RC - Techniques - Compilation

Reading Comprehension:
Chapter 1 Introduction To Principles

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Principle 1: Engage In Passage

o Quick and effective method is to pretend that you really like this stuff.
o Another way is to help yourself get into the passage psychologically is to identify the good guys and bad guys.
o Recruiting for you Memory work Inc.
1. To let in all the talented, important people
2. To keep out all the people who will not contribute.
Principle2: Look for the Simple Story

o Every GMAT passage has a simple story the gist or code meaning of the passage. You must find the simple story in the first readthrough.
o How to identify simple story
1. Text It To me
2. Make a table of content
3. Look for Content and Judgment
a. Content: the scientific or historical subject of the passage.
i. Causes ( effects, evidences, logical results)
ii. Process ( steps, means, ends)
iii. Categories (examples, generalities)
b. Judgment: whatauthor and any other people believe about the content
i. Theories and Hypothesis
ii. Evaluations and Opinions
iii. Comparisons and Contrasts
iv. Advantages and Disadvantages
o Reminder: Dont forget the Twist. On GMAT , there will often be some important qualification and contrasts - a key twist or two in
the road.
Principle 3: Link to What you already know

o Concretizing actively imagine that the words are referring to. Re-explain the original text to yourself.
o Link to the ideas that you already know that are not mentioned in the passage.
Principle 4: Unpack the Beginning

o You must understand the first few sentences of every passage, because they supply critical context to the entire passage.
1. Grab the concrete noun first

2
2.
3.
4.
5.
Turn action back into verbs

Put only ONE simple thought in a sentence
Link each subsequent sentence to the previous one, using this or these
Simplify or quote off details.
Principle 5: Link to What you have just Read

o As you read further, you must continue to ask about the meaning and purpose of what you are reading. What does this sentence
mean in relation to everything else I have read?
o Relationship a sentence can have with previous text
1. Is the new sentence expected or surprising?
2. Does this support or oppose the earlier material?
3. Does it answer or ask a question?
o Content/Judgment framework can guide you. But DO NOT use this as checklist, rather simple be aware of the various possible
relationships.
Principle 6: Pay Attention to Signals

o Paragraph beaks are important. Indicate something new.
o Signal words indicate relationship to previous texts.
Signal
Relationship
Focus Attentions
-- As for;Regarding; In reference to
Add to previous text
-- Furthermore; Moreover; In addition to; As well as; Also; Likewise; Too
Provide Contrasts
-- On one hand/ on another hand; While; Rather; Instead; In contrast;Alternatively
Provide Conceding Contrasts -- Granted; It is true that;Certainly; Admittedly
(Author unwillingly agrees)
Provide emphatic contrast
-- But; However; Even; so; All the same; Still; That said; nevertheless; Nonetheless; Yet;Otherwise
(Author asserts own position)
Despite [concession]; [assertions]
Dismiss previous point
-- In any event; In any case
Point out similarity
-- Likewise; In the same way
Structure the discussion
-- First, Second, ect; to begin with; Next; Finally; Again
Give Example
-- For example; In particular; For instance
Generalize
-- In general; To a great extent; Broadly speaking
Sum up, perhaps with exception-- In conclusion; Brief; Overll; Except for; Besides

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Indicate logical result

Indicate logical cause
Restate for clarity
Hedge or soften position
Strengthen position
Introduce surprise
Reveal authors attitude
--------
Therefore; Thus; As a result; So; Accordingly: Hence

Because; Since; As; Resulting from
In other words; That if; Namely; So to speak
Apparently; At least; Can, Could, May, Might, Should; Positively; Likely
After all; Must, have to; Always, Never, ect
Actually; In fact; Indeed
Fortunately; Unfortunately; other adverbs; So-called.
Principle 7: Pick Up the Pace

o Go faster after the first paragraph
o DO NOT get lost in details later in the passage.
o Only pay close attention to the following elements of the passage
1. Beginning of the Paragraph 1st or 2nd sentence functions as topic sentence, indicating the content and/or purpose of the
paragraph
2. Big Surprises or change in the direction
3. Big result, answer or payoff
Chapter 2 Components of Passage

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Point
o
o
o
o
o
- Most important message of the passage

Crux of the simple story
Purpose of the passage
The most important message that the author is trying to convey
Analogous to the Conclusion of an argument (Critical Reasoning)
Common varieties of point
1. Resolution: Resolve an issue or a problem
2. Answer: answers a question ( similar to Resolution)
3. New Idea: describe a surprising new idea, theory or research result
4. Reason: explains an observation
Background, Support and Implications
o The other common components all relate to the Point in some way
1. The background information you need to understand the Point.
2. The support in evidence, assertions, and opinions For the Point.
3. Implications are the results from the Point.
Foreshadowing
o Foreshadowing sets up the Point.
o Not always present
Foreshadowing
Point
Problem leads to . Resolution
Question.. leads to . Answer
Old Idea .. leads to . New Idea
Observation.. leads to . Reason or New Idea
Chapter 3 Short Passage

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Create Headline List of the passage during first read. Spend Aprox 6 mins ( Headline and answering questions)
Headline List
1. Should summarize or indicate the main idea of each paragraph
- Most para have one topic senesce first or second or both sentence
- Use Text It To Me or TOC style
2. Read the rest of the paragraph with an eye for big hidden surprise or results
3. Follow the same process for subsequent paragraphs
4. Once finish passage, identify the passages Point.
Common Notations
o Abbreviate long terms, particularly proper nouns
o User arrows ( ) to indicate cause-effect relationship or changes over time.
o Point of view, arguments use this notation --- Historians: econ. interests war
o Mark Ex for Examaples
o Number each paragraph
Using Headline List
o DO NOT use to answer question.
o Use to answer General Question
o Use as search tool to refer back to passage while answering Specific Question
Common structure of Short Passage
Point First
Point Last
Point in Middle
POINT
Background
Background
E.g. X is true
E.g. Phenomenon Q happens
Support: Heres Why
(Optional Implications)
Heres what could result
Support: There is theory X and Y

Pros and Cons
POINT
Theory X is better
POINT
Theory X explains Q
Support: Heres why
Chapter 4 Long Passage

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Create SKELETAL SKETCH for long passage. Spend aprox 8 mins creating skeletal sketch, identifying point and answering questions
SKELETAL SKETCH
1. Skull Top of the skeletal is the most defined structure.
First para is most important that other paras
Take notes for every sentence
2. Limbs short headlines or one-sentence summaries of each remaining paras
Subsequent paras are generally not as important as first para.
Read each body para to determine its main point or purpose. Focus on 1st/2ndsentence.
Read remainder sentence quickly, intentionally skimming over details.
Be on look out for big surprise.( GMAT buries it within body, you add them in skelatal sketch).
Construct simple story
3. Once you have finished the passage, identify the Point
Glance back on your notes and mark the Point.
Common structure of Long Passage
Point First
Point Last
Point in Middle
POINT
Background
Background
E.g. X is true
Support: Heres Why
Heres what could result
Support: There is theory X and Y

Pros and Cons
POINT
Theory X is better
POINT
Theory X explains Q
Support: Heres why
Chapter 5 Seven Strategies

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General Questions
What is the main idea of this passage?
Dive right into the answer choices and start eliminating.
An incorrect answer choicemay pertain only to a detail in a body paragraph.
Strategy If stuck between two answer choices, use a SCORING SYSTEM to assign a value to each one. (2 point if relates to first
para and 1 point for each additional related paragraph)
o Common questions
The primary purpose of this passage is .?
The main idea of this passage is ?
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
The passage as a whole can be best characterized as which of the following?
Specific Questions
o Deal with details, inferences, assumptions, and arguments.
o DO NOT look at the answer choices, four out of 4 times are meant to mislead you.
o Strategy Identify the KEY WORDS in the question. Then go back to the passage and find those key words.
o You may have to do a little thought work or take few notes know the Mantra to answer the question.
o Strategy Find one or two PROOF SENTENCES to defend the correct answer choice.
Strategies for All reading Comprehension questions
o Strategy Justify every word in answer choice. Every word must be correct and true.
o Strategy AVOID extreme words if possible. ( all and never). GMAT prefers moderate language and idea.
o Strategy Infer as little as possible.
If the answer choice answers the question AND can be confirmed by language in the passage, it will be correct one.
Eliminate any answer choices that require any logical stretch or leap.
When you read the passage suggest or The passage implies, you should rephrase that language: The passage STATES
JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENTLY.You must be able to prove the answer, Just as if the question asked you to look it up in the
passage.
Think the same way on Critical Reasoning problems. ( Draw Conclusion)
Stick with the words on the screen.
Strategy Preview the first question
o
o
o
o
Chapter 6 Question Analysis Strategies

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Type of wrong answer choices

1. Out of scope (40-50% )
Introduces an unwarranted assertions supported nowhere in the passage.
Might be Real World Plausible if not supported by passage, it is out of scope
2. Direct Contradiction (20-25%)
States the exact opposite of something asserted in the passage.
Paradoxically attractive, because it relates to the passage closely.
Found in all question types, but less often in General questions.
3. Mixed-Up (10-15%)
Scramble together disparate content from the passage.
Tries to trap student who simply matches the language not meaning.
Found more often in Specific questions.
4. One Word Wrong(10-15%)
Just one word ( or may two) is incorrect. Includes extreme words
More prevalent in General questions.
5. True But Irrelevant (~ 10%)
True according to passage, but does not answer the given question.
May be too narrow or simply unrelated.
More prevalent in General questions.
Chapter 6 Question Analysis Strategies

