Radioactive Isotopes

253473312.xls.
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Element
Alternate
name
Symbol Isotope Half life
Use
Aluminium
Aluminium
Al
Al
Medical
Research
Americium
Argon
Am
Ar
241 432.2 years

41 1.82 hours
Industrial
Industrial
Cadmium
Cd
109 462 days
Industrial
Caesium
Cs
137 30.2 years
Medical
Caesium
Cs
137 30.2 years
Industrial
Calcium
Ca
47 4.536 days
Research
Californium
Cf
252 2.64 years
Industrial
Carbon
11 20.3 minutes
Medical
Carbon
14 5715 years
Research
Carbon
14 5715 years
Industrial
Chlorine
Cl
36 301000 years
Research
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26 710000 years
26 710000 years
The Identification and Production of Materials
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/
253473312.xls.ms_office
Chromium
Cobalt
Cr
Co
51 27.70 days
57 271.8 days
Research
Medical
Cobalt
Co
60 1925 days
Medical
Cobalt
Co
60 1925 days
Medical
Cobalt
Cobalt
Co
Co
60 1925 days
60 1925 days
Industry
Industry
Copper
Cu
64 12.701 hours
Medical
Copper
Cu
67 2.580 days
Medical
Curium
Cm
244 18.11 years
Fluorine
18 1.83 hours
Medical
Gallium
Ga
67 3.260 days
Medical
Gold
Au
198 2.694 days
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Industrial
Industrial
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Deuterium, D
Tritium
H
H
2 stable
3
Chemistry
Medical
Hydrogen
Tritium, T
3 12.32 years
Industrial
Indium
In
111 2.8049 days
Medical
Iodine
131 8.040 days
Medical
Iodine
123 13.2 hours
Medical
Iodine
Iodine
Iridium
I
I
Ir
125 59.4 d
129 1.7 x 107 years
192 73.83 days
Medical
Medical
Medical
Iridium
Iron
Iron
Iron
Krypton
Ir
Fe
Fe
Fe
Kr
192
55
55
59
81
Industrial
Medical
Industrial
Medical
Medical
Krypton
Kr
Lanthanum
La
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73.83 days
2.73 years
2.73 years
44.51 days
210000 years
85 10.73 years
140 1.678 days
Industrial
Industrial
Manganese
Mn
54 312.2 days
Industrial
Nickel
Ni
63 100 years
Industrial
Nickel
Ni
63 100 years
Research
Nitrogen
13 9.97 minutes
Medical
Nitrogen
13 9.97 minutes
Industrial
Nitrogen
15 122.2 seconds
Industrial
Oxygen
15 122.2 seconds
Medical
Oxygen
18
Medical
Phosphorus
32 14.28 days
Medical
Phosphorus
32 14.28 days
Industrial
Phosphorus
32 14.28 days
Research
Phosphorus
33 25.3 days
Research
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Plutonium
Pu
238 87.74 years
Industrial
Plutonium
Pu
238 87.74 years
Medical
Po
210 138.38 days
Industrial
Potassium
42 12.36 hours
Industrial
Potassium
42 12.36 hours
Medical
Promethium
Pm
147 2.6234 years
Industrial
Radium
Ra
226 1599 years
Industrial
Rubidium
Rb
81 4.57 hours
Medical
Rubidium
Rb
82 76 seconds
Medical
Samarium
Sm
Polonium
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Radium F
152
Medical
Samarium
Sm
153 1.929 days
Scandium
Sc
46 83.81 days
Industrial
Scandium
Sc
46 83.81 days
Industrial
Selenium
Se
75 119.78 days
Research
Selenium
Se
75 119.78 days
Industrial
Silver
Ag
Sodium
Na
24 14.96 hours
Industrial
Sodium
Na
24 14.96 hours
Medical
Strontium
Sr
85 64.85 days
Research
Strontium
Sr
87
Research
Strontium
Sr
89 50.52 days
Medical
Strontium
Sr
92 2.71 hours
Medical
Sulfur
35 87.2 days
Medical
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110m
24.6 seconds
Medical
Industrial
Technetium
Tc
Thallium
99m
6 hours
Medical
Tl
201 3.040 days
Medical
Thallium
Tl
204 3.78 years
Industrial
Thorium
Th
229 7880 years
Industrial
Thorium
Ionium
Th
230 75380 years
Industrial
Thorium
Ionium
Th
230 75380 years
Research
Uranium
Uranium II
234 245500 years
Medical
Uranium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Uranium II
U
Xe
Yb
234 245500 years

