International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(11), pp.

497-508, 2014
Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsrk
ISSN: 2322-4541; 2014; Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2014-p0497-0508

Review Paper
Treatment of Leachate by Electrocoagulation Technique Using Iron And Hybrid
Electrodes
Mostafa Mohammadizaroun, Mohd Suffian Yusoff*
School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: suffian@usm.my
Received 28 September 2014; Accepted 11 November 2014

Abstract. The most techniques for treating leachate and wastewater are physical, chemical, biological, advanced oxidation and
electrochemical techniques. Developed oxidation techniques lead to high treatment cost and mostly are used in purifying grade
waters. Among these techniques, the chemical coagulation technique not only is a slow process, but also produces a large
amount of sludge. Electrocoagulation has been used for treating industrial effluent and leachate as a potential technique
because of its compatibility and adaptability with environment. In this technique, a direct current source between metal
electrodes plunged in the effluent is used to dissolve the electrode plates into the effluent. The metal ions with appropriate pH
can create various types of coagulated species and metal hydroxides that in turn cause to rolling up and destabilizing the
elements, or catalyzing and absorbing the dissolved pollutants. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to examine the
potentials of electrocoagulation in treating the leachate and wastewater by treating the heavy metals and their colour and
salinity. Furthermore, the present study aims to investigate the electrocoagulation, electrochemical technologies and their
design and application in treating the leachate, water, and wastewater. This work mostly dealt with the electrocoagulation
(EC), electrodeposition, electroflotation (EF), and electrooxidation. It was shown that Electrodeposition is efficient in treating
the wastewater stream and removing heavy metals. In addition, electrocoagulation was used for treating wastewater and
producing clean water as well. It was also found that using aluminum, iron or the hybrid Al/Fe electrodes are more applicable.
Keyword: Electrocoagulation, Treatment, Leachate, Wastewater, Iron and Aluminum Electrode, Hydride electrode

during the last two decades, and especially during the

last few years. The purpose of the present work is to
study some related researches that were conducted
mainly on the widespread use of practical
electrocoagulation in treating different types of water
and wastewater during 2008-2014.
Due to the large amount of wastewater coming
from industry and its variety, its purification is still a
noteworthy environmental problem in the world (Zodi
et al., 2009). Some of these wastewater types can
show evidence of high chemical oxygen demand
(COD), dark color, and strong bad smell. Thus it is
essential to treat the sewerage before discharging
them into the environment and water sources. For this
purpose, electrocoagulation has been employed to
purify different types of wastewater generated by
industry section in recent years (Khemis et al., 2006).
Accordingly, EC method has absorb the interest of
many researchers for being applied to treat the water
and wastewater. It is one of the recently developed
water technologies that has been used successfully in
purifying different types of wastewaters (Tchamango
et al., 2010).

1. INTRODUCTION
Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method that
is employed for both wastewater and surface water
treatment. In this method, sacrificial anodes are
oxidized and active coagulant precursors, such as
aluminum or iron cations, are released into liquid.
During this process, additional electrolytic reactions
produce gas at the cathode, which is usually in the
form of hydrogen bubbles (Holt et al., 2005).
Drinking water that is polluted by heavy metals is
dangerous for human health. One of the techniques
that are used for purifying wastewater is
Electrocoagulation.
This technology
employs
electrolytic oxidation of anode materials and in-situ
generation of coagulation (Wan et al., 2011). The
purpose of using electrocoagulation (EC) is removing
various types of pollutants such as heavy metal ions
from water and wastewater effluents (Shafaei et al.,
2010). .
electrocoagulation (EC) has attracted the attention
of the environmental sectors largely as an efficient
way to treat different types of water and wastewater

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Treatment of Leachate by Electrocoagulation Technique Using Iron And Hybrid Electrodes

