amplifier Circuit w/o capacitor

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DC Analysis of Amplifier Circuit

Refer to the figure, for DC analysis:

Replace capacitor with an open-circuit

R1 and R2 create a voltage-divider circuit

that connect to the base

Therefore, from DC analysis, you can find:
IC
VCE

Amplifier Circuit w/o capacitor

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DC Analysis of Amplifier Circuit

Thevenin Theorem;

Amplifier Circuit w/o capacitor

Simplified Circuit
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DC Analysis of Amplifier Circuit

Important equation for DC Analysis
From Thevenin Theorem;
RTH R1 // R2

VTH

R1 R2
R1 R2

R2
VCC
R1 R2

From KVL;
1

VTH VBE
IB
;
RTH ( b 1) RE

I C bI B

VCE VCC I C ( RC RE )
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TRANSISTOR
BJT BIASING CIRCUIT

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BJT BIASING CIRCUIT

Fixed Base Bias Circuit

Fixed Bias with Emitter Resistor Circuit

Voltage-Divider Bias Circuit

Feedback Bias Circuit

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FIXED BASE BIAS CIRCUIT

This is common emitter (CE)
configuration
Solve the circuit using KVL
1st step: Locate capacitors
and replace them with an
open circuit
2nd step: Locate 2 main loops
which;
BE loop
CE loop

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FIXED BASE BIAS CIRCUIT

1st step: Locate capacitors and replace them with an open
circuit

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FIXED BASE BIAS CIRCUIT

2nd step: Locate 2 main loops.
BE Loop

CE Loop

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FIXED BASE BIAS CIRCUIT

BE Loop Analysis
From KVL;
1

IB

VCC I B R B VBE 0
IB

VCC VBE
RB

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FIXED BASE BIAS CIRCUIT

CE Loop Analysis
From KVL;
VCC I C R C VCE 0
VCE VCC I C R C

IC

As we known;
2

I C bI B
Subtituting

B
A

with

V VBE

I C b DC CC
RB

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FIXED BASE BIAS CIRCUIT

DISADVANTAGE
Unstable because it is too dependent on and produce width change
of Q-point
For improved bias stability , add emitter resistor to dc bias.

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FIXED BASE BIAS CIRCUIT

Example 1

Find IB, IC, VCE, VB,

VC, VBC? (Silikon
transistor);

Answers;
IB

VCC VBE 12 V 0.7 V

47.08 A
RB
240 k

I C b I B (50)(47.08 A)
VCE VCC I C RC 12V (2.35 mA)(2.2 k ) 6.83V
VB VBE 0.7 V
VC VCE 6.83V

VBC VB VC 0.7 V 6.83V 6.13V

(negative sign revealing that the junction is reversed biased) 50

FIXED BIAS WITH EMITTER RESISTOR

An emitter resistor, RE is added

Resistor, RE added

to improve stability
Solve the circuit using KVL
1st step: Locate capacitors and
replace them with an open
circuit
2nd step: Locate 2 main loops
which;
BE loop
CE loop

51

FIXED BIAS WITH EMITTER RESISTOR

1st step: Locate capacitors and replace them with an open
circuit

52

FIXED BIAS WITH EMITTER RESISTOR

2nd step: Locate 2 main loops.
BE Loop

CE Loop

2
2

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FIXED BIAS WITH EMITTER RESISTOR

BE Loop Analysis
1

From KVL;
VCC I B RB VBE I E RE 0

Recall; I E (b 1) I B
Subtitute for IE
VCC I B RB VBE ( b 1) I B RE 0
IB

VCC VBE
RB ( b 1) RE

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FIXED BIAS WITH EMITTER RESISTOR

CE Loop Analysis
From KVL;
VCC I C RC VCE I E RE 0

Assume;
2

I E IC

Therefore;
VCE VCC I C ( RC RE )

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FIXED BIAS WITH EMITTER RESISTOR

Example 2

Find IB, IC, VCE, VB,

VC, VE & VBC?
(Silikon transistor);

Answers;
IC = 2.01 mA
IB = 40.1 A
VCE = 13.97V
VB = 2.71V
VE = 2.01V
VC = 15.98V
VBC = -13.27V
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57

VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT

Provides good Q-point stability

with a single polarity supply

voltage
Solve the circuit using KVL
1st step: Locate capacitors and
replace them with an open circuit
2nd step: Simplified circuit using
Thevenin Theorem
3rd step: Locate 2 main loops
which;
BE loop
CE loop
58

VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT

1st step: Locate capacitors and replace them with an open
circuit

59

VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT

2nd step: : Simplified circuit using Thevenin Theorem

Thevenin Theorem;

From Thevenin Theorem;

RTH R1 // R2

VTH

R1 R2
R1 R2

R2
VCC
R1 R2

Simplified Circuit

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VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT

2nd step: Locate 2 main loops.
BE Loop

CE Loop

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VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT

BE Loop Analysis
From KVL;
VTH I B RTH VBE I E RE 0

Recall; I E (b 1) I B
1

Subtitute for IE
VTH I B RTH VBE ( b 1) I B RE 0
IB

VTH VBE
RRTH ( b 1) RE

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VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT

CE Loop Analysis
From KVL;
VCC I C RC VCE I E RE 0

Assume;
2

I E IC

Therefore;
VCE VCC I C ( RC RE )

63

VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT

Example 3

Find RTH, VTH, IC, IB, VCE,

VB, VC, VE & VBC? (Silikon
transistor);

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Answer:

65

DC Bias With Voltage Feedback

Another way to improve
the stability of a bias
circuit is to add a
feedback path from
collector to base.
In this bias circuit the
Q-point is only slightly
dependent on the
transistor beta, b.
66

Base-Emitter Loop
From Kirchhoffs voltage law:
VCC IC RC IBRB VBE IE RE 0

I'C IC IB IC

Where IB << IC:

Knowing IC = bIB and IE IC, the

loop equation becomes:
VCC BRC IBRB VBE IBRE 0

Solving for IB:

IB

VCC VBE
RB (RC RE )
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Collector-Emitter Loop
Applying Kirchoffs voltage law:
IE + VCE + ICRC VCC = 0

Since IC IC and IC = bIB:

IC(RC + RE) + VCE VCC =0

Solving for VCE:

VCE = VCC IC(RC + RE)

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Base-Emitter Bias Analysis

Transistor Saturation Level
I Csat ICmax

V CC

RC RE

Load Line Analysis

Cutoff

Saturation

VCE VCC

V
CC
I
C R R
C
E

IC 0 mA

VCE 0 V
69

Example:
Determine the quiescent levels of ICQ and VCEQ for the network of figure!

70

Answer:

71

Example:
Determine the dc level of IB and VC for the network of figure!.

72

Answer:
For the dc mode, the capacitor
assumes the opencircuit equivalence,
and RB = R1 + R2

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