Experiment 5: Oxidation Reduction

First things first. In this experiment, it's important to know [or memorize if necessary] the
reactivity series and this helpful little something.
Metals
A + B{+} -> A{+} + B
Reducing property: A > B
Non-metals
A + B{-} -> A{-} + B
Oxidizing property: A > B
Also, these are important.

The organic layer is above the aqueous layer

Cl{-} (aq) is colorless

Br{-} (aq) is yellow

I{-} (aq) is yellow

Cl2 (org) is colorless

Br2 (org) is yellow

I2 (org) is pink

Metals
Cu{2+} + Zn -> Cu + Zn{2+}
Reducing property: Zn > Cu
In this first reaction, it can be observed that the solid will turn from silver to black and the
liquid will turn into a lighter shade of blue.
Fe{2+} + Zn -> Fe + Zn{2+}
Reducing property: Zn > Fe
In this one, it can be observed that the solid will turn rust-colored and the liquid will turn into
a light shade of yellow.
2H{+} + Zn -> H2 + Zn{2+}
Reducing property: Zn > H2
2H{+} + Fe -> Fe{2+} + H2
Reducing property: Fe > H2
It can be observed here that during the reaction, bubbles form.
Zn{2+} + Cu -> No reaction
Fe{2+} + Cu -> No reaction
2H{+} + Cu -> No reaction
Reducing property: Cu is least

Zn{2+} + Fe -> No reaction

Reducing property: Zn > Fe
In these ones, there are no visible results.
Cu{2+} + Fe -> Cu + Fe{2+}
Reducing property: Fe > Cu
In this one, it can be observed that black particles form and the liquid will turn yellow.
CONCLUSION: Zn > Fe > H2 > Cu

Non-metals
Cl2 + 2Br{-} -> 2Cl{-} + Br2
Oxidizing property: Cl2 > Br2
Aqueous layer: colorless
Organic layer: yellow
Cl2 + 2I{-} -> 2Cl{-} + I2
Oxidizing property: Cl2 > I2
Aqueous layer: colorless
Organic layer: pink
Br2 + Cl{-} -> No reaction
Oxidizing property: Cl2 > Br2
Aqueous layer: colorless
Organic layer: yellow
Br2 + 2I{-} -> 2Br{-} + I2
Oxidizing property: Br2 > I2
Aqueous layer: yellow
Organic layer: pink
I2 + 2Cl{-} -> No reaction
Oxidizing property: Cl2 > I2
Aqueous layer: colorless
Organic layer: pink
I2 + 2Br{-} -> No reaction
Oxidizing property: Br2 > I2
Aqueous layer: yellow
Organic layer: pink
CONCLUSION: Cl2 > Br2 > I2

SO3{2-} and MnO4{-} in Different Media

Neutral: 2MnO4{-} + 3SO3{2-} + H2O -> 3SO4{2-} + 2OH{-} + 2MnO2

MnO2 is a brown precipitate

Acidic: 6H{+} + 2MnO4{-} + 3SO3{2-} -> 5SO4{2-} + 2Mn{2+} + 3H2O

Mn{2+} is colorless
Basic: 2OH{-} + 2MnO4{-} + SO3{2-} -> SO4{2-} + 2MnO4{2-} + H2O

MnO4{2-} is a greenish solution

Experiment 8: Calorimetry
So for this one, there's not much to remember [especially during the long exam] except for
these equations:

Yeah... that's probably that. If in case your professor asks why the test tube has to be dry,
that's because if the test tube is wet with the distilled water you used to wash it, the water
will take part in the reaction, your observed change in temperature will go down and your
computed heat capacity of the calorimeter will go up. In other words, your computations will
go wrong.

Experiment 11: Qualitative Analysis and Identification of Unknown Ions

First off,

NVR means No Visible Reaction. This, however, does not imply "No Reaction"
:D means Not Significant. Again, this does not imply "No Reaction"
If it's colored blue, it's not done.

