Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BERKELEY. CALIFORNIA
WORKS OF
DR. D.
B.
STEINMAN
PUBLISHED BY
Inc.
Published by
CO., Inc.
Theory
of
Published by D.
Cloth, $3.00.
VAN NOSTRAND
CO.
New York
Shore.
Span 3240
Ft.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE
ON
SUSPENSION BRIDGES
THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND ERECTION
BY
D. P.
STEINMAN,
Member American
WITH APPENDIX:
JOHN
LONDON;
NEW YORK
WILEY & SONS,
CHAPMAN & HALL,
1922
Inc.
LIMITED
Engineering
Library
Copyright, 1922
By D.
B.
STEINMAN
PRESS OF
BRAUNWORTH &, CO.
BOOK MANUFACTURERS
BROOKUYN, N.
Yt
PREFACE
THIS book has been planned to supply the needs of practicing engineers who may have problems in estimating, designing
or constructing suspension bridges, and of students who wish to
prepare themselves for work in this field. The aim has been to
produce an up-to-date, practical handbook on the subject, distinguished by simplicity of treatment and convenience of application.
and reduced
to their simplest
supplemented by
alternative graphical
The second
presents data
for
direct application
division,
and
in the selection of type of suspension bridge and in the determination of proportions, specifications, and details for the various
and
short-cuts.
The
describes
fourth division,
and
on Erection
of
Suspension Bridges,
of
the
for
computations
iii
adjustment
and
control.
PREFACE
iv
Methods of
scribed and
also de-
illustrated.
The Appendix
devised for this book, for the expeditious proportioning of suspension bridges.
governing stresses
NEW YORK
August
i,
CITY
1922.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I.
THE CABLE
PAGE
1.
2.
3.
Unsymmetrical Spans
4.
The Catenary
5.
SECTION
4
6
9
II.
11
6. Introduction
7.
8.
9.
12
and Towers
13
10. Deflections
III.
13.
Assumptions Used
Fundamental Relations
18
21
23
SECTION IV.
26
15. Analysis
16.
Moments
15
16
11. Introduction
12.
14
in the Stiffening
Truss
28
Truss
SECTION V.
30
18.
19.
Values of
20.
Moments
in the Stiffening
Truss
33
38
41
CONTENTS
VI
PAGE
21. Shears in the Stiffening
22.
Truss
48
Truss
48
Straight Backstays
51
SECTION VI.
26.
Fundamental Relations
Moments at the Towers
25.
45
Temperature Stresses
27.
28.
Values of
H for Special
in
53
56
57
Cases of Loading
the Stiffening Truss
57
29.
Moments
30.
Temperature Stresses
61
31
Straight Backstays
62
SECTION VII.
32. Three-hinged
33.
59
Type
63
Two-hinged Type
34. Hingeless
65
Type
67
CHAPTER
II
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
(Classification Table)
Various Arrangements of Suspension Spans
Wire Cables vs. Eyebar Chains
Methods
Methods
of Vertical Stiffening
76
77
8.
9.
Arrangements of Cross-sections
7.
72
74
of Lateral Stiffening
6.
69
78
80
82
83
12. Parallel
84
85
Wire Cables
89
90
13.
16.
Suspender Connections
91
93
(Cable Bands and Sockets)
96
98
17.
101
19.
Braced-Chain Construction
103
20.
no
21.
Towers
22. Saddles
23.
and Knuckles
Anchorages
13
115
118
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
vii
III
(Type 2F.)
PAGE
1.
Dimensions
125
2.
Stresses in Cable
125
3.
Moments
in Stiffening
4.
Shears
Stiffening Truss
5.
Wind
in.
Stresses in
Truss
127
130
Bottom Chords
132
EXAMPLE
Spans
(Type 2S.}
1.
Dimensions
134
2.
Stresses in Cable
134
138
5.
6.
141
7.
Temperature Stresses
8.
Wind
3.
4.
139
142
Stresses
'.
EXAMPLE
143
(Type 2S.}
1.
Dimensions
2.
Movement
144
3.
Tower
Forces Acting on Tower
4.
Calculation of Stresses
147
5.
Wind
148
of
Top
of
145
146
Stresses.
EXAMPLE
149
2.
149
3.
Calculation of
Wrapping Wire
149
4.
150
EXAMPLE
Dimensions
2. Stresses in
Cables
150
151
CONTENTS
viii
PAGE
3. Influence
4.
5.
6.
7.
Line for
Bending Moments
152
in
Main Span
153
156
158
160
EXAMPLE
Design of Anchorage
1.
162
2.
162
CHAPTER
IV
Introduction
163
2.
163
165
3.
167
Wire Cables
169
6. Initial
169
7.
Erection Adjustments
Spinning of the Cables
172
5. Parallel
8.
9.
10.
Adjustments
177
177
178
.-
182
183
14.
Cable Wrapping
Erection of Wire-rope Cables
Erection of Eyebar-chain Bridges
15.
Time Required
189
1 2.
13.
for Erection
184
186
APPENDIX
DESIGN CHARTS FOR SUSPENSION BRIDGES
INTRODUCTION
CHART
CHART
CHART
INDEX
I.
II.
III.
191
Bending Moments
Shears in
in
Main Span
Main Span
Moments and
193
193
195
199
A PRACTICAL TREATISE
ON
SUSPENSION BRIDGES
THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND ERECTION
CHAPTER
Form
I.
THE CABLE
Any Loading.
If
loads
vertical
are applied
horizontal
the cable at
any
point.
is
cable
Let
M'
of the span
This
be
moment must be
flexible.
M = M'-H-y
equal to zero
if
the cable
(i)
is
assumed to be
Hence,
M'=H-y,
V.
(2)
*'
v
IN SUSPENSION BRIDGES
STRESSES
p
and
(3)
(3) gives the ordinates to the cable curve for any
is conthe horizontal tension
is known.
Since
Equation
loading,
if
applied loads,
is
simply
the
drawn
FIG.
The Cable
i.
is
The
determined
if
moment
by
(2)
at the
H= M
same
and
if
point, then
is
the
is
To
as a Funicular Polygon.
simple-beam bending
determined from Eq.
the
(4)
THE CABLE
The
(a, b).
tion so as to
points,
is
Aj B, and C.
The
tension
at
any point
of the cable
given by the length of the corresponding ray of the pole diaH, the horizontal component of all cable tensions, is
gram.
By
constant.
T =S~=H- SeC
where
point.
<f>
is
4>
......
(S)
any
in the successive
Vi
is
the vertical
vertical shear at
any
component
of the left
(6)
This
will also
By
similar triangles,
(7)
(This relation
of Eq. 2).
is
also obtained
(8)
becomes
differentiation)
we
d?y
The
Parabolic Cable.
in a simple
beam would be
Wl2
M =~-.
M
c
mined
To
(4),
is
deter-
With the
yields
y
Substituting the value of
= wx
^H
........
H from Eq.
(u),
we obtain
'.<">
the equa-
x2
(as
Aj Fig.
i),
The maximum
port, will
be
THE CABLE
or,
by Eq. (n),
Ti=
wl2 /
Vi
752
+ i6n
(15)
Equation
(15)
may
from Eq.
also be derived
(5)
/:
by noting that
tan</>i=^
To
= 4tt.
Z,,
is
given by,
.
(17)
we
have,
L=
which
yields,
upon
integration,
/
-
log,
tin
4 n+(i + i6n
)*].
(20)
This formula gives the exact length of the parabola between two
ends at equal elevation.
is
solution,
when a good
may
L = - (2+sinh
IOW
where u
is
defined
table of hyper-
2w),
(20')
by sinh u = qn.
),
...
(21)
where n
is
defined
ratio n, it will
be
by Eq.
(16).
= /(i+frc2 ),
The
of the sag-
terms of
its
chord
as
(22)
/.
computed by
THE CABLE
curve to the horizontal line
a, the
AD,
equation
becomes,
tan a =
/ = >>+
To
x)+x-t&na.
4^(/
(23)
equal to zero.
Solving for
x,
we
Eq. (23)
obtain,
(24)
7-tanaj
To
find the exact length of the curve, apply Eq. (20) to the
segments
VA and VB
An
one
result
results.
tion
shown in Fig. 3,
same way as Eq.
in the
(14),
4/1*1
(25)
2
/i
and
chord,
and
x\
/i
l\
measured horizontally.
The
be found,
will generally
by an equation
Eq.
(24), to
similar to
be outside
The
point
(Fig. 3).
exact length of curve will
be VA - VD, or the differ-
may
be obtained by
AD
= /il/ sec i+ 8
LI
Wi
....
\
I,
(26)
where
.
wi=-^.
The
chord
(27)
cable tension in the side span acts in the line of the closing
AD
(Fig. 3)
and
is
designated by
(28)
moments produced by
this force.
Hence, as in Eq.
(2),
we have,
M' = H- yi
and, as in Eq. (n),
we
...
|t
29 )
obtain,
(30)
(30),
Wl2
The
which
stress at
may
relation
any point
may have
equal values
we have,
Will
in the cable
is
is
given by Eq.
(5),
be rewritten as
(33)
At the center
where x\
=
,
the curve
is
parallel
THE CABLE
to the chord,
is
point
......
!)*
x\
tan
= o,
</>!
= tan
"
is
(34)
given
.....
+4^,
(35)
/i
and formula
(33) yields
which
maximum
the
is
(36)
The Catenary.
If
form,
= ^
Since tan
d2
Eq. (37)
may
sec
be written,
.....
(38)
y=-c (e
where
=w
This
is
cx
+e-<*-2),
.....
(39)
a cable under
its
own
Eq. (39)
i)
.......
(40)
10
To
from Eq.
(39) in
Eq.
(18).
obtained
This gives
e- cx)dx = -(e^-e~^).
-jdoc
2
= -smh
.
Cl
may
(41)
be written,
.......
(42)
c,
by a method
may
and
For the
of successive approximations,
If the integration in
and
x,
Eq. (41)
is
(43)
curve.
The
any point
of the
stress at
or,
>
Since
r-*.|
H = -,
Eq. (44)
may
._.
(44)
be written:
"HDT
-~ derived from Eq. (39),
Substituting the value of
we
obtain,
45 )
THE CABLE
11
T = H-coshcx.
maximum
'
'-..
(46)
-, yielding,
-.
Comparing Eqs.
(40)
and
(46),
we
center,
where y = o,
we
(^
...
T = H\
this gives
(47)
(48)
and at the
obtain,
.
.,-
If the sag-rat'o
find,
T = w(y+-\=wy+H
At the span
7)
*/
is
(49)
may
alter
by an amount
A/.
8w4 )-A/,
.
/.
From
Ait =- 15
2
4
4ow +288w A.,
'
.-
....
(50)
(51)
12
The
and
may
when AL and
be calculated by means of
known.
(52)
Eqs. (51)
For a change in temperature of / degrees, coefficient of expansion a), the change in cable-length will be,
A/ are
.....
AZ = to-/-L.
(53)
rs
and the
jj
>
L HL
(54)
where
E is
is
Another expression
H C
ds 2
is
HI
is
change
obtained by differentiating Eq. (12):
From
SECTION IL
6.
Introduction.
The
The roadway
is suspended
from the cable by means of hangers or suspenders. As there is
no stiffening truss, the cable is free to assume the equilibrium
by
13
If built-up chains
7. Stresses in the Cables and Towers.
are used, as in the early suspension bridges, the cross-section
may be varied in proportion to the stresses under maximum
loading.
is
uniform through-
out.
dead load be
pounds
assume a parabolic curve; and
all
where n
this total
**r
--S,
FIG. 4.
Let
by Eqs. (n)
towers,
The
(57)
in Eqs. (15)
and
(57),
we
w2)
...
;.