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Chapter 4 Long Passage

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A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words
What are Keywords Transition Words
Very simply put keywords are like road signs. Road signs tell the traveller what lies ahead ,
sometimes where they are , and sometimes what they can and can!t do on the road.
Likewise Keywords and Transition words tell the Reader what kind of information lies
ahead, the also establish a relationship between the reader has just read and what is
about to come.
Good readers are good at picking up keywords and hence following the exact flow of
information precisely the way the author meant it , information generated by the keyword
also helps a good reader predict what information is coming his way and thus helps him
comprehend the information more effectively even when the information is complex.
Pretty much like a good driver who seeing this sign

will be ready for a curvey ride
unlike a poor driver who will miss this sign and either end up in farmland by the road or
take last minute hurried action.
On the road following road signs and information can save your live and make for a
smoother journey similarly in reading being aware of keywords , noticing them and reading
accordingly can make reading a pleasant journey.
Since our main idea is to convey to you the importance of keywords and how they can
almost magically influence your reading. i will be repeating the idea quite often. in different
words using different details and supporting material. If by the end of the chapter your
brain can become sensitized to keywords such that you notice them all around you the
purpose will be served.
An introduction to keywords and their Function

just the way road signs can be categorized by what function they serve , turns , road
descriptions , speed limits , special hazards etc . Keywords can also be divided by what
function they are serving. Following is a list divided on the basis of function , you will find a
lot of keywords repeated in separate sections but remember _+_+_+++
Function: Addition , For continuing a common line of reasoning,
Sentence A
Furthermore
Sentence B
Shows
Idea in Sentence B is an Addition
to the idea in Sentence A
Keywords serving this function :also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore,
For Starters we are using the visual to emphasize the point that just looking at the keyword and
without looking at what is inside sentence A and B we can still determine the relationship between
the sentences. Now for an actual text sample sentences are numbered for better analysis.
(1)The human ability to assign arbitrary meaning to any object, behavior or condition makes
people enormously creative and readily distinguishes culture from animal behavior. (2)People can
teach animals to respond to cultural symbols, but animal cannot create their own symbols.
(3)Furthermore, animals have the capability of limited tool manufacture and use, but human tool
use is extensive enough to rank as qualitatively different and human tools often carry heavy
symbolic meanings. (4)They symbolic element of human language, especially speech, is again a
vast qualitative expansion over animal communication systems.
Text Analysis: Topic Statement and the main idea of the paragraph is underlined. Sentence 2 is an
elaboration of the Topic Statement , so is sentence 3 Furthermore establishes the relationship
between sentence 2 and 3 . Similarly Again tells the reader that idea in sentence 4 has been already
mentioned.
(1)Culture lock -in results from the gradual stiffening of the invisible architecture of the
corporation, and the ossification of its decision-making abilities, control systems, and mental
models.(2) It dampens a companys ability to innovate or to shed operations with a less-exciting
future. (3)Moreover it signals the corporations inexorable decline into inferior performance.
Text Analysis: Sentence 1 idea what results in culture Lock in . Sentence 2 states the
effects of cultural lock-in , Moreover in sentence 3 indicates that idea in sentence 3 will be
another detail about Cultural lock in .
(1)This dogmatism is to some extent necessary. (2)It is demanded by a situation which can only be
dealt with by forcing our conjectures upon the world.(3) Moreover, this dogmatism allows us to
approach a good theory in stages, by way of approximations: if we accept defeat too easily, we may
prevent ourselves from finding that we were very nearly right
Text Analysis: Topic statemement/main idea is underlined. Dogmatism is Necessary in statement 1

is explained in sentence 2 as well as 3 and 3rd is in addition to 2nd.
Function: Consequence, Conclusions
consequence knsikwns; kwens

noun
1 a result or effect of an action or condition : many
have been laid off from work as a consequence of the
administration's policies.
Sentence A
conclusion kn klo zh n
noun
1 the end or finish of an event or process : the conclusion of World
War Two.
the summing-up of an argument or text.
the settling or arrangement of a treaty or agreement : the
conclusion of a free-trade accord.
2 a judgment or decision reached by reasoning : each
research group came to a similar conclusion.
Logic a proposition that is reached from given
premises.
Therefore
Sentence B
Indicates
that the
following
sentence is a
conclusion
Keyword/phrases serving this function :accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for
this purpose, hence, so , therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, in conclusion, in final
consideration, indeed
Sample text and analysis

For some multi-layered materials this effect is particularly powerful and is, accordingly, called
"giant" magneto-resistance
he vast majority of people are consuming suboptimal amounts of most micronutrients, and most of
the micronutrients concerned are very safe. Accordingly, a comprehensive and universal program
of micronutrient support is probably the most cost-effective and safest way of improving the
general health of the nation.
Each intervention on its own will hardly make enough difference to be measured. The best
therapeutic response must therefore combine micronutrients to normalise our internal physiology
We are a young world, your eminence. In our short history we have had but few members
of the higher nobility visiting our poor planet. Hence, our enthusiasm.
we often adapt our environments and attempt to change the very constraints that force our own
adaptation. Indeed, in our industrial, financial, and civil systems, often the antithesis of biological
laws are prescribed. As a result, there is considerable evidence that we are pushing the limits of our
existence.thus
This technique is so sensitive that it means the spots can be made smaller and packed closer
together than was previously possible, thus increasing the capacity and reducing the size and cost
of a disk drive
Some anthropologist would define culture entirely as mental rules guiding behavior, although often
widely divergence exists between the acknowledged rules for correct behavior and what people
actually do. Consequently, some researches pay most attention to human behavior and its material
products.
Function: Exemplification, Illustration, Moving to Specific Details

Keywords Phrases serving this function chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, namely,
particularly,! including, specifically, such as for example, for instance, namely, to illustrate, in
particular, specifically, such as, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case ,
in particular, to explain, to list, to enumerate, in detail, namely, including.
Sentence A
For
Instance
Sentence B
Shows
that Sentence B is a
specific Example of Idea in
sentence A
Samples
Function : Emphasis , Focus , Special attention, Most important, special attention

Keywords/phrases serving this function
more importantly , above all, chiefly, especially, particularly, singularly , truly, in fact, to
emphasize
Idea 3
Idea 1
Idea 2
SAMPLE
The symbolic element of human language, especially speech, is again a vast qualitative expansion
over animal communication systems.
And when mental models are out of sync with reality, they cause management to make forecasting
errors and poor decisions. The assumption of continuity, in fact, is precisely the kind of disconnect
with reality that leads corporations into flawed forecasting and poor decisions.
Nearly 30 million children in the sixteen age group do not go to school-reason enough to make
primary education not only compulsory but a fundamental right. But is that the solution? More
importantly, will it work? Or will it remain a mere token, like the laws providing for compulsory
primary education?
Function: Similarity , comparison , analogy

comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, , Similarly, likewise,
in like fashion, in like manner, analogous to
Idea 1
Idea 2
A lump of clay is no entity, but merely part of an amorphous mass. A landscape, likewise, is merely
the sum total of its part
We must remember that the theme is as much material for the artist as is the clay, wood or stone.
The theme must likewise be brought to life;
Now a healthy interest is taken in the works of Bessie Head, Alex La Guma, Wole Soynika, Nadine
Gordimer, J.M Coetzee as literature that speaks independently of an African experience. Similarly it
is no longer possible to ignore the work of Anta Diop, Paulin Hountondjii, V. Y Mudimbe, Ali
Mazrui in even the most cursory survey of African history, politics, and philosophy.
There is also the resemblance of the plan of the city to the blade of such a knife, the curve of the
defile corresponding to the curve of the blade, the River Acis to the central rib, Acies Castle to the
point, and the Capulus to the line at which the steel vanishes into the haft.)
Function: Contrast ,
Keywords / Phrases serving this function : contrast, onversely, instead,
on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast
Exception:
aside from, barring, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save
Restatement: !
To restate a point within a paragraph in another way or in a more exacting way:
in other words
point in fact
specifically
in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say,
in short, in brief, to put it differently
Contrast
On the contrary, contrarily, notwithstanding, but, however, nevertheless, in spite of, in contrast, yet,
on one hand, on the other hand, rather, or, nor, conversely, at the same time, while this may be true.
Sequence:
at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time,
for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on,
meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier,
simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind,After, afterward, before, then, once,
next, last, at last, at length, first, second, etc., at first, formerly, rarely, usually, another, finally, soon,
meanwhile, at the same time, for a minute, hour, day, etc., during the morning, day, week, etc., most
important, later, ordinarily, to begin with, afterwards, generally, in order to, subsequently,
previously, in the meantime, immediately, eventually, concurrently, simultaneously.
Summarizing:
after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event,
in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis,
in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally
Diversion:
by the way, incidentally
To change the line of reasoning (contrast):

however
on the other hand
but
yet
nevertheless
on the contrary
!
ransitional chains, to use in separating sections of a paragraph which is arranged
chronologically:
first... second... third...
generally... furthermore... finally
in the first place... also... lastly
in the first place... pursuing this further... finally
to be sure... additionally... lastly
in the first place... just in the same way... finally
basically... similarly... as well
Concession
Although, at any rate, at least, still, thought, even though, granted that, while it may be true,
in spite of, of course.
CAUSE AND EFFECT...

THEN, he moved on to the next work station.
AS A RESULT, the team lost the game.
FOR THIS REASON, she always went home for the weekend.
THE RESULT WAS always predictable.
WHAT FOLLOWED was as painful as it was inevitable.
IN RESPONSE, he quickly upped the ante.
THEREFORE, the aircraft overshot the runway.
THUS, it was just a matter of time.
BECAUSE OF THIS, the results were always the same.
CONSEQUENTLY, he was no longer friends with Frank.
THE REACTION to this event was swift and decisive.
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READING
COMPREHENSION
Introduction
Feared by students more than Mondays, Reading comprehension is a test of
your ability to read and understand unfamiliar materials and to answer
questions about them. In reading comprehension, you will be given a
passage (or let us say a set of passages) to read, which will be like an excerpt
from a serious discussion of a topic from the natural sciences, the social
sciences, or a businessrelated field. Youll then have to answer a group of
questions about the passage, testing how well youve understood its content.
So far so good!
Reading Comprehension (RC) makes one of the major testareas in almost all
entrance tests. In the CAT the weightage RC is roughly 50% of the Verbal
Ability section. Even in the English Usage Section, more than half the
questions (for example, theme based questions) can be solved fast and
correctly only if one is good at RC. The weightage and the toughness level of
RC vary from test to test. RC in the CAT is the stiffest ordeal. Earlier there
generally were 5 6 passages with the average length of a passage being 600
800 words. Now the number of passages has come down to four, but the
passages are abstract and most of the questions are inference based. Also the
passages are from very diverse fields of interest. It is generally seen that
students who are voracious readers (fiction/non fiction/general/specific
etc.) always have an edge over others who are not given to extensive
reading.
Why this Ordeal of Reading Comprehension in CAT?

