GENETICS AND BREEDING

Jackfruit

AU SOEPADMO E.
TI ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAMK.
SO VERHEIJ, E. W. M. AND R. E. CORONEL (ED.). PLANT RESOURCES OF SOUTH-EAST
ASIA, NO. 2. EDIBLE FRUITS AND NUTS. 447P. PROSEA (PLANT RESOURCES OF
SOUTH-EAST ASIA) FOUNDATION: BOGOR, INDONESIA; PUDOC-DLO (CENTRE
FOR AGRICULTURAL PUBLISHING AND DOCUMENTATION) WAGENINGUN,
NETHERLANDS. ILLUS. MAPS. ISBN 90-220-09866-6. O (O). 1991. 86-91.
AU SHA A. A.
TI BASAL AREA DISTRIBUTION IN TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS OF WESTERN GHAT
INDIA.
SO INDIAN-FOR 116 (5). 1990. 356-368.
AB The Forests of Pattighat (Western Gbat-Karnataka) were studied to define the
distribution pattern of different tree species and their growing stock. There is significant
variation in the composition of tree species and their basal area in different localities.
Analysis of B.A. (Basal Area) from different compartments reveal grouping of certain
species in specific localities. Similarly the locality is distinguishable into two groups
based on difference in mean yield. The association of tree species and their stocking has
also shown a similar trend. Among the 21 species, Vateria indica and Kingiodendron
pinnatum form a strong group differing totally from another group of species consisting of
Ficus mysorensis, Antiaris toxicaria, Garcinia morelia, Schleichera oleosa, Artocarpus
heterophyllus. Cinnamomum zeylanicum,
Mangifera indica, Pterygota alata and
Dimocarpus longan.
Such information may be useful in choice of species in
enrichment planting.
AU DAYAL R., CHANDRA S., BISWAS S.
TI NOTES ON THE TERATOLOGY OF SOME ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS.
SO J-ECON-TAXON-BOT 13 ( 1 ). 1989. 52-55.
AB The paper reports fasciation, bifurcation and fusion in foliar and fruiting parts of nine species of
angiosperms (Abelmoschus esculentus, Ampelocissus divaricata . Anthocephalus chinensis,
Artocarpus heterophyllus, Celtis australis, Engelhardtia spicata, Ficus auriculata, Jatropha
integirrima, Pandanusfurcatus ) collected from different parts of northern India.
AU GRIFFITHS D.A.
TI ARTOCARPUS BREADFRUITS AND JACKFRUITS.
SO WANATCA-WEST-AUST-NUT-TREE-CROP-ASSOC-YEAR B 13 (0). 1988. 26-43

AU GANGWAR A.K., R AMAKRISHNAN P.S.

TI ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION IN A KHASI VILLAGE OF THE DESERTIFIED CHERRAPUNJI
AREA IN NORTHEAST INDIA.
SO PROC-INDIAN-ACAD-SCI-PLANT-SCI 99 (3). 1989. 199-210.
AB Village ecosystem function of the Khasis in Meghalaya was studied.
The land has been desertified around Cherrapunji as the traditional slash and burn agriculture (jhum)
has been replaced by plantation systems. Apart from mixed plantations with areca nut,
orange, jackfruit, bay leaf, black pepper and betel leaf, broom grass, thatch grass and bamboo
are also raised in the village. All the systems generally are economically viable and have a
high energy efficiency with labour as the major input. Poultry and swine husbandry are two
animal husbandry systems in the village. Both are largely detritus based . About 9% of the
produce from mixed areca nut plantation, 50% from the bamboo and entire produce a thatch
grass is utilized within the village and the rest is exported. In the absence of agriculture much
of the food for consumption is imported from outside the village boundary. The possibility of
further useful changes needs evaluation with scientific inputs.
AU SRIDHAR K.R., KAVERIAPPA K.M.
TI COLONIZATION OF LEAF LITTER BY AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES IN TROPICAL
STREAM.
SO ARCH-HYDROBIOL 112 (4). 1988. 627-630.
AB ight types of submerged leaves were collected at quarterly intervals over a period of one year
from Neriya stream flowing through the Western Ghat forests of Karnataka (India) to test the
colonization of aquatic hyphomycetes. A total of 23 species of hyphomycetes were colonized
on them. The leaves of Ficus bengalensis harboured more number of hyphomycetes followed
by Mangifera indica, Tectona grandis and Gleichenia pectinata, whereas Artccarpus
heterophyllus harboured least number of hyphomycetes. The fungi such as Lunulospora
curvula, Triscelophorus acuminatus . T. monosporus and Triscelophorus sp. were more
frequent and colonized 5. sbd. 7 kinds of leaf materials, whereas Alatospora acuminata,
Flagellospora curvula, Isthmotricladia gombakiensis, I. laensis, Laridospora appendiculata,
Tricladium brunneum, Tricladium sp. 1 and Tricladium sp. 2 were less frequent and
colonized on any one of the leaf materials tested. The mode of colonization is discussed in
relation to seasonal occurrence and substrate preference.
AU EKSITTlKUL T., CHULAVATATOL M.
TI INCREASE IN FLUID VISCOSITY DURING EPIDIDYMAL TRANSIT AND THE
IMMOBILIZATION OF RAT EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOZOA.
SO INT-J-ANDROL 9 t3). 1986 (RECD. 1987). 229-240.
AB A microcapillary method was developed to measure the viscosity of
small volumes of undiluted epididymal fluid. Fluid from the cauda epididymis registered 82
.+-. 17 centipoise which was much more viscous than fluid from the caput
region (8 .+-. 2 centipoise).
Initiation of sperm motility was strongly suppressed in the viscosity range of 7 to 150 centipoise. A
significant increase in the viscosityu of fluid from the caput region was observed when
immobilin in the fluid binds with a lectin from Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Thus, it
is postulated that aggregation of the immobilin induced by a lectin-like material produced by
the cauda epidiymis may be a mechanism by which fluid viscosity is increased during

epididymal transit.
AU BARUAH P., SARMA G.C.
TI ON THE MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS BY THE BORO TRIBALS OF ASSAM INDIA 2.
SO J-ECON TAXON-BOT 5 (3)
AB A preliminary survey of the medicinal plants used by the Boro tribals of Assam was
undertaken with special reference to antiseptic, purgative, blood purifier, tonic, Piles
and worm control. The present communication deals with 25 plants giving details of the
pairs used; their local names and methodology of treatment were described. The plants
described are Artocarpus heterophyllus L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Annona squamosa
L., Achyranthes aspera L., Asparagus racemosus Willd. Bryophyllum calycinum
Salisb., Biophytum sensitivum DC., Cassia fisLula L., Gynandropsis gynandra
Merrill. Holarrhena antidysenterica wall., Hibiscus rosasinensls L., Ipomoea aqua'ica
Forsk., Ixora pariviflora Vahl, Jussiaea repens L., Justicia gendorussa L., Leucas
aspera (Willd.) Spreng., Mesua ferrea L., Moringa oliefera L., Plumeria alba L.,
Ranunculus sceleratus L., Sphaeranthus indicus L., Sonchus arvensis L., Sida
rhombifolia L., Vinca rosea L. and Xanthium strumarium L.
AU BHORE D.P., GHUNKE S.M., SHELKE V.C.
TI A PROMISING TYPE OF JACKFRUIT ARTOCARPUS-HETEROPHYLLUS.
S0 J-MAHARASHTRA-AGRIC-UNIV 5 (1). 1980. 81-82.
AU SITHOLEY R.V.
TI PLANTS REPRESENTED IN ACIENT INDIAN SCULPTURE.
SO GEOPHYTOLOGY 6 (1). 1976 (recd 1978) 15-26.
AB The plants represented in the bas-reliefs on the gateways of the Great Stupa at Sanchi (India) and
the railing of the Bharhut stupa, belonging to the first and the second century BC,
respectively, are figued and described. These include about 40 representations of plants, 23
(Stereospermum Suaveolens, Mangifera indica, Chorea robusta, Albizia lebbeck, Ficus spp.
Michelia champaca, Saraca indica, Syzygium jambos, Bauhinia variegata, Satalum album,
Artocarpus heterophyllus, Annona Squamosa, Musa paradisiaca, Vitis vinifera, Borassus
flabellifer, Phoenix sylvestris, Bambusa spp., Triticum spp. and Nelubo nucifera) of which
are mentioned in archaeological works. The names of the others are not known.
AU JARRETT F.M.
TI THE SYNCARP OF ARTOCARPUS A UNIQUE BIOLOGIAL PHENOMENON.
SO GARD-BULL (SINGAPORE) 29 1977 35-40.
AB The morphology and structural and functional diversity of the compound fruit of syncarp of the
following species of Artocarpus was presented: A. sericicarpus, A. elasticus, A. tamaran, A.
multifidus, A. heterophyllus, A. integer, A. lanceifolius, A. anisophyllus, A. rigidus, A.
hispidus, A fulvicortex and A. kemando. A systematic and taxonomic evaluation of all
species were reported. Also, a discussion of the biological evolution of the syncarp was
included.