(S8)
14
ec*:
If cable
(59)
The
vertical
by Eqs.
reaction of
(58)
the
T=(w+p)-l.
,.'
(60)
Under partial
8. Deformations under Central Loading.
loading, the unstiffened cable will be distorted from its initial
It is reparabolic curve.
quired to find the deflections
produced by the change of
curve,
FIG.
5.
Loading for
Maximum
for
the
the saddles.
Deflection.
flection
Vertical
disregarding
at the center of
The sag
by Eq.
(3),
r-S+S-*-*
*>
p/w, we obtain:
.
(62)
15
/=
+ 2qk-qk 2
By
maximum
value of /'
we obtain
(64)
Solving this equation for k and substituting the result in Eq. (63),
the following values for the maximum crown deflection
we obtain
For q = -!-= o
6=1.0
'
A/= o
From
0.64
0.30
0.28
O.25
0.23
0.21
.013
.022
.028
.045
.067
.oSo/
this tabulation
we may obtain
=-
to 4:
(65)
A/= (o 007 +o
.
9.
046*7
o oo75<? 2 )/
.
The
great-
from
symmetry,
sented
by the maximum
repre-
horizontal displacement of
the low point or vertex,
will
be
produced by a
uniform load
continuous
6.
Maximum
Horizontal Displacement
of the
Crown.
(Fig. 6.)
FIG.
is
located
of
Eq.
(3),
accordingly,
16
= o.
-(l-2x)^pm
2
to the left
is
(66)
when
Substi-
(67)
-f
span
(c), will
be
of the
(Fig. 6),
w w
The
We
For
^=
w
=.028
A/=
<<
I
4
.003
.036
.051
.086
.004
.008
.021
10. Deflections
Due
to
.105
.134
.167
.030
.045
.062
is,
.'
of
.oy6/
The
Elongation of Cable.
by Eq.
.
total
(21),
(70)
V.
(71)
by Eq.
of the cable
due
17
to elastic strain,
we may
(55),
sec2
In addition there
the anchorages.
If the cable
is
may
<* 1 ].
(72)
elongation of the backstays will alter the span (/), but not the
length (L), of the cable in the main span. In that case, the
combined
effects of
will give:
(73)
and
777
A/=
sec
^- sec 2
ij
(74)
Ar
15
- 15
2
4
4ow +288w
'
(7S)
main
cable
must
AL = A/-cosai
Substituting these values in Eq.
......
(75),
(76)
becomes,
A/=
15
cos
- (i 5 - 4on2 + 288
- 8
16(511
<*i
4
)
.
'
'
(77)
18
SECTION
III.
11. Introduction.
The
16).
(Figs. 7, 15,
side spans
may
likewise be suspended
The main-span
n, 16), or
18, 20).
at the center of the stiffening truss in order to make the structure statically determinate (Fig. 8), or to reduce the degree of
indeterminateness.
Another form of stiffened suspension bridge is the bracedchain type. This type does not make use of the straight stiffening truss suspended from a cable; instead, the suspension system
itself is
jforrn
of
made
it will
built in the
page 19.
In types 2F and 3F, the side spans are not related to the main
elements of the structure and may therefore be omitted from consideration.
The suspension
are called
"
single-span bridges."
bridges with straight stiffening trusses will
be analyzed first.
12. Assumptions Used.
altered
theory
by
is
the
and on the
side of safety.
any
is sufficiently
accu-
Continous
Stiffening truss
Stiffened
Suspension
Bridges
19
20
horizontal, of constant
moment
of inertia
and
its
throughout
length.
3. The dead load of truss and cable
lineal unit, so that the initial
is
is
a parabola.
/vvvvvvvvv
*r ->^P
FIG.
4.
7.
and by changes
live load
The
last
assumption
is
The
truss
21
stressed only
is
by
of temperature.
assumed conditions of
Since the cable in the stiffened
13. Fundamental Relations.
is
to
be parabolic, the loads acting
assumed
suspension bridge
on it must always be uniform per horizontal unit of length. All
of the relations established for a uniformly loaded cable (Eqs.
(n)
(resisted
forces.
by
suspender
unit are denoted by
The
If these
s,
downward
acting
truss (Fig.
latter forces
shear
the
left
end,
(simple or
may
and the
exist
moment
by the
truss alone.
If
moment
in the stiffening
be
M=M'-M..
....
(79)
22
Similarly,
if
forces at the
will
same
be
V=V'-V.
.....
(80)
is
assumed
initial
it
to be exactly balanced
by the
may
by
Eq.
(2),
M = H.y,
s
where y
is
identical
with
=
suspension bridge, M
4>
is
equation
(i).
(In
...-.
the
(82)
unstiffened
o.)
by the hanger
forces is given
by Eq.
.....
Consequently, Eq. (80)
may
two ends
.....
of the cable,
Eq. (84)
(7) as,
(83)
be written
F=F'-#-tan0
(Fig. 7) ,
(81)
If the
..
(Fig. 7).
M = M'-H-y.
If
',
is
-.
which
V = V'-H
',
(tan
- tan a)
(84)
elevations
(84')
is
23
horizontal.
In Eqs.
relief of
(82),
(84)
and
bending moment
(84'),
or shear
= H,
M = H(y'-y)
(85)
This
diagrams
is
the
#-curve
tinuous
load in the
suspended
spans.
To
24
The
moments
at
any section
(86)
to be replaced
represents the
centration,
moment
y.
superimposed (Figs.
them
Sb,
may
line.
nb, nc,
be, constructed
is
proportional
and
between
bending moment M. In
with hinges at the towers, M' is
the
given section
is,
For a parabolic
*-'
Eq. 14) to
/'.
(88)
4/
K/[
Hence the
y
(Figs. 86,
nb).
The corresponding
is
mum
triangles, multiplied
by
maxi-
The
25
concentration placed at
produces zero bending stress at X.
is also called the critical point, since it determines the limit
of loading for
Load
maximum
to one side of
moment
positive or negative
at
X.
The
is
given by
(If
tan
<f>
is
cable, is
a constant and
is
given by,
....
The
values assumed
(90)
may
The
',
parallel lines as
by
and
(01)
tan</>-tano:
The
and
on the
vertices 5
section
the
X.
lie
The maximum
all
all
above negative.
26
be multiplied by />-tan
(or by ^[tan
tana]) to obtain the
shear
V
at
the
and
V
must be multiplied by the
section;
greatest
secant of inclination to get the greatest stress in the web members
cut by the section.
SECTION
IV.
This
bridge that
is
is
to be directly determined;
viz.,
M must equal
same
at
zero.
section of a
of
for any loading is equal to the simpleat the center hinge divided by the sag /.
Accordingly, the cable will receive its maximum stress when the
full span is covered with the live load p.
In that case Eq. (92)
yields
......
B
-Tf>
and, comparing this with Eq. (78),
s
Hence, under
= p.
no
stress.
For a
single load
see that
...
...
(94)
for
we
(93)
all
M=
o.
(94')
moment
PbJ
if'o~.
_.
,...
(95)
B-,
will
27
be
V,
.,'.'
(96)
This value of
........
According to Eq.
moment
'o
(97)
H will be similar
at the center of a
may
(92).
We
for<i
for>J,
thus obtain:
r
^.(#),
47
.....
H = ^( 4 k-2k*-i).
(98)
(99)
For
full
load (k
i),
maximum
value of //:
....... <>
-f
which
sive,
is
may
(Figs. Sb
and
90).
which
is
(98)
and
(99) yield,
we
find,
s
= %p,
is
= $P
Substituting this
.....
(102)
28
amounting
to
M = $px(--x\;
and the maximum moments
quarter points,
=
(# J/,
(103)
# = !/),
will be,
."
FIG. 8.
Moment
(104)
Diagrams.
(Type 3/0.
16.
grams
Moments
for
bending moments
The
influence dia-
triangles
y
triangle.
same
By
altitude
4/
have the
29
triangle.
The two
shown superimposed
triangles are
moment
at the section
is
The
in Fig. Sb.
X.
Hence the
moment
bending.
critical point.
all
is
maximum value of
moments may also be
the
follows
If the
bending moment
at
and
(82), (98)
i-2k2).
Setting
-=o
dk
in this equation,
we
(105)
maximum M,
(106)
TIT
Max.
M = ^px(l
HJT
X)(l2X)-.
(107)
30
This value
may
also
we
=o
Setting
in the last
ax
maximum
M occurs
at,
(108)
we
(109)
Abs. Min.
M= -0.01883^/2.
(109')
maximum moment
in the
stiffening
but the
maximum
The
shears produced
truss
The
9).
at
47
the center of the span. Upon this is superimposed the influence
tan <j>.
line for shears in a simple beam, reduced in the ratio i
influence line for
is
The
x
<-
shown
in Fig. ga.
at a given section
critical
4
points:
at x
and at
kl.
The
portion of the
left
span between
31
we
K to be given by,
(no)
fJJryfaenOff Lin
/or l/'-f /an
^ Inf/uer)ce -L/ne
7>
re)
FIG.
9.
(Type 3F).
maximum
Max.
F=^2
to
kl,
we
find the
32
When x = o,
yields,
V=&-.
,.
(112)
V-.
(113)
Abs. Max.
When x = ^l, we
find k
= %, and
Max.
For x> J/, the influence diagram takes the form shown in Fig. gb.
There is only one zero point, namely at the section X. Loading
all of
either
Max.
This has
its
7=3-.
(114)
=
greatest value for x %l, or at the center, where
it
Max.
V=.
maximum
sign.
(in) to
In other words, the plus and
two ends
be modified on
Eq.
(84')-
<j>
as required
by
33
SECTION V. TWO-HINGED
STIFFENING TRUSSES
18.
Determination of the
H.
Tension
Horizontal
In
zontal tension
indeterminate.
is
statically
The required
tion
must
be deduced
therefore
from the
elas-
tem.
CX
C/3
of
the
(with
anchorages.
distance A.
zontal force
If
a unit hori-
(H = i) be applied
The
H re-
H=
Substituting for
the
G
.0
Then
(116)
A and
for
general expressions
the displacement of a point
a
&
34
in
an
elastic
Eq. (116)
forces,
becomes,
(117)
where
m = bending
moments
loading,
u = direct
H=
f or
stresses
the stiffening
(in
under
truss)
H = o.
(in
with zero
H=
hangers)
and
In the denominator of Eq. (117) there are two terms, since the
system is made up of members, part of which are acted upon by
bending moments, and part by direct, or axial, stresses. In
the numerator, there is no axial stress term, since for the con-
= o, and
dition of loading producing A, the cable tension
towers
and
the axial stresses (in cables,
hangers) vanish.
Equation (117)
for
H, and applies
When
is
to
by Eq.
M=-H-y.
Hence we have, when
H=
(82)
for
stress at
H = i,
any section
reduces
(118)
i,
m=-y
The
of
all
(119)
by Eq.
(5),
which,
to,
'
ds
=-.
,.
2F and
25)
35
we obtain
J( EI
f
'
Cfd* r
2
J EI J EAdx
The
integral in the
the
first
'
(I2I)
integral in the
full
The second
full
length
of
6;
the
cable between
anchorages.
In the denominator of Eq. (121), the truss term contributes
about 95 per cent, and the cable term only about 5 per cent of
the total. Hence, certain approximations are permissible in
evaluating the cable term.
Terms for the towers and hangers have been omitted, as they
are negligible.
(Their contribution to the denominator would
/'
= span
distance
span
/2
= horizontal
distance
may
(Fig.
which
na);
from tower to anchorage, which
be greater than the truss span /i (Fig.
distance
may
na).
Substituting for y
its
36
first
J
'
The moments
of inertia /
Ch
and
/i are here
+2
fi
h\
,
-
(I22)
u
-|
*L
^ Juo -yi/nyec/\ Ou
j
It
_ia^5^r__ _^ __ H u
'
FIG. ii.
