Basal Metabolic Rate

(BMR)

Contents

Introduction
Definition
Component of Daily Energy Expenditure
Influence of body size on resting metabolism
Estimating resting daily energy expenditure
Predicting resting energy expenditure
Factors affecting total daily energy expenditure
Summary

Sunday, November 30, 2014

Introduction
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), and the closely related resting
metabolic rate (RMR)
Resting Metabolic Rate or Basal Metabolic Rate is the rate at which
we burn energy or calories while resting period. This helps to fulfill
the basic requirements of the body to function optimally.
What is meant by "At Rest?
When the subject (e.g. a person) is Lying Still, i.e. not making physical
movements
When the subject (e.g. a person) is Quiet, i.e. not talking or otherwise
under mental stress
In a room that is Comfortably Warm - so that the body does not need
to adjust body temperature
Approx. 12-18 hours after the subject's most recent meal, so that
energy is not being used for digestion and absorption of food (which
can require significant energy).

Sunday, November 30, 2014

Introduction

Calories are required constantly to perform essential body functions

like heartbeat, respiration, elimination of wastes by the kidneys,
etc.
On an average around 50 to 75% of one's daily energy expenditure
is attributed towards this resting metabolic rate.
If we wish to lose weight, our calorie consumption should be
calculated so that we can take care of the vital basic body function.
Our workout should be such that we burn more calories than we
consume above our basic requirement.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is stated in different units by different
sources.
BMR is sometimes stated in kcal/day.
Alternatively, BMR may be expressed in units of kJ per square
meter of body surface area per hour.
This can be written as kJ / m2 / h or kJ m-2 h-1.
Sunday, November 30, 2014

Definition
The rate at which energy is used by an organism at complete
rest, measured in humans by the heat given off per unit time,
and expressed as the calories released per kilogram of body
weight or per square meter of body surface per hour.
OR
The rate at which energy is expended while fasting and at rest,
calculated as calories per hour per square meter of body surface.
OR
Your BMR measures the minimum calorie requirement your
body needs to stay alive in a resting state
OR
It is the amount of calories your body would need if you were to
stay in bed all day
Sunday, November 30, 2014

How Many Calories Is This?

About 70% of your calorie intake is responsible for just
supplying your BMR

You need calories to:

Pump your heart
Breathe
Control your body temperature
And many other things

Component of Daily Energy Expenditure

Resting Metabolic Rate
(Fat-free body mass; gender; thyroid hormones; protein turnover)
Sleeping metabolism
Basal metabolism
Thermic Effect Of Feeding
Arousal metabolism
(Food intake; cold stress; thermogenic drugs)
Obligatory thermogensis
Facultative thermogensis

Approx 10%

60-70 %
15-30%

Thermic Effect Of Physical Activity

(Duration and intensity)
In occupation
In home
In sport and recreation
Sunday, November 30, 2014

Influence of body size on resting metabolism

Averages 5% to 10% lower in females compared with males at
all ages.
Females larger percentage body fat and smaller muscle mass
in relation to body size helps explain her lower metabolic rate
per unit surface area.
From ages 20 to 40 years, average values for BMR equal 38
kcal per body surface area (BSA) per hour for men and 36 kcal
per body surface area (BSA) per hour for women.
A person resting metabolic rate in kCal.min-1can be estimated
and converted to a total daily resting requirement with the
value for heat production (BMR) in combined with the
appropriate surface area value.
Sunday, November 30, 2014

Estimating resting daily energy expenditure

Several prediction equations exist.

The Harris-Benedict Equation

The Mifflin St Jeor Equation
The Katch-McArdle Formula (Resting Daily Energy Expenditure)
The Cunningham Formula (RMR)
Schofield Equation

Sunday, November 30, 2014

The Harris-Benedict Equation

The HarrisBenedict equation is a method used to estimate
an individual's basal metabolic rate (BMR) and
daily kilocalorie requirements.
The estimated BMR value is multiplied by a number that
corresponds to the individual activity level. The resulting
number is the recommended daily kilocalorie intake to
maintain current body weight.

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10

The original HarrisBenedict equations published in 1918 and 1919.

Men

BMR = 66.4730 + (13.7516 x weight in kg) + (5.0033 x height in cm) (6.7550 x age in years)

Women

BMR = 655.0955 + (9.5634 x weight in kg) + (1.8496 x height in cm) (4.6756 x age in years)

The HarrisBenedict equations revised by Roza and Shizgal in 1984.

Men

BMR = 88.362 + (13.397 x weight in kg) + (4.799 x height in cm) - (5.677 x age in years)

Women

BMR = 447.593 + (9.247 x weight in kg) + (3.098 x height in cm) - (4.330 x age in years)

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The Mifflin St Jeor Equation

Where P is total heat production at complete rest, m is the

weight, h is the height, and a is the age
Where s is +5 for males and 161 for females.
These formulas are based on body weight, which does not take into
account the difference in metabolic activity between lean body
mass and body fat.
Other formulas exist which take into account lean body mass, two
of which are the Katch-McArdle formula, and Cunningham formula.
The Katch-McArdle formula is used to predict Resting Daily Energy
Expenditure (RDEE).The Cunningham formula is used to predict
RMR instead of BMR.
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The Katch-McArdle Formula

(Resting Daily Energy Expenditure)

P=370+(21.6 * LBM)
Where LBM is the lean body mass in kg.

