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Column
(Buckling)
Tekukan

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Stability of Structures
In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is
selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
=

P
all
A

- deformation falls within specifications


=

PL
spec
AE

After these design calculations, may discover


that the column is unstable under loading and
that it suddenly becomes sharply curved or
buckles.
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Stability of Structures
Consider model with two rods and torsional
spring. After a small perturbation,
K (2 ) = restoring moment
L
L
P sin = P = destabilizing moment
2
2

Column is stable (tends to return to aligned


orientation) if
L
P < K ( 2 )
2
P < Pcr =

4K
L

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Stability of Structures

Assume that a load P is applied. After a


perturbation, the system settles to a new
equilibrium configuration at a finite
deflection angle.
L
P sin = K (2 )
2
PL
P

=
=
4 K Pcr sin

Noting that sin < , the assumed


configuration is only possible if P > Pcr.

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams


Consider an axially loaded beam.
After a small perturbation, the system
reaches an equilibrium configuration
such that
d2y
dx 2
d2y
dx 2

M
P
=
y
EI
EI

P
y=0
EI

Solution with assumed configuration


can only be obtained if
P > Pcr =

2 EI
L2

( )

P
2 E Ar 2
2E
> cr =
=
A
L2 A
(L r )2

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams


The value of stress corresponding to
the critical load,
P > Pcr =

=
cr =
=

2 EI
L2

P
P
> cr = cr
A
A

( )

2 E Ar 2
2

L A

E
2

(L r )2

= critical stress

L
= slenderness ratio
r

Preceding analysis is limited to


centric loadings.
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Extension of Eulers Formula


A column with one fixed and one free
end, will behave as the upper-half of a
pin-connected column.
The critical loading is calculated from
Eulers formula,
Pcr =

cr =

2 EI
L2e

2E

(Le r )2

Le = 2 L = equivalent length

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Extension of Eulers Formula

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Example
An aluminum column of length L and
rectangular cross-section has a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth
and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from
moving in one of the vertical planes of
symmetry but allow it to move in the other
plane.
a) Determine the ratio a/b of the two sides of
the cross-section corresponding to the most
efficient design against buckling.
L = 20 in.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi

b) Design the most efficient cross-section for


the column.

P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Example
SOLUTION:
The most efficient design occurs when the
resistance to buckling is equal in both planes of
symmetry. This occurs when the slenderness
ratios are equal.

Buckling in xy Plane:
1 ba 3
I
a2
rz2 = z = 12
=
A
ab
12

Le, z
rz

rz =

a
12

0 .7 L
a 12

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

10

DTM FTUI

Example
Buckling in xz Plane:
1 ab3
b2
= 12
=
A
ab
12

ry2 =

Iy

Le, y

ry

ry =

b
12

2L
b / 12

Most efficient design:


Le, z
rz

Le, y
ry

0.7 L
2L
=
a 12 b / 12
a 0 .7
=
b
2

a
= 0.35
b
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

11

DTM FTUI

Example
Design:
Le
2L
2(20 in ) 138.6
=
=
=
ry b 12 b 12
b
Pcr = ( FS )P = (2.5)(5 kips ) = 12.5 kips

cr =
cr =

L = 20 in.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi

Pcr 12500 lbs


=
(0.35b )b
A

2E

=
(Le r )2

2 10.1 106 psi

(138.6 b )

12500 lbs 10.1 106 psi


=
(0.35b )b
(138.6 b )2
2

P = 5 kips

b = 1.620 in.

FS = 2.5

a = 0.35b = 0.567 in.

a/b = 0.35
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

12

DTM FTUI

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula


Eccentric loading is equivalent to a centric
load and a couple.
Bending occurs for any nonzero eccentricity.
Question of buckling becomes whether the
resulting deflection is excessive.
The deflection become infinite when P = Pcr
d2y
dx

Py Pe
EI


ymax = e sec
2

P
Pcr

Pcr =

2 EI
L2e

Maximum stress
max =
=

P ( ymax + e )c
1+

r2

P ec 1 P Le

1 + sec
A r 2 2 EA r

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

13

DTM FTUI

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula

max = Y =

P ec 1 P Le

1 + sec
A r 2 2 EA r
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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

14

DTM FTUI

Problem
The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.
a) Using Eulers formula and a factor of safety
of two, determine the allowable centric load
for the column and the corresponding
normal stress.

E = 29 106 psi.
SF=2

b) Assuming that the allowable load, found in


part a, is applied at a point 0.75 in. from the
geometric axis of the column, determine the
horizontal deflection of the top of the
column and the maximum normal stress in
the column.

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

15

DTM FTUI

Problem
SOLUTION:
Maximum allowable centric load:
- Effective length,
Le = 2(8 ft ) = 16 ft = 192 in.