Moment Diagrams
The second
for
integral in the
and
(23),
(Type 25).
The
cable sections
in
7~r~2
37
A=A\.
Usually
we
Expanding
the
2
i
)>
I2 4)*
where n and n\ are the sag-ratios in main and side spans, respectively
E=
J-l"
.......
!=
n={,
(124')
/I
by
*EI
^T,
(122)
and
H becomes,
Clfydx+i C'Mi'
//IJ
(125)
||
The
.-
elastic coefficient
ropes.
E = E,
C
The denominator
sion bridges of
It
-f
"I:
(I26)
is
made
of wire
of Eq. (125), to
is
tion of
and
side spans,
will
* If the
cable section
is
vanish
if
the side
2
2
2
in eyebar chains), change 8w to -^n , 8w,.
at
instead
of
crown)
using A (cable section
to -^MI*,
and AI.
and
sec 3 ai
(as
to sec 2 a\\
38
the backstays will be straight (Type 2F, Fig. 16), all terms
containing yi,fi, n\, or v will vanish, and Eq. (125) reduces to
A
fM'ydx
H= 8 E
where a\ is the slope
19. Values of
of the backstay.
either
end
of the span,
;"
(128)
....
where
(125),
.
(129)
(129')
'
.P,
eyebar
chains), change
8w 2
..
(131)
-..
-^w
2
,
A and A\.
and
sec 3
to
sec 2
a\\
using
(cable
39
8,
40
where B(k\)
is
This value of
is
by Eq.
(129').
the middle
By
and
The maximum
n,
14).
F(k)=%k -%k*+k*,
....
(133')
where F(ki)
is
the
same function
as defined
by Eq.
(134)
(133')
The
= i.
H = -~(i + 2ir*v)pl.
...
(135)
For a live load covering the central portion, JK, of the main
span, from any section x=jl to any other section x~kl the
y
:..
(136)
where F(j) and F(k) are the same function as defined by Eq.
of F(k) in Fig.
in the value of
span
loading
ordinates for
CL
any
sections,
main
between the two
difference
/ and K,
value of
41
fills
the
for by
multiplied by
JK.
JK, we
central portion
members
M = M'-Hy,
If
is
any span
free
obtained by placing
spans, or
With
is
is
Mi=Mi
-Hyi.
M'
(or
Mi)
M=-Hy,
where
by subtracting the
any
Moments
20.
at
of
for that
(138)
span are
Mi=-Hyi,
....
by loads
(139)
in the other
by temperature.
Total
M = $px(l-x)i-(i + 2if*v),
(140)
(141)
Total
The
Mi=%pxi(h-xi)\i-(i + 2&>v)
(86),
by
moment
are constructed,
superimposing the influence
The H-curve
is
42
TABLE
43
LOO
.90
.30
.35
.40
.45
.50
.55
.60
.65
.70
.75
.80
.85
2
C(k)=k+k -k 3 -
FIG. 13.
12).
.90
.95
LOO
44
critical
point
is
given
by
superimposed influence
by
The
lines.
is a zero point or
the intersection of the
the relation,
(142)
i and plotted in a
the solution of Eq. (142)
13, to facilitate
for k.
-)+4*H
Min. Jf =
(143)
J/-.
2
2
D(k) = (2-k- 4 k + 3 k*)(i-k)
and
is
The value
all
by Table
(1430
and by the
from
of k or C(k) obtained
sections
from x = o to
x'
-I.
4
For the minimum moments at the sections near the center, from
x' to lx'j it is necessary to bring on some load also from the left
end
these
sections (see
dotted
two
critical points,
K' and
moments must be
by D(V)+D(k"), where
k' is
so
corrected
Kn
',
for
that the
by
replac-
Max.
M = Total Jlf-Min. M.
(144)
45
by
(144')
The
There are no
est negative
the side spans. For the greatsection x\ in one of the side spans,
critical points in
moment
at
any
by Eq.
M .....
i
(146)
(145)
for
various
the
Eqs. (143), (144)? ( J 45) and (146), are plotted in Fig. nd, to
serve as a guide in proportioning the chord members.
21. Shears in the Stiffening Truss.
With the three spans
by Eqs.
Total
(84), (90)
and
(135),
V = ^p(l-2x)i-~(i + 2ir3 v)
(147)
Total Fi-
The
iX/i-2*i)i----(i + 2*r)
(148)
46
0,
The
given section.
where
<j>
is
The
latter will
have
tan
is
shown
in
The
Fig. 140.
intercepted areas, multiplied by p tan $, give
the desired vertical shears V. Areas below the /7-curve repre-
A^
//ox
FIG. 14.
(Type 25).
we
and
obtain the
(133),
maximum
X to
positive shears
the end
by Eqs.
47
+I '-
(I49)
--
),
the loads
span
4/
to produce the
to a point
maximum
(Fig. 140)
whose abscissa x
kl is
For these
2#
by Eq.
(149)
I50 )
must
be increased by an amount,
-
Add.
F = ^/(i-*) 2 --~-G(*)-i,
(151)
....
and, like the same function in Eq. (149'),
and the graph in Fig. 12 or 13.
is
(151')
given by Table I
There are no
influence
For
maximum
The
diagram
146)
where
is
the
same function
as
48
shears in
main and
Min.
V = Total V -Max.
F,
Min.
Fi.
(153)
(153')
and
sections of the
(152),
(153)
a typical suspension
for
web
members.
Temperature Stresses.
between anchorages is, by Eqs.
The
22.
(22)
total
and
length
of
(26),
a i/
3 sec
cable
(154)
between anchorages
will be:
A = co/L
........
(155)
we
obtain,
t==
where
by Eq.
Eco/
sEI-vtL
2
f -N'l
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
= 11, 7 20.)
The
resulting bending
given by,
moment
M =-H .y,
t
and the
at
any section
.
of the truss
,'
j&
is
(157)
(158)
F,= -tf,(tan0-tana),
downward
49
deflections
produced by
,.'.
...
s=%.H.
(78)
......
and the resulting
(I59)
The suspender
forces,
-H.
(162)
defined
The
by Eq.
(129'),
Eq. (162)
may
be written,
any point
then be
will
d = d'-d".
,'
(163)
50
Equation (160),
from Eq. (163).
If
for
a full-span load,
is
may
be derived directly
by Eqs.
(161)
and
/S7..L- 26
'
6i44\
FIG. 15.
'
EI
(164')
(Type 2F).
Combined Railway and Highway
8 Cables. C. E. Fowler,
Bridge.
Chief Engineer. D. B. Steinman, Associate Engineer. W. H. Burr, G. H. Pegram,
C. N. Monsarrat and C. R. Young, Consulting Engineers.
Span 1803
feet.
By Eq.
(125),
minimum
The
deflections
produced by temperature
51
effects,
or
by a
yielding of the anchorages, are given by Eq. (162'), upon subthe horizontal tension caused by the given
stituting for
influence.
we obtain,
AZ,
.
'
I] N-n'
B( - \
24. Straight
is
defined
by Eq.
(129')
and
is
(166)
given
by
in Fig. 12.
If
is
built independent of the cables in the side spans (Figs. 15, 16),
FIG.
1 6.
H
Two-hinged Stiffening Truss with Straight Backstays.
(Type 2F).
= o.
=^
will
(166) inclusive.
The
beams, unaffected by
any loads
stresses will
will
will vanish.
52
of
be produced by a uniform
will
Total
by Eq.
(135),
$N-n
The bending moment
then be, by Eq. (140),
Total
The
at
any section x
M=px(l-x)(i~\
-\/r*
The
greatest positive
or by,
moments
Max.
will be,
will
.;
by Eq.
^ /LN
.,.;..
span
by
by
Mi = Tota]Mi=%piXi(h-xi)
by Eq.
The maximum
by Eq.
The
(172)
main
(148),
TotalFi=|#i(/i-2*i).
(149),
(171)
7 = }X*-2*)i~,
will be,
Eq. (147),
Total
(150) and
(170)
Eq. (141),
(143),
is
be no negative moments.
will be,
will
(169)
--D(k).
M = Total K-Min. M.
Max.
greatest positive
moment
moment
main span
of the
;.
(174)
shears in the
(151).
(152),
Max.
(175)
(176)
7i-&i/,(i-l)
exactly as in a simple beam.
The total length of cable will be,
Z,
by Eq.
(154),
by Eqs.
(156), (157)
SECTION
VI.
53
25.
Fundamental
(Figs. 17,
1 8)
Relations.
Hingeless
stiffening
trusses
hence there
will
shears at
any section
acting loads
(M and
FIG. 17.
V')
(Type OS).
Continuous Stiffening Girder.
Rocker Towers.
and
shears.
moments
moment
at
any
truss,
and
if
MQ
54
resultant bending
moment due
to the
downward
loads acting on
il*
in the
(I
77 )
M' =
M +^-Mi,2,
.....
(177')
B~ per
8/"
will
be
8/"
in the
side spans.
Then, by the Theorem of Three Moments for uniform load conditions, we find the moments at the towers (for
which the
(178)
where
M,=H-(y-e-f),
for
any section
in the
main span
.....
(180)
spans,
(181)
where x\
is
free
D'A'
(Fig. i8a).
end
of the span,
and
yi
is
the
55
.M2 -H(y-ef),
and, for bending
moments
If
any span
is
by
without load,
shears produced
Mo
for that
span
will vanish.
=!
.....
or
V'
= V -**,
(185)
F = #(tan</>-tana)
s
in the
(184)
in the
will
(182)
The
we
.....
forces
(186)
hi
(187)
we
(188)
k/
If
If
any span
is
(189)
main span,
56
Moments
at the
the
left
tower,
we thus
obtain,
T/
7\
=-Pl-k(i-k)
of these
--
(3
The sum
--
6i--
+ 2w)(i + 2*r)
two end-moments
-k)
and the
(191)
will be,
....
(192)
(193)
ir
kl\
(I94)
(k-k3 )
Ml =M 2 =-
P
,
^. Y
4(3 -Mr)
left side
.....
span,
we
(196)
obtain,
I98 )
I99)
all
three spans,
we
.
obtain,
.
The
Equation
suspender forces,
(181),
and Eq.
is
is
general formula
applicable to the continu-
05).
for
(118),
OF and
now
replaced
by the expressions
(180)
and
(119) becomes,
m=-y+ef,
for the
The
H.
Tension
Horizontal
57
......
(200)
.....
(201)
we
all
three spans,
(202)
Equations
(120),
(123),
and
(124)
(1240
are
retained
suspension
H=
H>x
-
'
-9
i
'
--" /8 - 9
The denominator
structure,
and
Eq. 125)
li-i
A-
'
(201)
^-2CT)
of this expression
will henceforth
is
be denoted by N.
Values of
by Eq.
(14),
and
58
we
end
of the
find, for
main span,
where
B(k)
is
defined
FIG.
by Eq.
1 8.
(129')
and
Moment Diagram
is
a single
(204)
(Type OS).
we
PI
obtain,
we obtain
(205)
the ^-influence
If
the
main span
is
completely loaded,
we
obtain,
by
inte-
H = ^-(---}'pl.
(206)
59
If the
we
main span
is
kl
(204),
where F(k)
is
defined
by Eq.
and
(133')
is
(208)
Fig. 12.
span is loaded
end, we obtain, from Eq. (205),
If either side
for a distance
-ie(2-k
2
l
)'k l ]p 1 l,
(209)
of continuity e
29.
Moments
Total
moment
any
by Eqs. (182) and
M=p-H- 4
With
all
section of the
at
three spans
main span
is
(199), as,
x-(l-x)-e(pP-H.f),
(210)
and, at any section of the side span distant x\ from the free end
by Eqs.
