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FUNCTIONALISM

FUTURISM

Movement in 20th Century, art that represented the


revolutionary effort of young Italian
Concrete, steel and glass
Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.
an architects.
The architecture of reinforced concrete iron and
glass.
Calculation of audacity and simplicity
Capable of expressing tangible miracles.
Inspired by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

Examples:

Victorian Library

FUNCTIONALISM

Concrete, steel and glass

Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.

Form follows function


- Deals with the development of plan arrangement to its form
composition.
The Bauhaus, built in 1925 following
the plans of Walter Gropius, housed
the college of architecture where
such painters as Gropius himself,
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Paul Klee
and Wassily Kandinsky taught. The
college, deemed to be decadent by
the Nazis, was closed in 1933 and
most of its painters and architects
went into exile.

Royale Mint Hotel

Concrete & glass materials.

Advocators: Gibson More,John Waye & Rob Dale.

Marinetti was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and was educated there and in
Paris, Padua, and Genoa, receiving a law degree from the
University of Genoa in 1899.
Manifeste du Futurisme (Manifesto of Futurism, 1909)

The Grand Hunt

Carolina Gallery

The Grand Hunt (early 4th century), a detail of


which is shown here, is a large floor mosaic
found in the villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily.
The mosaics, covering a total of 651 sq m
(7,000 sq ft), depict various scenes from life in
the late Roman Empire. This mosaic is an
example of opus vermiculatum, in which
particularly small tesserae are used.

Palette of gleaming white ceramic tile


Glass columns
Curtain walls
Exposed reinforced concrete
Advocators: Jerry Wahl, Barry Irvings & Mac
Leweys

Bauhaus Museum, Berlin

United Airlines Terminal

Walter Gropius brought an analytical and intellectual approach to architecture, not only
in large-scale public buildings such as the Bauhaus Museum in Berlin, shown here, but
also in housing schemes for the working-class sector of society. He believed that the
use of materials (glass, steel, and concrete) should be logical and that the design of a
building should be closely allied to its function.

Colored ceramic coating


Frit - used on to surface of skylight glazing to create
glass that decorative diffuse daylight to reduce glare.
Advocators: Donald Koster and Peter Mcquillin.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

FUNCTIONALISM & DE STIJL

Cubist style developed in Germany and Austria (1900s).

DE STIJL

the style
Founded in 1917
Believed in the application of GEOMETRIC ABSTRACTIONS
Pure color and form

Doesburg, Theo van (1883-1931), Dutch painter, who was a leading


advocate of Neo-Plasticism, a movement created by Piet
Mondrian in the Netherlands. He was one of the founders (1917)
of De Stijl magazine, which promoted the Neo-Plasticist ideals of
radical simplification based on the use of straight lines, right
angles, and flat planes. Through speeches and articles, Doesburg
spread Neo-Plastic ideas to the Bauhaus school, where they
influenced the course of mid-20th-century architecture.

Piet Mondrain

Born in Amersfoort, the Netherlands, on March 7, 1872

Earliest to exploit the potential of Geometric Abstraction Images.

Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue


(c. 1939-1942) by Piet Mondrian is based on
the artist's precept that painting should
consist only of flat planes and straight lines,
and be limited to primary colours, with black,
white, and grey. This formed the basis of
Neo-Plasticism, a style of geometrical
abstraction created by Mondrian.

Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter (1890-1963), Dutch architect, who


was one of the early practitioners of the International Style in Europe.
Advocating simplicity, purity, and rationality, he produced sober designs
characterized by flat horizontal facades, wraparound corners, and crisply
right-angled outlines. As city architect of Rotterdam from 1918 to 1927,
he designed large workers' housing projects in reinforced concrete.

Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas (1888-1964), Dutch architect and furniture


designer, whose work is among the best associated with the movement
called de Stijl
Red-Blue Chair by Rietveld
Dutch architect and designer
Gerrit Rietveld was part of the
movement known as de Stijl.
Rietvelds red-blue chair,
designed in 1918, combines
primary colours with geometric
shapes.

Tremaine House, Santa Barbara


Clean lines, produced by the integrated
use of concrete and large expanses of
glass, give Tremaine House an elegant
simplicity, while the overhanging roof and
patio create a link between the building
and its natural surroundings. Designed in
1947-1948, it is one of several houses that
Richard Neutra built in the United States.
It is an outstanding example of the
International Style, which Neutra
introduced to the US.

CHARACTERISTICS:

Devoid of ornamentation

Symmetrical/Assymetrical plans

Overlapping & intersecting 2-dimensional planes that enclose 3dimensional space.