AU SOEPADMO E.
TI
ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAMK
SO VERHEIJ E W M AND R E CORONEL (ED.) PLANT RESOURGES OF SOUTH EAST
ASIA, NO.2. EDIBLE FRUITS AND NUTS. 447P. WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS.
1991. P87.
AB Edible pulp of jackfruit constitutes 25-40% of the fruit weight. Food value per 100g of edible
pulp of ripe and young (values in brackets) fruits are as follows: water 72-77.2g (85.2g),
protein 1.3-2 (2g), fat 0.1-0.4g (0.6g), carbohydrates 18.9-25.4g (11.5g), fibre 0.8-1.1g (2.6g),
ash 0.8-1.4g (0.7g), calcuim 22-37mg (53mg), phosporus 18-38mg (20mg), iron 0.4-1.1mg
(0.4mg), sodium 2mg (3mg), potassium 407mg (323mg), vitamin A 175-540 IU (30 IU),
thiamine 0.03-0.09mg (0.12mg), riboflavin 0.05mg (0.05mg), niacin 0.9-4mg (0.5mg),
vitamin C 8-10mg (12mg). Energy value is 395-410 kJ (210kJ) per 100g. The non edible
portion of the fruit is rich in pectin and is ideal material for making jam.
AU JAISWAL V.S., AMIN M.N.
TI JACKFRUIT
SO HAMMERSCHLAG F A AND R E LITZ (ED.). BIOTECHNOLOGY OF PERENNIAL
FRUIT CROPS: CAB INTERNATIONAL, WALLING FORD. 1992. 425-431.
AB The jackfruit belongs to the family Moraceae along with other fruit bearing plants like fig (Ficus
carica) and mulberry (Morus indica). The genus Artocarpus (x = 14) comprises about 50
species, all of which are monocious. Since x = 14 and 2n = 56, jackfruit must be tetraploid
and must be an allotetraploid. It would therefore, be extremely heterogenous. The genus
conmtain another important tropical fruit tree, the breadfruit (A. altilis, syn A. cumminis, A.
incisa), which is an important staple food in Polynesia. Other species producing edible fruits
are A. rigida (monkey jack), A. chapenden (champendak) and A. hirsuta. Selected forms of
these species are cultivated ifn Banmmgladesh, West Bengal and the Malayan Archipelago.
Since jackfruit, breadfruit and monkeyjack have 2n = 56 chromosomes (Federov 1969), and
breadfruit is considered to be of hybrid origin (Coenan & Barrau 1961), it is expected that the
jackfruit mighyt have also originated through natural hybridization between the wild species
carrying the 2n chromosome number of 28 such as A. mariannensis.
On account open pollinated and conventional seed propagation, jackfruit is extremely variable in fruit
shape, size and quality as well as productivity and fruiting season. The jackfruit may be
classified into two broad groups on the basis of perianth segments of flesh: soft fleshed and
crisp fleshed. In the former type, pulp is soft and meshy, with quality ranging from very
sweet to insipid; in the latter type, pulp is highly tasty, sweet and firm. Well known cultivars
include "Rudrakshi", "Singapur" or "Ceylon Jack", "KLhaja Allahabad" and "Mutton
Varikka" (Srinivasan 1970, Rowe-Dutton 1976; Singh 1985, 1986). In addition to these
cultivars, "Hydrhiyalava", "Bhadunha", "Zarda", and "Bhusola", for example, are some
locally selected strains grown in Northern India (Singh 1985, 1986).

AU ROY S.K., RAHMAN S.L., MAJUMDER R.

TI INVITRO PROPAGATION OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM)
SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE 65 (3). 1990. 355-358.
AB Nodal explant of explant of Artocarpus heterophyllus are cultured on MS medium and induced to
form multiple shoots when supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 BAP and 0.5 mg l-1 kinetin. Shoots
from invitro were also subcultured in similar fresh medium and 5-7 new shoots developed .
Rooting was induced on invitro proliferated shoots by culturing in half strength MS salt
supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 each of NAA and IBA. The regenerents were successfully
transfer to pots in a greenhouse and later to the field.
AU AMIN M.N., JAISWAL V.S.
TI IN VITRO RESPONSE OF APICAL BUD EXPLANT EXPLANTS FROM MATURE TREES
OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS)
SO PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE 33. 1993. 59-65.
AB A tissue culture technique of rapid vegetative propagation of mature jackfruit trees using apical
bud culture has been developed . shoot tip culture were established on MS medium with 5-10
mm explants dissected from terminal buds of new growth from trunk. After initial culture
of bud explants, one to two node pieces were taken from the microshoots formed and used to
proliferate further axillary shoots for multiplying and maintaining shoot cultures. Benzyl
adenine and kinetin ( 4.5-9.0 uM, either separately or together, supported shoot proliferation;
higher concentration of cytokinin exhibit bud breaking and favoured callus formation at the
explant bases. Bud explant taken from emerging trunk sprouts invariably produced clumps of
multiple shoots, whereas bud obtained from actively growing top branches generally
elongated to form a solitary shoot. November to january was the best season for initiation
cultures from field trees. shoot proliferation at the initial subculture had mature morphology
and were difficult to root. Shoots assumed to be juvenile like developed at the later passage
and could be rooted with 60-80% success using 1/2 MS salt and 10 uM of indole butyric acid
or alpha naphthalic acid. Regenerate plantlets were transfer to the to the soil and about 50%
survival.
AU ROY S.K., HADIUZZAMAN S.
TI MICROPROPAGATION OF TWO SPECIES OF ARTOCARPUS THROUGH IN
VITRO
CULTURE
SO BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF BOTANY20(1). 1991. 27-32.
AB A method for the micropropagation of Artocarpus chaplasha and A. heterophyllus was evolved
using in vitro culture technique Shoot tips and axillar bud were used as explants. A. chaplasha
produced multiple shoots in MS + 0.15 mg l-1 NAA + 1.0 mg l-1 IBA while A. heterophyllus
responded to MS + 0.05 mg l-1 NAA + 1.0 mg l-1 BA. The regenerated plantlets A. chaplasha
induced maximum no of healthy roots in 1/2 MS + 0.05 mg l-1 kn + 1.0 mg l-1 IBA while A.
heterophyllus it was 1/2 MS + 0.05 mg l-1 kn + 1.5 mg l-1 IBA. About 80% plantlets survived
when transplanted to soil.

AU ROY S.K., ISLAM M.S., SEN J., HOSSAIN A.B.M.E.