(183)
Total
and
(199), as,
M=\p-Hx
l (l l
-x }-e(lpP-H})
l
(211)
The moments
where
e is
defined
is
60
to (199).
the form,
M=
-H-(y-ef),
y- ef
moments
as (y
ef)
(212)
y-ef
H.
This construction
is
upon the
M=
(213)
x\
86) is
method
just outlined
(Fig.
line
is
of plotting.
is
',
A" MB"
base
line,
represents
gon ordinates below
A"B"
77;
A A"
Then, by Eq.
the height
BB"
AB
represent M'.
between the cable curve and
61
A" MB"
The corresponding
is
also indi-
H =-
tension
pro-
f-N-r
r
i_
FIG. 19.
(Type OS).
where
is
is
given by
Eq. (154).
The
resulting
by Eqs.
(180)
moments
and
(181), as,
M =-Hr(y-ef),
(215)
for the
M^-H.fy.-^-.efJ,
(216)
The
by Eqs.
7,= -#(tan0-tana),
(186)
and
f
(187) as,
.
(217)
62
for the
ef\
hi
F =-ZMtan</>i-tanai-f-),
t
(218)
31. Straight
is
If the stiffening
truss
i)
= ^,
will
Consequently,
all
terms
(218), inclusive.
On
span
will
f
f
FIG. 20.
(Type OF}.
The denominator
T,
Eq. (203),
will
become,
where
e,
Equation
become,
(183),
for
now has
the value,
(220)
will
r' ef>
221 )
(222)
For a concentration PI
become,
63
k^-P
(223)
moments
Total
Equation
all
becomes
M=
(216), for
pxi(h-xi)-^($pP-Hf).
/i
(226)
becomes,
,
and Eq.
.....
(227)
h
SECTION
VII.
.....
....
(228)
hinged arch.
will
64
the crown-hinge
ing sag
is
is
denoted by/,
is,
# = -.'..,-..
(229)
3BF)
If
is
made
to coincide
with the equilibrium polygon for dead load or full live load, the
stresses in the top chord and the web members will be zero for
such loading conditions. These members will then be stressed
only by partial or non-uniform loading. Under partial loading,
FIG. 21.
(Type 3BF).
member
If
pression.
be in tension and the top chord will be in comthe curve of the bottom chord is made such that
will
the equilibrium polygon will fall near the center of the truss or
between the two chords under all conditions of loading, the
always be tension.
Figure 22 shows the three-hinged braced-chain type of suspenThe stresses
sion bridge provided with side spans (Type 3BS).
stresses in
both chords
will
in the
side spans,
65
the top chord acting as a backstay for the main span. This top
chord receives its greatest compression when the span in question
is
is
and
fully loaded,
its
greatest tension
when
the
main span
fully loaded.
stresses
Temperature
and
FIG. 22.
(Type 3BS).
determining the
The
unknown
structure
is
FIG. 23.
The
for writing
horizontal tension
as
common
by the anchorage.
value of
may be determined
was used
inverted two-
(117).
66
where
when
loading
u denotes the
H= i
stresses
produced by H,
or,
S = Z+H.u
For a
rise in
the stress
......
(231)
Zl
iLA.
by thermal
are replaced
rise in all
may
where
members
between hangers.
and
may
also
be
This will give more accurate results than the ordinary method, as it takes into account the varying moments of
inertia of the stiffening truss and any variations from parabolic
included.)
form of
cable.
force
(H = i)
is
by
the constant
H.
The
resulting
If the ordinates
67
H = i),
produced by a
they will give directly the values of
over
the
moving
spans.
This type of suspension bridge
34. Hingeless Type (OB).
24)
(Fig.
is
unknowns
the towers.
the structure
let
FIG. 24.
OB
(Type
forces
Xi =
i,
= i, and
= i.
when the
any member will be,
Then,
S = Z+XiUi+X2 U2+XzU3.
The
members must
three
(234)
satisfy the
three conditions,
^=o,
which, with the aid of Eq. (234),
may
and
EA
=O
>
/
\
( 2 35)
be written:
"
EA
EA
=o
(236)
EA
UNIVERSITY OF CAL1FOHNIA
nARTMENT OF
CIVIC
68
summa-
tions.
The
solution
structure.
of
these
three simultaneous
equations will
their sub-
will give
CHAPTER
II
Introduction.
of construction
This requirement
The
bridges
1
superior
is
is
best fulfilled
economy
by the suspension-bridge
type.
The very
3.
of steel in the
has
many
It is light,
aesthetic,
it
70
there
is
pletion,
no danger
it is
of failure during erection; and after comthe safest structure known to bridge engineers.
The
CLASSIFICATION TABLE
71
tsburgh
Design
bec
fc,
CO
ft,
ft,
ft,
O)
^ ^
ft,
CO
fcq
Scj
cq cq cq cq cq cq
CN 55 <N ?5 55 <N
18
CD
fli fl
tSentHen^en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
a
C3en
en
cucucucucucu
cucu
CO CO CO CO CO CO
CO CO
-o
X
rt
>
-g CQ
S <N
72
(Figs. 37 to
those with
FIG. 26.
Brooklyn Bridge.
(Type 3SD).
suspension bridge
may
stiffen-
is
In
(or
is
25,30,33,35).
main span
is
(in addition
74
from the
cable,
other hand, any load in the main span or tension in the cable
will produce relieving stresses in the side spans.
cable tension
load
is
is
and the
Examples of
with
three equal
London,
Bridge,
of
280
and
the
Seventh
St.
feet;
spans
Bridge, Pittsburgh, having
two main spans of 330 feet and two side spans of 165 feet each.
this type are the
Lambeth
The
first
At
wrought-iron eyebars were introduced; and later (1828) openhearth steel eyebars came into use. John A. Roebling established the use of wire cables (about 1845); an d since his time,
wire cables have been used in practically all suspension bridges.
first
Quebec Design
(Fig. 39),
Hudson River
and
in his
Bridge, he pro-
WIRE CABLES
VS.
Thus
required.
far
there has
of
an
pounds
much
as nickel-steel eyebars
elastic limit.
pins add
The
wire cable
is
demonstrated.
The
would require temporary supporting cables; and the manufacture and erection of eyebars
of suitable size
spans present
for
many
very long
unsolved
difficulties.
The
following points
have
EYEBAR CHAINS
75
76
(if
Finally, pin-connected
eyebars permit speedier erection, especially in spans which would
to i\ times as
advantage in a bridge, as
the
life
it
and
of the structure.
Methods
of
Vertical
Stiffening.
On
account
of
the
no
stiffening truss
is
77
moreover, they
may
FIG. 29.
(Type 2FD).
Over the Yonne River (France).
Span 760
feet.
Built 1900.
Diagonal Stays.
held straight
has since been copied for several other spans in France, despite
its structural and aesthetic drawbacks.
Practically all
are stiffened
by
means
Methods
of
Lateral Stiffening.
wind
forces, the
To
is
78
of the top or
members
may
act as
each
side.
If
if
is
secured,
will help
rest
6.
As a
result of a comparative estimate of different types of stiffened suspension bridge, the following relative weights of cable
and truss (in main span) were obtained.
79
It
of stiffening truss.
and are
spans free (straight backstays, Type 2F) (Fig. 31) reduces the
bending moments in the main span. The main-span truss
weight is thus reduced by about
per cent, without sensibly
also
cable
truss.
offset,
their suspension.
site are
favorable to
Another advan-
but
This type
effects
is little
disadvantages
arising
Inter-
80
near the hinges which, in many cases, will offset the theoretical
reduction in the weight of the stiffening truss. Furthermore, a
center hinge conduces to a serious distortion of the cable from the
ideal parabolic form, with a resulting overloading of some of the
hangers.
hinge or
slip joint
7.
Types
of
Braced-Chain Bridges.
stiffening construc-
is
tension, instead of
com-
pression.
Braced-chain bridges
may
be
classified as to the
number
of
or as to outline
hinges (OB, Fig. 41; 2B, Fig. 39; 3B, Fig. 38);
of the suspension system (Parabolic Top Chord, Figs. 37, 39;
Parabolic Bottom Chord, Fig. 38; Parabolic Center Line, Fig. 40;
Parallel Chords, Fig. 41).
may
then be built as a
flexible cable
(Lambeth Bridge)
or chain
81
The advantage
is
to save hangers
of
and extra
To
maximum
moments
are also a
maximum.
of the lower
is
made
This
eipal carrying member.
hinged systems (Type 3BL).
In
curve for dead load, there are no dead-load stresses in the top
chords or in the web members. The top chords must be made
stiff
form
and
easily figured.
but
it
35C), both chords are concave upward; and the line midway
between top and bottom chords is made parabolic, so that the
two chords will have equal tensions under dead load and uniform
live load.
Quebec Design
An
example
(Fig. 40)
of this
form
is
LindenthaPs Second
82
Type 2BP
we have
Type QBP
or
bracing is
types are indeterminate, and may involve some uncertainty of
Unless the tower and anchorage details are
stress distribution.
properly worked out. there is danger of one of the parallel chains
becoming overstressed or inoperative. Examples of these types
are Lindenthal's Seventh St. Bridge at Pittsburgh (Type
and
his
2BP)
maximum
efficiency.
ture of material
is
The braced-chain
saves one chord
construction (Types
or SB U)
forms the upper
257, 2BH,
chord.
more
of the
Advantages
are
on
Economic
minimum
is
adopted.
Proportions
for
main span
83
and about \
ratios tend to
make
ratio of sag to
towers
about i
is
if
For adequate
be
less
the span.
of stiffening truss
is
about
Ath
of the
For a railroad bridge, the truss depth (at the quarter points)
should not be less than about ^Vth of the span, or the deflection
gradients will exceed
and Cantilevers.")
per cent.
"
Suspension Bridges
(See
may be
bridges is about
For
3200
greater span-lengths, the necessary
would
not
be
warranted
outlay
by traffic returns; but there are
other returns, such as civic development and increase in realty
feet (Fig. 41).
Arrangements
Spans up to $000
of Cross-sections.
The
feet
may be
unit of suspension
number
37-41).
is
limited;
suspension systems
The main
a
may
by
may be
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
84
or
it
(Figs.
vertical stiff-
There
is
system, and
in the
An
the Brooklyn Bridge (Fig. 26), having six stiffening trusses for four cables; this, however, has proved to be an
exception
is
on a
single
deck
Sometimes two
truss
reactions to the
The floorbeams
(Figs.
26,
or they
The
latter
arrangement saves
may
trusses
The
made
of 200,000 to 230,000
pounds per
WIRE ROPES
85
are
steel is
used for
all castings,
cable bands (Figs. 32, 36), strand shoes (Figs. 32, 36), anchorage
knuckles (Figs. 32, 33), and anchor shoes (Figs. 33, 37, 38). Sus-
pender sockets
32,
(Figs.
36) are
made by
drop-forging and
machining.
If chains are adopted instead of wire cables, alloy steels may
be advantageously employed. In a competition for a suspen-
inch,
and an elongation
of
Under average
and
Wire Ropes.
manufactured in
The
is less
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
strength of the individual wires. The spiral wires
are
stressed
in
cent
per
15
higher
The
ultimate
tested
strength of galvanized
steel
suspension bridge
rope
is
given by 80,000
X (diameter) 2
When
ropes
are
cables,
twisted wire
care
used
for
must be
coefficient
of this material;
(E)
it is
The
coefficient
of
rope strand
with
an
angle of twist of 18 is
for par85 per cent of
allel wires,
24,000,000.
efficient
of
or
about
The
co-
elasticity
rope
WIRE ROPES
more strands
85 per cent of
is
87
about
20,000,000.
of elongation
is
considerably re-
used in estimating the dead-load elongation of the cable (if composed of wire ropes), and the higher value (20,000,000) should
wires.
best adapted;
may
is
and
difficulty of handling;
multi-strand cable
may
must be erected
An
is
advantage
the ease of
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
88
rusting.
