Quick Reference for APA Citations

(American Psychological Association)

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
(Available at the Reference Desk: Ref. Desk Collection and Ref. BF 76.7 .P83 2001)

In Text Citations (APA, p. 207)

The APA style uses the author-date in text method of citation: the last name of the author and the year of
publication are inserted in the text. For example:
One author:
A single gene controls the restriction of the compound to the leaves and stems (Barham, 1953).
OR
According to Barham (1953), a single gene controls the restriction of the compound to the leaves and stems.
Two authors:
Brabant and Mooney (1986) have used the comic strip to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping.
OR
The comic strip has been used to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping (Mooney & Brabant, 1986).
More than two but less than six authors:
List every author the first time. After that, cite only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." Example:
Cramer, Jackson, Smith, and Jones (1992) found evidence that ...
For subsequent citations: Cramer et al. (1992) found ...
Six or more authors:
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by "et al."
No author:
Cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks
around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report (APA, p.
210). Examples: From the book Study Guide (2000) ... or ("Reading," 1999).
To cite a specific part of a source: (APA, pp.120, 213)
Indicate the page, chapter, figure, table or equation at the appropriate point in text. Examples: (James, 2001, p.
231), (Gouge, 1999, chapt. 3) and (Bates, 2001, table 3)
See WWW examples in last section.

Reference List (APA, p. 299)

A Reference list contains all the items you have made a direct reference to in your paper (by using in-text
citations as shown above). A Bibliography lists all materials you used/read to research and write your paper,
including materials that you did not actually cite. The APA Style calls for a Reference List instead of a
bibliography.
Begin your Reference list on a separate sheet of paper with the header References centered at the top
of the page. Use page numbers that continue the numbering of the text.
The hanging indent is the preferred manuscript form for reference lists. Entries should begin flush left,
and the second and subsequent lines should be indented.
The 5th edition of the APA style recommends double-spacing references. To save space all examples
shown below are single-spaced.

All items are listed alphabetically by the first author's last name. If there is no author, start with the title
and then the date.
Include the issue number when each issue in a volume is paged separately (each issue begins with
page "1"). The issue number is NOT italicized.
For examples of documents and situations not found here, see the printed version of the Publication
Manual.

Examples :
Journal Article: (APA, pp. 239-240)
One Author:
Karon, B. P. (1990). The fear of understanding schizophrenia and the avoidance of the acutely disturbed
student. Journal of American College Health, 39, 61-72.
Two Authors:
Brabant, S., & Mooney, L. A. (1997). Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics: A twenty year update.
Sex Roles, 37, 269-281.
Pages Renumbered Issue by Issue: (APA, p. 240)
Baym, N. K. (1997). Identity, body, and community in on-line life. Journal of Communication, 47(4), 142-148.
Note: You would only indicate the issue number of a journal article when the journals pages are renumbered
issue by issue. Usually page numbers in a scholarly journal are continuous within a volume or year.

Journal Article with Three to Six Authors: (APA, p. 240)

Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., Amir, N., Street, G. P., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Memory and
memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 39, 913-927.

Journal Article with Seven or More Authors: (APA, pp. 240-241)

Mariani-Costantini, R., Ottini, L., Caramiello, S., Palmirotta, R., Mallegni, F., Rossi, L., et al. (2001).
Taphonomy of the fossil hominid bones from the Acheulean site of Castel di Guido near Rome, Italy.
Journal of Human Evolution, 41, 211-225.
Note: After the sixth author's name and initial, use et al. to indicate the remaining authors of the article. (APA, p.
240).

Full Text Journal Article from ProQuest: (APA, p. 231)

Boutsen, F., Cannito, M. P., Taylor, M., & Bender, B. (2002). Botox treatment in adductor spasmodic
dysphonia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 469-481.
Retrieved September 8, 2004, from the ProQuest Research Library database.

Magazine Article: (APA, pp. 241-242)

Adams, J. R. (1998, May). The once and future scandal. American Spectator, 31, 42-48.

Magazine Article With No Author: (APA, p. 242)

Conventional wisdom. (2003, August 11). Newsweek,142, 6.

Newspaper Article With Author and Discontinuous Pages : (APA, p. 243)

Ayers, S. (1998, May 7). Eagles rebound across county. The Bellingham Herald, pp. A1, A4.

Newspaper Article from ProQuest: (APA, p. 279)

Altman, L. K. (2001, January 18). Mysterious illnesses often turn out to be mass hysteria. New York Times.
Retrieved September 8, 2004, from the ProQuest Newspapers database.

