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BIOSTATISTICS
REVIEW, PART I
Tommy Byrd MSII
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Female
Black
White
Suburban
Rural
temperatures
Anno Domini years (1990,
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
Score
(Blood pressure, cholesterol, etc.)
Mode
Median
Mean
Score
Bimodal
distribution!
2
scores
Therefore NOT good for measuring skewed distributions
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
So, since
gun hard,
how
we use standard deviation
of Fs we
in addition
to Bs and
Cscan
and Ds
Ifexactly
the washow
reallywe
LOW,
people probably to
goteverybody
a high D or low
C
to tell
didmost
in comparison
else?
A) 9-11
B) 2-3
C) 14-16
D) 4-6
E) 19-21
Therefore,
assuming the
of the test
scores was 10
points, we can
assume the
following:
Grade (%)
65
z = 0.5
Grade (%)
85
z = + 1.5
~7
people
here
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
One sample
representing
one score
n = the size of
each sample
0%
70%
100%
SEM = /n
SEM = 10/1 = 10
SEM = 10/4 = 5
70%
100%
SEM = /n
SEM = 10/10 = 3.2
**Do you remember how much of the population falls within 2 standard
deviations (or SEMs) of the mean?
size!
SEM = /n
So what do
we do with
all this?
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
deviation is
rejected:
So tcrit = 2.262
= 15 / 10
= 4.747
contained in 3 points
Our estimated standard error from the last slide is 4.747
This gives a t-score (tcalc) of:
3
/ 4.747 = 0.632
therefore:
H0 is accepted and reported as follows: The hypothesis that the
2.262
t=0
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
Type II Error
False-negative error
You fail to reject the null
hypothesis when there
actually is a difference
Also known as error
is the probability of
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
extended period
Some members may have already been exposed to risk
factor
Exception: Inception Cohorts follow those recently
diagnosed to track progression
Can estimate incidence
Not good for rare diseases
Historical cohort study = retrospective cohort study
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf
e
What is th
difference
between
bias
n
o
i
t
c
e
l
e
s
ling
and samp
bias?
(Magazine
subscribers in
great
depression)
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file
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(Referral bias)
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or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the
red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013midMay2014_Step1.pdf