The applications of Electrocoagulation (EC)

method in this study has been classified into nine
categories including: tannery, pulp and paper industry
wastewater, textile and colored wastewater, food
industry wastewater, oily wastewater, laundry and
dairy wastewater, other types of industrial wastewater,
surface and model water and wastewater that contain
heavy metals, cyanide, nutrients, and other elements,
and ions. Moreover, the current study aims to outline
the best conditions in the process of treatment such as
treatment time, existing density and pH as well as the
high level of efficiency in removing pollutants while
applying the EC under discussion (Kuokkanen et al.,
2013).
One of the appropriate ways for purifying dairy
waste is applying Electrocoagulation with aluminum
anode because there is acceptable reduction of
different parameters such as turbidity, total
phosphorous, and nitrogens (Tchamango et al., 2010).
In addition, this process requires fewer reagents, i.e.
the quantity of aluminum that is liquefied in this
process is lower than the amount of aluminum salt
dissolved in chemical coagulation (Tchamango et al.,
2010).
By using Electrocoagulation (EC), which is a type
of cheap and green method for removing heavy metals
from wastewater, some chromium can be removed
from industrial effluents, namely metallurgy,
electroplating, leather tanning, chemicalcatalysts,
pigments, corrosion inhibitors and printing inks
(Mouedhen et al., 2009).

aluminum and iron has already been awarded in the

US in 1909. Due to its applicability, EC has been
investigated broadly in the US and Soviet Union
(former USSR) during the second half of 20th century.
However, despite the extensive studies in those times,
its broad feasibility in treating water was not found
clearly. Perhaps the main reason was the high costs of
electricity and investment in those days (Chen, 2004).
Electrocoagulation (EC) has been investigated and
applied for purifying the wastewater by many
researchers previously and the results show that there
are several differences in the processes of chemical
coagulation. The review of literature demonstrates
that Electrocoagulation is a useful process in treating
different wastes such as soluble oils, liquid generated
by food, industrial materials, and fibers and effluents
come from the paper industry (Carmona et al., 2006).
EC is an electrochemical method used in purifying the
polluted water by which sacrificial anodes are
oxidized so that active coagulant precursors such as
aluminum or iron cations could be released into
liquid. Additional electrolytic reactions produce gas at
the cathode, which is usually in the form of hydrogen
bubbles (Holt et al., 2005). An electrocoagulation
reactor, essentially, is an electrochemical cell by
which a sacrificial metal anode, which is occasionally
made of iron and usually of aluminum, is utilized to
measure the amount of polluted water by suing a
coagulating agent (Holt, 2006).
Electrocoagulation (EC) application is considered
as a conventional development technology with
possibility to improve the space-time efficiency. It has
also been used to produce water or purify wastewater.
Using aluminum, iron, or the hybrid Al/Fe electrodes
are found to be more applicable as well (Chen, 2004).
Despite the fact that electrocoagulation technique has
been introduced for more than one century, its
application efficiency in purifying wastewater has
found recently. The design of an industrial plant and
an electrocoagulation cell are mostly based on
previous empirical studies that had little attention to
the electrocoagulation mechanism (Calvo et al.,
2003). Electrocoagulation (EC) is known as the easy
and efficient electrochemical method for treating
different types of water and wastewater (Tezcan et al.,
2006). The characteristics of this technique are: easy
in operation, simple equipment, and decreased amount
of mud. In this process, the generation of coagulant by
electrolytic oxidation of a proper anode material at a
proper pH leads to unsolved metal hydroxide that later
removes the various types of contaminant (Adhoum
and Monser, 2004).