Reading comprehension, as they say, is designed to measure your ability to
handle the varied kinds of sophisticated, complex, and subtle reading that
graduate business students are called upon to do. You wont right now
believe the amount of material you would have to go through as a manager.
Reading Comprehension prepares you for just that. But work is work! To top it
all, in order to answer the questions its not enough to understand the basic
facts presented in the passage; you also need to notice the more elusive
inferences in the passage (that is, ideas that are suggested rather than directly
stated) as well as the form, structure, and style of the passage (that is, how
the author has chosen to present his/her ideas).
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Reading Practice
You are not expected to use any information other than the ideas explicit or
implicit of the passage. You should confine yourself only to the passage. In
the long run, the best approach would be to read books widely and
extensively and articles of all kinds. Reading the editorials in standard
newspapers will be of good support. Speed, stamina and the power to
comprehend the printed word will consequently improve.
READ, READ & READ!!!!
You will have to develop the skill to read the passage fast and with
concentration so as to intuitively spot the main theme or thrust of the
passage, supporting facts and arguments. This can come only with a good
knowledge of English, and a critical approach with sustained practice. While
examining the answer choices, you will have to pay attention to the language
as well as their import.
The Purpose of Reading: The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas in
the passage to what you already know. If you don't know anything about a
subject, then pouring words of text into your mind is like pouring water into
your hand. You don't retain much. For example, try reading these numbers:
7516324 This is hard to read and remember.
7516324 This is easier because of chunking.
1234567 This is easy to read because of prior knowledge and
structure.
Similarly, if you like sport, then reading the sports page is easy. You have a
framework in your mind for reading, understanding and storing information.
Key Point: Good reading means building frameworks for connecting
words to thoughts.
NittyGritties of Reading Comprehension

There are three elements of Reading Comprehension to be considered:
(A)
Comprehension or Understanding
(B)
Speed
(C)
Application/Correlation
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Toolkit
Improving Comprehension
Try talking to a person who is relatively good at RC. More often than not it
will turn out that s/he has been fond of reading and has possibly read
hundreds of good books other than the normally prescribed text books for
routine studies. Avid readers invariably turn out to be inherently good at
cracking RC this applies even to those that might have been reading
basically fiction. What could explain this? The most likely reasons are that
such persons are not put off by lengthy and even abstract reading, have
better and longer concentration and have also learnt to read speedily with
good retention. Besides the general awareness level of such persons is also
higher as they have gained a lot of awareness through reading.
You can also increase our comprehension, retention and speed the same way.
Diversified reading, i.e. reading of diversified topics will help you in at least
three ways
It will improve your RC as stated and also increase your comfort

level with different RC topics.
It will improve your vocabulary, as different subjects use different

vocabulary
It will enrich your oral and written expression through the

storehouse of ideas gained through such reading.
Quite an arduous task but that is the way it goes!!! And it is never too late to
get started.
Sticking to the Purpose of Reading

Another point to be kept in mind is that the reading of an RC passage is for a
specific purpose that is to answer the questions correctly. When you go
through an RC passage, you have to keep two things in mind, viz. the main
point of discussion (what the author is driving at) and any ancillary
information that will help answer specific questions. So within the limited
time available, you ought to be looking for the grain rather than the chaff.
Half the passage or more may be irrelevant for your purpose. If you cannot
skip it totally, try to speed through it with minimum fuss.
Key Point: Please do not try to enjoy a passage or gain knowledge out of
it in an exam. You have the rest of your lives to do that and there are
better ways of committing suicide.
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS REGARDING RC FOR

CAT
1.
What is the subject of the passages that we get for RC?
The passages in any Reading Comprehension would deal with the following
subjects:
1.
Biological Sciences (Biochemistry, Botany, Medicine, Microbiology,

Pharmacy, Zoology, etc.)
2.
Humanities (Art, Cinema, Literature, Music etc.)
3.
Physical Sciences (Astronomy, Astrophysics, Chemistry,

Environmental Sciences, Geology, Mathematics, Physics etc.)
4.
Social Sciences (Anthropology, Philosophy and this one is a favorite

- Business, Economics, Education, History, Politics, Psychology, Public
Administration, Sociology, etc.)
Each of these subjects has its own language.
2.
How much time do we spend on reading the passage?

The goal is to spend no more than 34 minutes "reading" the entire
passage. Just remember that you don't get any points for reading the
passages.
The Reading in Reading Comprehension

Reading a passage in a Reading Comprehension test is like a drive through a
strange city. The main idea of the passage is like the overall plan of the city;
the main idea of each paragraph is like the plan of the locality through which
you are driving. Reading the passage is like driving quickly through the city.
You do not waste time memorizing every detail of every locality; you just
develop a general sense of the layout of the city.
It is general assumed that all the information in the passage is important to
answer the questions correctly, but this isn't true. The questions against an
RC passage cover only a small fraction of the passage. You have to identify
the important parts and ignore most of the rest. The less time you spend
reading the passage, the more time you'll have for gaining the score.
Broadly speaking here are two types of questions in Reading Comprehension
and neither requires you to memorize specific information:
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1.
General questions: To answer these, you need to have an

understanding of the main idea and, perhaps, the structure of the
passage.
2.
Specific questions: Since you'll be asked about only a few specific

pieces of information, it makes sense only to have a vague idea of
where the specific information is located in the passage. That way
you'll know where to look for it if you need it.
Key Point: You get points for answering questions NOT for reading the
passage.
3.
Which passages are to be attempted out of the RC and

which of these are to be attempted first?
This is a question that often intrigues an MBA aspirant, particularly if
there are a number of passages to be attempted? Let us try analyzing
what to attempt and based on which criteria:
Length of the passage

Accept it or not, this is generally the first thing all of us consider. One
always tends to prefer a smaller passage to a longer one. (Who
wouldnt prefer a 1 page RC to a 3 page RC?)
Number of questions
The more the number of questions to be attempted, the higher is the
probability of you actually attempting more questions.
Type of questions
An analysis during practice of which questions are you comfortable
attempting & most often get correct would tell you which kinds of
questions should you attempt. More the number of those kinds of
questions in a passage, better it is for you to attempt that particular
passage.
Subject of the Passage

It is always advisable for you to attempt a passage based on the
Caution
subject you are acquainted with as the jargon there wont baffle you.
But please dont delve into the details of a subject of your knowledge.
This will increase the time you take. Remember, there are better ways
to commit suicide.
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Use a combination of all these points to choose the passage(s) for
yourself.
4.
Should we attempt all the passages/all the questions?

Related with the above question is a set of others. Should we
attempt?
All Questions of All the Passages (AQAP)
All Questions of Some Passages (AQSP)
Some Questions of All Passages (SQAP)
Some Questions of Some Passages (SQSP)
Before we answer this set of questions, we ought to know that CAT is a
Test of accuracy and speed. RCs are essentially time taking. Even after
devoting a lot of time, students are not sure whether they got the right
answers. In any case, time is a precious resource in the CAT
examination. So the students should
attempt all the questions of all the passages (AQAP) only where
they find Easy Passages Easy Questions (EPEQ)
attempt some questions of all/some passages, where they find

Easy Passages Difficult Questions (EPDQ)
attempt all questions of some (easy) passages (AQSP) if they face

an odd very difficult passage
5.
Should we read the passage first or the other way

round?
Ways to Tackle the Questions.
I.
Reading pattern passage followed by questions: Reading the passage

first and then attacking the questions.
Passage Questions
Tips & Traps:

Sometimes in the process, you might spend a lot of time
comprehending those parts of passage which arent important i.e. on
which no questions are asked so beware.
II.
Questions followed by passage: Reading the questions followed by

reading the passage.
Questions Passage
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Tips & Traps:

The pitfall here might be that you read Q1 and look for the answer in
the passage. Then you read Q2 and search for its answer and so on.
Very human to do so! So, for 6 questions you might end up reading the
passage at least 4 times if not more. This means wastage of time.
III.
Passage and Questions simultaneously

Reading two paragraphs and attempting the questions pertaining to
them and so on.
Passage Questions
Tips & Traps:
This may not lead you anywhere.
IV
So, a little safer strategy is.

Question stems
Passage Reading
Question solving
The above strategy works!
P.S.: Attempting a passage is a very relative process. Therefore, try
working on all these strategies and see what suits you the best.
6.
Should we underline while we read?

Although we advise students to avoid use of a pen or pencil that runs
alongside words, for it hinders speed, a pen/pencil is handy for
marking the important points in the passage. While the students are
skimming the passage, they should make it a point to underline if and
when they come across any phrase/point that they consider very
important. This is true particularly where the students have gone
through the questions and have a fair idea of what is required of them.
Later on, while answering the questions, the students will not need to
go through the detail, and can the required information from the
underlined part(s) only.
A word of caution! Care should be taken to avoid underlining each
and everything in the passage. Everything important means nothing is
important. As a thumb rule, the number of words underlined should
never exceed 5% of the total number of words in the passage. Also
what are to be underlined are the ideas in the form of short phrases,
not the detailed statements.
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7.
When do we know that we have the right answer?

The Best Strategy is to arrive at the correct answer through a Process
of Elimination (POE) of the wrong answers based on the traps that the
examiner has set for you.
8.
Can we answer the questions based on our prior

knowledge of the topic?
Strictly, NO. Prior knowledge may help you to get a grip of the topic.
But this should not come in way of the requirement to answer the
questions based entirely on the information furnished in the passage.
Be sure to work within the context of the passage. Your own views or
opinions may sometimes conflict with the views expressed in the
passage.
However, you will often be able to eliminate some of the answer
choices simply on the basis of commonsense, which you will be called
upon to use in ample measure.
TIP
A number of different reading strategies are tested by multiplechoice
questions. Some are straightforward comprehension questions where you
are expected to identify stated information. Others require you to read
between the lines and infer the writers meaning, which may be expressed
indirectly. Yet others ask you to identify and interpret opinions and the
writers attitude. The final questions in the series are often designed to test
understanding of overall meaning.
The multiplechoice question may therefore be more complex than it appears
and in all cases requires a close reading of the text. The incorrect options or
distracters in the multiplechoice question can be of several types.
untrue or contrary to what is stated in the text
not mentioned in the text (although they may be true)
only partially true
true but irrelevant to the question
The correct option will be the only one which is entirely true for a given text
and relevant to the question.
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ossible tone
Acerbic
Aggressive
Meaning of the word

Harsh/ severe; bitter
Forceful; tending towards unprovoked
offensiveness
Angry/indignant
Emotionless; not interested/ concerned;
indifferent; unresponsive
Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having
Apologetic
failed, injured, insulted or wronged another
Belligerent
Aggressively hostile; bellicose
Favouring one thing/person/group over another
Biased
for personal reasons.
Caustic
Biting; acerbic
Feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing with;
Commiserating
pity
Patronizing; showing/implying patronising
Condescending
descent from dignity/ superiority
Contemptuous Expressing contempt/ disdain
displaying a belief that people are always selfCynical
seeking and never altruistic in their actions
Derisive
Unkind and displaying contempt
Disparaging
Speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling
Asserting opinions in an arrogant manner;
Dogmatic
imperious; dictatorial
Easily affected by feelings actuated by
Emotional
experiencing love, hate, fear and the like
Dealing with principles of morality; honest;
Ethical
righteous
Substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression
Euphemistic
for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt
More complicated/ elaborated than necessary;
Grandiose
pompous
Evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature,
Humanistic
welfare, values
Humourous
Funny and amusing
Introspective
Consider one's own internal state of feelings
Incendiary
Causing strong feelings
Laudatory
Praising; extolling; applauding
Motivating
Impelling; inciting
Fawning; showing servile complaisance;
Obsequious
flattering; deferent
Pedestrian
Lacking vitality, imagination, distinction
Egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of
Populist
common people/ working class
Provocative
Inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing
Fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant;
Romantic
exaggerated
Apathetic
Sarcastic
Satirical
Speculative
Technical
Vitriolic
Vituperative
Harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting

remarks
Ironical; taunting; human folly held up to scorn/
derision/ ridicule
Theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful;
reflective; hypothetical
Using terminology or treating subject matter in a
manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer
or a book
Full of anger and hatred
Cruel and angry criticism
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READING
COMPREHENSION
Speed Building
Many adults never get out of the habit of reading words; something they are
in habit of, since childhood. Reading words leads to slower reading
whereas if you learn to recognize thought patterns, your reading speed will
increase.
(A) Looking for Sign Posts!