TI
PROPAGATION
OF
FLOOD
TOLERANT
JACKFRUIT
(ARTOCARPUS
HETEROPHYLLUS) BY IN VITRO CULTURE
SO ACTA HORTICULTUAE 336. 1993. 273-278.
AB An invitro culture method for the propagation of flood tolerant jackfruit ( Artocarpus
heterophyllus ) has been achieved. jackfruit plants are highly sensitive to waterlogging.
Jackfruit is usually propagated by seeds because budding, grafting and cutting are
unsuccessful. Since the plant is predominantly outbreeding, the character of the plant differ
widely in different individuals. We have marked some flood tolerant individuals and invitro
culture have been employed for the clonal,propagation, using shoot buds as explants. Result
showed that addition of 8.88 uM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.68 uM k-naphthalineacetic acid
(NAA) to MS nutrient medium induced maximum number of shoot buds. These shoot
continued to proliferate through 7 or subcultures with an average of 10 shoots per transfer.
For inducing axil growth in generated shoots, the concentration BA and NAA were lowered
to 4.44 uM and 0.54 uM respectively and coconut milk at 10% (v/v) was added. For rooting.
well developed shoots were excised and implanted individually on root induction medium.
Within three weeks of transfer, 80% rooting was achieved on a root induction medium
consisting of half strength MS salts supplemented with 5.37 uM NAA and 4.92 uM indole
butyric acid (IBA). Continuous trials using explants from the elite trees throughout the year
showed that the period between June-August was the best season for taking explants to insure
rapid and increased multiplication of axillary buds. Young rooted plant were transplanted
directly from the culture tubes to earthen pots containing sterile sand, soil and hummus
(1:2:1) and covered by transparent plastic bags. After acclimatization the potted plants were
flooded with water for 30 days; 75 of these plants survived.
AU ROY S.K., HOSSAIN T., BILKIS S.
TI MICROPROPAGATION OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS THROUGH INVITRO
SHOOT PROLIFERATION ON NODAL EXPLANTS OF MATURE TREES
SO ACTA HORTICULTURAE 289. 1991. 145-146.
AB Micropropagation of Artocarpus heterophyllus was achieved by culturing nodal explants of
mature trees on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) revised medium. Shoot induction and
multiplication was achieved with 1.0 mg l-1 BA and 0.5 mg l-1 NAA or IAA. Rooting
occurred best in MS medium with o.o5 mg l -1 kn + 1.5 mg l -1 IBA. Regenerate plants were
successfully established on soil.
AU RAJMOHAN K., MOHANTAKUMARAN N.
TI INFLUENCE OF EXPLANT SOURCE ON THE IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF JACK
(ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.).
SO AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL OF KERALA 26(2) 1988 169-174.
AB Shoot apices, about 1 cm long, from 2- month old seedling or 6-month old grafted plants, and
fresh stem shoots of 5-, 10-, and 30- year old trees were used as explants, culture on
establishment medium (MS + 1 mg GA3/litre + 1% activated charcoal ) in darkness for 4
weeks with repeated subculturing. The culture were than exposed to light for 2 weeks before
being inoculation on a proliferation medium ( MS + 0.2 mg NAA + 30 g sucrose + 8 g agar +
500 mg insoluble pvp / litre ) containing BA at 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 20.0 or 40.00 mg / litre
shoots from this medium were transfer to and elongation medium ( MS + 2.0 mg BA + 0.2 mg

NAA + 500 mg insoluble PVP / litre ) then cultured from 2 weeks on MS medium containing
1% activated charcoal. In vitro rooting on half strength MS medium was investigated with
various auxins ( IBA, NAA, IAA and 2,4-D ). either alone or in combination. It was found
that the physiological age of the explant significantly influenced shoot growth and rooting.
Seedling apices showed a 17.4 fold multiplication rate in 5 weeks, with 100% rooting s and an
average of 6 roots / explant formed in 20.75 days. For stem shoot apices from 5-, 10-, and 30years old trees, the multiplication rate was 4.5-, 2.80-, and 2.09- fold respectably in 5 weeks.
Corresponding rooting percentage were 70 ( with 5.43 roots per plant in 13.43 days )), 40 (
2.5 roots in 24 days) and 15 ( 1.0 roots in 46.7 days ) after 2-3 subculture. Explants from
6-month-old grafts, failed to produced multiple shoots but showed 50% rooting with an
average of 2.0 roots / explants in 20.5 days. Shoot proliferation was maximum with 10 mg
BA / litre for seedling explants and 5 mg for explant from trees. Higher rate of BA had
adverse effect. For seedling plants rooting was best with IBA at 2.0 or 8.0 ppm alone, with 0.4
ppm NAA + o.4 ppm IBA and with o.5 ppm NAA + 2.0 ppm IBA for seedling explants. For
tree explants rooting only occurred with 0.4 ppm NAA + 1.6 ppm IBA and with 2.0 ppm
NAA + 2.0 ppm IBA. The grafted plants only rooted with the later combination.
AU RAJMOHAN K., MOHANTAKUMARAN N.
TI EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON THE IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
JACK (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.).
SO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF KERALA26 (1). 1988. 29-38.
AB A multiplication rate of 4.5 was obtained with 5 mg BA and 0.2 mg NAA / litre. Addition of
GA3 had little effecton shoots proliferation rate or growth. Adenine sulphate 20 mg / litre
increased the multiplication rate by 27.3 %. Shoot elongation occurred on MS medium
supplemented with MS medium supplemented with 2 mg BA "mg BA and 0.2 mg NAA /
litre, and in vitro rooting occurred when shoots were cultured in half strength MS medium
containing 2 mg IBA, 2 mg NAA, 30 g sucrose and 6 g agar/ litre for 6 days followed by
transfer to a growth regulator free medium. The chromosome number of the plantlets
remained stable.
AU JOSE M., VELSALAKUMARI P.K.
TI STANDARDISATION OF EPICOTYL AND SOFT WOOD GRAFTING IN JACK
(ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM)
SO SOUTH INDIAN HORTICULTURE 39(5). 1991. 264-267.
AB Epicotyl and softwood grafting technique were compared for the propagation of Artocarpus
heterophyllus. Grafting was carried out during may, June, July and August using 5-, 10- or
15- day old seedling rootstocks for softwood grafting. The scions used were 3 to 4 months old
and were collected 10 days before grafting. The effect of intermittent mist on the success of
grafting was also investigated. Percentage sprouting (83.3 %) and survival ( 61.67% ) were
highest for grafting done during june. Epicotyl grafting with 3- to 4- month old scions and
5-day-old rootstocks resulted in the highest percentage sprouting ( 29.50%) and the highest
percentage survival ( 21.67%). Mist conditions increased the percentage success of both
kinds of grafts.

AUGUNJATE R.T., KOLEKAR D.T., SALVI M.J. (1982)(CITED BY NARASIMHAM P)

TIBREADFRUIT AND JACKFRUIT
SONAGY S, P E SHAW AND W F WARDOWSKI (ED.). FRUITS OF TROPICAL AND
SUBTROPICAL ORIGIN: COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND USES. FLORIDA
SCIENCE SOURCE, INC., FLORIDA. 1990. P 222.
ABEpicotyl grafting with mature, pulp terminal scion shoots on germinating jackfruit seedling of
about 8-10 days , by thewedge method, during April-May gave 50-90% success and the
successful grafts attained saleable size within a year.
AUSWAMINATH M.H., RAVINDRAN D.S.
TIVEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF FRUIT YIELDING TREES
SOMYFOREST25(4). 1989. 357-360.
ABStudies are outlined on 3 fruit bearing species important in the social forestry programme in
kornataka: Tamarindus indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Feronia elephentum (
Limonia acidissima). The objectives were to standerdize vegetative propagation technique for
mass production of seedlings from selected plus trees in order to establish clonall seed
orchads for selection of breeding materials. Propagation technique tried were approach and
bud grafting. Aprach grafting gave good results for all the tree species, with success rate of
60.4-90%. The technique used for T. indica is discussed in detail, and was also used for A. A.
heterophyllus. Bud grafting had a success rate of 35% with A. heterophyllus, and the
technique used for this species is described.
AUKONHAR T., MURMU S., MAHARANA T.
TIA STUDY ON THE BUDDING METHOD OF PROPAGATION OF JACKFRUIT
SOORISSA JOURNAL OF AGRI. RESEARCH 3 (2). 1990. 115-119.
ABThe effects of different budding methods (shied, patch, chip or flute) and budding season (at
monthly intervals from july to december) were investigated. Three-to 4- months-old straight
twigs with long internodes having 4-6 buds were selected as budsticks.The budsticks are
defoliated 7 days before budding to activate the buds. One year-old jackfruit seeds were
used as rootstocks. The highest percentage budding success (80%) was obtained with patch
budding during the month of july and August. Shield and flute-budding during Dec. failed to
take.
AURAHMAN M A, BLAKE J.
TIPROPAGATION OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS) BY STEM
CUTTING: EFFECT OF RINGING, ETIOLATION,AND INDOLE BUTYRIC ACID
TREATMENT
SOBANGLADESH HORTICULTURE16(2). 1988. 25-29.
ABFour month healthy shoots ( 35 cm long) on 15-month old seedling were ringed and / or etiolated
for 20 days before detachment as cuttings. In some cases the cuttings were dipped for 2
minutes in a solution of IBA at 750 ppm before insertion in a 1:1 compost:vermiculite
mixture. Rooting success was greatest in cuttings which received all 3 treatments.