2. LEACHATE
Leachate is a very complex liquid with high
concentration of pollution that makes its treatment
very hard and providing the removal standards is
difficult. Among other types of wastewaters, leachate
is the most difficult one to treat because it contains
complex structure that is produced within a landfill.
Accordingly, the variety types of pre-treatment and
mixed methods of treatment were used to treat
leachate (Welander et al., 1998).
2. ELECTROCOAGULATION REACTORS FOR
HEAVY METALS REMOVAL
According to the recent studies on the reactor designs
and functions, it is found that the easiest way and lowcost facility for treating localized water could be a set
of reactor systems that has vertical plate electrodes. In
designing the reactor being made of electrolytic gas
flotation, the separation of the aggregated pollutants in
electrodes is the primary goal (Holt et al., 2005).
Electrocoagulation (EC) has been introduced for
more than one century. Electrocoagulation with

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(11), pp. 497-508, 2014

In studied range, temperature, in comparison with

the effect of electrode charge per liter and origin pH,
was slightly effective in removing natural organic
matter (NOM). In fact, temperature had major effect
through the various dissolving rate of the electrodes
(Vepslinen et al., 2009) 4) In a study done by Katal
and Pahlavanzadeh (2011), Electrocoagulation was
examined as a possible way to reduce the color,
phenol, and COD pollutants from wastewater of paper
mill. It was found that efficiencies tend to to constant
values after 30 minutes of electrocoagulation (Katal
and Pahlavanzadeh, 2011).

2.1. Types of reactors used

As it was referred earlier, according to the previous
studies about reactor designs and functions, it is found
that the simplest method and low-cost facility for
purifying wastewaters is a set of reactor system whose
integral characteristic and function is separating the
aggregate contaminant by using electrolytic gas
flotation (Holt et al., 2005).
As it was mentioned earlier, all electrocoagulation
reactors have electrochemical units. All of these
reactors have an electrode set that is in contact with
the polluted water. One of their specific characteristics
is a coagulant production in situ. A practical probable
difference between the electrodes is required for
releasing the coagulant. The electrochemical half-cell
reactions that occur at each electrode can reduce the
potential requirements for electrodes. Each electrode
will differ according to the efficient pH and the group
type that exists in the system.

3.2. PH effecting
The electrolyte pH plays an important role in the
operation of the electrocoagulation process (Chen et
al., 2000). In order to verify the efficiency of
lectrolyte pH on the electro-coagulation effectiveness,
many empirical studies have been carried out at
different pH and various observations were obtained.
The utmost percentage of removal COD was observed
at the pH of 7 for mild steel. The increase in the
electrolyte pH more than 7 did not get any upgrading
on percentage of removal COD (Kalyani et al., 2009).
This can be justified by the fact that the solvability of
Fe(OH)3 could cause the increase pH value beyonf 7
that results in forming the solvable Fe(OH)4, this is
not associated to the reduction of COD (Kobya et al.,
2003). The primary pH at the beginning has a
significant influence on the application of
electrocoagulation process (Song et al., 2007; Wang et
al., 2009). The findings showed that the increase in
pH could increase the removal efficiency (Akbal and
Camc, 2011).
5) According to Can et al. (2003) and Daneshvar et
al. (2003), one of the significant factors that influence
the performance of electrochemical process is the
initial pH. The efficiency of treatment process was
very low at both high and low pH (Aoudj et al., 2010).

2.2. Electrode materials

Different materials could be used as electrodes for
electrocoagulation and electrode material has been
known to be an important factor influencing the
performance of the electrocoagulation process. Also
Iron and Aluminum or hybrid (Al/Fe) usually used as
electrode in electrocoagulation process (Ratna et al.,
2004). Electrode material is known to be an important
factor influencing the performance of the
electrocoagulation process. Different materials can be
used as electrodes for electrocoagulation. Iron,
Aluminum, and hybrid (Al/Fe) are usually used as
electrode in electrocoagulation process as well.
3.
EFFECTING
OF
FACTORS
ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESSES

ON

3.1. Effect of temperature

According to the findings of studies done on removing
waterborne bacteria from geothermal water, it was
demonstrated that one of the vital affecting factors
that has a significant positive effect on the process of
electroquagulation is temperature (Yilmaz et al.,
2008). Yilmaz et al. (2008) found that, like many
other chemical reactions, temperature helps
electrochemical reaction rate enhances. They
demonstrated that if the temperature reaches to 40 oC,
efficiency of Borne removal increases 12% forming
coagulate of flocked ions on anode surface. Thus the
increase in temperature could not contributed as line
effect
effect factor
on
the process of
electroquagulation (Yilmaz et al., 2008).