Coming back to our strange city example, when you drive through a
strange city you are always on a lookout for the signposts and landmarks. By
looking at them you are able to tell yourself that something is expected.
Similarly certain words instantly tell you a lot about the structure of a
passage. For example, if a sentence begins, on the one hand, you would
expect to find an on the other hand later in the sentence. These structural
signposts show an alert reader whats going to happen later in a passage.
Here are some structural signposts to look out for on the CAT.
Yet again special attention should be given to the words/phrases given
within inverted commas ( ), because invariably these words/phrases have
particular relevance in context of the passage.
Change is Upfront: Trigger Words

Take a look at the following example
First paragraph: Most people believe that the UFOs have extraterrestrial
origin
Second paragraph: HOWEVER (trigger word), scientists have unearthed
enough evidence Their genesis lies in the obscure labs sponsored by CIA.
In this example the trigger word signals that the second paragraph will
modify or qualify what was gone before. A trigger word at the beginning of
any paragraph is a sure sign that this paragraph will disagree with what was
stated in the preceding one.
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Trigger words are important even if they do not appear at the beginning of a
paragraph; they always signal a change of meaning, even if it is only within a
sentence. Here are the trigger words that often appear in the Comprehension
passages.
Although (even though)
But
Despite (in spite of)
Except
However
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Notwithstanding
On the other hand
Unless
While
Yet
Continuing Words
Some structural signposts let you know that there will be no contradiction,
no change in path. If you see a first of all it stands to reason that there will
be a second and perhaps a third. Other signs of continuation:
By the same token
In addition
Likewise
Similarly
This (implies a reference to preceding sentence)
Thus (implies a conclusion)
YinYang Words
One of frequently occurring types of passage contrasts two opposing view
points and certain words immediately give this away. See if you can supply
the second half of the following sentences:
1.
The traditional view of the causes of global warming focuses on the

burning of fossil fuel.
(Second half: However, the new view is that there is some other cause.)
2.
Until recently, it was thought that the Mayan civilization was

destroyed as a result of drought
(Second half: However, now we believe that space invaders destroyed
them.)
3.
The classical model of laissezfaire capitalism does not even admit the
possibility of government intervention
(Second half: But the rock and roll version of laissezfaire capitalism
says, Let me just get my checkbook.)
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4.
Before 1960, it was commonly assumed that the atom was the smallest
particle in the universe.
(Second half: However, after 1960 scientists began to suspect that there
was something even smaller.)
Whenever you spot a yin word, you should realize that there is a yang
on the way. Some other yinyang words:
Yin
Yang
Generally
(however, this time . . . )
most scientists think
(but Doctor Spleegle thinks . . .)
on the one hand
(on the other hand . . . )
the old view
(however, the new view . . .)
the widespread belief
(but the believes . . .)
Getting Through the Passage Faster

Structural elements like these can help you understand a passage faster, with
less reading. When you spot one of these signposts, make a mental note. If
it actually starts a paragraph, you might begin your threeword synopsis of
the paragraph with a big but. A structural signpost is usually more
important to your understanding of a passage than any individual fact
within that passage.
(B) Improving Speed Simple points to remember

Many of us have the habit of reading out loud. Try to avoid this. Read in
your mind. This will, in some measure, help you increase your reading
speed. Likewise avoiding use of a pen or pencil that runs alongside words
also needs to be avoided, for it hinders speed. The pen/pencil could,
however, be handy for marking the important points in the passage.
(C) Pre-reading, Skimming, Scanning and Prediction

CAT RC reading requires you to redefine the word reading.
Here reading can be categorized under three heads:
If the subject matter of the passage is entirely new to the student, it might
help if s/he does the reading twice: the first reading to be a birds eyeview or a pre-reading exercise only. The birds eye-view may constitute
reading the opening couple of statements, the first statement of each
body paragraph, and the concluding couple of statements. A birds eye
view will afford the students a good grasp of the main idea of the
passage. Such pre-reading will also enable the student to decide what to
look for and read in the second assay.
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Skimming means: Read some; Leave some. The students should develop
the habit of reading for idea that requires them to skip unnecessary/
supporting detail. There may be a small phrase in a sentence that is
worth noting. The rest needs to be skipped. Skimming is useful for
noting the important points of the passage. Scanning is like looking for a
needle in a pile of grass. Your eyes may be looking at the grass, but not
actually seeing it as the focus is only on the needle. This is literally like
Arjunas focus on the birds eye. Scanning is useful for locating specific
detail, where you know in which paragraph the detail may lie.
Prediction means trying to anticipate what may lie ahead. Trying to

predict not only helps build focus, but also increases reading speed.
(D) Eye Span; Column Reading

Increase your eye span Reduce fixation.
If we read word for word, our eye-sight will be moving left to right across the
entire width of the text. This is not only tiring, but also time consuming. Since
the students know by now that reading of the entire passage is not needed to
answer the RC questions, they should develop the habit of moving across the
length of the passage skipping the text on the margins of their eye span. This
will speed up reading without seriously jeopardizing the comprehension of
the passage.
Linked with the eye span is the technique of column reading. Let us try out
an experiment. Take any article on the editorial page of a newspaper,
preferably on an abstract subject, of which you have no prior knowledge. The
article may run into 3-4 columns. Try going through any one column of the
article, skipping the rest. Then put the paper down and write down the main
idea of the article on a sheet of paper. You will find that invariably you are
able to get the main point of the article by reading one column/ part of the
text only. Likewise you may treat the text width of a reading passage as
consisting of columns and glance through only the part within your eye span.
(E) Phrase Reading

The RC passage is not a collection of words. It is rather an expression of
ideas. The ideas are in phrase form. The grammatical structure of the
sentences is irrelevant for the purpose of reading comprehension. Only the
structurally important phrase needs to be read carefully. We need a lot of
practice so as to develop the habit of reading for the relevant phrases, not for
the words/sentences.
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(F) Varying reading speed:

All the content of the reading passage is not equally important. So why
should you spend uniform time? The reading has to be at varying speed:
speed through the content till you come across something very important
slow down here, even mull what is being discussed here then speed up
again when the content is repetitive or elaborative detail that you can
always infer or predict
We do not prescribe a set reading style. Select the one that you are
comfortable with. Also vary the style as per the type of reading topic
involved and the type of questions that you have to answer. After all, you
cannot have the same speed for a work of fiction and for an abstract topic on
philosophy.
The varying reading speeds will help you make the most efficient use of the
limited time available and at the same time improve your comprehension.
A word of Caution: Speed with Accuracy

Capacity to read fast is definitely an advantage, though you should bear in
mind that reading for speed alone could be counter-productive. Speed
reading is not the ultimate aim. The aim is to answer the questions correctly
and to make the fullest use of your capacity.
The need for assimilation: Reading is assimilation learning and all
learning is a digestive process. On the face of things, it seems that there is a
tradeoff between speed and assimilation if the reader goes twice as fast he
assimilates half as much but it need not be so.
Assimilation is somewhat faster if you are able to relate your knowledge of
the subject to the material you are reading. This is not to say that if you are
not familiar with the subject matter you will not be able to assimilate well.
You may just take a little longer and this will not reduce your speed
drastically.
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Key Point: Assimilation is measured by the quality of retention of
information and the ability to recall relevant information. If you try to
look at words rather than look for their meaning, you are being passive
instead of being proactive. This approach may increase your speed but
do nothing for assimilation. It is therefore a question of striking the right
balance between speed and comprehension and reading flexibly.
Toolkit
RC tests your ability to answer the questions correctly rather than your
ability to read fast. Hence, regardless of how fast you can read a given text, it
is the accuracy of the answers to the questions that matters in the test. Even if
your reading speed is just average, you can maximize the accuracy by using
appropriate techniques. Cracking the RC is a right combination of speed and
technique.
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READING
COMPREHENSION
Improving comprehension and Identifying main idea

Improving Comprehension
Reading comprehension requires motivation, mental frameworks for
holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Your arrows:
Develop a broad background.
Broaden your background knowledge by reading newspapers,
magazines and books. Become interested in world events.
Know the structure of paragraphs.
Good writers construct paragraphs that have a beginning, middle and
end. Often, the first sentence will give an overview that helps provide a
framework for adding details. Also, look for transitional words,
phrases or paragraphs that change the topic.
Identify the type of reasoning.
Does the author use cause and effect reasoning, hypothesis, model
building, induction or deduction, systems thinking?
Anticipate and predict.
Really smart readers try to anticipate the author and predict future
ideas and questions. If you're right, this reinforces your understanding.
If you're wrong, you make adjustments quicker.
Highlight, summarize and review.
Just reading a passage is not enough. To develop a deeper
understanding, you have to highlight, summarize and review
important ideas.
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Build a good vocabulary.
For most educated people, this is a lifetime project. The best way to
improve your vocabulary is to use a dictionary regularly. You might carry
around a pocket dictionary and use it to look up new words. Or, you can
keep a list of words to look up at the end of the day. Concentrate on roots,
prefixes and endings.
Use a systematic reading technique like SQR3.
Develop a systematic reading style, like the SQR3 method and make
adjustments to it, depending on priorities and purpose. The SQR3 steps
include Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. See later for more
details on SQR3.
USING SQR3
How can you make sure you're focusing on the key facts? How can you boost
your comprehension and get the most from what you read? Try SQR3, an
easy multistep reading technique that really works. Here's what the letters
mean:
S
Survey
Question
Read
Recite
Review
Steps to Follow
S Survey: When you survey a passage, you examine the material quickly
before you start reading it in depth. A survey is similar to a reading preview.
As you survey the reading, make predictions about the content. Based on
your survey, decide what information you are going to find in the passage.
As you survey, look at these places in the reading:
QQuestion: While you survey the passage, ask yourself questions
about the material and what you find. Asking questions makes you an active
reader, which greatly increases your comprehension. Start by turning the
title, heads, and subheads into questions. As you survey, think about possible
answers to these questions.
RRead: Now read the passage. Slow down when you come to key
passages and important ideas and of course the keywords we discussed
about. As you read, refer back to the predictions you made in the previous
two steps. Change your predictions as needed.
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RRecite: After you finish reading, look over the passage again. Focus
on the key places, such as the title, heads, and key paragraphs. Summarize
the material in your head, reducing what you learned to a few paragraphs.
Remember to recite your summary silently to yourself.
At first, you will probably stop, summarize, and recite after every paragraph
or so. But as you practice using SQR3, you will probably find that you can
bite off bigger and bigger chunks of text, building to a page or so at a time.
What happens if your mind goes blank? If you find you are having trouble
remembering what you have read, take a moment to skim the passage again.
It is vital that you make sure that you understood the concept of what you
read before you go any further.
RReview: As you review, think back to the predictions you made
during the Question step. Were your ideas on target? If so, isolate the details
you used to make your predictions. If your predictions were off base, think
about when and where you guessed incorrectly. Assessing your predictions
and revising your methods of making them will enable you to make more
accurate predictions next time.
Read for the Main Idea