AUCHATERJEE B.K., MUKHERJEE S.K.

TISTOOLING POTENTIAL OF CLONES OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS)

SOSCIENCE AND CULTURE 46(2) 1980 55-56

ABSeventy five percent rooted shoots were obtained in jackfruit stooling and percentage survival
after one year was 71.42.
AUCHATERJEE B.K., MUKHERJEE S.K.
TIA NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF LEAFY AND NON LEAFY CUTTING S OF JACKFRUIT (
ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.).
SOPROGRESSIVE HORTICULTURE 11(4). 1980. 49-51.
ABLeafy cuttings with IBA 5,000 gave 90 percent rooting and nonleafy cuttings failed to produce
roots.
AUCHATERJEE B.K., MUKHERJEE S.K.
TISTUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF RATES AND METHODS OF APPLICATION OF INDOLE
BUTYRIC ACID (IBA) ON ROOTING OF CUTTING OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS
HETEROPHYLLUS).
SOSCIENCE CULTURE48(2). 1982. 74-75.
ABMaximum 100 percent rooting was obtained from invigorated ( forced ) etiolated shoots with
indole butyric acid at 5000 ppm by quick dip method.
AUMUKHERJEE S.K., CHATERJEE B.K.
TIEFFECT OF INVIGORATION, ETIOLATION AND IBA ON THE ROOTAGE OF
JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM) CUTTINGS.
SOSCIENCE AND CULTURE 44(9). 1978. 414-415.
ABForced (invigorated) and etiolated shoots gave the best rooting (84 % )and maximum (75%)
survival when treated with 5,000 ppm IBA.
AUMUKHERJEE S.K., CHATERJEE B.K.
TIEFFECTS OF FORCING AND INDOLE BUTYRIC ACID ON ROOTING OF CUTTINGS OF
ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.
SOSCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE 10. 1979. 295-300.
ABRootings of cuttings of jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) has been successfully induced
through forcing of shoots , etiolation and application of indole butyric acid (IBA) under mist
spray. Maximum rooting ( 84 %) and maximum survival ( 50-75%) were obtained with the
forced and etiolated shoots treated with 5000 mg/litre IBA. The next best treatment was the
forced and etiolated shoots treated with 10,000 mg/l IBA, which was somewhat similar to
forced, non-etiolated shoots treated with 5000 mg/l IBA. in the control without IBA no
success was obtained even under forcing and etiolation.
AUDHUA R.S., SEN S.K., BOSE T.K.
TIPROPAGATION OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.) BY STEM
CUTTINGS
SOPUNJAB HORTICULTURE JOURNAL23(1). 1983. 84-91.
ABMaximum rooting success (90 percent) was obtained in cuttings taken from shoots etiolated and
ringed for 30 days and then treated with IBA 3000 ppm in combination with ferulic acid at
2000 ppm. Among the different treatments, IBA 5000 ppm plus ferulic acid 2000 ppm , IBA
5000 ppm, IBA 10,000 ppm and IBA 3000 ppm plus ferulic acid 2000 ppm were found

promising. Etiolation and ringing 15 days prior to planting also caused rooting in large
number of cuttings which otherwise failed to strike roots. Etiolation and ringing for grater
duration (30 days) caused increased rooting in cuttings.
AUDHUA R.S., GHOSH D., MITRA S.K.
TIPROPAGATION OF JACKFRUIT BY CUTTING
SOPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
ABSignificant promotion in rooting was recorded by ringing and etiolation of the shoot 15 to 30
days prior to taking cuttings and treating them at the time of planting ( ventilated mist) with
IBA at 3000 ppm and ferulic acid at 2000 ppm.
AUDHUA R.S., SEN S.K.
TIROLE OF ETIOLATION, AUXINIC AND NON-AUXINIC CHEMICALS ON ROOT
INITIATION OF AIR-LAYERS OF JACKFRUIT (A. HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.)
SOINDIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE 41(1). 1984. 116-119.
ABMaximum rooting success of 98.30 percent was obtained in jackfruit layers with IBA 1000 ppm
in combination with ferulic acid 1000 ppm. Root number, root length, and dry weight of roots
per layer increased with auxin concentration and application of ferulic acid and
p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Etiolation of shoots prior to layering markedly increased rooting and
had beneficial effect on roots characters but did not exhibit any beneficial effect on survivality
of rooted layers.
AUDUTTA P., MITRA S.K.
TIPROPAGATION OF JACKFRUIT BY AIR-LAYERING
SOPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
ABPre-treatment of stock plants with ethrel (250 ppm) or cycocel ( 1000 ppm) followed by treatment
with IBA 5000 ppm and PHB 200 ppm caused 100 percent rooting after 60 days of layering
and 70 percent survival after 6 months of planting of rooted layers.
AUSING M., SHARMA B.K., YADAVA H.S.
TIRESPONSE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND LAYERING DATES ON
AIR-LAYERING OF JACK-FRUIT (aRTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.).
SOADVANCE IN PLANT SCIENCE 8(1) 1995 130-133
ABThe effects of IBA or IBA + NAA (800, 1200 or 16000 p.p.m.) on air-layering in 1-year-old
shoots of 25-year-old jackfruit trees were investigated. Air-layering were prepared on 15-july
and 1 Aug. 1990 and detached for observations and trasplanting after 60 days. In terms of
percentage rooting and establishments of layers in the nursery, the IBA + NAA treatment was
more effective than IBA and control treatment, and higher concentration of plant growth
regulators were better than low concentrations. Air-layers taken on Aug. were more
successful than air-layers taken on 15 July.
AUTANG L.F., FU J.R.
TIA REASONABLE SUGGESTION ON MOIST STORAGE OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS
HETEROPHYLLUS LAM) SEED
SOHORTICULTURAL ABSTRACT 64(5). 1994. 535. (M/SO- ACTA SCIENTARUM
NATURALIUM UNIVERSITATIS SUNYATSENI 32(2). 1993. 111-115.)

ABJackfruit seeds were washed, partially dried, than placed in perforated polythene bags, each inside
another bag containing perlite with a 50% moisture content. In bags stored at 150 C, seed
viable was retained for over two years, whereas at 5 and 100 C, chilling injury occurred after
40 and 30 days respectably.
AURAHMAN A.K.M.M., HUQ E., MIAN A.J., CHESSON A.
TIMICROSCOPIC AND CHEMICAL CHANGES OCCURRING DURING THE RIPENING OF
TWO FORMS OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS L.).
SOHORTICULTURAL ABSTRACT 65(8).1995. 957 (M/SO- FOOD CHEMISTRY 52(4). 1995.
405-410).
ABTrees known to produced 2 distinct textural forms of jackfruit, in which the fruits either remain
firm when ripe or became soft and pulpy, were sampled when fruits were immature ( 10-11
weeks after anthesis) and judged ripe ( 15-16 weeks after anthesis). DM content of edible
perianth increased with maturity from 125 to 215 and 140 to 240 g/kg wet weight perianth in
the firm and soft fruits, respectably. Perianth from immature fruits had a high water insoluble
DM content ( 840-890 g/kg Dm) consisting largely of cell wall materials ( 450-530 g/kg DM)
and starch ( approximately 330 g/kg DM). Microscopic examination of fruits at this stage
showed the perianth to contain thin-walled cell packed with starch granules, some organised
into distinct clusters. In ripen fruits the starch ( 20-110 g/kg DM) and cell wall ( 170-200 g/kg
DM) contents were substantially reduced, the extent of hydrolysis being greatest in the soft
form. Cell maceration and starch dissolution were evident in both forms of the fruit when
examined by light microscopy, but were more pronounced in the soft form. Concominent
with the decrease in water-soluble DM was a substantial increase of water soluble materials
( 660-790 g/kg DM) and sucrose ( approximately 95 g/kg DM). Mannitol ( 22-68 g/kg DM)
was also found in ripe but not immature fruits. Concentration of low molecular weight
carbohydrate was greatest in the soft form. Polygalactonase and pectin esterase activities
were 12-fold and 40- fold higher in ripe fruits of the soft form than in those of the firm form.
This was reflected in the greater extent of tissue maceration and loss of homogalacturonan in
the soft form. Since both forms of fruit demonstrated a common pattern of ripening, texaral
differences evidently related to the extent of change which was greatest in the soft form. The
firm form of jackfruit may represent fruits in which cell wall degradation is arrested or
delayed during ripening and possibly this was related to a reduced capacity to produced pectic
and other cell wall degrading enzyme.
AUSOEPADMO E.
TIARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAMK
SOVERHEIJ E W M AND R E CORONEL (ED.). PLANT RESOURCES OF SOUTH EAST
ASIA, NO. 2. EDIBLE FRUITS AND NUTS. 447P. WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS.
1991. P87.
ABEdible pulp of jackfruit constitutes 25-40% of the fruit weight. Food value per 100 g of edible
pulp of ripe and young ( values in brackets) fruits are as follows: water 72-77.2 g (85.2 g),
protein 1.3-2 (2 g), fat 0.1-0.4 g (0.6 g), carbohydrates 18.9-25.4 g (11.5 g), fibre 0.8-1.1 g
(2.6 g), ash 0.8-1.4 g (0.7 g),calcium 22-37 mg (53 mg), phosphorus 18-38 m g (20 mg), iron
0.4-1.1 mg (o.4 mg), sodium 2 mg (3 mg), potassium 407 mg (323 mg), vitamin A 175-540
IU (30 IU), thiamine 0.03-0.09 mg (0.12 mg), riboflavin 0.05 mg (0.05 mg), niacin 0.9-4 mg
(0.5 mg), vitamin C 8-10 mg (12 mg). Energy value is 395-410 kJ (210 kJ) per 100 g. The