89
maximum
maximum
uniformity of
stress in all the wires, and the easiest and safest connection of
the cable to the anchorage. Twisted wire ropes are used for
advantages
of
compactness,
off
The only
consume several
A common
which
is
size of
The breaking
inch
is
is
practically TO
6400 pounds;
square inch is
per square inch
is
Other
common
About 250
during erection.
strands.
grooved shoes
(Fig. 36)
For the
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
90
a reduction of about
The
is
bridges, the ends of the wires, after beveling, were joined by soldering; but the heat reduces the strength of the wire at the splice.
Besides using galvanized wires, additional protection is
by providing a
secured
around the
cable.
Soft,
stress action.
No record can be found of any rusting of wire cables employing either or both of the above described methods of protection.
13. Cradling of the Cables.
bridges, the
main span
cables do not
10,
which are
difficult to evaluate.
The
91
of the
92
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
ANCHORAGE
Williamsburg Bridge.
(Type 2/0.
purpose into
7,
93
19 or 37 strands;
equal
shim-blocks
is
form
connections are
rope.
The
Such socket
now made
sockets
may
Chains
may
be constructed of
CONSTRUCTION OF CHAINS
This laminated
to these clamps.
construction
secondary
Chains
closed
is
subject
stresses
links
high
be constructed of
may
connecting
to
from bending.
around
which the
overlapping
to
pins
successive
in
panels.
same
in adjacent panels.
European practice
34)
(Figs.
ing or riveting, or
wide
flats.
The
17,
33,
made by weld-
by cutting from
last is
an extrava-
gant procedure.
Where
duction
holes
flats
of
section
the bars.
Chains composed
flats
of
vertical
riveted
proposed,
stresses
very high.
For long
spans,
the
chains
cross-sections,
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
96
This
is
between two
unequal division of
This may be
pins.
frequently apparent on superficial examination or upon comparing the ringing pitch under hammer blows. Actual measure-
have
by means of cast steel collars called cable bands (Figs. 26, 32, 36).
The cable band may be an open ring with flanged ends to receive
More generally it is
a clamping and connecting bolt (Fig. 26)
made in two halves with flanges (Figs. 32, 36). The band must
The inside of the band should
grip securely to prevent slipping.
.
be
left
been proposed
when
for
necessary.
is
36).
Oh
in the cable
different patterns.
To
avoid
this,
SUSPENDER CONNECTIONS
97
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
98
ends of the cable bands will add to their security against slipping.
The frictional grip (in pounds) attainable in a cable band,
maximum
2
permissible stress in the bolts, is 70 to ioond
where n is the number and d is the diameter (in inches) of the
clamping bolts. By this relation may be determined the number
with
and
component
to exclude moisture.
The
cable
and the
calked.
The
(Fig. 36).
secured in sockets
32, 36).
The end
of the rope
is
found,
by
(preferably zinc)
cooling.
test, to
which
will
not shrink
links
eye-ends to receive a bolt or pin for connection to other strucThreaded sockets (Figs. 32, 36) are cylindrical and
tural parts.
are threaded on the outside to receive adjusting and holding
these sockets
of these
members
(Fig. 36).
con-
or of rods, bars or
SUSPENSION OF THE
ROADWAY
99
illiT
block
SEC. A-A
hlckneo, fofc
luting Slramls.
to be furoinhrf
Cable Band
80
80
*>
Cbl Band!
Si
56
as
boe wrepl
indinalion
13-14-15-16-17-60-81-62-83484
8-9-10-11-12-05.86-87-88
&
rnt-M
in
Ifl'
a2io^*..
10*
69
CABLE BAND
SUSPENDERS
AND CONNECTION
FIG. 36.
Manhattan Bridge.
(Type 25).
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
100
There
may
be one
(Fig.
26), two
Solid steel rods used for hangers generally have a high slenderness ratio and are subject to bending and to vibrations; to
provide greater
stiffness,
consideration.
may
frame into the chords or into the posts of the stiffening truss.
For connection to the floorbeams or chords, the suspenders
pass through and bear up against the lower cover plate
with the aid of washers or special castings (Figs. 26, 32, 36); or
may
they
this
may
but
it
adds
101
Some engineers
left
so
is
function of
or
distribute
and
non-
initial
The
first
(Fig. 26),
completed in
were
of constant section.
The
stiffening
scientific design of
of the single
Warren
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
102
the truss
Making
more
On
reduced.
indeterminate
of the chords
is
indeterminate.
singly
(Types 2F,
26",
at the towers.
As
must be
If
adjusting
exact form
may
under
full
had when assembled in the shop at the same temby omitting certain members until full dead load (at
mean temperature) is on the structure. In any case, the joints
should not be riveted until the dead load is on and all adjustments are made.
it
perature; or
The
upon
stiffening truss
may
material
is
With
increasing depth,
naturally augmented; and, up to a certain limit,
saved in the chords of the stiffening truss. Beyond
the stiffness
is
BRACED-CHAIN CONSTRUCTION
103
may
depth
take the positive reactions of the stiffening truss (even if continuand these points of the truss must also be anchored down to
ous)
anchored
rollers
rocker arms.
One bearing
horizontal
may
Fig.
37),
arches.
similar
full
points.
value of
vertical shear
from
to spandrel-braced
are built
The
for
up of plates
center hinge is
dead and
live load.
At
live load,
the towers,
the bottom
(Fig- 37)-
span
will carry all of the dead load and fullthe lower chord and web members will be
upper chord
live load;
104
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
QJ
JL
BRACED-CHAIN CONSTRUCTION
105
stressed
only
by
partial
loading.
and the
by means
of
The
false
nected with
members
may
be con-
friction
To
Another arrangement
to
main span
truss,
truss.
make
The use of a wire cable for the top chord had an illustration
Lambeth Bridge, London; but the details did not con-
in the
rise to diffi-
106
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
BRACED-CHAIN CONSTRUCTION
107
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
108
When
the braced-chain
(01
braced-cable) system
There
will thus
used, the
until full
mean
dead
temperature.
in the
is
chords;
the
maximum
tension
ever,
if
not be material.
The
If the
struction.
The form
of braced-chain construction
objection.
In
this
and compression.
London.
half -arches,
two crescent-shaped
both chords are curved, the bottom chord having a
In
full
load.
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
110
The
moment
of inertia,
It
is
stress analysis.
the system
chord
is
nateness
If
its
is
reduced.
It
would be more
effective, in
such case, to
burgh and in
tom chord
When
bers).
to the anchorage;
common
or both
Linden-
41).
The
the towers
(Type OBP).
20.
Bracing.
To
the roadway,
since
111
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
112
bottom chords
of the
main
stiffening truss
wind chords
the roadway is elevated, vertical sway frames of crossbracing may be introduced between the trusses (Fig. 26) or the
If
floorbeams
may
wind bracing
In such
will suffice.
Girders);
feet
The
duty.
truss
(Type 3BH,
SBC,
is
(in
TOWERS
most
of these types) to
113
It is essen-
suspension constructions.
A center hinge in the stiffening truss introduces complicaIf the hinge is,
tions in the design of the wind-bracing system.
as usual, in the top chord, the wind bracing must follow the two
central diagonals to make connection at the hinge; these central
diagonals then act as wind-chord members, and their sections
If
lies
bottom chord.
lateral deflections
The
doubtful,
since
it
is
have sometimes
is
For
a certain amount.
relied
for
modern
this reason,
designs, but
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
114
The
it
any
piers.
ways.
composed of a column or tower leg for
each suspension system (Figs. 30, 35-38). For lateral stability,
the tower legs are braced together by means of cross-girders and
It is therefore
by arched
stresses
down
to
the piers.
The
This
is
steel (Figs.
masonry
more commonly
and occasionally timber.
34-41)
at the top with gothic arches (Fig. 25) or, for smaller spans, the
may consist of two separate tapering shafts or obelisks.
;
tower
vided
for.
The
The
may
115
may
to resist the
be made of braced-
tower construction, each leg consisting of four columns spreading apart toward the base and connected with lacing or crossbracing (Fig. 31).
most
span.
forces
most
This
of the tower.
(e.g.,
due to bending
of the cable
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
116
(An example
is
the
Rondout Bridge
at
They
vided with
Where
If
least
which the
is
permitted to slide.
It is prefersaddle
a
the
cross-section
to
to
able
the cable
give
conforming
section; to reduce wear from the rubbing, the cable may be
protected
by a
lead sleeve.
On
account of the
friction,
this
any
curved eyebars
however, are objectionable.
The
which
movement on
117
top of the tower consists of a roller support for the saddle (Figs.
32,37). In modern designs, the rollers are of equal height between
two plane
The
surfaces.
saddle casting.
is
reaction
is
is
negligible.
Instead of circular
turning.
Rollers (Figs. 32, 33, 37) serve to reduce the bending stresses
on the towers due to unbalanced horizontal cable pull resulting
vertical
Short rocker posts should not be used for long spans; after
such posts assume an inclined position under temperature variation, the return to normal position is seriously resisted by the
necessity of raising the point of cable support through a vertical
height.
The tower
itself
may be made
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
118
full
by providing hinge action at the base. This construcwas used in 1857 for a bridge over the Aare at Berne; also
height
tion
in the Elizabeth Bridge at Budapest, 1903 (Fig. 34), in Lindenthal's designs for the
and
for the
(Fig. 15).
to permit
to thermal
change
resting
on
or cable.
Rocker supports (Figs. 32, 39, 42) are also used for anchorage
The change in direction may be accomplished at
one main rocker strut (Fig. 42), or may be distributed over a
knuckles.
large
number
The
direction
The
Anchorages.
be carefully supervised;
and, after
ANCHORAGES
119
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
120
and penetrate rock that is perfectly sound, proof against weathering and of sufficient thickness to afford the necessary anchorage.
In most cases, the anchorage requires a masonry construction
which resists the cable pull by friction on its base or by the resisting pressure of the abutting earth (Fig. 34).
or they
may
26,
In addition to
Furthermore, the
also
allowable load on the foundation material (Fig. 44). Foundations on piles (Figs. 32, 36) should be avoided, as they give
insufficient security against displacement of the anchorage; if
The anchor
As a
ANCHORAGES
The anchor chains
anchor plate which
sections;
is
fastened behind
it
are
is
The anchor
121
is
plate
bending by means of peror
ribs
webs
(Figs. 33, 38); it must [have a bearing
pendicular
surface large enough to transfer and distribute the pressure to a
sufficient area and mass of masonry.
is
stiffened against
rolled sections
The
plate.
The anchor
masonry
plates.
The area
is
any other
bending
stresses.
The holding
bolts or
chain
is
illustrated in
Fig. 32.
and,
if
At each change
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
122
29, 32, 33, 36-38, 42), as the latter results in greater lengthening of
the cable from compression or settlement of the masonry. Space
make
this
arrangement unavoid-
anchorage
or tunnels
man
2
must be provided
in the
for
to pass through (Figs. 27, 29, 33, 34, 37, 42); a clearance of
to 3 feet
is
necessary.
shaft generally
becomes constricted
anchor plate;
and
may be adopted and the anchorage completely sealed against the entrance of air or water (Figs.
In such designs, the anchorage steel is imbedded
39, 40, 42).
in concrete, or surrounded with waterproofing material, so as to
painting, the opposite course
built of stone
masonry or
of concrete.
ANCHORAGES
The
123
maximum
flexibility
in
design.
The
at the heel (Fig. 44) and the inclination of the resultant from
the normal must not exceed the angle of friction. If it proves
;
impracticable to secure this stability against sliding with a horizontal foundation, the base may be sloped (Fig. 42) or stepped
to increase the sliding resistance.