Every discussion, every article, every write-up has a main idea. Likewise
every RC passage has a main idea. The main idea is the nucleus of the
passage. Most of the questions based on the passage reading not only
concatenate, they also revolve around the main focus of the passage. So it is
very important to catch the main idea of the passage to be able to get most of
the answers right.
How to get the main idea of the passage? The main idea is the idea that
occurs repeatedly in the passage. So look for a repetitive word or phrase in
the passage. The first sentence of a paragraph should always be read
carefully since it is so often the key to understand the entire paragraph. If it
seems difficult to catch the main idea of the entire passage, it might be useful
to catch the main point of every paragraph. As you read quickly through the
passage, write a oneor twoword summary of each paragraph on your
scratch paper. This is partly to make you articulate what the main idea of
each paragraph is but it is also in order to remember them. Have you ever
had the experience of reading an entire passage, getting to the end, and then
saying, I have no idea what I just read? Most CAT passages inspire exactly
that thought. To avoid this kind of hangover jot down a couple of key words
on your scratch paper to encapsulate the main idea.
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However, once youve got the main idea, it isnt necessary to pay a lot of
attention to the other sentences in the paragraph. For example, you would
probably notice that while the second sentence included some specific
FACTS, it adds nothing to your understanding of the main point of the
paragraph. Later, if you are asked a specific question about this FACT, you
can go back and find the answer; it will still be there.
Until you know what the main idea of a paragraph is, you should read very
carefully. However, as soon as you've got a handle on whats going on, you
can speed up. Let your eyes glaze over when you get to the small details.
Until a question is asked about them, who cares?
Let us have a little practice of getting the main idea of some short passages.
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READING
COMPREHENSION
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
MAIN IDEA, SPECIFIC DETAIL AND VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
Questions will be based mainly on:
1.
The main idea of the text.
2.
The implied idea.
3.
Specific detail.
4.
Tone.
5.
The logical structure of the passage.
6.
Application questions.
7.
Meanings in context
Most of the questions, however, are about implied idea and application,
although they revolve around the main point of discussion.
The Big Picture: Main Idea

The questions in this category test your ability to formulate a big picture
from the small elements/ideas given in the passage. The format of these
questions would be:
(a)
Which of the following is the main point of the passage?
(b)
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(c)
The author is primarily concerned with...
(d)
Which of the following titles is most appropriate for the passage?
(e)
Which of the following titles best describes the passage?
(f)
Which of the following summarizes the authors main point?
The primary purpose or central idea is usually (NOT ALWAYS!) established

in the first two sentences of the passage or the first sentence of each
paragraph. To attempt these questions, focus on the opening and closing
sentences of each paragraph and try to infer what the author is trying to
convey to you an the whole. At times the central idea would be evident in the
second or the third paragraph. The key is that you should be able to form a
big picture.
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The title of the passage also depends on the contents of the passage. The title
will obviously be a representation in a nutshell of the central idea and
contents of the passage. Once the central idea is clear, one has to look for
associated information. Details regarding the idea its elucidation, concepts
that seem to be inherent in the idea, the manner of elucidation, the examples
used, etc.
IMPORTANT TIP
Caution
Dont Be Dramatic
The test makers realize that people have different points of view. They dont
want to be dogmatic, saying, This is the only way. Do not argue! They do
want t leave some space for personal interpretation. So if you have two
answers, choose the more moderate one.
For example:
Two answer choices:
(A)
The author hates discrimination.
(B)
The author is saddened by discrimination and tries to go to its root

levels.
Choice (B) is kinder and gentler and would therefore, be the more probable
answer
TRIPS AND TRAPS FOR MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
Always remember that there need not be patently wrong answer options. The
examiner may set a trap for you by presenting other than the best options as
the right answers. Be on the look out for such traps. Some of these could be:
Disputable statements: Authors of passages will never use strongly

negative statements for other people or ideas.
Direct repetitions (same language): Language directly picked up from

the passage is more likely to be a trap. The right answer will possibly lie
hidden in a heap of indirect references.
Supporting Idea(s): The passage may have several supporting ideas,

apart from one main idea. Dont fall for the supplementary idea(s).
Half truths: Dont fall for an answer that may appear to be true, but may
have a word/phrase that may render it false.
True statement: Again dont jump at an answer simply because it

appears to be true as per the passage. Always proceed through the
process of progressive elimination (POE).
You need to be careful about many of the above traps in case of other
question types also.
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Key Point: The primary purpose of the passage, title, central idea etc is
one, which is mentioned repeatedly in the passage. At times there is a
strong temptation to choose an answer which has been mentioned only in
one of the paragraphs, has been stated in one or two sentences or has
been touched obliquely in the passage. Avoid these traps and reject these
choices in favour of the one, which is referred to repeatedly in a major
part of the passage. Again, although the main idea/theme/title of the
passage and the authors purpose could, in most cases, be the same. Yet,
in some cases, there could be a fine line of distinction between the two.
The authors purpose may not be expressly stated in the passage, though
it can always be inferred.
SPECIFIC DETAIL QUESTIONS
Toolkit
These test your ability to understand what the author explicitly says. These
questions ask you to spot information mentioned in the passage. The
questions could ask for any detail such as numbers, dates, names, places,
methods mentioned, qualities of people mentioned, and experiments
conducted etc. These questions refer to a point mentioned by the author in
the passage as a part of the development of the theme of the passage.
These questions may be worded as follows:
(a)
The author mentions which of the following
(b)
According to the passage
(c)
According to the author
(d)
The passage says that
(e)
All of the following are supported by the passage/author EXCEPT
(f)
Which of the following is not true
(g)
The author refers to . In order to
(h)
The author provides information that would answer which of the

following questions?
It is easier to answer specific detail questions than inference questions. The

latter requires a greater understanding of the words (and language) in the
passage, while specific detail questions call for a greater scrutiny of the
information presented in the passage.
Such questions require a detailed and careful reading of the information or
data given. But often these questions provide very direct clues about where
an answer may be found, or a text link. Recognize the key phrase in the
question. Now locate the sentence in which this key word or phrase or its
synonym occurs. Read one or two sentences above and below this line and
you will find the answer. Remember you should not assume anything nor
should you mark an answer based on your general knowledge.
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Word Meaning / Vocabulary in Context

These questions include unfamiliar words where you have to guess their
meanings from their contexts, and the way in which they are used. This type
includes proverbs, idioms, technical words, unfamiliar words, quotations
and foreign expressions also. Sometimes familiar words are also used in an
unfamiliar context, i.e. in their secondary meaning, which may be technical
or special e.g. The common clay assumed an artistic beauty and shape as the
potter threw the vase in less than an hour with expert skill (here, threw
means to shape on a potters wheel).
The best strategy is to find out the contextual meaning of the given word. Try
to answer by reading the context. Special technical words can be guessed by
their context. Watch out for help from the author. Sometimes difficult words
are explained by the authors in parenthesis to make the meaning clear. The
words in the immediate vicinity of the word or phrase in question are also
useful clues to a difficult or unknown word.
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READING
COMPREHENSION
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
LOGICAL STRUCTURE/ ATTITUDE OF THE AUTHOR/ SOURCE/
FIGURE OF SPEECH
(A) ATTITUDE/TONE QUESTIONS

These questions ask you to gauge the authors attitude towards a person or a
thing or a quality discussed in the passage. The questions in this category
could be worded as follows:
(a)
The authors attitude towards can be best described as
(b)
The author regards the with
(c)
In terms of its tone and form, the passage can be best described as
(d)
The tone of the passage is
Most students falter at questions regarding TONE and therefore tend to get
scared away from them. Here, as nowhere else, a sense of language plays a
major role. Judgment or evaluation based on the evidence in the text is
required in such questions.
Attitude refers to the mode of thinking or the opinion of the author as
conveyed directly or indirectly in the passage. Tone is manifest in the
writers use of words and syntax. In order to answer attitude/tone type
questions, watch out for words that convey emotion, values, positive and
negative connotations. Connotation is what is implied in addition to the
literal meaning of a word. For instance, some words acquire a good or bad
shade of meaning e.g. a champion carries a good connotation and a
chauvinist carries a bad connotation. Look for descriptive adjectives and
phrases that convey the mood.
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The different attitudes conveyed by the author may be
Sarcastic
Abnormal
Admiring
Adulatory
Ambivalent
Amused
Analytical
Cautious
Conciliatory
Consistent
Controversial
Condescending
Cynical
Criticizing
Critical/ Censorious
Defensive
Denigrating
Derisive
Descriptive
Disputatious
Disinterested
Disparaging
Dogmatic
Explanatory
Enthusiastic
Euphoric
Exemplary
Facetious
Grudging respect
Guessing
Happy
Harmonious
Hostile
Humorous
Implausible
Indifferent
Indignant
Indignant denial
Introspective
Ironical
Lampooning
Laudatory
Lukewarm review
Metaphor
Marked indifference
Model
Moderate Amusement
Neutral
Nostalgic
Objective
Optimistic
Polemical
Praising
Prejudiced
Qualified admiration
Respectful
Reverential
Ridiculing
Sarcastic
Serious reservation
Skeptical
Sharp derision
Speculative study
Strange
Suspicious
Unenthusiastic
Uninterested
Unlikely
Unrelenting
Wary
Unresolved ambivalence
Let us see some different types of attitudes and tones. You are advised to
look out for the rest of them as you come across the RCs in due course of
your preparation.
A string of words /sentences spewing sarcasm would obviously mean that
the writers tone is sarcastic.
Cynical
Trenchant criticism, without any positive suggestions shows a cynical tone.