3.3. Distance between electrodes

The other important factor that is known to be
influencing the efficiency of the electrocoagulation
performance is distance between electrodes.
3.4. Effect of current density
According to the findings, it is expected that the
increase amount of existing density will result in
increase of removal efficiency (Akbal and Camc,
2011). On the other words, the increase in the applied
current density results in an increase in effectiveness
of removing heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Ni, and Cr
for the Fe-Fe pairs of electrocoagulation (Akbal and

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Treatment of Leachate by Electrocoagulation Technique Using Iron And Hybrid Electrodes

Camc, 2011). Many researchers have reported that

the current density has significant influence on the
effectiveness of process of electrocoagulation. It can
be explained by the fact that the ammount of anodic
dissolution increases at the high current densities,
which in turn, the increased amount of
hydroxocationic complex leads to increased COD
removal. In addition, the rates of coagulant (flocks
structure) and bubble production can be determined
by the current density applied in the process. This, in
turn can impact on the efficiency of the process. On
the other hand, the increased density of gas bubbles
with the reduced size results in increase in upwards
flux that leads to increased degradation of pollutants
and mud floating (Kobya et al., 2003).
Holt et al. (2002) states that the coagulant dosage
rate and the bubble production rate, size, and flock
growth can be determined by current density, which in
turn can affect the efficiency of treatment by
electrocoagulation (Holt et al., 2002)
In addition, current density is recognized as a
significant operational factor that affects mechanism
dominating the pollutant removal (Holt et al., 2005).

increase the efficiency and productivity of the process,

but also it functions as a strong oxidizing factor. The
similar result was reported for the percentage of
efficiancy in removing the color (Kalyani et al.,
2009).
4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
EC
(1) EC is a simple equipment and easy to work with
adequate operational scope that can overcome most of
the problems that may be encountered during the
operation.
(2) The water after purification are palatable, clear,
colorless, and without odor.
(3) The sludge produced during the process is
ready to be set again and easy to be dried out, because
they mostly contain metallic oxides and hydroxides.
(4) The flocs that are produced by EC are similar
to the chemical flocs; however, it is expected to be
larger and contain less bound water, be more stable
and acide-resistant that can, consequently, be
separated faster by filters.
(5) In comparison with the chemical treatment, EC
produces sewage that contains less total dissolved
solids (TDS) contents. Consequently, if this water is
going to be reused, the low TDS level requires lower
recovery cost.
(6) The EC process removes the lower amount of
colloidal elements, because the used electric field sets
them in faster movement by which the coagulation is
facilitated.
(7) In EC, there is not any problem of neutralizing
excess chemicals as well as the possibility of
secondary pollution resulted from chemical
substances that are added at high density, because
unlike chemical coagulation of wastewater, EC does
not use chemicals.
(8) In EC, the bubbles of gas that are produced
during the electrolysis process carry the contaminant
to the top of the liquid and from there it can be easily
collected and removed out.
(9) The EC process requires less maintenance
because the electrolytic processes in the EC cell are
controlled electrically with no moving parts.
(10) This technique can be easily applied in rural
areas where even the electricity is not available
because a solar board is attached to it that might be
sufficient for operating the process.