Pure color like white & grey of exterior walls.

Distribution of wall to window space is approximately equal.

UTILITARIANISM-CONSTRUCTIVISM
UTILITARIANISM

CONSTRUCTIVISM

Sought for solutions for alternative cheap forms of construction in


timber, brick & metal.

Initiated by British (pre-fab. Architecture)

A design of something Auspicious.


Other definitions:

Refers to low-cost housing

Pre-Fabricated unit

EXAMPLE:

Malevich Kasimir

Russian painter

Key figure in the development of abstract art.

Earliest work shows the influence of Neo-Impressionism and


Fauvism, and later of Cubism, distinguished by a great clarity of
line.
Examples:

Nakagin Capsule

Ginza Tokyo
Nakagin Capsule Tower Building
- Made of capsule Blocks
- Like toy brick stacked together
- Contains living units w/ bed, T&B etc.
- One man unit

Non-representational style of art w/c uses modern industrial


materials: plastic & glass.
Ideal abstract art movement arose in Europe & Russia (19131920)
Based on the idea: Art is an absolute entity, whose origin lie in
the mind & whose forms are unrelated to objects of visible world.
Concept of art: includes painting & sculpture.

Marcel Breuer

Italian architect

Member of Bauhaus

Popularized the Tubular steel cantilever chair.

PHILOSOPHIES:

Nature & architecture are two different things.


A building has a straight geometrical lines even when these
lines are free, it must always be evident that they have been
studied, and that they nit spring up spontaneously.

Side Chair by Marcel Breuer


The cantilevered chair, resting on two front
legs that extend backwards, was developed
mainly by Marcel Breuer c. 1928. The metalbending techniques developed at the Bauhaus
in Germany facilitated the design, a prime
example of Functionalism. This side chair is
made of aluminium and painted wood.

Woman in a basket
Gabo, Naum (1890(1890-1977),

American sculptor of Russian birth

One of the leading practitioners of 20th-century Constructivism.


Born in Briansk

Example:

Serpuchov Radio Station

Model for Column


This Constructivist piece by Naum Gabo is a model for a larger sculpture, called Column, which he
completed in 1923. Abstract and geometric forms, and the use of transparent glass and plastic, were
central to Constructivist sculpture. The model is part of the collection of the Tate Gallery, London.

NEONEO-EXPRESSIONISM

Out view in w/c the major activities or environmental factor was


employed in the structure in a non-intellectual manner.
CHARACTERISTICS:

Continuity of forms rather than proportionality and geometric


terms/means.

Tendency to avoid rectangular forms.

Tends to individual sensibility.


SYMBOLISM
has to be explained and understand by the expectator from his
knowledge of the cultural context.
EXPRESSIONISM
the architect tries to covey his message to non-intellectual level.
EXAMPLES:

Ingals Hockey Rink (Yale University)

T.W.A. Terminal at Kenndy, N.Y.

Dulles International Airport, Washignton D.C.


Eero Saarinen

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1928),


-

Scottish architect and designer, whose chaste, functional style


exerted a strong influence on 20th-century architecture and
interior design.
Table by Charles Rennie
Mackintosh
The simple lines and geometrical
character of this table, which Charles
Rennie Mackintosh designed in 1918,
are typical of his designs for
furniture. It is made of stained pine
with mother-of-pearl inlay.

Wagner, Otto (1841-1918)


-

Austrian architect, leader of the Viennese architectural revival of


the late 19th century.

Karlsplatz Station by Wagner


Karlsplatz station, built in Vienna, Austria in 1898, illustrates architect Otto Wagners early use of
wrought iron and ceramic as decorative elements. His later work was more austere and evolved
through his followers into the International Style.

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969),

PHILOSOPHIES:

German-American architect, the leading and most influential


exponent of the glass and steel architecture of the 20thcentury International Style.

Skin and bone construction.

Le Corbusier

Less is more

professional name of Charles douard Jeanneret (1887-1965),


Swiss-French architect, painter, and writer, who had a major
effect on the development of modern architecture.

PHILOSOPHY:

The house is a machine to live in.

WORKS:
Seagram Building, New York

Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva (1927(1927-1928)

Mies van der Rohe designed several highrise buildings in the United States, after
his arrival there in 1937. The Seagram
Building, in New York, which he designed
with Philip Cortelyou and which was
completed in 1958, is conceived as a steel
framework with a glass, bronze, and
marble exterior. Ostensibly a severely
practical building, it is nevertheless
elegant and precise. It is a prime example
of the International Style, of which Mies
was the acknowledged leader.