Stepping the base is not
piles,
may
be
concrete box
filled
it
weight.
In another
an inclined foundaFor the design of the Detroit- Windsor Bridge (Fig. 15),
on account of the depth to rock, there was devised by C. E.
tress of concrete delivering the resultant to
tion.
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
124
Fowler and the author an articulated type of anchorage consisting of two members: an anchor chain in an inclined shaft
leading into rock, and a heavy steel strut in an oppositely
inclined shaft carrying the resultant thrust to rock, both shafts
rilled
CHAPTER
III
Chapter
I,
EXAMPLE
The
Dimensions.
1.
ft.
= 1125
ft.
(/'
= /).
/ = Cable-sag
in
/i
n=
ft.
(Straight backstays).
tan
A = Cable
a = Slope
of
tan
2.
= Slope
(A i
Cable Chord in main span = o.
of Cable
Chord
Stresses in Cable.
in side
span
= A)
125
=4^=4^=0.4.
Given:
ft.
(including cable)
126
(w/ = i i, 7 20
Ib.
per sq.
in.)
is,
wl2
10
kips,
(i
kip
= 1000
,,
Ib.)
q/
By
is,
H=
The
(167), the
for
p'l
~^n
'
)
~]S['l
l=
I 46
'
will be,
P' l
= I0 95
kips.
between anchorages
is
given by Eq.
(176):
=(i+f
Then,
2
)
for temperature,
3E/co/L
H=
'^NT
'
by Eq.
(156),
=T 3(30,000)
1.567
for
D. L.
3730 kips
L. L.
1095
Total
obtain,
The maximum
75
is,
= 82
sq. in.
Ib.
per sq.
(Section
in.,
'
H:
Temp.
we
II
7T^F T^(
by Eq.
(5),
kips.
=
provided 84
sq. in.)
is
5300 ^
Moments
in Stiffening Truss.
at
Ib.
per
127
Given:
lin. ft.
per truss.
truss.)
Total
Jf-
-i#*(*-*)to85).
Total
by
the truss.
M = .085 pio
At other
= +21,500
of a parabola.
live load is
They
Section (j
ft.
s:
128
The
stresses, the
upper signs
129
chord and the lower signs to the bottom chord. Dividing the
above values by the specified unit stresses in tension and compression,
respectively,
we obtain
members.
must be increased to provide for the wind stresses,
computed as indicated below. In addition, the temperature
stresses must be taken into consideration.
The moments produced by temperature variation are given
sections of the chord
sections
by Eq.
(157):
M =-H
t
Jf=(75
At other
moments
Section
.y.
kipsXii2.5
sections, the
ordinates y
ft.)
8450
ft.
kips.
130
4.
= i6oo
Ib.
per
lin. ft.,
%pl
= goo
F=Section
kips.)
all
sections
x<-(i
131
maximum
The
values
C(Jfc)
2X
132
Section
The
truss w.
is
133
by the formula,
wl*
'
r
wl*'
f(i6i)x(34.5)
it.;
= 96,000
in. ft.
we
obtain,
r
.284
/>~i+.284~
Hence the
force of restitution r (due to the obliquity of suspension after horizontal deflection) amounts, in this case, to 22 per
cent of the applied wind load (p) at the center of the span.
The force r diminishes to zero at the ends of the span, and the
equivalent uniform value of r may be taken as f of the mid-span
value.
The
on the span
Ib.
per
is,
lin. ft.
Mw =- = 5i,goo
ft.
moment
at
kips.
= dz 1 500
will
kips at mid-span.
The
Maximum
Maximum
Horizontal Component
Teusion in Cable
Area
= 3,870,000 Ibs.
= 4,300,000 Ibs.
=C8
sq. iu.
Two
composed
of seven
Mainland
Bteel for floor over anchorages
4 Panels @24'G"
3 Floor beams
f2.Eleetric 24"ls 80
T
,
Joists
ib's.
15"ls42
Ibs.
"
u 33 ll)B>
^3-Sidewalk 12"i!i 25 Iba.
Top of Roadway + 2 Grade
J 5-Roadway
j..^,,,. pil)e 16
4 Ls 8 x 3 x
2-Pls. 42 x
Transverse
2-FillB2Gjc%
2 Pis.
2-FillB
% Longitudinal
%
4 Ls 6 x
%1
Sicle
Bott. of Anchors
Rods 3*^
Scale 1
rt per
column)
30'
ASSUMED
DEAD LOAD
+2000
Cables
Ib. p.l.f.
"Impact 50^6
6 ton auto truck or 60 Ibs.per
Roadway Stringers
sq.ft.
4S
Wrapping
Bands,
etc.
Suspenders
Floor System
Impact 25$
740
Trusses, etc.
1147
Trusses
CO Ibs. per sq. ft. No Impact
Sidewalk Stringers
Lateral Bracing 315
Railway Loading 2000 Ibs. uniform load
000
Simultaneous roadway and sidewalk loading 700 lbf.p.U. Flooring
Cables, etc.
Wind Load
For Suspension Bridge 25
30T.
Temperature Variation of
ft.
Railings
Viaduc t
g
3^1bs.
Water Main
TOTAL
p.l.f.
J325
4050
Span
lowers
(Expansion
Point
3^
x 8 x
D.L.
2^
K
2 Ls 6 i
3K
[-
2 Ls C x
3H
KijT
3}f x 3 x
10
S.L 2H
11
3^
z 3 I
13
12
2 Ls
14
15
10
18
17
19
20
21
24
23
22
25
26
27
64
I
c.
Tower*
Expansion Poit
b plates
Towers,
Compression 17,000-80
Tension 18.600 Ibs. per
etc:-
in.
sq. In.
Compression 18,500-85-^
StiiTenin? Truss:- Tension 20.COO Ibs. per sq. in.
Compression 20,000-9o
For combination of D.L. L.L., 1 and W..L increase
unit stresses
25~f>
Tension 45.0IX)
Suspenders:Cables:-
in.
In.
Kote:-
1856*3 Long
7)4
Sheet
1 of
Aug.
1,
1920
(Type 25)
Florianopolis, Brazil.
H. D. Robinson and D. B. Steinman, 1920.
at
135
is,
= $220 kips,
H = ~=^-wl
o
kip
(i
= iooo
Ib.)
of
(125), the
is,
A]
A\j
By
covering
all
H = -jgr(i + 2ir3v)p
The
live load,
*)
(i
0164) (9300)
= 1050
between anchorages
is
kips.
given
by
Eq. (154):
L
-=
8 \
8 m
hfsec ai-\--+-n2 +2-1
3
.
Then,
by Eq.
7
f Nl
\o
2
The maximum
Ib.
per sq.
H:
for
D. L.
3220 kips
L. L.
1050
80
sec 0i
in.,
767
_ ~roO
-Kips.
#=4350
Ti = H
794)
Xi.790
Total
obtain,
v x
(io8)
= i .027+
(156),
Temp.
At 60,000
_ 3 (i 1 7 20) (26200) (i
/97\T/
2
we
3 sec ail
for temperature,
**i
= E(i
08)
by Eq.
(5),
= 4700 kips.
4700 -T- 60 = 78
sq. in.
per cable.
is:
=i
794.
136
3.
Moments
in Stiffening
Truss
Main Span.
Given:
Live Load =p
(All values given
1600
Ib.
per
lin. ft.
truss.)
moment
With the
at
any
Total
M-
Hence only
9.1
stiffening truss.
Total
.091
Section
full live
load
is
carried
by the
They
of
~o = +21.200
ft.
kips.
137
138
Dividing the
chord sections.
4.
Bending Moments
(p
With
at
any
all
= i6oo
in Side Spans.
Ib.
per
lin. ft.
per truss).
moment
is
Total lfi=i/wi(/i-*
Total
There are no
Mi =
^- = +2300
moments
minimum moments
Min.
.091
are given
Mi = -yi-
by Eq.
v
-pl
ft.
kips.
(145)
yi(i
The
i24)pl.
Min.
MI=
2(1.
Mi = Total
24) (1730)
are given
ft.
23,400
by Eq.
(146)
kips.
Jlfi-Min. MI.
Max.
At other
Jl/i
= +2300+23,400 = +25,700
sections, the
of a parabola:
moments
ft.
kips.
Section
139
140
of
G(-\
Section
are
as follows
(%pl
= 864
kips)
12,
Section
141
142
There are no
maximum
Section
The
by the
M =-H
t
and
143
will therefore
values.
Section
be
v(
= i)
-yi,
144
Ib.
lin. ft.) is
per
reduced
by
wl*
-
r_
I3
^7
I73
'
wl*
(20
= 4770
Ib.
per
lin.
ft; 2
I+.I73
= 130
147
'
/= 1 24,000
ft;
in. 2
ft2)
^-|r=4oo-f(59)=35i
Ib.
per
lin.
ft
=
Mw = ^o
51,000
ft.
moment
at
kips.
=1200
kips at mid-span.
In the side spans, unless they exceed 1000 feet in length, the
reduction in effective wind pressure may be neglected.
(In
this
example,
moments and
load of 400
Ib.
- would amount
to only
per cent.)
per
lin. ft.,
Calculations for
full specified
EXAMPLE
Towers
of
Hence the
ft.
wind
in length.
Two-hinged Suspension
Dimensions.
Each tower
The
bridge
is
2.
145
high and is made of a double box section, 42.5 inches wide. The
other dimension (d), parallel to the stiffening truss, is 4 feet at
the top, increasing to 9 feet at the base. The walls are ij inches
thick (made up of f-inch plates and corner angles) and the
transverse
at lo-foot intervals.
They
2.
Movement
and
53.5 feet
of Top of Tower.
The towers are assumed
and the cable saddles immovable with respect
to the tower.
side span.
The
loads.
3.
The
Load = p = 860
f
(Live
The upward
Ib.
per
lin. ft.
H= 1040 kips.)
deflection A/i
side
= rjo
Ib.
per
lin. ft.
per truss,
146
2.
Eq.
The
is,
by
(55),
.
3.
is,
span
by Eqs.
(53)
and
178(1 .077)
192
ft.
span
(26),
=
I
.156(1. 03 7)
=0.162
ft.
We also have:
8 m
-i = secH---
= 1.037,
3 sec
A/i
---L_=o.i6o.
AZi
_L = 16
The
n\
3
3 sec
A/i
is
we obtain
the
maximum
tower deflection:
(.428)
ft.
1.037
In the present
case,
we
P=y
find
X2
Ax = 1 740.
= 17,200^0 = 7000
lb.
Hence,
per column.
1740
The other
formula:
V = 2H
tan
= 2 X 4340 X o
4=
The
perature
147
rise, is,
7i = (42+32) + (i4-f n)
With one
side
= +99
Vi = (45+32) + (n
- 140) = - 52
side of safety;
and the
vertical load V.
At any
by the equation
cantilever:
4.
of Stresses.
The resulting
section of the tower will be:
Calculation
stresses at
any
KA
Combined
r-
V .Pxc.V(yQ -y)c
Jt
^
Stress =
_
H
H
fiber
Joint
extreme
148
5.
by
Wind
live load
wind
To
loads.
The
truss
wind load
of
400
Ib.
The
4, (x
lin.
ft.
produces a hori-
of,
360 -+400
This acts at Joint No.
per
= 266
kips.
= 100).
amounting to io(
\4
The wind
per sq.
ft.
= 26
kips.
of vertical elevation.
Joint
is
assumed at 25
X (25^).
joint,
Ib.
an
The
transverse bracing
tabulated above.
149
is
EXAMPLE
1.
in
of 68 sq. in.
Example 2.
The total length
of each cable
Other data as
is
= 1080(1
To
= 1110+746 = 1856
ft.
this
truss
Total
L = 1856+86 = 1942
be used = o. 192
will
Each cable
in. area.
per cable.
ft.
in.
diameter =
= 23 5 2
each
Calculation of
Cable Diameter.
at o.i
lin. ft.