The cynics work, after all, like that of the opposition, is to oppose
everything, propose nothing. For example, a passage where the writer raves
and rants about the commercialization of art, evincing scant respect for all the
means and reasons of commercialization without suggesting any remedy
would belong to the cynicaltone category.
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Descriptive
Description without criticism or analysis would make the passage a

descriptive one, while description with some analysis would render it a
combination of the two
Analytical
A detailed examination of a topic taking into consideration both its merits

and demerits is the sign of an analytical passage. The writer does not usually
take any definite stand visvis the topic or the argument but simply lists
the facts of the case in an unbiased manner.
Humorous
A tongue in cheek humor, using humorous anecdotes, puns, jocular jibes

at someone or something, provides a humorous tone.
Derisive
If the writer shows absolute lack of respect for the object criticism or
discussion, and does not mince his / her words in proving so, the tone is
derisive.
Indignant
Some passages might have a strident, angry, indignant tone. These would
concentrate mainly on the writer protesting vehemently against something or
somebody.
Ironical
Very often the writer says something in an ironical manner. He/she uses
words and phrases (often humorous or sarcastic), which have an underlying
meaning or implication. It must be remembered though, that sarcasm and
irony have a subtle difference. While irony could veer more towards humour,
bite is inherent to sarcasm, which is also a distinguishing feature of certain
passages.
Introspective
Passages, in which the writer takes a close look at himself, his mental and
emotional self, carry an introspective tone.
There could also be different shades as deep skepticism, strong indignation
etc. or combination of two of the tones/attitudes mentioned above.
It is not possible to describe the various types of tone since it requires careful
study and perseverance on the student. The more one works at solving
comprehension passages, the betterequipped will one be to solve these
questions. Familiarity in this case breeds expertise.
The best strategy for this type of questions would be to create a continuum of
the answer choices and locate the authors attitude or tone in that continuum.
For instance
The tone of the passage is best described as:

(a)
outrage
(b)
approval
(c)
objectivity
(d)
alarm enthusiasm
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Arrange these attitudes in a line from the most negative to the most positive
()outragealarmobjectivityapprovalenthusiasm (+)
(B) FIGURE OF SPEECH
Related with the attitude/tone of the author, there could occasionally be a
question on the figure of speech used by the author in a particular
expression/statement. The figures of speech could be
Simile - a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another,

dissimilar thing by the use of like, as, etc. (e.g. shining like a star)
Metaphor a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in

which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is
applied to another (e.g. a heart of gold).
Personification a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is

represented as a person.
Hyperbole exaggeration for effect and not meant to be taken

literally.
Litotes understatement for effect, esp. such understatement in which

something is expressed by a negation of the contrary.
(C) LOGICAL STRUCTURE

These questions ask you to state the technique adopted by author in
presenting the facts of the topic, his views, his ideas etc. These questions test
your ability to sport special effects used by the author like analogies,
examples, comparisons, parallelism, allegories, puns etc. and also his method
of organization of the paragraphs. The questions in this category would be
worded as follows:
The author develops the passage primarily by
The author mentions in order to
The author uses all of the following to make his point EXCEPT
Which of the following best explains why the author introduces
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of
the passage?
Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the
lines
Answering such question requires you to read the opening sentences
carefully, and see how a paragraph relates to the passage as a whole and to
other paragraphs, how the author builds up his argument etc.
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(D) SOURCE/ IDENTITY QUESTIONS
These questions ask you to identify the source from which the passage
has been extracted, or the profession etc. of the author. Sometimes the
question asks you to identify the audience. The clue here is that a passage
sourced from an ordinary newspaper/journal caters to the requirements
of the general public and is invariably related to current affairs, whereas
that extracted from a specialized journal will cater to the specialists in the
field and will also employ technical/ profession-specific jargon.
Similarly, a passage extracted from, say a college text book, will be
didactic in nature.
Likewise a journalists way of writing and that of a politician or a
bureaucrat will be entirely different. The bureaucrats writing is
explanatory, that of a politician is either adulatory or highly critical,
depending on which side of the fence he sits; that of a journalist is
pragmatic and analytical.
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READING
COMPREHENSION
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
INFERENCE/APPLICATION/ AUTHORS PURPOSE
(A) INFERENCE QUESTIONS
Inference questions ask you to identify an information or idea which is
implied or suggested in the passage, or which can be inferred from the
passage. These questions ask about what is not mentioned explicitly in the
passage, but can be logically inferred from the information in the passage. So
the answer is not stated directly in the passage but has to be inferred through
a slight logical extension of the information that appears specifically in the
passage. Some question types could be:
(a)
The passage implies that...
(b)
The author implies that
(c)
The passage suggests
(d)
The author uses the phrase ... to mean...
(e)
The author would support which of the following
(f)
It can be inferred from the passage that
(e)
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
To tackle these questions it is essential to read between the lines so as to

understand the implications (for implied idea) of certain phrases, words,
sentences, etc. You should learn to recognize the key words/phrases in the
question. Choose an answer which would be a logical development of ideas
provided by the author. Base your answer on what the passage implies, not
what it states directly. Then match this with the options given and you will
hit the right answer. Remember you must go beyond the obvious.
Of late, there has been an increased emphasis on inference based questions in
the CAT examination. Students find such questions quite a bit more difficult
to handle. These questions require a greater understanding of the passage,
though minute details may not be necessary. Having a clear understanding
of the main idea, and to an extent the subsidiary ideas of the passage, is quite
helpful. Since there may be a few close answer options, it is advisable to
proceed on the basis of POE only.
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(B)
APPLICATION QUESTIONS
These questions are similar to implied idea questions, but unlike the latter,
they require you to apply information or ideas used in the passage. These
questions test the ability to recognize how the authors idea might apply to
other situations outside the parameters of the passage. You should be able to
apply and collate ideas extending them to situations or statements outside
the scope of the text. Primarily these questions are intended to test the critical
reasoning skills of the test takers.
This category can be further divided into several types some of which are:
Audience/Source Questions
1.
With which of the following statements is the author most likely to

agree?
2.
The passage is most probably taken from
3.
The author of this passage is most likely a/n
Agreement Questions
1.
Which of the following aphorisms/proverbs would the author be

in strongest agreement with?
2.
The author would most strongly agree/disagree with which of the

following statements?
Extrapolation Questions
1.
Which of the following situations is most closely analogous to the

situation described by the author?
2.
Most nearly parallel, in its fundamental approach, to the research

program described in the passage would be a program designed to
3.
Which of the following describes a situation most analogous to

the situation described in lines
Reasoning Questions
1.
The authors argument would be most weakened by the discovery of

In dealing with such answers, try to perceive feelings of the author.
This, like inferential questions, requires that you go beyond what the
author explicitly states. Therefore, being inferential in nature, they can
be answered quite easily on the basis of the substance of the passage.
Least agree Questions

These questions would have one wrong answer option, all the others being
the right answer options. Students have to identify the wrong answer option.
Even if these questions are not inference based, and can be answered directly
based on the information furnished in the passage, they are still time taking.
This is because, unless we are able to identify all the right answers based on
the passage, we shall not know what the wrong answer option is. These
questions could be answered after we have answered the other questions and
have a better idea of the right answers.
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All of these/None of these (type) answer options
If a student is positive that more than one answer options are correct, the
right answer option is more likely to be all of these. The reverse is true in
case of none of these.
(C)
AUTHORS PURPOSE
Like the questions based on implication/inference, questions regarding the

authors purpose also require you to read between the lines to get the focus
of the entire passage as well as some supplementary ideas of the passage. If
the questions pertain to the main purpose of the passage, they would not be
much different from the main idea questions. But more often they ask you to
explain the purpose of a particular example, quote, phrase etc. used by the
author to make a point.
Some questions of this type could be
(i)
The author cites the example of in order to
(ii)
The is intended to
(iii)
The order provides the information related to primarily to
(iv)
The author is primarily trying to
(v)
What is the author trying to show through
The strategy to handle these questions should be similar to the strategy

for inference based questions.
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Literary Tones and Styles

Compiled By: Aparna Singh
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Abstract
Absurd
Accusatory
Acerbic
Affected
Aggressive
Ambiguous
Amused/Amusing
Analytical
Anecdotal
Apathetic
Apologetic
Apprehensive
Archaic
Argumentative
Arrogant
Atmosphere
Attitude
Audacious
Awe
Bantering
Baroque
Belligerent
Biased
Bizarre
Bland
Bombastic
Breezy
Callous
theoretical without reference to specifics

contrary to logic, but sometimes artistically viable
charging of wrong doing
harsh/ severe; bitter
assuming a false manner or attitude to impress others
forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness, angry/indignant
open to more than one interpretation/ doubtful or uncertain
agreeable, pleasing, entertaining, cause pleasure
inclined to examine things by studying their contents or parts
involving short narratives of interesting events
emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; unresponsive
expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed, injured, insulted or wronged another
anxious, fearful, uneasy about the future
in the style of an earlier period
type of discourse in which one debates a topic in a logical way
having of displaying a sense of overbearing self-worth or importance
the pervasive mood or tone of a literary work.
the author's viewpoint regarding his subject matter. attitude can usually be detected in author's tone.
fearless, often recklessly daring, bold
solemn wonder
good-humored, playful
a grand and exuberantly ornamental style
aggressively hostile; bellicose
favoring one thing/person/group over another for personal reasons.
unusually strange or odd
non-disturbing, unemotional, uninteresting
pretentious and pompous
quick-paced, but sometimes superficial
unfeeling; insensitive to feelings of others
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Candid
Caustic
Childish
Choleric
Cinematic
Classical
Classification
Colloquial
Comic
Commiserating
Condescending
Confessional
Confused
Connotation
Contemplative
Contemptuous
Contented
Convention
Conventional
Convoluted
Critical
Cynical
Decadent
Denotation
Depressing
Derisive
Detached
Detached
Dialect
Dialogue
Diatribe
unprejudiced, impartial, open & sincere

intense use of sarcasm; stinging; biting; acerbic
immature (when applied to adults or writing)
hot-tempered, easily angered
having the qualities of a motion picture
formal, enduring, and standard, adhering to certain traditional methods
organization wherein the writer explains the relationships between terms or concepts
characteristic or ordinary and informal conversation
humorous, light, funny (there are many levels)
feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing with; pity
patronizing; showing/implying patronizing descent from dignity/ superiority
characterized by personal admissions of faults
unable to think with clarity or act with intelligence
the range of further associations that a word or phrase suggests in addition to its straightforward dictionary meaning.
studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue
expressing contempt/ disdain ; showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect
satisfied with things the way they are.
a device of style of subject matter so often used that it becomes a recognized means of expression.
lacking spontaneity, originality and individuality
very complicated or involved (as in the case of sentences with many qualifiers, phrases, and clauses)
finding fault
displaying a belief that people are always self-seeking and never altruistic in their actions
marked by a decay in morals, values, and artistic standards
the precise literal meaning of a word, without emotional associations or overtones.
sad, gloomy (without any of the redeeming qualities of true tragedy)
unkind and displaying contempt ; ridiculing, mocking
separated, disconnected, aloof or impartial
disinterested, unbiased, emotionally disconnected
the version of a language spoken by people of a particular region or social group.
the conversation of two or more people as represented in writing.
violently bitter verbal attack
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Diction
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Erudite
Ethical
Eulogistic
Euphemistic
Evocative
Didactic
Diffident
Digression
Discursive
Disdainful
Disparaging
Dogmatic
Dramatic Irony
Dreamlike
Earnest
Earthy
Effeminate
Elegiac
Elegiac
Emotional
Emotional
Epigraph
Epistolary
Expository
Expressionistic
Facetious
Factual
Fanciful
Farcical
Fatalistic
the choice of words used in a literary work