Elimination Tests for Cations

In the Unknown Analysis itself, it's not necessary to do all the confirmatory tests. My lab
instructor told us that we could just get the intersection of some tests. These two
confirmatory tests, however, might be needed.

Fe{3+} + SCN{-} -> FeSCN{2+}. The product is a blood red solution.

Ca{2+} + C2O4{2-} -> CaC2O4. The product is a white precipitate.

Elimination Tests for Anions

Again, doing all the confirmatory tests during the unknown analysis itself isn't
necessary. However, the identity of some compounds may appear in the long exam.

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH -> Ba(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2. Bubbles will form here
and the precipitate will dissolve.

Ba3(PO4)2 + 6CH3COOH -> 3Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2H3PO4. The precipitate will

dissolve but not bubbles formed.

BaSO4 + CH3COOH -> No Reaction. The precipitate will not dissolve.

Fe(NO)(H2O)5. This is the identity of the brown ring in the confirmatory test of
NO3{-}
"Enjoy the unknown analysis. Celebrate life :) :) :)"

Experiment 14: Solubility and Heats of Solution

Here's all you need to remember... or so I think these are all you need to remember.

Sorry for my being lazy at the moment. The signs in the first table indicate miscibility or
solubility, whatever it is that is being talked about. The T is actually change in temperature
and the V is actually the change in volume in the second table.
Always remember that the experiment deals with inter-molecular forces of attraction (IMFA),
and all those results are explained through the IMFA.
Once again, I am lazy at the moment, so if you have questions, feel free to comment and I
promise I will try [but I can't assure you] to answer.

Experiment 17: Colligative Properties

Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend only on the amount of solute
present and not on its identity.

The Four Colligative Properties and the Equations Needed

Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression

- The first two equations present these colligative property where K is a constant that
depends on the substance itself and m is the molality while i is the van't Hoff factor.
Osmotic Pressure
- The second equation presents this property. Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by
the movement of solvent molecules from the dilute side to a more concentrated side. In the
equation, M is the molarity, R is equal to 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K, and T is the temperature in
Kelvin.
Vapor Pressure Lowering
- The last equation is the one for this. Basically, vapor pressure lowering is the key to all
other colligative properties, but let's not dwell on that. This is "basic" chemistry. We don't
need that here. Anyways, in the equation, X is the mole fraction of the solvent while P with
the circle thingy [I don't know what it's called] is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. So
that leaves us with the plain P which is the vapor pressure of the solvent in the solution.

The van't Hoff Factor

This is relatively difficult to explain. For one thing, the van't Hoff factor is the measure of the
extent of ionization or dissociation of the electrolyte in the solution. The value of the van't
Hoff factor is approximately equal to the number of ions that will dissociate in the solution.
"Approximately equal" does not mean "equal".

Experiment 15: Shifting Equilibrium

Le Chatelier's Principle
When a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system responds in such a way to
reduce the stress.

This is difficult to explain... Seriously. So just imagine a scale thing. If the system is in
equilibrium, the scale is balanced. When you add something to side, the system will
respond in a way that the equilibrium will shift to the other side to balance itself.

Ways of Disturbing Equilibrium

1. Change in concentration
2. Change in temperature - Always identify if exothermic or endothermic.
3. Change in pressure or volume - This is for gases.

Experiments 13 and 16
EXPERIMENT 13 PH DETERMINATION

There are only three things to remember when it comes to the long exam:

1. pH = -log [H+]
2. pOH = -log [OH-]
3. pH + pOH = 14

Yeah... that's probably that.

EXPERIMENT 16 RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES

Two rules to remember and never forget

1. Acid-base reactions occur such that the weaker base is formed.
2. The stronger the acid/base, the weaker is its conjugate base/acid.

I'm not sure if acid-base reactions occur such that the weaker acid is formed. Clarifications
are welcome :))