The diameter
of
the
cable
is
In
it.
no per
each strand
centX- T -=
6 8
is
will be,
3.7 in.
The
1 1.i
inches.
.06 Ib.
per
be 3250
0.15
in.
ft.
(soft,
annealed), weighing
ft.
diameter,
it will
make 80
turns per
lin. ft.
The diameter
150
of the cable
2.9
is
n.i
be
ft.
Weight
of
ft.
per
=
wrapping wire 232
ft.
at .06
= 13.44
Total wrapping wire
=3250
Ib.
ft.
=44,000
ft.
2.9
= 232
lin. ft.
per
of cable.
Ib.
lin. ft.
of cable.
Ib.
X 1942
ft.
X6i
strands at 4.34 Ib
= 1,030,000
Ib.
The diameter
20,000,000, as
EXAMPLE
(Type OS)
(See Chap.
1.
Dimensions.
/
The
I..
Pages 53 to
63.)
1 7'
7!" = 705
ft.
(/'=/).
n= =
j
9-5/
151
Moment
of Inertia in
ft.
in.
ft.
(per truss).
1 1 = Mean Moment
=2278.
(i
A = Cable
1
tan
sq. in.
= A, + 2
of Cable
Chord
in
a\ = Slope
of Cable
Chord
in side spans
2.
= Coefficient
Ib.
The denominator
^
O
=0.5.
=o
per
OJ
.026.
602
= 2850
(2^
H=
strands of 76 wires
main span =
of Continuity
Stresses in Cables.
zontal tension
at
per cable.
= Slope
j.
in.
= 61 .6
tan a
Ii
Section in
0.192
A = Cable
= ~r =0.72
lin. ft.
is
lin. ft.
= 6io
152
With the
= 750
The
Ib.
per
lin.
ft.
gives,
is
_\
I>8
Ht ~
~
f2
in temperature,
we
Max.
is,
by Eq.
Max.
At 60,000
= 55.5
Ib.
sq. in.
is,
maximum slope
= i. 096. For
of the cable
this
T=H
sec
= 3330
3.
the
Ib.
per sq.
tan
the stress
slope,
kips.
maximum slope
= 1.1 7. For
is
3330-^60
in.)
the stress
(5),
= 59.2
is
(5),
sec <i
by Eq.
and
At 60,000
live load,
obtain,
in.,
kips.
is
3550-7-60
of B(k)
of
from Table
(204)
I or Fig.
H:
12,
we obtain
Load Position
153
154
Panel Point
155
is
as follows:
Panel Point
12.
= 0.2).
(#=.948)
156
The method
and
Mi
be used.
The values
157
of
H,
158
Max.
Min.
by
[P =
\
40
=13.22 kips)
/
The temperature
by Eq.
(217):
V = -#<(tan 0-tana).
t
The
Bending Moments
in Side Spans.
by
the
Eq. (183):
/i
For loads in the main span, MQ = O, and the values of MI and 71/2
For the far side span comare the same as calculated above.
=
value
of MI is the same as the
and
the
MQ
O,
loaded,
pletely
value of
Mi
calculated above.
Mi=-Pl
moment M\
2ir
given
(i+ir)(ki-ki
by Eq.
(Pi)
(194)
in tLe
3
)
and
The
values of
ingly,
we have
Load
Position
Accord
(P=i)
tra
The
values of y'
y\
~--ej are
159
as follows:
/i
Panel Point:
20
22
24
26
28
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.20
/=-44.7
-35-8
-26.8
-17.9
x\
-=
-8.9
30
M = M'-H-y',
we
INFLUENCE VAIUES OF
moments
160
where
T47
calculated
by Eq.
V=
MI
(189)
\
105
~~
2 54
The
left
side-span
shears
are
-i = V'-K-H.
=
k
(216):
by Eq.
kips.
7.
At
are calculated
=~
K=
ef
4^1
j-
K diminishes uniformly
I 49
.105
to,
.254
K=
INFLUENCE VALUES OF
results are to
FIG. 44.
161
shears in kips.
Design of Anchorage.
162
The temperature
by Eq.
(218):
= -K-H
t.
The
EXAMPLE
Design
of
Anchorage
any superimposed
loads).
In the
By
loads.
amounting
less
to 29,000 kips.
failure
by
If its inclination
friction,
the anchorage
is
is
safe against
sliding.
2. Stability
against Tilting.
The
resultant
prolonged to
is
Vec
=A-T>
where
is
axis,
and
c is
the distance
(ft.)
from the
We
pressure was 6 tons per sq. ft., so the anchorage figures safe
against settlement or overturning.
CHAPTER
IV
Introduction.
The
erection
of
suspension
bridges
is
floor system,
The
members requiring
The other elements
specialized
knowl-
on base plates
40 tons) were delivered by lightderricks to the pier- tops; they were rolled
and
lifted
by
their
up
to
erected
on the bed
plate,
by the use
and then
of ingenious
Each platform
of the tower
(21 feet
by 34
on the shore
struts below.
side
of the projecting
163
164
stiff-leg derrick
jecting gusset plates of the bracing system.
with 4 5 -foot steel boom was mounted at the middle of the inner
the platform.
With
this
derrick
of
(weighing up to 62 tons) were lifted from the top of the pier and
set in place, the material having been transferred from scows to
the pier by floating derricks. When a full section had been
FIG. 45.
Manhattan Bridge.
to the top
and
falls
Erection of Towers.
For purposes
divided
by
of handling
and
it
erection,
then
lifted itself to
Where the
to 27! feet apart, and were staggered to break joint.
three longitudinal sections changed to two, shim plates were
used to level off. The riveting of the field splices (with i-inch
rivets)
sections
back
of the erection
work
in
TOWER ERECTION
165
come
to
bearing.
moored
field
riveting,
stairs
and
of steel at
safety railings.
one tower in sixteen working days.
Figure 46 shows the completed tower, 282 feet high above
the masonry, and weighing 12,500,000 pounds.
For the
Manhattan
by two
stiff-leg
derricks
tower
is
shown
by
up on
(The completed
in Fig. 57.)
built
may
be erected by gin-pole
when
the
first
166
first
drawn
FIG. 46.
Manhattan Bridge.
Erection of Footbridges.
auxiliary if -inch carrier rope; the latter served to carry the load
and 2 inches
of the footbridge cables and cradle cables (2
mounted
ERECTION OF FOOTBRIDGES
167
to the top of
Tower B, over a
roller saddle
and thence
to the
by
Erection of Footbridges. The next step is the construceach cable, of a footbridge or working platform which
wires to be observed and regulated throughout their
the
permits
4.
tion, for
In
this
168
wires.
were slipped down on the cables toward the center of the span
FIG. 47.
Manhattan Bridge.
Then
shown
in Fig. 57.
center, connected
Two
by
For the Brooklyn Bridge, Fig. 25, the timber staging consisted of one longitudinal footbridge and five transverse plat-
cradles,"
169
it
The
to create
enough
friction pressure
be bound
and a
by serving with
wire at intervals.
for
any cradling
from mean
saddles on top of the towers, and for the length of the strand legs.
When the desired final position of the cable, under full dead
load, is known, its length is carefully computed, including the
main span parabola between points of tangency at the saddles,
the short curved portions in the saddles, and the side-span
170
Applying corrections
suspended load) and for difference
of temperature from the assumed mean, the length of unloaded
cable is determined.
This gives the length of the guide wire
for elastic elongation (due to
of
main and side span cateThis gives the distance the saddles must be set back
trial
Taking into consideration the previously calculated and corrected total length of cable between strand shoes, the initial
raised position of the strands
main and
side
and anchorages.
mean
movement
temperature.
cable stretch, the no-load cable-sag was made 38^ feet in order that
the sag in final position under full live load should be 45 feet.
an
initial strength-test of
the individual
171
was finished, the shoes were let forward into their final places
and, at the same time, the strand was lowered from the rollers
of the saddle into the saddle, which double operation
caused the vertex to sink into correct position as previously
on top
calculated.
leg held the shoe a short distance in front of the anchor pin;
and the shoe had to be pulled back that distance when the
As the steelwork
in the
gradually elongated
until
vertical position.
The initial erection adjustments for the Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Manhattan and Kingston Bridges are summarized arid
compared
CABLE STRANDS
172
7.
Spinning of Cables.
The operation
"
of
cable-spinning
FIG. 48.
(Manhattan Bridge.)
for the
CABLE SPINNING
lated
by instrumental observations
173
Large reels, upon which the wires are wound, are placed at
the ends of the bridge alongside the anchor chains (Fig. 48) The
free end of a wire is fastened around a grooved casting of horse.
shoe outline called a "shoe" (Fig. 48), and the loop or bight,
thus formed is hung around a light grooved wheel (Fig. 48) which
is
The
having
its
end on the
reel,
is
of the
is
and
traveling rope.
off the wheel
taken
men
The
new
wire
is
then
loop hung on
the traveling wheel for its second trip. After two or three
hundred wires have thus been drawn across the river and accurately set, they are tied together at intervals to form a cable
strand.
(4 tons)
wound on
These
reels
an end-
f-inch steel traveling rope passing around a 6-foot horizontal sheave at each anchorage; machinery for operating the
less
apparatus
for
hoisting machinery
174
final posi-
"
by a special steel construction called a strand leg" (Fig. 48)
attached to the pin between two anchorage eyebars.
tion
The bight
FIG. 49.
pulled across.
of wire
Manhattan Bridge.
As each part
of the wire
became dead,
it
was
for
(Fig. 49),
CABLE SPINNING
175
the shoe was pulled toward the shore, releasing the strand leg
and the eyebar pin. The strand shoe was then revolved 90
to a vertical position
(Fig. 49),
to position
on
permanent saddles;
"balance beam" were used for this operation. The strand was
then adjusted to the exact deflection desired, by means of shims
in the strand shoe.
After the seven center strands were completed, they were
to
make
a cylinder
"
being
filled
with petrolatum.
hydraulic compacting
applied.
Then
The spinning
The work
of compres-
sing and binding the cables and attaching the suspender clamps
and ropes took two or three months more, but the erection of the
suspended trusses proceeded at the same time.
As soon as the .strands were completed, the footbridges were
hung to the main cables to be later used for the work of cable
was supplied
pounds) per
on
7-foot
reel.
An
wooden
engine on the
New York
176
two bights across (for two strands) on the forward trip, and two
bights (for two adjacent strands) on the return trip. In this
manner each endless rope was laying four strands at the rate of
fifty
Eight reels of wire were required for each strand. When the
end of a coil was reached, it was held in a vise and connected to a
wire from a fresh
reel, by screwing up a sleeve nut over the screwthreaded ends (which were formed by a special machine to roll
the threads).
As the wire was laid, it was adjusted to conform to the
catenary of the guide wire, in order to secure uniform tension
in the wires of the finished cable.
The
three
carrier wheels
men
moved 400
feet per
minute.
There were
make
splices,
adjust the wire and take the bights off and on the carrier wheels.
As the carrier wheel passed each tower, three men on the top of
the tower clamped handtackle to the wire and pulled up until
the wire was adjusted exactly parallel to the guide wire, as
signaled by men distributed along the footbridge (three men on
five
men were
As soon
masonry.
Then
the shoe
Shims back
of the
pin in the slotted pin-hole of the strand shoe provided adjustment for the strand length; each f-inch shim corresponded to a
vertical
movement
When
177
removed and they were made into one strand to avoid trouble
them after they were surrounded by the remaining
in handling
strands.
8.
7, 19
to be
men
each.
The
made by
cutting
up the tem-
and melted
spelter
178
poured in, filling all the interstices. Some of the finished ropes
were tested, and showed an ultimate strength of 287,000 to
290,000 pounds, with the rope breaking 4 to 8 feet from the
socket; there was no sign of injury at the socket, thread or
nut.