author attempts to educate or instruct the reader
reserved in manner; timid
a portion of a written work that interrupts or pauses the development of the theme or plot.
moving pointlessly from one subject to another; rambling
scornful
speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling
asserting opinions in an arrogant manner; imperious; dictatorial
a situation in which the audience knows more about the character's situation than the character does.
having the characteristics of a dream
intense, a sincere state of mind
realistic, rustic coarse, unrefined, instinctive, animalize
soft, delicate, unmanly
expressing sorrow for that which is irrecoverably past
expressing sorrow or lamentation
much given to strong feelings
easily affected by feelings actuated by experiencing love, hate, fear and the like
the use of a quotation at the beginning or a work that hints at its theme.
a novel written as a series of documents. the usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other
documents are sometimes used
learned, polished, scholarly
dealing with principles of morality; honest; righteous
involving formal praise in speech or writing, usually in honor of someone dead
substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt
having the ability to call forth memories or other responses
type of discourse in which one explains or describes
stressing the subjective and symbolic is art and literature
amusing, but light, unserious, frivolous
real, provides facts
using the imagination
humorous but in a light way, comedy with high exaggeration
believing that everything that happens is destined and therefore out of the hands of the individual
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Flamboyant
Flashback
Flippant
Forthright
Gloomy
Grandiose
Haughty
Horrific
Humanistic
Humorous
Hyperbole
Idiomatic
Illustration
Imagery
Impartial
Incendiary
Indignant
Inference
Insolent
Intimate
Introspective
Invective
Irate
Irony
Irreverent
Jargon
Jovial
Judgmental
Juxtaposition
Laudatory
Local Color
Lugubrious
conspicuously bold or colorful

a way of presenting scenes or incidents that took place before the opening scene.
disrespectful levity or casualness, pert.
directly frank without hesitation
darkness, sadness, rejection
more complicated/ elaborated than necessary; pompous
proud and vain to the point of arrogance
terrifying
evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature, welfare, values
funny and amusing
a bold overstatement or extravagant exaggeration used either for serious or comic effect.
peculiar to or characteristic of a given language
organization wherein the topic sentence is stated and then followed by the details
language that evokes sensation as opposed to an abstract idea.
unprejudiced, not biased
causing strong feelings
marked by anger; aroused by justice
a conclusion the reader can draw based upon details presented by the author.
presumptuous and insulting in manner or speech, arrogant, disrespectful, rude, impertinent
very familiar
consider one's own internal state of feelings
direct denunciation or name-calling.
extremely angry, enraged
in its broadest sense, the incongruity or diff between reality and appearance
showing disrespect for things that are usually respected or revered
the special language of a profession or group
happy, jolly, full of good humor
authoritative and often having critical opinions
the side by side comparison of two or more object
praising; extolling; applauding
the use of the physical setting, dialect, customs, and attitudes in a region
mournful, dismal, gloomy, especially to an exaggerated or ludicrous degree
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Lyrical
Malapropism
Malicious
Matter Of Fact
Metaphor
Metaphorical
Mocking
Mood
Morose
Motivating
Mournful
Mundane
Narrative Pace
Naturalistic
Nostalgic
Objective
Obsequious
Ominous
Optimistic
Parody
Patronizing
Pedantic
Pedestrian
Personification
Persuasive
Pessimistic
Philosophical
Picturesque
Pious
Poetical
expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like

the comic substitution of one word for another similar in sound but different in meaning
purposely hurtful
accepting of conditions; not fanciful or emotional
a direct comparison that does not use "like" or "as."
having the characteristics of melodrama in which emotions are plot are exaggerated and characterization is shallow
treating with contempt or ridicule
the prevailing emotional attitude in a literary work
gloomy, sullen, sourly, despondent
impelling; inciting
sorrowful, sadness, melancholy
ordinary or common, as in everyday matters ("his mind was filled with mundane matters")
the speed at which an author tells a story
tending to present things in art and literature as they appear in nature or actuality
inclined to long for or dwell on things of the past; sentimental
an unbiased view - able to leave personal judgments aside
fawning; showing servile complaisance; flattering; deferent ; polite and obedient in order to gain something
menacing, threatening
hopeful, cheerful
a satirical imitation of something serious, such as a comic takeoff of Romeo and Juliet (the parody must have enough
elements of the original for it to be recognized)
air of condescension; haughty; looking down upon
overly concerned with minute details or formalisms,
lacking vitality, imagination, distinction
the attribute of human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.
intended or having the power to induce action or belief
seeing the worst side of things
interested in the study of basic truths of existence and reality
strikingly expressive or vivid
having or displaying a reverence for god and religion; sometimes used pejoratively, when the display is excessive and overly
righteous
having the qualities of poetry, such as pleasing rhythms or images
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Poignant
Pompous
Populist
Provincial
Provocative
Prurient
Pseudonym
Puritanical
Quizzical
Realistic
Reflective
Regretful
Restrained
Reverent
Ribald
Ridiculing
Romantic
Sanguineous
Sarcasm
Sarcastic
Sardonic
Satire
Satirical
Sentimental
Simile
Sincere
Situational
Irony
Skeptical
Solemn
Soliloquy
affecting or moving the emotions

displaying one's importance in an exaggerated way; sometimes this quality is found in comic characters
egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of common people/ working class
limited in perspective; narrow and self centered
inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing
preoccupied with lewd and lustful thoughts
pen name, alias
strict or severe in matters of morality
odd, eccentric, amusing
inclined to represent things as they really are
illustrating innermost thoughts and emotions
sorrowful because of what is lost, gone, or done
held-back, deprived, checked
treating a subject with honor and respect
offensive in speech or gesture
slightly contemptuous banter; making fun of
fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant; exaggerated
optimistic, cheerful
harsh cutting personal remarks not necessarily ironic
harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting remarks
scornfully and bitterly sarcastic
any form of literature that blends ironic humor and wit with criticism. seeks to correct through ridicule
ironical; taunting; human folly held up to scorn/ derision/ ridicule ; ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point or to
teach
resulting from or colored by emotion rather than reason or realism
a comparison using "like" or "as."
without deceit or pretense, genuine
the contrast between what is intended or expected and what actually occurs.
doubtful, apprehensive in agreement
deeply earnest, tending towards sad reflection
a speech delivered while the speaker is alone, calculated to inform the audience of the character's thoughts.
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Speculative
Stream-OfConsciousness
Subjective
Surrealistic
Technical
Terse
Timorous
Tone
Trite
Turgid
Unity
Urbane
Veneration
Verbal Irony
Vexed
Victorian
Vitriolic
Vituperative
Voice
Whimsical
Wry
theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful; reflective; hypothetical

a technique that allows the reader to see the continuous chaotic flow of half formed thoughts
relying on one's own inner impressions, as opposed to being objective
stressing imagery and the subconscious and sometimes distorting ordinary ideas in order to arrive at artistic truths
using terminology or treating subject matter in a manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer or a book
effectively concise, brief
funny, witty
the reflection in a work of the author's attitude toward his or her subject
lacking power to evoke interest through overuse or repetition; hackneyed
excessively ornate or complex in style or language; grandiloquent
the quality of oneness in a literary work
sophisticated, socially polished
admiration, wonder
a contrast between what is said and what is meant
distressed, annoyed, perplexed
prudish, stuffy, and puritanical (qualities associated with queen victoria's reign)
full of anger and hatred
cruel and angry criticism
the sense a written work conveys to a reader of the writer's attitude, personality and character
odd, strange, fantastic
devious in course or purpose; misdirected
words
parvenu
epicure
recidivist
arriviste
calumnious
apochryphal
effusive
uncouth
deprecate
deprecate his achievement
transgress
satiate
rescind
abrogate
slake
contravene
execrate
execrate violence
execrate & blaspheme
counteract
exacerbate
undermine
foible
tribulation( humorous connotation)
irksome
baffled ( by the problem)
baffled(their plans)
distraught
secede
sleight
conscripted
sermonize
chutzpah
objectivity
fecility
travails
polemics
scruplous
coercive
meanings
person who has a humble origin and has risen to the levels in the society, and he was lacking in accomplishments to a
person whose main concern is sensual pleasure .. Esp eating glutton , gourmand,hedonist ,sensualist,sybarite ,volupto
person who has the tendency to slip back to crime
ambitious self seeking person ,upstart
of the nature of calumny,slandererous,defametory
pertaining to writing ,spurious,false ,mythical,debatebale,sham,counterfiet
exuberant ,demonstrative,ebullient,expansive,wordy,verbose
uncertain,unusual,uncommon,uncivilised,unrefined ant: refined ,cultured,sophisticated
try to avert by prayer ,disapprove of ,criticize,deplore,censure,condemn,denounce,
belittle,disparage,denigrate,decry,
violate,trespass,infringe,breach,contravene,defy,disobey
satisfy,gratify to the full
annul,repeal,revoke,reverse,cancel,setaside
repealed,abolished by authority
satisfy,quench
tresspass,disobey,infringe
utter curses,
abhor,abominate,loathe,hate,detest,despise,deplore
curse, swear at,revile,fulminate,vituperate,condemn,excoriate,censure
hinder or defeat by contrary action,offset , neutralise ,countervail,counterpoise
aggravate,make worse,increase,intensify
weaken
flaw,shortcoming,defect,infirmity,quirk,idiosyncrasy,strange aspect of a persons character
worry,anxiety,vexation,afliction,misery,wretchedness,unhappiness
boring,troublesome,vexing
puzzling,flummox,
obstruct,prevent,bar
pulled apart in different directions
withdraw from society or public
cunning,deceitful,skillful
enlist,recruit,call up, mobilize
give serious advice
shameless audacity
impartialilty,disinterest,dispassion,dispassionateness
style of writing
suffering,
a controvesial argument or discussion,aggressive contraversy
minutely exact or careful , punctilluous,meticulous
hold together,convincing
devious
devious ( route)
therauptic
imperil
disperse
expel
transcend
stimulate
expertise
finesse
humilation
contentious
vivacious
luscious
dejected
inveterate
incorrigible
oppresive
compulsive
credulous
cunning,crafty,sly,wily,artful,insidious,furtive,secretive.
indirect,roundabout,deviating.
curing,healing,remedial,sanative,reparative,beneficial,curative,ameliorative
take the risk,gamble,threaten,endanger
scatter,separate,dissolve
banish,exile,debar,ostracize,proscribe.
surpass,eclipse,outshine,exceed
instgate,foment
professionalism,deftness,dexterity,facility,competence.
elegance,sopistication,subtlety.
disgrace,dishonour,discomfiture,embarrassment,debasement
argumentative,bickering,quarrelsome,factious,cavilling,litiguous,pugnacious,perverse,
ebullient,effervescent,scintillating.
delicious,juicy,mouth watering,tasty,delectable
extremely saddened,despondency
habitual
beyond correction
cruel,draconian,brutal,relentless,inexhorable.
irresistable,obsessive,irrresistible
those who believe in anything,
buttress (n)
vindicated
lintel
gazebo
pylon
belfry
deluge
support,prop an arch
absolve,free from blame
avenge,revenge
horizontal supporting timber,across the top of the door or window
gallery near a garden
tall structure to support a wire
chamber in which bells are hung
heavy fall of rain
gale
squall
zephyr
cyclone
sleet
dilatory
sartorial
leery
hurricane
tornado
gentle breeze
strong breeze
mixture of rain and snow
tending to cause delay , having the purpose of buying time
pertaining to clothes
wary,cautious, mistrusting
underpinnings
support or strengthen from beneath
parochial
behaving like parish .. Or like god
prudential
wisdomical
reflective
thoughtful
eugenicist
science dealing with the study of hereditary qualities of race.. And with ways of improving those qualities
incapicitated
make incapable, disqualify
pandering
assist in the gratification of
responsive
quick to react
con artist
swindler
reductionist
the principle of analsing complex things into simpler ones
prudish
extremely modest, excessively formal
virtuous
UPRIGHT , GOOD
schemist
enshroud
obfuscate
diabolic ( forces)
diabolic master
diabolic task
motif
leitmotiv
astrologer,planner , intriguer
enfold,enwarp,obscure,conceal,hide
confuse,complicate,make abstruse,bewilder,bamboozled
devilish,fiendish,demonic,
sinful,savage,brutal,monstrous,execrable,
difficult,complicated,complex
dominant idea, or theme.
theme associated throughout with a person,situation or sentiment
commensurate
ruckus
proportional
uproar , disturbance ,row , commotion.
objectively
bias free,unprejudiced
slack (muscles)
slack (rope)
business a bit slack
rather slack about puctuality
slackening off
business slacks off
drivers slackening off
aggrandize
contagious
shunned
eschewed
ostracized
rabid
pernicious
contumacious
difident
mandate
perinatal
disaggregated
not taut
not taut
slow,quiet
lax ,negligent
relaxing
lessens
reducing speed
increase in power ,wealth or rank
communicatible disease or corruption by contact
evade,shrink with fear ,avoid
avoid ,evade ,keep clear of
exclude a person from particular social group.refuse to associate with .
violent , madly violent in nature or behaviour
tending to destroy,kill or injure,destructive
obstinately disobedient to authority
lacking condidence or trust, lacking self confidence and trust..
command,order,injunction,
1 week or 4 week after birth
separate into components
wail
weep
cry
sob
whimper
loud & prolonged cry