- Critical load,
Pcr =

2 EI
L2e

)(

2 29 106 psi 8.0 in 4

(192 in )2

= 62.1 kips

- Allowable load,
P
62.1 kips
Pall = cr =
FS
2

Pall 31.1 kips


=
A
3.54 in 2

Pall = 31.1 kips

= 8.79 ksi

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

16

DTM FTUI

Problem
Eccentric load:
- End deflection,

ym = e sec
2

P
Pcr


= (0.075 in )sec
1
2 2

ym = 0.939 in.

- Maximum normal stress,


P ec P

m = 1 + 2 sec

2 Pcr

31.1 kips (0.75 in )(2 in )


sec

1 +
2 2
3.54 in 2
(1.50 in )2

m = 22.0 ksi
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

17

DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Previous analyses assumed
stresses below the proportional
limit and initially straight,
homogeneous columns
Experimental data demonstrate
- for large Le/r, cr follows
Eulers formula and depends
upon E but not Y.
- for small Le/r, cr is
determined by the yield
strength Y and not E.
- for intermediate Le/r, cr
depends on both Y and E.
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

18

DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Structural Steel
American Inst. of Steel Construction

For Le/r > Cc


2E
cr =
2

all =

(Le / r )

cr
FS

FS = 1.92

For Le/r > Cc

(Le / r )2

2Cc2

cr = Y 1

all =

5 3 L / r 1 L / r
FS = + e e
3 8 Cc
8 Cc

cr
FS

At Le/r = Cc
cr = 12 Y

Cc2 =

2 2 E

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

19

DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Aluminum
Aluminum Association, Inc.

Alloy 6061-T6
Le/r < 66:
all = [20.2 0.126(Le / r )] ksi
= [139 0.868( Le / r )] MPa

Le/r > 66:


all =

51000 ksi

=
(Le / r )2

351 103 MPa

(Le / r )2

Alloy 2014-T6
Le/r < 55:
all = [30.7 0.23(Le / r )] ksi
= [212 1.585( Le / r )] MPa

Le/r > 66:


all =

54000 ksi

(Le / r )

372 103 MPa

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

(Le / r )2

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DTM FTUI

Problem

Using the aluminum alloy 2014T6, determine the smallest


diameter rod which can be used to
support the centric load P = 60 kN
if a) L = 750 mm,
b) L = 300 mm

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

21

DTM FTUI

Problem
SOLUTION:
With the diameter unknown, the
slenderness ration can not be evaluated.
Must make an assumption on which
slenderness ratio regime to utilize.
Calculate required diameter for
assumed slenderness ratio regime.
Evaluate slenderness ratio and verify
initial assumption. Repeat if necessary.

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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11

DTM FTUI

PR:
Koreksilah terhadap beban kritis (Pcr) ,tegangan
kritikal (cr) thd buckling, dan tegangan kompresi
(=P/A), pada komponen boncengan sepeda yang
anda kenal. Batang berbentuk bulat pejal
Apa kesimpulan anda dari hasil perhitungan tersebut
?
Data-data material, dimensi, dls., dipersilahkan
menentukan sendiri, asalkan masih dalam batas
kewajaran & dan disebutkan sumbernya.

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

23

DTM FTUI

Problem
For L = 750 mm, assume L/r > 55
Determine cylinder radius:
all =

P 372 103 MPa


=
A
(L r )2

60 103 N

c 2

c = cylinder radius
r = radius of gyration
=

I
c 4 4 c
=
=
A
2
c 2

372 103 MPa


0.750 m

c/2

c = 18.44 mm

Check slenderness ratio assumption:


L
L
750mm
=
=
= 81.3 > 55
r c / 2 (18.44 mm )

assumption was correct


d = 2c = 36.9 mm
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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12

DTM FTUI

Problem
For L = 300 mm, assume L/r < 55
Determine cylinder radius:
P
L
= 212 1.585 MPa
A
r

all =

60 103 N

c 2

0.3 m
6
= 212 1.585
10 Pa
c / 2

c = 12.00 mm

Check slenderness ratio assumption:


L
L
300 mm
=
=
= 50 < 55
r c / 2 (12.00 mm )

assumption was correct


d = 2c = 24.0 mm
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

25

DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load


An eccentric load P can be replaced by a
centric load P and a couple M = Pe.
Normal stresses can be found from
superposing the stresses due to the centric
load and couple,
= centric + bending
max =

P Mc
+
A I

Allowable stress method:


P Mc
+
all
A I

Interaction method:
P A

Mc I

( all )centric ( all )bending

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Calculation of Punch Strength (example)

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

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DTM FTUI

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

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DTM FTUI

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

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DTM FTUI

References
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston & John T. DeWolf ;
Mechanics of Material, McGraw-Hill; 2002
2. Bernard J. Hamrock. Fundamental of Machine Elements.
Mc-Graw Hill.1999
3. R.S Khurmi & J.K Gupta. A Text Book of Machine Element.
Eurasia Publishing House. 1987
4. Popov. Mechanics of Material. Prentice-Hall, 1976.
5. Timoshenko. Strength of Material. 1965
6. Product Information : Technical Data of Dicoat Punch.

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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