non edible portion of the fruit is rich in pectin and is ideal material for making jam.
AUMEIING C., CHAIMING L., PAOLIN H., CHUNAN L.
TIPRENYLFLAVONOIDS OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS
SOPHYTOCHEMISTRY 40(4) 1995 1279-1282 (HORT. ABST. NO. 1776, VOL. 66(2) 1996 223).
ABSix Prenylflavonoids, including 2 new compounds, were isolated from the root bark of jackfruits
(collected from Taiwan). The new new prenylflavones were characterized as
8-(Y,Y-dimethyl-lallyl)-5,7,2,5-terahydoxy-4-methylflavones from sprectral data.
AUSHINOMYA K., AIDA M., HANO Y., NOMURA T.
TIDIELS-ALDER-TYPE ADDUCT FROM ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS
SOPHYTOCHEMISTRY 40(4) 1995 1317-1319 (HORT. ABST. NO. 1777 VOL. 66(2) 1996 223).
ABA new natural Diels-Alder types adducts (kuwanon R and artonin D), were isolated from the bark
of jackfruits (collected for Indoneshia). The structure of artonin X was elucidated by
spectroscopic methods.
AUJAISWAL V.S., AMIN M.N.
TIJACKFRUIT
SOHAMMERSCHLAG F A AND R E LITZ ( ED.). BIOTECHNOLOGY OF
PERENNIAL
FRUIT CROPS: CAB INTERNATIONAL, WALLING FORD. 1992. 425-431.
ABThe jackfruit belongs to the family Moraceae along with other fruit bearing plants like fig
(Ficus carica) and mulberry ( Morus indica ). The genus Artocarpus ( x = 14) comprises
about 50 species, all of which are monoecious. Since x= 14 and 2n= 56, jackfruit must be
tetraploid and must be an allotetraploid. It would therefore, be extremely heterogenous. The
genus contain another important tropical fruit tree, the breadfruit ( A. altilis, syn. A.
cummunis, A. incisa), which is an important staple food in Polynesia. Other species producing
edible fruits are A. rigida (monkey jack), A. chapenden (champendak) and A. hirsuta.
Selected forms of these species are cultivated in Bangladesh, West Bengal and the Malayan
Archipelago. Since jackfruit, breadfruit and monkeyjack have 2n = 56 chromosomes (
Federov 1969), and breadfruit is considered to be of hybrid origin ( Coenan & Barrau 1961),
it is expected that the jackfruit might have also originated through natural hybridization
between the wild species carrying the 2n chromosome number of 28 such as A. mariannensis.
On account open pollinated and conventional seed propagation, jackfruit is extremely variable in fruit
shape, size and quality as well as productivity and fruiting season. The jackfruit may be
classified into two broad groups on the basis of perianth segments of flesh: soft fleshed and
crisp fleshed. In the former type, pulp is soft and meshy, with quality ranging from very sweet
to insipid; in the latter type, pulp is highly tasty, , sweet and firm. Well known cultivars
include "Rudrakshi", "Singapur" or "Ceylon Jack", "Khaja Allahabad" and "Mutton Varikka"
( Srinivasan 1970, Rowe-Dutton 1976; Singh 1985,1986). In addition to these cultivars,
"Hydrhiyalava", "Bhadunha", "Zarda", and "Bhusola", for example, are some locally selected
strains grown in Northern India (Singh 1985,1986).

Mangosteen
AURICHARDS A.J.
TISTUDIES IN GARCINIA DIOECIOUS TROPICAL FOREST TREES THE ORIGIN OF THE
MANGOSTEEN GARCINIA-MANGOSTANA L.
DEP. BIOL., RIDLEY BUILDING, UNIV. NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NEl 7RU.
SO
BOT J LINN SOC, Volume: 103, Issue: (4), 1990. Pages: 301-308
ABMangosteen does not grow in the wild state. Plants are said to be invariable, and almost all are
female. Mangosteen (2n = ?88-90), and obligate agamosperm, has only two close relatives,
G. hombroniana (2n = 48) and G. malaccensis (2n = 42) which are facultative agamosperms.
For the 13 main characters by which they differ, mangosteen takes an intermediate
morphological position for five characters, and resembles each of the other species for four of
the remainder. It is suggested that mangosteen is an allopolypoid derivative of these species
which arose as a female from a single hybridization event in cultivation, and which has since
reproduced asexually. To overcome difficulties in propagation and establishment that
mangosteen presents, attempts should be made to graft and hybridize mangosteen with its
presumptive parents.

Pummelo
AUGREEN R. M., VARDI A., GALUN E.
TITHE PLASTOMES OF CITRUS. PHYSICAL MAP, VARIATION AMONG CITRUS
CULTIVARS AND SPECIES AND COMPARISON WITH RELATED GENERA.
SOTHEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS (1986) 72(2):170-177.
ABA circular restriction map of the C. aurantium chloroplast genome is provided. The plastoms of
various citrus species were compared by southern blotting of digests of total DNA with
tobacco chloroplast DNA. No differences were found between the plastomes of Citrus
aurantium, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. lemon and C. paradisi. The plastomes of C. reticulata
and C. medica, however, differed from each other and from those of the other species. The
plastomes of Poncirus trifoliata and microcitrus sp. were distinct from each other and from
those of the citrus species examined.
AUHIRAI M., KOZAKI I.
TIISOZYMES OF CITRUS LEAVES.
SODEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TREE CROPS
AND ORNAMENTALS [EDITED BY KITAURA, K.; AKIHAMA, T.;KUKIMURA, H.;
NAKAJIMA, K.; HIRAI, M.; KOZAKI, I.]. 1986. PP 73-76.
ABStudies of citrus species and cultivars revealed 4 alleles (A, B, C, D) for the control of malate
dehydrogenase isozyme, 3( A, F, S) for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase [Aspertate
aminotransferase] and at least 2(F, S) for phosphoglucoisomerase [gluco-6-phosphate
isomerase] (PGI). Most mandarin cultivars were had FF for PGI but the mandarin cultivars
satsuma and Honchikoukitsu had FS. Electrophoresis of 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

isozymes revealed 3-6 bands, depending on cultivars.