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The Cunningham Formula (RMR)

P=500+(22*LBM)
where LBM is the lean body mass in kg
Since lean body mass is metabolically active vs. fat cells
which need very few calories to be sustained, these
formula tend to be more accurate, especially with
athletes who have above average lean mass and little
body fat.
To calculate daily calorie needs, the BMR value is
multiplied by a factor with a value between 1.2 and 1.9,
depending on the person's physical activity level.
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Schofield Equation
The Schofield Equation is a method of estimating
the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of adult men and
women.
The equation that is recommended to estimate BMR
by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the
Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
(J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:330-346.)

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Schofield Equation
The equations for estimating BMR in kJ/day (kilojoules per day) from body mass (kg)
Key: W = Body weight in kilograms SEE = Standard error of estimation

Men

Women

Equation
(kJ/day)

SEE

Age

Equation
(kJ/day)

SEE

<3

249 W - 127

292

<3

244 W - 130

246

310

95 W + 2110

280

310

85 W + 2033

292

1018

74 W + 2754

441

1018

56 W + 2898

466

1830

63 W + 2896

641

1830

62 W + 2036

497

3060

48 W + 3653

700

3060

34 W + 3538

465

> 60

49 W + 2459

686

> 60

38 W + 2755

451

Age

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Schofield Equation
The equations for estimating BMR in kcal/day (kilocalories per day) from body mass (kg)
Key: W = Body weight in kilograms SEE = Standard error of estimation

Men

Women

Age

Equation (kcal/day)

SEE

Age

Equation (kcal/day)

SEE

<3

59.512 W - 30.4

70

<3

58.317 W - 31.1

59

310

22.706 W + 504.3

67

310

20.315 W + 485.9

70

1018

17.686 W + 658.2

105

1018

13.384 W + 692.6

111

1830

15.057 W + 692.2

153

1830

14.818 W + 486.6

119

3060

11.472 W + 873.1

167

3060

8.126 W + 845.6

111

> 60

11.711 W + 587.7

164

> 60

9.082 W + 658.5

108

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Predicting Resting Energy Expenditure

Body mass (BM), stature (S in centimeters), and age
(A in years) can successfully predict RDEE with
sufficient accuracy using the following equations.

Equations for women and men are:

Women: RDEE 655 (9.6 BM) (1.85 S) (4.7 A)

Men: RDEE 66.0 (13.7 BM) (5.0 S) (6.8 A)

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Factors affecting total daily energy expenditure

Main Factors affecting BMR:
Age

BMR decreases as ages increases because

The proportion of lean body mass decreases as age increases
The synthesis of molecules such as proteins decreases as age
increases.

Gender

Males usually have a higher BMR than females (of the same
age) because males tend to have a higher proportion of lean
body mass than females of the same age.
Conversely, females tend to have a higher proportion of fat
cells and fat cells have a lower metabolic rate than lean muscle
cells.

Pregnancy

BMR increases during pregnancy and lactation due to the high

energy requirement of producing foetal tissues and then breast
milk.

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Factors affecting total daily energy expenditure

Other factors that increase BMR

Other factors that decrease BMR

lncreased intake of foods

Malnutrition

lncreased secretion of certain hormones

Fasting

Increased physical exercise

Sleep

Environmental conditions
Increased stress and anxiety

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Summary

Children Exhibit Lower Running Economy Than Adults

Children are less economical runners than adults; they require between 20%
and 30% more oxygen per unit of body mass to run at a given speed. A larger
ratio of surface area to body mass, greater stride frequency, shorter stride
lengths, and anthropometric and biomechanical factors contribute to
childrens lower movement economy.

Regular Exercise Slows Decreases In Metabolism With Age

Increases in body fat and decreases in fat-free mass (FFM) largely explain the
2% decline in BMR per decade through adulthood. Regular physical activity,
blunts the decrease in BMR with aging. An accompanying 8% increase in
resting metabolism occurs when 50- to 65-year-old men increase their FFM
with intense resistance training. Endurance and resistance exercise training
offsets the decrease in resting metabolism usually observed with aging.

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BMR reflects the minimum energy required for vital functions in the
waking state. BMR relates inversely to age and gender, averaging 5% to
10% lower in women than men. FFM and the percentage of body fat
largely account for the age and gender differences in BMR.
Total daily energy expenditure represents the sum of energy required in
basal and resting metabolism, the thermic effect of food and energy
generated in physical activity.
Body mass, stature, age, and fat-free mass (FFM) provide for accurate
estimates of resting daily energy expenditure.
Physical activity, dietary-induced thermo genesis, environmental factors,
and pregnancy significantly impact TDEE.
Dietary-induced thermo genesis refers to the increase in energy
metabolism attributable to digestion, absorption, and assimilation of food
nutrients.
Exposure to hot and cold environments slightly increases in TDEE.

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Thank You for your Patience

Mritunjay