The Swiss Building at the Cit


Cit Universitaire, Paris (1931(19311932);

Unit
Unit d'Habitation (1946(1946-1952)

an apartment house in Marseille, France;

Notre Dame du Haut (1950(1950-1955)

a pilgrimage church in Ronchamp, France

High Court Buildings (1952(1952-1956) Chand garh, India

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp


Le Corbusier designed the pilgrimage church
of Notre Dame du Haut in 1950. This building,
one of the most unusual churches in France,
is a synthesis of architecture and sculpture.
The frame of the structure is steel and metal
mesh, over which concrete was sprayed.

Johnson, Philip C(ortelyou) (1906(1906- )

Skyscraper, New York

American architect, born in Cleveland, Ohio, and educated at


Harvard University in the classics and later in architecture

The architect who equated with an exhibition of modern


architecture (1932)

Invented the International Style

Father figure of Post Modernism.

Like other buildings designed by the American


architect Philip Johnson, the AT&T building
(1984), above, strongly influenced the rise of
Post-Modern architecture. Key elements include
such devices as stylistic allusion, achieved by the
use of Renaissance detail and the Neo-Classical
broken pediment that tops the building.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Volume rather than mass.

Regularity rather than axial symmetry

Prescribing arbitrarily applied decorations.

Glass hose, Connecticut

Seagram Building, N.Y. (w/Mies Van Der Rohe)


Theatre of the Dance, Lincoln Center

Williams Proctor Museum, N.Y.

Art Gallery for the University of Nebraska

Ammon Corter Museum, Texas

AT&T Building N.Y.

American architect and teacher, whose original, powerful designs


in brick and concrete won him a prominent place in 20th-century
architecture.

Highly ordered sequence of space & noble structural systems.

PHILOSOPHY:

Searching for a materials want to be.


WORKS:

Yale Art Gallery w/ Douglas Orr

Alfred Newton Richards Medical Center

WORKS:

Kahn, Louis I(sadore) (1901-1974),

BOOKS:

Modern Architects N.Y.

International Style, N.Y., 1932

Machine Art, 1943

Mies Van Der Rohe N.Y., 1947

Philip Johnson: Writings, 1978

Selected Writings Tokyo, 1975

Perret, Auguste (1874-1954)

French Legation, Istanbul

French architect, one of the most important pioneers of the


modern French style.

Theatre Des Champs, Lysees

Advocator of reinforced concrete architecture.

THEORIES:

The truth is indispensable in architecture & every architecture


architecture
lie courrupts.
Any project is bad if it is more difficult or more complicated to
construct the necessary.

- redesigning, original by Van del Velde

Notre Dame Church, Paris

Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva

Eiffel Monument, Paris

Palace of the Soviets, Moscow

Saarinen, Eero (1910-1961),

Finnish-American architect and designer, son of Eliel Saarinen


and one of the leading architects of the mid-20th century.
PHILOSOPHIES:

Function influences but does not dictate form.

Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.

Architecture is not just to fulfill mans belief in the nobility


nobility of his

The Temple Tower 1889, Exposition Universale in Paris

The Apartment Building Rue Franklin

exsistence on earth.

In the early 1900s, French architect


Auguste Perret pioneered the use of
reinforced concrete as a building
material; his apartment building in the
Rue Franklin was the first residence
built of concrete in France. Perret was
responsible for much of the rebuilding
of Paris after World War II.

Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867(1867-1959)

Michigan:1948Michigan:1948-1956
Air Force Acadaemy
U.S. Embassy in London
The Chapel & Kresge Auditorium, Massachussetts
Institute of Technology
T.W.A. Terminal, Kennedy Terminal, N.Y.
- In a for m of bird about to fly.

Perrets Rue Franklin Building

American architect, who was a pioneer of the modern style. He


is considered one of the greatest figures in 20th-century
architecture.

1968

WORKS:

Saint Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial

The General Motors Technical Center, Warren

WORKS:

BOOKS:

Eero Saarinen in His Work, New Haven Connecticut;

T.J. Watson Research Center, York Town, N.Y.


The Chapel of Concordia Senior College.
Gateway Arch, St. Louis

Saarinen, (Gottlieb) Eliel (1873-1950)

Finnish-American architect, who strongly influenced modern


architecture.

Popular w/ railway station designs especially in Europe.