AUMATSUMOTO R., OKUDAI N.
TIINHERITANCE OF FLAVANONE HLYCOSIDES IN CITRUS FRUIT JUICE
SOBULLETIN OF FRUIT TREE RESEARCH STATION JAPAN (1986) NO. 8:1-12.
ABParental cultivars, belonging to one of 16 species or derived from interspecific crosses and about
1000 hybrid seedlings were classified as N type (containing only neohesperidosides), R type
(containing only rutinocides) or N/R type (containing both). N type pummelo parental
cultivars ( C. grandis and C. 0tachibana) were homozygous for the dominant gene or genes
controlling flavanone bitterness. Hybrids derived from 2 R-type parents contained only
rutinoCides and were homozygous for recessive allele or alleles controlling flavanone
bitterness.
AUSCORA R. W.
TIBIOCHEMISTRY, TAXONOMY, AND EVOLUTION OF MODERN CULTIVATED CITRUS
SOPROCEEDING OF THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CITRUS CONGRESS, TEL AVIV,
ISRAEL, MARCH 6-11, 1988, R. GOREN AND K. MENDEL (EDS.), 1988, BALABAN
PUBLISHERS. VOL. I. PP 277-289.
ABAuthor's species concept for the genus citrus is presented. Four basic species are postulated for the
modern sub-genus citrus namely C. halimii, C. medica, c. reticulata, c. maxima.
AU
ROOSE M. L.
TIISOZYMES AND DNA RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM IN
CITRUS BREEDING AND SYSTEMATICS.
SOPROCEEDING OF THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CITRUS CONGRESS, TEL AVIV,
ISRAEL, MARCH 6-11, 1988, R. GOREN AND K. MENDEL (EDS.), 1988, BALABAN
PUBLISHERS. VOL. I. PP 155-165.
ABFrom the analysis of RFLP variation at 720 isozymes loci in 68 taxa support the status of
pummelo (Citrus maxima) mandarin (C. reticulata) and citron ( C. medica) as ancestral
species and suggest that other taxa with very high level of heterozygosity originated as
hybrids.
AU
GALUN E.
TIAPPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR METHODS TO MODERN CITRUS TAXONOMY.
SOPROCEEDING OF THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CITRUS CONGRESS, TEL AVIV,
ISRAEL, MARCH 6-11, 1988, R. GOREN AND K. MENDEL (EDS.), 1988, BALABAN
PUBLISHERS. VOL. I. PP 295-301.
ABAnalysis of restriction profiles from endonuclease-digested DNA indicated that all common citrus
types should be classified into 3 species represented by C. medica, C. reticulata, C. maxima,
the last including orange, sour orange, lemon, grapefruit.
AU
ZHONG, G. Y.; YE, Y. M.
TIA NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE CITRUS AND ITS CLOSE RELATIVES.
SOACTA PHYTOTAXONOMICA SINICA (1993) 31(3):252-260.
AB59 taxa of citrus, fortunella and poncirus were studied using hierarchial cluster analysis and
quantas type 3 analysis based on data for 86 morphological characters. 5 clusters were

obtained in citrus: (1) C. medica, C. limon, C. limonia, C. aurantifolia and C. jambhiri (2) C.
grandis, C. aurantium, C. sinensis, C. paradisi (3) C. reticulata, having two sub-groups
(Satsuma [C. unshiu], King, Shagan, Tankan and typical mandarin); (4) C. ichangenesis and
(5) C. hongheensis. These last two were not clustered in the same group and were suggested
to have evolved from different ancestors. C. grandis showed some relationship with Honghe
papeda and C. sinensis was considered to be derived from pummelo and mandarin. The
results indicated that C. medica, C. reticulata and C. grandis are the original species of the
sub-genus citrus.
AU
ZHONG G. Y., YE Y. M., CHEN Z. S., WU Y. L.
TIGLUTAMATE OXALOACETATE TRANSAMINASE ISOENZYMES OF CITRUS
GERMPLASM RESOURCES.
SOACTA PHYTOTAXONOMICA SINICA (1993) 31(2):162-169.
ABGlutamate oxaloacetate transminase (GOT) [aspertate aminotransferase] isozymes, extracted
from 125 genotypes of citrus, poncirus, fortunella and microcitrus during 1989, were
analyzed by PAGE to determine taxonomic relationship. Two new GOT 1 bands were
observed in pummelo (C. maxima) and sour orange (C. aurantium) genotypes whilst little
variation was observed in mandarin (C. reticulata) suggesting that the mandarins studied
originated from a common ancestor, and that sour oranges were hybrids between pummelo
and mandarin. However, the sour oranges Xiaohongcheng and Zhuluan were suggested to be
hybrids between pummelo and Ichang papeda (C. ichangensis). It was estimated that Yuzu a
close relative of Ichang papeda originated from hybridization of Ichang papeda and mandarin.
AUYAMAMOTO M., KOBAYASHI S., NAKAMURA Y., YAMADA Y.
TIPHYLOGENIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CITRUS REVEALED BY RFLP ANALYSIS OF
MITOCHONDRIAL AND CHLOROPLAST DNA.
SOJAPANESE JOURNAL OF BREEDING (1993) 43(3):355-365.
ABRFLPs among 28 species and cultivars in genera citrus, poncirus and fortunella were studied
using 8 mitochondrial and one chloroplast DNA probe / restriction enzyme combinations.
According to mitochondrial DNA analysis, citrus was divided into three major groups; citron,
pummelo and mandarin. Furthermore, the pummelo group was divided into 2 sub-groups;
pummelo and Yuzu. The pummelo sub-group contained pummelos (C. grandis), grapefruit
(C.paradisi), lemon (C. limon), sour orange (C. aurantium), sweet orange (C. sinensis),
Kunenbo (C. reticulata). The Yuzu sub-group contained Yuzu (C. ichangensis hybrid) and
lime (C. aurantifolia). The mandarin group consisted of mandarin (C. reticulata) and tangor
(hybrid of mandarin and sweet orange). Poncirus was distinct from citrus and Fortunella.
However, Fortunella could not be distinguished from citrus since the mitochondrial genome
of Fortunella was similar to that of Yuzu and lime. In the chloroplast DNA analysis the
fragment pattern was divided into two types. Fortunella, Poncirus, citron, Yuzu, calamondin
and the cultivars contained in the mandarin group showed the same fragment pattern. The
cultivars contained in the pummelo sub-group and lime showed the other fragment system.
AUCHOMCHALOW N., WUNNACHIT W., LIM M.
TICHARACTERIZATION OF PUMMELO IN THAILAND
SONEWSLETTER, IBPGR REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR SOUTH ASIA (1987) SPECIAL
ISSUE

ABThe considerable genetic diversity observed in Citrus maxima during several exploration and
collection missions throughout Thailand, particularly the south, suggests that this country is
the centre of diversity of the crop. Morphological and fruit characteristics were recorded for
51 accessions.
AUMULLER P.
TIA PROMISING NEW RED PUMMELO
SOINFORMATION BULLETIN, CITRUS AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT RESEARCH
INSTITUTE (1985) NO. 154:2-4
ABNew cv. named Nelspruit Ruby is seedling selection of Ray Ruby. The fruits are dark, red, early,
have higher fruit TSS:acid ratio.
AUHARIE Y.
TINEW SUMMER CROP CULTIVARS (ii) - NEW CULTIVAR REGISTERED BY MINISTRY
OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES.
SOJAPANESE JOURNAL OF BREEDING (1985) 35(1):86
ABThe Citrus grandis varieties May pummelo and Yellow pummelo were bred at the Okitsu Branch
of the Fruit Tree Research Station from the crosses of Hassaku x Hirado. Both var. are
resistant to Elsinoe fawcettii.
AUCHEN X.S., CHEN Q.Y., JIANG C.L., WU Y.L., GOU T.C., NIE H.T., JI Y., GAN J.X.
TI EVALUATION OF 23 PUMMELO CULTIVARS
SO CHINA CITRUS (1993) 23(2):3-7
ABThe 23 (Citrus maxima) cultivars of the study were planted in 1965 and have been evaluated for
over 20 years. Six are dwarfing types, the height of 26 year old trees of Shiliuyou and
Wanbaiyou for example being 3.18-3.46m respectively. Yield and eating quality of
Donguogiyan Shatianyou and Gulaogian Shatianyou are superior to those of standard,
Guangxi Shatianyou and they have the highest ascorbic acid content (88.6-100mg/100ml
juice). Although the eating quality of Dianjiang Daiyou is considered the best, its yields are
low.
AUYAMADA Y., OKUDAI N., OIYAMA I., SHICHIJO T., MATSUMOTO R., TAKAHARA T.,
ISHIUCHI D., YAMAMOTO M., ASADA K., MURATA H., IKEMIA H., IWAMASA M.,
NISHIURA M.
TIA NEW PUMMELO CULTIVAR 'BENIMADOKA'
SOBULLETIN OF FRUIT TREE RESEARCH STATION (1993) NO. 24:13-22
ABBenimadoka, derived from the cross Mato butan x Hirado butan was registered and released in
1991 as a superior pummelo (Citrus Maxima) cultivar with early to mid-season maturity for
production in the warmer citrus growing areas of Japan. The tree is vigorous, upright when
young, thornless, cold hardy and highly resistant to citrus scab (Elsinoe fawcetti). It is self
incompatible. The fruit is large, weighs 700-1000 g, is oblate to broadly globose in shape,
has a thick pale yellow rind, and contains many seeds. The pale red flesh is tender and juicy.
Citric acid and soluble solids are lower than Hirado butan but its flavour is superior. The
fruit matures from mid-January to February.
AUYE C.Y., CHEN M., YE S.Y., CHEN S.P.