133 5.243 days
169 32.026 days
Industrial
Medical
Medical
Y
Zn
90 64.10 hours
65 244.26 days
Medical
Industrial
Yttrium
Zinc
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Specific Use
Chemical Properties
Alzheimer's disease
Acid rain
Radiation
produced
gamma
gamma
Smoke Detectors, fluid-density gauges, oil well logging (neutron source), to

measure levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples, to ensure uniform thickness
in rolling processes like steel and paper production, to help determine where oil
wells should be drilled, useful for a level gauge, a X-ray fluorescence analysis.
Am241-Be9 is useful for a moisture gauge
ventilation tests in building research
to analyse metal alloys for checking stock, scrap sorting, X-ray fluorescene
analysis.
treatment of cancerous tumous, measurement of correct dosages of
radioactive pharmaceuticals
measurement and control the liquid flow in oil pipelines, determine whether oil
wells are plugged by sand, ensure the right fill level for food and drug
packaging, tradiotracer for identification of sources of soil erosion and
deposition
Americium 241 emits alpha particles which

ionise the air and allow a current between
two electrodes, if smoke is present, it
absorbs the alpha particlas and the current
is interrupted and the alarm goes off
gamma
beta
beta
to study the cellular functions and bone formation in mammals

to inspect luggage for hidden explosives, to gauge moistute content of soil in
the road construction and building industries, to measure moisture of materials
srored in soils
glucose tagged with C11 is used with Positron Emission Tomography,

produces positrons in the brain or other organs and monitored by PET
alpha
beta
beta
alpha
positron-emitting radionuclides have short

half-lives and high radiation energies
gamma
Dating organic samples up to 35000 yrs old

Carbon is present in form of carbonhydrates beta
isotopic tracer, investigations of photosynthesis, also glucose through the body,
to ensure that potential new drugs are metabolised without forming harmful byproducts, useful for thickness gauge of thin plastics
beta
measurement of sources of chloride and age of water (up to 2 million years),
used for thickness gauge for paper, plastics
beta
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to study red blood cell survival rates

Isotopic tracer - for pernicious anemia, X-ray fluorescence analysis
gamma
gamma
Treating cancer, sterilisation of medical products and equipment
beta and gamma
isotopic tracer - vitamin B12 with tagged with Co60 can be used to study the
absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract
Isotopic tracer - for finding flaws in metal castings, together with Ag110m,
La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace, level gauge,
density gauge
Isotope dilution - used to calculate amount of compounds
Isotopic tracer - brain tumours absorb Copper, genetic diseases affecting
copper metabolism such as Wilson's and Menke's disease
when injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the
antibodies bind to and destroy the tumour
used in mining to analyse material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling
operations
PET, detection of cancers and monitoring progress in their treatment,

fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) is useful for Energy metabolism diagnosis
beta and gamma
beta and gamma

beta and gamma
gamma
beta
alpha

isotopic tracer - as gallium citrate to detect inflammation and disorders

associated with AIDS
trace factory waste causing ocean pollution, trace sand movement in river beds
and ocean floor, together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure
performance of blast furnace, togther with Ir192 and Cr57 to label sand to study
coastal erosion
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gamma
gamma
beta
isotopic tracer, investigations of chemical and biochemical reactions involving

hydrogen
life science and drug metabolism to ensure safety of potential new drugs
self luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs, luminous dials, gauges and
wrist watches, production of luminous paint, geological and hydrological
prospecting,measure "young" groundwater, tracer to study sewage and liquid
waste
Isotopic tracer absorbed by brain tumours
imaging of the thyroid gland, treatment of thyroid cancer and Graves' disease,
Iodine accumulates in the thyroid, also brain tumors, abnormal liver function,
renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction
Diagnosis of thyroid disease and other metabolic disorders including brain
function
Diagnosis of thyroid disorders, biomedical research, glomerular filtration rate of
kidneys, deep vein thrombosis, radioimmuno assays, show the presence of
hormones in tiny quantities
used to check radioactivity counters
Implants for tumour irradiation (brachytherapy)
Test welds in boilers, pipelines and aircraft parts, radiography of steel to
discover flaws
Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron
Analyse electroplating solutions and detect the presence of sulfur in the air
Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron
imaging of pulmonary ventilation
indicator lights in appliances such as clothes dryers, washing machines, gauge
the thickness of thin plastics and sheet metal, rubber, textiles and paper,
Deuterium enters into all chemical reactions