3.5. Effect of operation time

According to the Faradays law, the factor that can
also affect the efficiency of removing Cr (VI) in the
process of electrocoagulation is the reaction time. It
can also determine the rate of producing Fe2+ or Fe3+
ions from electrodes (Mollah et al., 2004).
3.6. Effect of conductivity
The results of related studies showed that increased
removal efficiency is dependent on the increase in
conductivity. In addition, the decrease of spending
energy and electrode results from increasing
conductivity (Akbal and Camc, 2011).
3.7. Supporting electrolyte concentration
The findings show that the increase in the supporting
electrolyte density results in the increase in the COD
removal efficiency. This is explanable that with the
presence of cholorides in the solution, C12 and OC1
are produced. The OC1 is a strong oxidant that
oxidize the organic cells existing in the water.
Consequently, not only does the supporting electrolyte

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(11), pp. 497-508, 2014

Fig. 1: bench-scale Electrocoagulation reactor with monopolar electrode in parallel concetion(Pretorius, Johannes et al. 1991)

parallel or in series. A simple system of

electrocoagulation (EC) cell with two anodes and two
cathodes connected in parallel is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 shows that it, in essence, is made up of pairs
of conductive metal plates that are located between
two parallel electrodes and a dc power source. This
investigational system also needs a resistance box to
control the present density as well as a multi-meter for
reading the existing values. The conductive metal
plates are generally known as 'sacrificial electrodes'.
The sacrificial anode reduces the possibility of
dissolution of the anode and lessens the passivation of
the cathode. The conductive metal plates (the
sacrificial electrodes) could be the same or different
materials as of anodes (Pretorius et al., 1991).
The mechanism of EC is greatly reliant on the
chemical type of watery medium, particularly its
conductivity. The procedure of generating ions by EC
is like iron and aluminum that are used as cathode and
anode in this study. That is, in an electrolytic system,
iron generates iron hydroxide. If the anode is made up
of iron or steel or aluminum, for the production of the
metal hydroxide, two mechanisms have been
proposed (Chen, 2004).

5. DISADVANTAGES OF EC
(1) The 'sacrificial electrodes' need to be replaced
regularly due to oxidation and being dissolved into the
wastewater streams.
(2) Using electricity could be expensive in many
places.
(3) Sometimes a waterproof oxide film is located
in the cathode to lessen the possibility of loss of
efficiency of the process.
(4) In this system, a high conductive wastewater
suspension is required.
(5) Sticky hydroxide sometimes tends to be
dissolved in some cases (Mollah et al., 2001).
Mechanism of electrocoagulation technique
An electrocoagulation reactor, in the simplest
form, has a monopolar electrode with one anode and
one cathode. When the external power source is
connected to it, the anode will be oxidized and flaked
electrochemically, but the cathode remains passive.
However, this process is not suitable for wastewater
purification because for this purpose a large surface of
electrodes is required in order to be able to dissolve
the pollutants. This has been achievable by using cells
with monopolar electrodes that are connected either in

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Treatment of Leachate by Electrocoagulation Technique Using Iron And Hybrid Electrodes

6.
APPLICATION
ELECTROCOAGULATION
IN
TREATMENT
OF
PAPER
WASTEWATER

OF
THE
MILL

7.
APPLICATION
OF
ELECTROCOAGULATION IN THE REMOVAL
OF CYANIDE

Katal and Pahlavanzadeh (2011) have done a study on

the effectiveness of electrocoagulation on the
treatment of wastewater of paper mill by using various
types of electrodes with different combination of
aluminum (AL) and iron (Fe). They also investigated
the effect of pH, current density, and temperature on
the removing process (Katal and Pahlavanzadeh,
2011).

Because of strong affinity of cyanide with other

metals, it is used widely in different industries. So free
cyanide and its related compounds can be found in
different forms and density in the industrial
wastewater that enter into the environment (Dash et
al., 2009).
The aim of present study was to evaluate the
efficiency of EC reactor with iron plate to remove free
cyanide from wastewater. The finding showed that
regarding the operational conditions, the most
effective process was occurred at the voltage of 40 V,
detention time of 90 min, and influent concentration

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(11), pp. 497-508, 2014

of 50 mg/l. Using EC technology for removing

cyanide, in comparison with other removal methods,
has many advantages economically. Despite using
electrical power makes it costly, having no need to
prepare chemical material, which makes storing it
safer, enhances its efficiency and reliability. Due to its
efficiency in removing free cyanide and its related
components, EC can be used as a substitute method
for removing cyanide from wastewater effluents
containing cyanide (Hassani et al., 2011).