2nd place in the Chicago Tribune Tower

Gateway Arch, St Louis


Simple, elegant, and imposing, Gateway Arch, designed by Eero Saarinen, dominates the skyline
of the city of St Louis, Missouri. The arch, made of stainless steel and rising to a height of 192 m
(630 ft), is topped by an observation deck. It was built to commemorate the role of St Louis as
gateway to the American West.

Helsinki Central Railway Station


Finnish-American architect Eliel Saarinen used his trademark,
bold lines and shapes, to create the Helsinki Central
Railway Station in Helsinki, Finland. It was constructed
between 1904 and 1914.

PHILOSOPHY:

Beauty grows from the necessity not from repetition of

formulas.

Hills/DeCaro House, Chicago

Fallingwater, Pennsylvania

Frank Lloyd Wright, a pioneer of modern architecture, lived and worked in the Chicago area during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. He designed many single-family houses, known as prairie houses. The Hills/DeCaro house in Oak
Park, west of Chicago, is one of more than 20 houses Wright designed while living in the town between 1890 and
1910.

Frank Lloyd Wright designed Fallingwater, in Bear Run, for the Kaufmann family in 1937. This view
shows the section of the house that extends over a natural waterfall, a device according with Wrights
belief that a buildings form should be determined by its environment. Contrasts in the textures and
colours of natural stone, concrete, and painted metal on the buildings exterior are characteristic of
Wrights innovative style.
Guggenheim Museum, New York
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,
commissioned as a gallery of modern art
and built 1956-1959, is one of Frank Lloyd
Wrights most important buildings. The
spiralling structure on the right is a grand
exhibition hall illuminated by a large
skylight; it has no separate floor levels,
the spiral ramp within creating a
continuous space. A new section (left ) was
added in 1992.

WORKS:

Cranbook School, Michigan

Christ Church, Minneapolis

Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland

National Museum Finland


BOOKS:

Munksnas-Naga, 1915

The City: Its growth, its decay, its future, N.Y., 1943

Search for Form: A fundamental Approach to Art

The Cranbook Development, Michigan, 1931

Saarinens Giant Statues


These bold statues flank the entrance to FinnishAmerican architect Eliel Saarinens Helsinki
Central Railway Station in Finland, completed in
1914. Saarinen focused on clean lines and
proportional masses combined with bold shapes
and a sensitive use of materials. He was the
father of Eero Saarinen, another influential
architect of the mid-20th century.

Nervi,
Nervi, Pier Luigi (1891-1979)

Italian architect and engineer, whose technical innovations,


particularly in the use of reinforced concrete, made possible
aesthetically pleasing solutions to difficult structural problems.

BOOKS:
Concrete & Structural Form, London: 1955

Structure, New York: 1956

Kenz

Discovered ferro-cemento
- consist of layers of fine steel mesh sprayed w/ cement mortar &
it could be used either for shell construction or for heavier units
w/ reinforcing rods inserted between the layers of mortar & mesh.

Municipal Stadium Florence

Fiat Factory, Turin

Italian Embassy, Brazilia

Papal Audience Hall, Vatican City

Australian Embassy, Paris

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Winning on the International Planning Competition of Skopje,


Yugoslavia

Appointed Master planner of the International Exhibition of 1970,


Osaka

Furyu

WORKS:

Tange (1913- )
Japanese architect, the most prominent modern architect of the
country. In his designs for public buildings, has reconciled 20thcentury Western styles and materials with traditional Japanese
forms.
Anti realist attitude, anti action element in the Japanese
life.

PHILOSOPHIES:

Modern Architecture need not be Western.

The city must be subjected to growth, decay and renewal.

Nervi Station, Italy


Italian architect Pier Nervi created designs with great visual appeal. He used
reinforced concrete to create large interior spaces, such as in the Nervi Station
in Italy.

Peace Museum, Hiroshima


The Peace Museum, designed by Tange
Kenzo, stands on the site of the epicentre of
the atomic explosion that destroyed
Hiroshima in 1945. Tange has designed
many public buildings in Japan, often, as
here, using prestressed concrete rather than
large expanses of glass and steel, which are
unsuitable in a country vulnerable to
earthquakes. "

Inside a Pyramid
The burial chambers inside the Egyptian pyramids held the sarcophagus of the pharaoh and the rich grave goods with which he was provided for the afterlife. These chambers
were located at the end of long corridors that could be sealed, or constructed in such a way as to confuse grave robbers. This cross-section of the Great Pyramid at Giza shows
the internal arrangement of passageways and burial chambers.

Venturi, Robert Charles (1925- )

American architect and teacher, one of the most


influential architectural theorists of the late 20th
century.