characteristic of ordinary hydrogen, forming
equivalent compounds. Deuterium, however,
reacts more slowly than ordinary hydrogen, a
criterion that distinguishes the two forms of
hydrogen. Because of this property, among
others, deuterium is extensively used as an
isotopic tracer in investigations of chemical
and biochemical reactions involving
hydrogen
stable
beta
beta
gamma
brain tumours absorb large quantities of
Iodine
gamma
used in radioimmunoassay because 125I
attaches easily to most antibodies or
antigens
Internal radiotherapy
together with Ag110m, Co60, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of

blast furnace
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beta and gamma
gamma
beta
beta
beta
gamma
gamma
beta
gamma
beta
beta
predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water
gamma
to detect explosives, voltage and current surge protection devices, useful for
thickness gauge of thin plastic
beta
electron capture detectors for gas chromatographs
beta
Positron emission tomography
gamma
isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and
passage of elements through the environment
gamma
stable
Positron Emission Tomography, incorporated into metabolically important

molecules
preparation of F18-deoxyglucose for Positron emission Tomography, as
Oxygen-18 water, heart blockage detection, deficiencies in heart valves, brain
scanning for tumour detection, energy expenditure in humans and total body
water composition in humans

gamma
stable
treating ovarian and bone cancer
beta
isotopic tracer - to investigate the uptake of fertilisers in plants
beta
molecular biology and genetics research, treatment of polycythermia vera

(excess red blood cells)
beta
molecular biology and genetics research
beta
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energy generation in nuclear power stations, source of fuel for spacecraft
alpha
power heart pacemakers
alpha
reduce the static charge in production of photographic film and other materials
alpha
beta
exchangeable potassium in ccoronary blood flow
beta
electric blanket thermostats, useful for thickness gauge of film and leather
beta
makes lighting rods more effecctive, with Be-9 is useful for moisture gauge
alpha
imaging of pulmonary ventilation
gamma
Positron Emission Tomography, short-term effects of physiologic alterations or

of drugs, used to identify blood-brain-barrier deficits
gamma
stable
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relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic

phosphates
beta
isotopic tracer - to investigate the silt movement in rivers
beta and gamma
together with Ag110m, La140, Co60 and Au198 to measure performance of

blast furnace
beta and gamma
protein studies in life science research, study the production of enzymes, useful
for density gauge
gamma
weld inspection of pipelines, useful for density gauge
gamma
together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast
furnace
beta and gamma
detecting leaks in underground pipes, oil well studies
beta
isotopic tracer - monitor blood flow, to detect constrictions or obstructions
beta
bone formation and metabolism
gamma
isotopic tracer - study bone growth
gamma
relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic

phosphates
gamma
beta
medical treatment
beta
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produce images of the brain, lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, gall bladder, skeleton chemically binds with many biologically
and cardiovascular system, about 70% of nuclear medicine procedures, useful active molecules, injected with tin compound
for thickness gauge of film and leather
which soon binds with red blood cells,
beta
injected into blood stream, concentrates in normal heart muscle but will not
remain in damaged tissue, area is then photographed with a nuclear
scintillation camera to show damaged areas
gamma
measurement of dust and pollutant levels on filter paper, gauge thickness of
plastic, sheet metal and rubber, used for thickness gauge for paper, plastics
helps fluorescent lights last longer, with Tungsten - to improve stability and
efficiency of electric arc welding rods
pure beta emitter,

gamma
alpha
provide colouring and fluorescence in coloured glazes and glassware
alpha
Because uranium compounds are soluble in
seawater, while thorium compounds are
quite insoluble and are readily precipitated
and incorporated in sediments
dating sediments, as old as 400,000 years

provide natural colouring and brightness to dental fixtures\
alpha
fuel, production of fluorescent glassware, coloured glazes and wall tiles

determination of functional lung capacity and blood flow studies
cerebrospinal fluid studies in the brain
alpha
beta
gamma
targetted cancer treatments, silicate colloid for treatment of arthritis in larger

joints
predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water
beta
gamma
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Advantage
Disadvantage
readily available
Radioactive smoke detectors should be

disposed of by returning to supplier or the
Department of Health, small amount of
gamma radiation releases, alpha particals
are produced but are absorbed within a few
centimetres of the device
short half-lives of these tracers that allow

large doses to be administered to the
patient with low radiation exposure and
half-life is so short, they have to be
enable studies to be repeatedly
generated on site
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Production
Handling
administered by means of injection

or inhalation, the purpose being
C-11 is created from N-14 (p,alpha), simply to enter the compound into
or B-11 (p,n) using cyclotron.
the bloodstream
created from V51 (p,n) using a

cyclotron.
Co60 is made by irradiation of Co59
in a nuclear reactor
produced from a nuclear reactor
with Zn64(n,p) reaction.
short half life, do no emit alpha particles

enable studies to be repeatedly
generated on site
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created from O18 (p,n) using a

cyclotron.