high total of floating solids, high biochemical oxygen

demand, elevated oil and grease substances along with
the high chromium concentration and unpleasant
color. Based on the mentioned characteristics, tannery
wastewater can be severely problematic for
environment. Thus one of the functions of
electrocoagulation process was removing different
contaminants and chromium from tannery wastewater
at the ambient temperature of the laboratory,
simultaneously with other EC performances (Kongjao
et al., 2008)

8.
REMOVAL
OF
TEXTILE
DYE
WASTEWATER BY ELECTROCOAGULATION
TECHNIQUE

10. CONCLUSION
Based on the conducted investigation, the best method
for leachate treating is electrocoagulation technique
because leachate consists of high toxin mater such as
heavy metal, cyanide, Colloid particle some of which
cannot be removed by other techniques. Accordingly,
due
to
the
mentioned
advantages
of
Electrocoagulation technique as well as its
adaptability with the environment, it has been
employed as a practical method for industrial effluent
and leachate treatment. The results of data in Table 1
show that some of optimum conditions in
electrocoagulation process are:
one centimeter
distance between electrodes, PH of 7-8.5, and the
approximate temperature of 28

Wastewaters that are produced by textile industries

contain a great deal of toxic aromatic combinations,
particularly azodyesn. Due to increased amount of
effluent wastewater in the environment, the
investigations done in recent years were mostly
focused on purifying wastewaters by application of
electrocoagulation (EC) because it is a simple and
specific technique for producing drinking water and
treating wastewaters (Daneshvar et al., 2005).
9.
APPLICATION
OF
ELECTROCOAGULATION
IN
THE
TREATMENT OF TANNERY WASTEWATER
Some characteristics of tannery wastewater are as
follows: it contains high chemical oxygen demand,

Table 1: Effect of operational parameters on pollutant removal efficiency in electrocoagulation process

Remo.
efficiency
%

Effect of
temperatu
re
(C)

Reaction
time
(minute)

Current
density

PH

Distance
between
electrode
(cm)

Type of
electrodes

Surface of
electrode
Cm2

Removal
factor

Pollutant
Source

Study
scale
Lab/Pilot
/Site

Location

Refere
nce

93.5
98.9

NG

NG

NG

Al

NG

arsenic
(As)

potable
water

Lab

Turkey

2.5

2.5

6.5

NG

Fe

NG

arsenic
(As)

potable
water

Lab

Turkey

NG

30-90

60-140

311

Al

105

COD,
Turbidity,
TS

Industry
wastewater

Lab

France

96.2

NG

30

Fe

40cm2

Cr

Plating
Industrial
Waste
water

Lab

India

100

NG

20

0.01
A/cm2

0.1

Al- Fe

NG

Cr,
Cu,
Ni

Plating
wastewater

Lab

Turkey

Mehm
et
Kobya
a,201
1,
Mehm
et
Kobya
a,201
1,
(Zodi,
Potier
et al.
2010)
(Bhag
awan,
Pooda
ri et
al.
2014)
(Akba
l and
Camc
2011)

94.1,
99.3

NG

2
A/cm

503

Mohammadizaroun and Yusoff

Treatment of Leachate by Electrocoagulation Technique Using Iron And Hybrid Electrodes