TISURVEY OF QUALITY PUMMELO VARIETIES AND AN OPINION ON THEIR

DEVELOPMENT INFUJMIAN PROVINCE
SOCHINA CITRUS (1993) 22(4):20-23
ABDescription are provided for 11 local high quality pummelo (Citrus maxima) varieties. Guangxi
Miyou and Xiahe Miyou have been the best eating quality. Duwei Wendan and Dukouyou
is the earliest maturity. The potential of all the varieties for the development in different
areas of Fujian provence is considered.
AULIN Y.A., HUANG L.S., YE C.Y.
TITHE BREEDING OF HUBIN MIYOU
SO CHINA CITRUS (1994) 23(4):13
ABThe pummelo (Citrus maxima) cv. Hubin Miyou, released in 1993 after 21 years of evaluation,
was derived from the cross Pingshanyou x Wanbaiyou. It is early bearing, high yielding and
produces high quality fruits which matures in early November, weigh around 1500g, have
yellow skin and wax-yellow, crisp, acid-sweet, aromatic flesh and store well.

AUCHEN W.
TISTUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SIJIYOU
SO CHINA CITRUS (1994) 23 (4):15-16
ABThe pummelo (Citrus maxima) cv. Shijiyou, which originated as a chance seedling is very popular
variety in Cangnan county. The tree flowers all year round although main flowering occurs
on spring shoots; the best quality fruits originate from those shoots. Fruits are medium sized
(800-900)g, obvate with thin rind. The flesh is juicy, acid-sweet, with an ascorbic acid
content of 41.2-50.5 mg/100g.
AUWANT B.P., DAI W.S., DU H.M., XI X.H.
TISUITABLE ROOTSTOCK FOR CHUM,AN PUMELLO GROWN ON COASTAL LAND
SOCHINA CITRUS (1991) 20(2):20-21
ABChuman pummelo is the leading cultivar in Yuhan county, Zhejing province. It has been widely
grown on coastal land in recent years. Three years of observation showed that a form of Citrus
paradisi was best rootstock for this cultivar, since it was highly adaptable to the salty and
alkaline soils. Compatibility with the scion was good and the scion showed dwarf and
compact growth but some fruit cracked.
AUWAN L.Z., CHEN Z.S., NI H.T.
TITHE PERFORMANCE OF 3 PUMMELO CULTIVARS ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCK AT
EARLY STAGE
SOCHINA CITRUS (1991) 20(2):3-6
ABObservations during 1987-1990 on the 3 pummelo cultivars, Satianyou, Wubuyou and
Wanbaiyou grafted on 22 rootstocks to give a total 66 rootstock-scion combinations showed
that Severina buxifolia and P. trifoliata produced dwarf trees whereas trees on pummelo or
sour orange rootstocks were more vigorous. Wanbaiyou and Wubuyou on citrange
rootstocks showed moderate growth and fruited in third year after grafting, suggesting that
this may be a promoting rootstock for early bearing of pummelos.

AUWAN L.Z., CHEN Z.S., NI H.T., WU T.

TISTUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PUMMELO CULTIVAR "SHANTIANYOU"
GRAFTED ON VARIOUS TYPES OF TRIFOLIATE ORANGE
SOCHINA CITRUS (1992) 21(3):3-5
ABFour types of trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata), small leaves + small flowers, large leaves + small
flowers, small leaves + large flowers and large leaves + large flowers were used as rootstock
for cv. Shantianyou. Eight to ten trees were grafted on each type and planted on purple soil.
Results of observation and evaluation over three years showed the small leaves + small flower
type to be the most dwarfing rootstock; 4-year old trees on this rootstock were 2.1m high and
had a canopy width of 1.8m. The large leaves + small flowers type was the best rootstock for
fruit quality, the trees on this rootstock produced large fruits with good colour and flavour.
AUXIAO C.M., FAN Z.M., WANG D., TENG T.D., LI X.X.
TISELECTION OF DWARFING ROOTSTOCK FOR PUMMELO CULTIVAR
"LIAGPINGYOU"
SOCHINA CITRUS (1992) 21 (3):6-8
ABPummelo grafted on Poncirous trifoliata, C. Junos, C Ichangensis and Chinese box orange
(Severinia buxifolia) rootstocks with local sour pummelo (Citrus grandis) as control.
Trifoliate orange was found a good dwarfing rootstock. Trees on trifoliate orange came into
bloom in the second year, earlier than for all the other rootstock.
AUXIAO C.M., FAN Z.M., WANG D.
TITHE EARLY PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT PUMMELO CULTIVARS GRAFTED ON
PONCIRUS TRIFOLIATA
SOCHINA CITRUS (1994) 23 (4):19-20
ABIn a 7-year observation and evaluation trial with 11 pummelo cultivars, most but not all cultivars
had good compatibility with the rootstock and bore early and heavily. No appreciable effects
of the rootstock on fruit quality were noted.
AUGUERRA M.
TICYTOGENETICS OF RUTACEAE. V. HIGH CHROMOSOMAL VARIABILITY IN CITRUS
SPECIES REVEALED BY CMA/DAPI STAINING
SOHEREDITY (1993) 71(1):234-241.
ABThe CMA/DAPI chromosome banding pattern of six Citrus species was analyzed. All of them
showed a large amount of heterochromatin and heterozygosity. Most of the heterochromatin
was CMA+/DAPI- and was located mainly in the terminal region of the long arms. Each
individual was heterozygous for at least one chromosome pair and each species represented a
different banding pattern. The greatest amount of information on karyotype variation can be
obtained from four largest pairs. Pair I and III showed the highest amount of
heterochromatin and heterozygosity whereas pair II was highly stable and almost completely
lacked CMA+ heterochromatin. On the other hand, some features common to all the species
suggest a strong chromosome homoeology conservation. The CMA staining revealed some
chromosome markers for each Citrus species that may be very useful in the identification of
zygotic versus nucellar embryos as well as for further evolutionary studies.
AUCHEN L.G.