simply to enter the compound into
the bloodstream
short half life, do no emit alpha particles

short half life, most is absorbed by
attending staff must wear protection,
thyroid, any other is excreted, dosage too excreted I-131 can be a significant source of
small to harm the thyroid or the rest iof
both contamination and radiation exposure
administered as NaI in water
localised and cost effective
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generated on site

created from O16 (p,alpha), or C12 or inhalation, the purpose being
(d,n) using cyclotron.
created from O16 (p,alpha), or C12

(d,n) using cyclotron.

generated on site
created from N15 (p,n) using

cyclotron
majority of injected radiactive material

stays within the body, body acts as
effective shield
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administered by injection
toxic radioisotope is sealed inside a case

that prevents alpha particles from escaping
and damaging surrounding tissue
advantage of serial measurements in the

same patient
effective shield
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can be produced without a cyclotron

from a column generator

effective shield
produced from a nuclear reactor
with Cl35(n,p) reaction
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half life is only 6 hours, ideal for medical

imaging as it keep radiation dose to
minimum, do not emit alpha particals
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99Tc is produced as a fission

short half life presents problems for delivery product from the fission of uranium
of isotope
in nuclear reactors
As Tc-99m has short half life, it is

transported as Mo-99 which has a
half life of 67 hours
hazard
Web resource
http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/NUREGS/BR0217/par
t12.html http://www.uic.com.au/nip35.htm
http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope
s/tracers.html
http://www.c14dating.com/
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s/tracers.html
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http://www.c-fc.com/specgas_products/deuterium.htm
protective foot wear and

disposable clothing
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http://www.uiowa.edu/~hpo/training/CCCnurses
/sld014.htm
http://www.eanmrtc.org/Monogrph/iodide.htm
s/tracers.html
s/tracers.html
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s/tracers.html
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99Tc is a contamination hazard http://www.ansto.gov.au/ansto/gentech/overvie

and should be handled in a
w.htm
glove box.
http://www.ainse.edu.au/info/press/2000_02.ht
http://www.britannica.com/seo/i/ionium-thoriumdating/
http://www.uic.com.au/uicchem.htm
http://www.uic.com.au/uicphys.htm
http://www.uic.com.au/uicchem.htm
http://encarta.msn.com/find/search.asp?search
=yttrium
http://www.nidlink.com/~jfromm/elements/yttriu
m.htm
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Radioactive Isotopes

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253473312.xls.

Symbol Isotope Half life

241 432.2 years

109 462 days

137 30.2 years

137 30.2 years

252 2.64 years

The Identification and Production of Materials

244 18.11 years

198 2.694 days

The Identification and Production of Materials

111 2.8049 days

131 8.040 days

123 13.2 hours

The Identification and Production of Materials

The Identification and Production of Materials

238 87.74 years

238 87.74 years

210 138.38 days

147 2.6234 years

226 1599 years

The Identification and Production of Materials

153 1.929 days

The Identification and Production of Materials

201 3.040 days

204 3.78 years

229 7880 years

230 75380 years

230 75380 years

234 245500 years

234 245500 years

The Identification and Production of Materials

Smoke Detectors, fluid-density gauges, oil well logging (neutron source), to

Americium 241 emits alpha particles which

to study the cellular functions and bone formation in mammals

glucose tagged with C11 is used with Positron Emission Tomography,

positron-emitting radionuclides have short

Dating organic samples up to 35000 yrs old

The Identification and Production of Materials

to study red blood cell survival rates

Treating cancer, sterilisation of medical products and equipment

beta and gamma

PET, detection of cancers and monitoring progress in their treatment,

beta and gamma

beta and gamma

positron-emitting radionuclides have short

isotopic tracer - as gallium citrate to detect inflammation and disorders

The Identification and Production of Materials

isotopic tracer, investigations of chemical and biochemical reactions involving

Deuterium enters into all chemical reactions

together with Ag110m, Co60, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of

beta and gamma

The Identification and Production of Materials

predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water

electron capture detectors for gas chromatographs

Positron emission tomography

Positron Emission Tomography, incorporated into metabolically important

positron-emitting radionuclides have short

treating ovarian and bone cancer

isotopic tracer - to investigate the uptake of fertilisers in plants

molecular biology and genetics research, treatment of polycythermia vera

molecular biology and genetics research

The Identification and Production of Materials

energy generation in nuclear power stations, source of fuel for spacecraft