56

NG

30

348631

N
G

6.5

Al

45

COD,
NH4-H

leachate

Lab

Germany

35

NG

30

348631

N
G

65

Fe

45

COD,
NH4-H

leachate

Lab

Germany

92,
84

NG

NG

NG

N
G

1.5

Steel,
Al

16

Color

Pulp and
paper
Industrial
effluent

Lab

Malaysia

95,
89

NG

NG

NG

N
G

1.5

NG

COD

Lab

Malaysia

94,87,
90

28

90

0.015A/
cm2

NG

NG

Colour,
BOD,
COD

Pulp, paper
industry

Lab

India

99

NG

20-110

56-222

NG

Al/Fe

NG

Cr

Wastewate
r

Lab

Iran

98

NG

30

0.00187
A/cm2

1.5

Al- Fe

40

Colour

Textile
industry

Lab

Algeria

88.4

20

30

0.070
A/cm2

5-7

NG

Al- Fe

80

COD

paper mill
wastewater

Lab

Iran

63.8

20

NG

Fe-Fe

Colour

technique
in the
treatment
of paper
mill
wastewater
technique
in the
treatment
of paper
mill
wastewater

Lab

Iran

Lab

Iran

Lab

Iran

Lab

India

Lab

Tunisia

80

99.9

20

97

NG

90

40

Al-Al

80

Colour

Fe

60

Cyanide
Synthetic
WW

97.5

NG

140

96.2

NG

140

14
85

0.2

0.03125
A/cm2

0.5

Al

NG

0.5

Al

NG

6-9

NG

NG

Cd

Red dye
COD

80

504

water

textile dye
wastewater

(Ilhan,
Kurt
et al.
2008)
(Ilhan,
Kurt
et al.
2008)
(Kalya
ni,
Balasu
brama
nian et
al.
2009)
(Kalya
ni,
Balasu
brama
nian et
al.
2009)
(Sridh
ar,
Sivak
umar
et al.
2011)
(Kesh
miriza
deh,
Youse
fi et
al.
2011)
(Aoud
j,
Khelif
a et al.
2010)
(Katal
and
Pahlav
anzad
eh
2011)
Katal
and
Pahlav
anzad
eh
2011)
Katal
and
Pahlav
anzad
eh
2011)
(Hassa
ni,
Nasser
i et al.
2011)
(Vasu
devan,
Laksh
mi et
al.
2011)
(Vasu
devan,
Laksh
mi et
al.
2011)
(Merz
ouk,
Gouri
ch et
al.
2009)

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(11), pp. 497-508, 2014

100

30

20

224

7-9

Fe-Fe

Most of EC studies carried out in tempered climate

and some of them had been assessed in tropical area.
Based on the information which filled in Table 1
we can say that :
(1) Al and Fe are the most common electrode that
scientist use in researches
(2) Fe and Al can be used in both anode or cathode
(3) Each of Fe and Al could be apply in both of
anode and cathode

161

Cr

tannery
wastewater

Lab

Thailand

(Kong
jao,
Damr
ongler
d et al.
2008)

(4) Depending on the type of wastewater and

removal factor ,retention time will be different
between 2.5 -140 minute
(5) Distance of electrodes as a critical factor could
be controlled from 0.1- 6.5 Cm to achieve different
efficiency
(6) Since EC is a co treatment method for potable
water ,so efficiency of this method should be high

Fig. 2: experimental set up (Apparatus of the electrode process)

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Treatment of Leachate by Electrocoagulation Technique Using Iron And Hybrid Electrodes

Mostafa Mohammadi Zariun is a PhD candidate in Environmental Engineering, Universiti

Sains Malaysia. He has MSc in Analytical Chemistry.

Associate Professor Dr Mohd Suffian Yusoff obtained his first degree from Universiti Putra
Malaysia in agricultural science in 1995. He later pursued master degree in mineral resources
engineering in Universiti Sains Malaysia and graduated in 2000. Dr. Yusoff received his
doctorate from Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2006 with major in solid waste management.
Currently, Dr Yusoff serves School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia as an
academic programme chairperson (environmental and sustainability). He has published
numerous refereed articles in professional journals. Dr Yusoffs field of expertises are solid
waste management, landfill technology and leachate treatment. Dr Yusoff also has conducted
numerous consultancies and research works at the national and international level. His vast
experience in landfill operation and management has enabled him to conduct numerous talks
and seminars at national and international level.

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