BOOKS:

Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture N.Y. 1966

Learning from Las Vegas, Massachusset 1972 & 1977

Step Pyramid, Saqqara


The step pyramid of King Zoser, 3rd dynasty,
Egypt, was built about 2737-2717 BC at Saqqara,
necropolis of the capital, Memphis. It was
designed by Imhotep, the first known Egyptian
architect, who was later deified by the Egyptians.
The pyramid, built of local limestone and rising to
a height of 61 m (200 ft), was the first
monumental royal tomb and is one of the oldest
stone structures in Egypt.

PHILOSOPHIES:

We promote an architecture responsive to the


complexities and contradictions of the modern
experience. The particularities of context, the
varieties of the users taste; Culture & the
symbolic & decorative dictates of the program.

Less is Bore

More is More

Modern movement was almost right

Vanna Venturi House

Walker & Dunlop Office Building

Transportation Square, Washington

American architect Robert Venturi designed the Vanna Venturi House (1959-1963), located in
Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, for his mother. Venturis architectural theories for this and other
buildings he designed in the 1960s led to the development of postmodernism in architecture
during the 1970s. His theories advocate the use of historical allusion and symbolism, rejecting
the perceived sterility of orthodox modern buildings. His architectural firm designed many of
the most influential buildings of the 1970s and 1980s.

Master Plan & Uraban Design of California


City

Convention Center, Conversion plan Canada

West Mount Airy Clustered Housing Plan

Philadelphia

WORKS:

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Great Temple of Abydos


Built on the banks of the River
Nile, the city of Abydos was the
burial place of most Egyptian
kings from 3100 to 2755 BC.
Shown here is the Great
Temple of Abydos, constructed
during the reign of Seti I, from
1291 to 1279 BC.

Pyramid of Khafre, Giza


The pyramids at Giza in Egypt are among the
most famous pieces of architecture in the
Great Sphinx, Giza
world. The Pyramid of Khafre, which rises to a
The Great Sphinx at Giza was built on the orders of the
height of about 136 m (446 ft), was built as
pharaoh Khafre in the 3rd millennium BC. In ancient
the final resting place of the pharaoh Khafre
Egypt, the sphinx was the symbol of royal power, and
in about 2530 BC. Remains of the original
this statue was probably intended to be a portrait of
limestone casing are visible at the top of the
Khafre. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is seen to the right
pyramid.
of the Sphinx, and the Pyramid of Khafre to the left.

Sculpture of Khafre
This sculpture depicts an idealized
representation of Khafre, the fourth
Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty. Khafre
was king from about 2603 BC. to 2578
BC. and built the second of the three
pyramids at Giza.

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
Tiger Hill Pagoda, China
A pagoda is a tower usually found in
Buddhist temple enclosures in East and
South-East Asia, and typically having
several storeys each with an elaborate
roof or balcony. It is derived from the
stupa and functions as a shrine,
memorial, and tomb. Tiger Hill Pagoda,
in Suzhou, dates from the 10th century
and stands 47.5 m (155 ft) high.

Altar of Heaven, Beijing


The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of
Heaven, or Tian Tan, built during the Ming
dynasty in Beijing, China. It is located in Tian
Tan Park in the Old City section of Beijing. The
15th-century structure, with its red walls and
gold detailing, is typical of the architecture of
the Ming dynasty.

Chartres Cathedral (ABOVE)


Chartres Cathedral, in northern France, is one of the most celebrated Gothic cathedrals in
the world. It is particularly notable for its sculptural decoration and stained-glass windows.
The cathedral was begun in 1194 and completed about 60 years later.
Patio of the Myrtles, Granada (RIGHT)
The Alhambra complex, in the southern
Spanish city of Granada, is the most famous
example of Moorish architecture in Spain. In
the foreground can be seen the Arrayanes
patio, with the two myrtle hedges flanking
the pool. Reflections of the pillars of the
room known as the Barca and the
monumental tower of Comares can be seen
in the pools waters.

Canterbury Cathedra(LEFT)
Canterbury Cathedral, one of the most illustrious examples of Gothic architecture in Britain, holding the shrine of St Thomas Becket, is
also the administrative centre of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of All England, and effectively the
foremost prelate of the Anglican Communion. The ecclesiastical structure of the Church of England, combined with its broadly Protestant
theology, is one of its most distinctive characteristics.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra


This spiral minaret, where the muezzin once
called the faithful to prayer, is the only surviving
feature of the Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq. At
the time of its construction (848-852), the Great
Mosque at Samarra was the largest Islamic
mosque in the world. .

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