FIG.
50.
Manhattan
Bridge.
method of connection to the suspenders, clearances for travelers, and the reach of the booms. In addition,
the scheme should aim to balance the dead-load distribution
considered the
during erection.
is
supported at each
179
panel point by four parts of if -inch steel rope suspenders (Fig. 50)
with their bights engaging the main cables and having, at the
lower end, nut bearings on horizontal plates across the bottom
flanges of the lower chord.
FIG. 51.
Manhattan Bridge.
Traveler der-
Erection of Verticals.
boom
derricks,
7- ton capacity.
boom and
180
towers to
on
FIG. 52.
On
Manhattan Bridge.
Erection of Diagonals.
the
first trip,
were erected
deck and transverse bracing were put up, thus completing the
structure.
On
the
first trip,
upper chord
splices.
181
were made.
before the top chords were erected, and were connected again
(permanently) after the top chords were in place.
A
and
force of three
their
field rivets in
Where
The bridge
hanging com-
FIG. 53.
falsework
Manhattan Bridge,
of
Top
Chords.
Bridge,
erected on light falsework, as time
The
first
by the
can reach.
182
is
main portion
of the span.
The
elevations
FIG. 54.
and camber
Manhattan Bridge.
of the
Erection of
roadway are
also
Top Chords.
dead load
is
on the
mean tempera-
CABLE WRAPPING
183
corrected
by amounts varying
is
shortened
An
means
method
ideal
adjustments
is
by
normal conditions.
Instead of adjusting to zero stress for full dead load, it would
scientific and somewhat more economical to adjust for
be more
Cable Wrapping.
In advance of the machine, the temporary seizings are carefully removed and the cable painted with a stiff coat of red-
is
fastened in a hole
The machine,
carrying the wire on two bobbins or spools, travels around the cable
and applies the wire under a constant tension. The machine
presses the wire against the preceding coil and at the same time
pushes itself along. The rate is about 18 feet per hour.
men.
It
was used
cable bands.)
to complete
184
and locked
machine.
FIG. 55.
13. Erection
Manhattan Bridge.
of
may
The
individual wire
same manner
The
latter
Co.
Each
185
across the river to the top of the opposite tower, the rope being
supported from the i-inch working cable by blocks attached at
intervals of about 60 feet, thus preventing too
FIG. 56.
much
The
sag.
Span 705
feet.
The remaining
and
ropes
were then stretched in the same manner, and all were then
adjusted by nuts at the ends until they touched a level straightedge held on the fixed line of sag determined by a transit in the
The
tower.
men on
186
The
tools.
floor
system was also erected by men on the workworking from both ends toward the
When
tions to position.
wood
floor
FIG. 57.
total
The
187
an argument
FIG. 58.
eyebar bridges.
first.
Commencing
number of links,
on until the chain was
namely
12,
then n,
10, 9, 8,
and so
188
diminished to
link;
and
met
at mid-span.
The
to carry the weight of
i and 2 links,
alternately) until the
was made; the chain was then made to take
center connection
its
it.
The next
The
to
Cologne
Fig. 17),
was the
Suspension
first
Bridge
(1915,
Span 605
feet,
(The
Kingston Bridge, 1921, was the second.) It is of the selfanchored type, the stiffening girder taking up the horizontal
tension;
was used
that
is,
base.
Nickel steel
European type,
The
and
2-inch
stiffen-
made
girders were
on splice plates.
follows: Falsework was built for the
was
as
The procedure
The sideside spans and a traveler was assembled at each end.
erected
on
the
and the
deck
were
and
falsework,
span girders
to hingeless
by
riveting
The
upon the
erection of
every third hanger was coupled up. The staging carrying the
chains was then removed, and the remaining hangers were connected and adjusted by means of their turnbuckles to bring the
pin points in the chains into their correct positions. The splices
in
the
of
the
stiffening
girders
at
the
189
main span
chains
were
erected
to be
1901
commenced
Work commenced on final (revised) design
Steel towers commenced
July,
1907
J uly>
1908
cables strung
Footbridges constructed
Pier foundations
Temporary
May,
1901
March,
1904
July
Aug.
Dec.
7~*3> 1908
10,
1908
10,
1908
1909
1909
1909
in
one
year
(705-foot
(1920-1921),
although
several
190
months were
lost in
waiting for steel delivery. The bridge conand 250 tons of cables.
New York,
D.
H.
Robinson,
400
Consulting
Engineer)
containing
(Fig. 30;
tons of steel, was erected complete in six months.
The
APPENDIX
DESIGN CHARTS FOR SUSPENSION BRIDGES
To expedite the proportioning or checking of
the
author has devised the three charts which
suspension bridges,
These charts give directly the
are presented in this Appendix.
INTRODUCTION.
The charts
ing truss, throughout the main and side spans.
are constructed for the usual form of construction, parabolic
cable with two-hinged stiffening truss;
types:
Type 2F
Type 2S
To
N
N
In these formulas:
A =area of
A = area of
i
/= cable
sag,
main span;
191
192
APPENDIX
The value
of
N is usually about
193
spans (Type 2F), and about 1.80 for the case of suspended
spans (Type 25).
For the case of suspended side spans (Type 25) it is
necessary to figure the ratio-product
~I?
This ratio-product
(It is
equal to zero
For Type 25 we
ir*v
= r5
is
ii^v,
-/
when
any given
structure.
Type 2F.
approximately.)
of the two constants
where-
may
also
= r2
so that
the
Chart
I.
The
by the parabolic
different values
of
\.
The
values of Total
obtained,
Min.
if
by
from Max. M.
span alone
Min.
desired,
may
may
be
from Max. M.
The
axis.
Chart
II.
194
APPENDIX
195
suspended side
(if
case
are given
(Type 25).
spans
by the
The
v\
the
of
-js-l-
same algebraic sign as the minimum shears, and the two should
therefore be added arithmetically. (These corrections represent
upward on the
downward on
obtained,
Min.
alone
may
desired,
by
from Max. V.
Total
The
from Max. V.
would be
different values of
give the
maximum
bending moments.
/
1>
i}\
J
give the
(These curves
The
be obtained,
from Max.
if
flat
desired,
by
The
parabolas above
resulting values
the axis.
values
of
j
give
the
maximum
would be represented by
shears.
(for different
(These
curves
The
196
APPENDIX
lower curves
shears.
(for
different values of
j
give the
197
minimum
may
be obtained,
if
desired,
by
arithmetically
downward on
for a side
gram
Where locomotive
INDEX
Numbers
after
refer
to
Illustrations
pages.
are
indicated
by an
page number.
asterisk
listed
(*)
under the
Braced-chain
>
l6 9>
Advantages, 69,
no,
Albert bridge, 77
64*,
107*,
65*,
109*,
112, 113
85
steels, 84,
106*,
103,
in*
7>
Alloy
construction,
67*,
Anchorage
curve,
shafts, 122
i, 2*, 4,
6*, 7*,
deformations,
tunnels, 122
of
cross-sections,
n,
elongation, 16, 17
74*
Arrangements
deflections, 16, 17
estimates, 149
in side span, 7*
72*,
in*
length, 5, 6, 8, 10, 52
sag, 8
of spans, 72, 74
squeezing, 177
stresses, 3-5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 126, 134,
ISIi I52
tension, 3, 4, 10
unsymmetrical, 6*,
Bearings, 103
wire, 85, 89
vs.
7,
20*
eyebars, 74-76
Catenary,
199
9,
10
INDEX
200
in*, 187*
Charts for moments, 192*, 196*
E
Eads' type, 81
Economic proportions,
128
Cincinnati bridge, 71
Clamping, 87
Clark's bridge, 94*
Classes, 71, 72, 78-81
Closed sockets, 98
Common
74, 115,
118
theory, 19
Compacting
Comparison
183
cables, 177
(see
Continuous type
Hingeless type)
Cradles, 169
of trusses,
190
180*, 181*,
in*, 134*
Cumberland R.
Curve of cable,
178*, 179*,
182*
Crescent type, 82
106*,
of saddle, 17
Chord
Diameter of
105, 113
6*, 7*, 9
Exact theory, 19
Eyebar
n,
Depth
Design assumptions,
17
18, 19
charts, 191-197
134*
76,
77*
on
Form
truss, 20*
INDEX
201
Lambeth
Length
of cable, 5, 6, 8, 10, 52
Loading, 134*
Gisclard system, 77
Loads, 90
on tower,
Locked wire
London
Graphs
Guide wires,
146, 147
cables,
88
169, 170
M
Main span
152,153
Hangers, 96, 100
Manhattan
in*, 150
moments
59, 60, 61
178*,
177,
173,
Materials, 84, 85
at towers, 56
Maximum moments,
shears, 55
1
174*,
172*,
179*,
moments,
36*
temperature
stresses, 61
Moment
Moments,
58*
153-156, 158
from temperature, 48
Movement
27,
33-35,
37,38
Multiple spans, 74
Hudson River
bridge, (Frontispiece)*,
71,74, 76,82,110,
in*, 115
Influence lines,
23,
24,
25,
28*, 31*,
71, 116,
i,
K
Kingston bridge,
Notation,
O
118
71,
INDEX
202
Seventh
cable, 4, 6*, 7*
coefficients, 127
no
Shafts, 122
no
156-158, 160
for,
75*
141,
138,
158,
160,
195,
196*
Prague bridge, 77
Proportions, 83, 102, 103, 108
Protection of cables, 90
Pulleys, 116
178
Quebec
Span arrangements,
72, 74
83
Spandrel braced types, So, 81, 104*, 107*
limits, 76,
St.
wind
Stability, 162
115, JI
7>
IJ 8
stresses,
88*, 125
20*
bottom chord,
116-118
Strand
legs,
bridle,
80, 104*
74*
170
Runners, 181
- shoes,
Rusting of cables, 90
174
Strength, 84-86, 90
Stress sheet, 134*
Stresses in anchorage, 123, 161*, 162
Saddle movement,
17, 145,
146
116
Sag of cable, 8
ratio, 5,
Sag
-in
n, 76,83
28
INDEX
Suspender connections, 96, 100
erection, 177, 178*
203
25, 65*, 80
2BF, 82
Sway
2BH,
no,
bracing,
112, 113
78, 102,
150
80, 81
25P, 82, 1 10
255, 65*
25F, 81, 112
Table
I (functions),
Temperature
42
- 2F,
o7*, 108
50*, 51*, 75*, 79, 102, 125, 191,
197
Tension in cable,
3, 4,
Three-hinged type,
65*, 106*
10
-2FZ?,77*
27,
26,
28*,
64*,
-2FE,75*
-25, 33*, 36*,
moments,
28*, 29,
30
Time
3BH,
106*, 108^110
3BUH,
calculations, 144
80, 81
145, 146
Types
148
78-81
49-51
U
Unit
stresses, 134*
Unstiffened suspension bridges, 12, 13*,
Unsymmetrical cable,
Uplift, 120, 123
V
Vertical deflection, 14*
52
44, 45, 52
temperature stresses, 48
Type 05, 67*, 80
82, 1 10,
in*
loading, 15*
05P,
112
355, 65*
movement,
1 10,
35L, 81
3BLF,
190
Tower
Tower
35C5, iog*,
35F, 64*
Web
systems, ioi
Width
of bridge, 83
--
186*
INDEX
204
Wind
bracing,
no,
112, 113
wrapping, 90
Wrapping,
loads, 133
stresses, 132, 133, 144,
148
99*
Youngstown
bridge, 71
BERKELEY
Return
This book
1950
1 9 1952
NO* So
JAN 1 1
OCTl
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19
OCT 1 c
J.".N
3 1948
NUV
FEB
is
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21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476
1956
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