Authored Book: (APA, p. 248)

Stehle, P. (1994). Order, chaos, order: The transition from classical to quantum physics. New York:
Oxford University Press.

Book with No Author or Editor: (APA, p. 249)

Encyclopedia of medical organizations and agencies. (2001). Detroit, MI.: Gale Research.

Book with Two Authors: (APA, p. 248)

Collier, M., & Webb, R. H. (2002). Floods, droughts, and climate change. Tucson: University of Arizona
Press.

Corporate Author as Publisher: (APA, pp. 248-249)

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
If the author and publisher are the same, use the word "Author" as the publisher (APA, p. 248).

Edited Book: (APA, p. 249)

Connor, L. H., & Samuel, G. (Eds.). (2000). Healing powers and modernity: Traditional medicine,
shamanism, and science in Asian societies. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.

Chapter or Article in an Edited Book or Anthology: (APA, pp. 252-253)

Fonagy, P. (2004). Psychodynamic therapy with children. In H. Steiner (Ed.), Handbook of mental health
interventions in children and adolescents: An integrated developmental approach. (pp. 621-658). San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Entry from a Print Encyclopedia or Dictionary: (APA, p. 254)

Schneider, I. (1989). Bandicoots. In Grzimeks encyclopedia of mammals (Vol.1, pp. 300-304). New York:
McGraw-Hill.

Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary: (APA, p. 231)

Subatomic particles: quarks and antiquarks. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2004, from Britannica Online.
Note: (n.d.)= no date.

Government Document: (APA, pp. 397-410)

Oversight of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, and
Water of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, 106th Cong., 2
(2000).

ERIC Document: (APA, p. 257)

Steele, S., & Heim, A. (1997). Libraries enhance student learning: A guidebook of innovative library
programs for youth (Report No. LP97-4014). Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and
Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED409920)
Note: Not all ERIC documents have a Report Number (RN field).

Personal Communications: (APA, p. 214)

(letters, memos, e-mail, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards, personal
interviews, telephone conversations etc.). Personal communications are cited only in-text, not in the list of
references.
In-Text Example: (K. W. Morse, personal communication, September 8, 2004)

Doctoral Dissertation Abstract from Digital Dissertations: (APA, pp. 260-261)

Delgado, V. (1997). An interview study of Native American philosophical foundations in education.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 58 (9), 3395A. (UMI No. AAT 9810290) Abstract retrieved
September 8, 2004, from Digital Dissertations database.

Video or DVD - Motion Pictures: (APA, p. 266)

McCarthy, B. (Producer), & Ewing, W. (Director). (1990). A gathering of men: With Bill Moyers and Robert
Bly [Motion picture]. New York: Mystic Fire Video.

Citation of a Work Discussed in a Secondary Source: (APA, p. 247):

Within the text, name the original source and provide a citation for the secondary source.
In the Reference List include the secondary source only.
In-Text Citation:
Kirscht and Joseph's review (as cited in Thompson, Geher, Stevens, Stem & Lintz, 2001) . . .
Reference List Entry:
Thompson, K. L., Geher, G., Stevens, K. F., Stem, S. T., & Lintz, M. K. (2001). Psychological predictors of
sexual behaviors related to AIDS transmission. Psychological Reports, 88, 51-67.

World Wide Web Examples (APA, pp. 268-281)

See APAStyle.org: http://www.apastyle.org/elecsource.html
In-Text Citations: (APA, p. 213)
To cite a specific part of an electronic source that does not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if
available, preceded by the symbol or the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are
visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the
material. Examples: (Jones, 2001, 3)
(Adcox, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 2)

Paper Presented at a Virtual Conference: (APA, p. 276)

Gunn, C. (1997). Integrated multimedia for better language learning. Paper presented at the
ASCILITE 97 virtual conference. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from
http://www.curtin.edu.au/conference/ascilite97/

Chapter or Section in a World Wide Web Document: (APA, p. 273)

Benton Foundation. (1998, May 19). Why early ed benefits all of us. In Effective language for discussing
early childhood education and policy (chap. 2). Retrieved from http://www.benton.org/Stratcom

Document Available from a University Program or Department Web Site : (APA, p. 274)
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New
wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved September 8,
2003, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

Stand-Alone Web Article with No Author Identified and No Date : (APA, p. 274)
Psychological perspectives. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2004, from http://onl.org.jp/horo~3/htm
Note: (n.d.)= no date.

Internet Journal Article Based on a Print Source: (APA, p. 271)

Gordan, C. P. (1996). Adolescent decision making: A broadly based theory and its application to the prevention
of early pregnancy [Electronic version]. Adolescence, 31, 561-584.

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