TI OBSERVATION OF CITRUS CHROMOSOMES USING AN ENZYMATIC MACERATION

TECHNIQUE.
SOCHINA CITRUS (1992) 21(1):10-12
ABChromosomes of Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus ichangensis were obtained for observation by
macerating root tip cells in a solution containing 6% pectinase and 5% cellulase for 1.5-2.0
hours at 37oC and then staining with DAPI or Giemsa.
AUITO Y., OMURA M., NESUMI H., YOSHIDA T.
TIIMPROVEMENT OF PREPARATION AND OBSERVATION METHODS FOR CITRUS
CHROMOSOMES
SOBULLETIN FRUIT TREE RESEARCH STATION (1992) 23:57-66
ABTo obtain a precise karyotype analysis for the mapping and engineering of Citrus chromosomes,
the techniques of observation of chromosomes in Citrus root tip cells were improved by
following procedures. When the roots were maintained in cold water at 6oC for 16 hours
before fixation, the mitotic index of three species increased to approximately 4% compared
with 4 and 8oC pre-treatments. The optimum temperature for the pre-treatment in cold water
was higher than that of some deciduous fruit species. Chromosome specimens were
prepared by enzymatic maceration and air drying methods. Root tips were fixed in a fixative
(methanol:acetic acid, 3:1). Enzyme solutions contained 4 or 6% (v/v) Pectinase and 2%
(w/v) Cellulase in 10 mM citrate buffer (ph 4.6). Enzymatic maceration at 37oC for 2-2.5
hours provided suitable chromosome figures for observation. The chromosomes were
stained well with the DAPI and Giemsa solution.
AUHIRAI M., KOZAKI I., KAJIMURA I.
TIISOZYME ANALYSIS AND PHYLOGENIC RELATIONSHIP OF CITRUS
SOJAPANESE JOURNAL OF BREEDING (1986) 36(4):377-389
ABIsoenzymes of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase [aspartate aminotransferase] (controlled by
the loci Got1 and Got2) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1) were analyzed electrophoretically
in 104 wild and cultivated Citrus and Fortunella genotypes and in Poncirus trifoliate. The data
supported the hypothesis that C. natsudaidai and C. hassaku (Hassaku), among others are
hybrids of pumello (C. grandis) and mandarin. Iyo, previously assumed to be hybrid of C.
sinensis and mandarin, showed a resemblance to pummelo.
AUHIRAI M., KAJIMURA I.
TIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF LEAF ISOZYMES IN CITRUS
SOJAPANESE JOURNAL OF BREEDING (1987) 37(4):377-388
ABFour enzymes controlled by 6 loci were studies using Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in
numerous citrus cultivars. Heterogeneity was detected at some loci among the pummelo
cultivars.
AUPROROPAPADAKIOS E.E.
TIIDENTIFICATION BY ISOEZYMES OF FIVE CULTIVARS OF CITRUS MEDICA
GRAFTED ON FOUR ROOTSTOCKS
SOJOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE (1987) 62(3):413-419
ABFour enzymatic systems: esterase, acid phosphatase (both rapid and slow types) and peroxidase
were studied on five cultivars of citrus medica grafted on four rootstocks. The result showed

that the analysis of esterase banding patterns permit a clear distinction of the cultivars because
esterase patterns were reproducible and not affected by the rootstocks. In some instances in
peroxidase patterns and staining intensities could be observed in certain combinations of
scion/rootstock of the same cultivar.
AUMOORE G.A., CASTLE W.S.
TIMORPHOLIGICAL AND ISOZYMIC ANALYSIS OF OPEN-POLLINATED CITRUS
ROOTSTOCK
SOTHE JOURNAL OF HEREDITY (1988) 79(1):59-63
ABCitrus rootstocks are commercially propagated from open pollinated seed, which usually
produces uniform populations of nucellar seedlings. Morphological traits are used to
identify any off-type seedlings. In this study, seedling populations of 15 rootstocks cultivars
were evaluated morphologically and for their isozyme genotypes at 7 loci. The populations
varied in degree of polyembryony and in percentages of plants that were morphologically or
isozymically variable. Two cultivar populations contained only typical nucellar seedlings.
Four populations contained a few morphologically variant plants that had isozyme genotypes
typical for the cultivar. The remaining rootstock populations contained plants that varied in
morphology, isozyme profile, or both. Isozymes were useful for the detection of zygotic and
nucellar seedlings in polyembryonic citrus species that are not detectable by their
morphology. Zygotic seedlings, with one exception, appeared to arise from self-pollination.
AUHIRAI M., MITSUE S., KITA K., KAJIURA I.
TIA SURVEY AND ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF WILD MANDARIN, TACHIBANA (CITRUS
TACHIBANA) GROWING IN JAPAN
SOJOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE (1990)
59(1):1-7.
ABCitrus tachibana trees growing in wild and cultivated in Japan were surveyed and their isozymes
analyzed. Results demonstrated their differences from mandarin cultivars from China.
Almost all the tachibana trees had a CC genotype at the peroxidase, Px locus where most of
the Chinese cultivars had DD. The allele at A at Got2 (glutamine oxalacetate transaminase
[aspartate aminotransferase]) was unique to the tachibana population. These findings
indicate that tachibana has been genetically isolated from other citrus on the Asian continent
and is native to Japan. Several natural hybrids between tachibana and cultivated Chinese
mandarins were found.
AUBALLIRE R.M.L., BORDIGNON 4., MEDIAN FILHO H.P., SIQUEIRA W.J., SOMBRINO
J.T., POMEPEU J.
TIISOZYMES IN THE EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF HYBRIDS AND NUCELLAR CLONES
IN CITRUS BREEDING
SOBRAGANTIA (1991) 50(1):57-76
ABStarch gel electrophoresis was used to study 12 isozymes in 31 clones in order to distinguish
hybrids from nucellar clones. A procedure was developed for simultaneous resolution of
acid phosphatase, anodic and cathodic peroxidase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
(aspertate amino transferase), phosphoglucoisomerase [glucose-6-phosphate isomerase],
phosphogluco mutase and malic enzyme. Differences involving 7 loci and 25 alleles were
involved.

AUMOON D.K., KO K.C.

TIISOENZYME AS GENETIC MARKERS IN CITRUS GROWING IN CHEJU AND THEIR
USE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NUCELLAR AND ZYGOTIC SEEDLINGS
SOJOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE (1991)
32(1):59-65.
ABLeaf extracts of citrus grown on Cheju Island were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis for isozymes of peroxidase (Px). Seasonal changes in Px polymorphism were
observed. Phenotype of Px isozymes were identical in 25 taxa and related genera but were
neither genetically explained nor correlated to taxonomic relationships.
AUGOGORCENA Y., ORTIZ J.M.
TIUSE OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS IN THE TAXONOMY OF CITRUS AURANTIUM L.
AND RELATIVES
SOSCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE (1993) 53(4): 301-310.
ABLeaf proteins from 21 sour orange (C. aurantium) cultivars and relatives for chemotaxonomical
purposes. Soluble proteins were separated by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis and by
using the patterns obtained it was possible to distinguish the different species and cultivars.
Multivariate analysis carried out based on the densitometric readings of the proteinograms.
The results of the principle components analysis showed that 5 cultivars Bergamot from
Alcanar, Bergamor, Melarosa, Bouget de Fleurs, Amargo Clementino and Nanso daidai
segregated from the main cluster in three dimensional plot. In the dendogram obtained,
these 5 cultivars branched at dissimilarity levels over 2-0. The possible origin of cultivars is
discussed.
AUFATTA DEL BASCO S., MATRANGA G., GERACI G.
TIISOZYME ANALYSIS OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCK POPULATION TO IDENTIFY ZYGOTIC
SEEDLINGS
SOADVANCES IN HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE (1994) 8(2):71-74
ABElectrophoretic analysis of 7 isoenzymes loci to distinguish nucellar from zygotic seedlings in 15
open-pollinated citrus rootstock populations. The population varied in percentage of zygotic
plants but no cultivar showed more than 30% zygotic seedlings. Isoenzyme analysis
confirmed its usefulness in distinguishing zygotic plants in seedling rootstock populations of
polyembryonic citrus plants.
AURAHMAN M.M., NITO N., ISHIKI S.
TIANALYSIS OF PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE ISOZYMES IN 'TRUE CITRUS FRUIT
TREES'
SOSCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE (1994) 60:17-22
ABThe true citrus fruit trees group of the subtribe Citrinae (Rutaceae)_ consists of the genera Citrus,
Fortunella, Poncirus, Microcitrus, Eremocitrus and Clymenia. Isoenzyme inheritence and
variation of phosphogluco isomerase [glucose-6-phosphate isomerase] (PGI) were
investigated for 6 genera and their intergenic hybrids. The progeny segregated showing
Mendelian inheritance at locus Pgil in Fortunella, Eremocitrus and Microcitrus. Some
common isozymes were detected among the six genera. These results suggest that a genetic
relationship among all the genera of the true citrus fruit tree group.

AURAHMAN M.M., NITO N.

TIINHERITANCE AND LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF GLUTAMATE OXALOACETATE
TRANSAMINASE ISOZYMES IN MICROCITRUS
SOJOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE (1994)
62(4):749-754
ABThe isoenzyme variants of leaf glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) [aspartate
aminotransferase] were studied in interspecific hybrids of Microcitrus using vertical PAGE.
GOT usiebzyme activity detected in 3 zones on the gels, was controlled by 3 loci, Got-1,
Got-2 and Got-3. These loci are inherited in a simple Mendelian manner. Independent
assortment was observed for loci pairs Got1/Got3 and Got2/Got3 but not for Got1/Got2.
The presence of 3 alleles R and n(null) at Got2 and n(null) at Got3 is proposed.