shedding tears
weeping wild noise
catching breadth and cry
high pitched cry ( by mental agony)
beside
under
below
beneath&underneath
by the side of
under something
lower level
economical
econimics
saving
way in which money affects society
scowled
frowned
grimace
glared
sneer
frown upon
loud noise , making anger vocal

making anger visible w/o vocal
distort face because of pain
look threateningly
mock
look down upon
blue collared
white collared
working class.. Those who do manual work

management..brain power
sangfroid
sanguine
coolness of blood, maintain composure

pertaining to blood..optimistic,cheerful,spirited
repudiate
artistry
orchestrate
disown,discard,give up
skill
organize something
compared to
compared with
to show similarity
to show dissimilarity
nihil
show clean heels
cassandra
achilles heel
a thing of no worth or value

commit fraud and run away
always speak about doom
most vulnerable one.
tones in RC
reprosiac
billingsgate
mayhem
protean
precocious
umbrage
pleonastic
bad behaviour
abnegate
tergiversate
machiavelle
vulgar language
confusion,pandemonium
versatile
ability before age
offend
verbose ,loquacious
misdemeanour
deny
hide the truth, equivocate
shrewd.. Do anything to retain power
temperament
intemperate
temperamental
impressionable
impressive
tenor
inure
impetuous
subterfage
leeway
insiduous
dissident
imperturrbable
insurrectionist
prurient
incipient
contingency
behaviour
lacking control of ones behaviour
moody
can be easily influenced
striking , splendid
gist , essence
habituated,accustomed
acting with rash or sudden energy
trickery,justify one argument
room to manouvre
subtle,surreptious,machailvellan
disagreeing ,dissentient,dissenting disaggreing ,recusant,schismatic,rebel
not excitable,calm,calm
rising against authority or government , a rebellion
having morbid cravings .. Esp sexual
beginner,commencing,starting,inceptive,inchoative,germinal.
event,incident,occurrence,fortuity.
descry
decry
a warcry,perceive from a distance..

suppress,denounce
exalted
exulted
elevate,promote,ennoble,aggrandize
spring, or leap up with joy, on cloud nine types.
lath
lathe
wood in thin narrow strips ( used with a plaster)

a machine for making pottery.. And tools
physique
physic
form,size of a persons body

art or practice of healing,medical treatment
allusion
elusion
hon
extent
extant
an indirect reference,hint,mention.
the act of deluding some1
honorable person
the tax levied on property
able to the publicly seen , accessible, in existence
lightning
lightening
electric discharge
make brighter or less heavy
prophecy
prophesy
noun form .. Making a prediction

verb form.. Telling something in advance
facetious
factious
factitious
of manner,polished,urbane
dissenting,discordant,conflicting
artificial
material
materiel
fabric
available means or resources.technique,equipment,supplies.
wretch
retch
vile,despicable person
stretch,extend,reach.. A long stretch of a river , be sick .. Throw up
bullion
buillion
melting-house, mint , place of exchange .. Metal esp . Gold

clear soup , with a clear flavour
illicit
elicit
not allowed, illegal

bring out,extort,extract,evoke,derive,educe
ordinance
ordnance
laws
military weapons
torturous
tortuous
his tortuous policy
characterized by .. Causing torture..excruciating

twisted,winding,curving,convoluted, roundabout,
devious,cunning,deceitful
callous
callus
hard,harsh,cold hearted
thickened skin
envelop
envelope
wrap up.. Surround completely

container of a letter
peeks
piques
a quick look
feeling of sharp anger .. Or resentment
cadence
flow in a rhythm,resolve discord or establish a key with a cadence
immanent
vendatta
inherent
vengeance,private revenge
in limbo
slaves sentenced to limbo
souls in limbo
in a state of suspension..in a state of neglect..

imprisonment,incarceration,confinement,detention,captivity.
abode of unbaptized infants.
grapple with the enemy

grapple with a problem
grapple the theif
grapple the boat
wrestle with..combat with..

tackle,face
seize,grab,lay hold of,grip,clench
secure fasten
shrift
short shrift
shrift-father
milieu
expeditious
facile
facile speeches
facile tasks
pithy
escapism
postures
truculent
jurisprudence
jugular
fetish
posit
scourge
staple
complement
supplement
adjunct
unwise
futile
valoristiaon
egalitarian
ostentation
concotions
penance imposed after confession..a confessor

little time allowed for making confession before execution or punishment
a confessor
an environment,surroundings
speedy,immediate,prompt,swift
easily done or said ,w/o much effort
superficial,shallow,glib,slick
simple,uncomplicated
full of strength and vigour,very alcoholic,concise, full of strength and vigour
the tendency or the practice of seeking ,distraction from life or reality.
approach or attitude .. Towards something
savage,aggressive,pugnacious
knowledge or a skill in law
pertaning to the neck or throat..
anything to which one gives excessive attention
put in position,put in place
person or a thing seen as a punishment .
large or a important part of something
something added to make a thing more attaractive
something added to improve or complete
something added to a thing which is larger or more important
used when the result will give a negative impact
will not yeild result
fixing up the value by the govt.
that asserts the eqaulity of all mankind
mere or false show,showoff
blend,mixture.combination,brew
wistfully
presumptous
exaptations
niceties
niceness
knottiest
nugatory
nuggety
observance
occupied
preoccupied
nautical
naval
mortgagors
mortgagees
outdoor
outdoors
rotund
orotund
penurious
parsimonious
sad melancholy,mourning,dreaming
overconfident,superconfident
detials
condition of being nice
difficult to understand
trifling,of not much worth
rugged,harsh in sound
act of complying with the law or custom
busy
being absorbed into thoughts,oblivious of the surroundings
pertaining to ships
pertaining to navy
one who takes loan
one wh gives loan
used adjectively
used as a noun or a adverb
circular or spherical object
strong,powerful,full,rich
poor
frugal
parlaying
parleying
palpitating
palpating
picturesque
picaresque
anthropogenic
salinity
exigency
platoon
clairvoyance
fallout
experiential
experient
totemic
asymptomatic
snub
purported
documents purported
purport of his message
his purport
exhumation
unvarnished
kangaroo court
belie
increase by gambling
speech,talk
strong emotion,esp to heartbeat.
make an examination by touching
possessing the elements or qualities of a picture
of pertaining to rogues,urchins..adventure
oroginating from the activities of humans
digress
ingress
egress
transgress
regress
aplomb
cognate
cognizant
incognito
cognoscente
ductile
prehensile
incarnation
redolence
accede
genuflect
subscribe
bon-homie
bonvivant
doctrinaire
decadent
connive
cadence
cascade
credulous
kallistocracy
ochlocracy
circumlocution
circumscribe
circumvent
emendiation
denuoement
ego trip
quisling
providence
incineration
quiescent
conceit
abash
amoral
chicanery
notwithstanding
inimical
rebel streak
desiccative
hunky-dory
prosthesis
pantomime
decreptitude
emasculated
in full possessions of faculties
facilities
purview
purvey
prosecution
persecution
interpellated
deviate,deflect,tangent
enter
exit
trespass
retreat
coolness ,self confidence
similar,look alike,congruent
knowledgeable
indisguise,pretense,masquerade,undercover
connoisseur,expert
highly flexible
ability to grasp or hold
personification,embodiment
remembering the past,nostalgic.
accept,approval
bow down in respect.
support
cheerful,happy
cheerful,happy
stubborn
decaying,dying declining
conspire,overlook,condone
pertaining to music
sequence, flow
gullible,unassuming
society run by criminals
society run by mob
roundabout way of saying things
boundary,deliniate
avoid,evade,dodge.
makig correction in a text.
final resolution of a play.
trip which makes you happy
traitor,renegade,turncoat
provision, the action of providing
burn to ashes,cremate
inert,dormant,passive,inactive.
pride,arrogance
embarrass
non-moral
trickery,decietful
nevertheless,however
unfreindly,hostile
element of rebel
having the tendency to dry up
requirement ,need
a small body of foot soldiers .. Separated by a lerge body
exceptional insight,extrasensory perception
side-effects of an unexpectd kind.
derived from experience
something experienced, a person who experiences something
representation of that particular thing..
producing or exhibiting no symptoms
disregard,ignore,insult,shun
cliam,allege
mean,signify
gist,substance,implication
aim , objective
dig out ,extract
plain and simple,not complicated
an improperly held court by mutineers
deceive by lying,misrepresent..contradict
artificial replacement of a limb

a mimic actor
heat until a crackling ceases
weaken..castrate,neuter
to be fully aware
scope or range of a book
provide,supply
party which prosecutes sm1 in the court of law
treat badly
interrupt
interpolated
flare
flair
modal
model
modus vivendi
modus operandi
meritorious
meretricious
flout
flaunt
climactic
de facto
de jure
portentous
pretentious
liberal
equable
add,inject
a dazzling display
natural ability
acceded
exceed
come forward,join
go beyond the limit.
adapted
adept
adopt
fit, adjust . Make suitable.

expert,clever,proficient
embrace,espouse,arrogate
continual
continuous
frequent,
something that goes on w/o a break
transmit
transfer
passing through, being a medium

change of movement.
sedation
sedition
sleep
write something against the govt. or people
indolence
insolence
lazy
rude
expel
dispel
dismissal of a person
dismissal of a feeling
uninterested
disinterested
not interested
impartial
official
officous
something approved by the govt. or the authority.

people who are eager to tell others what they should do .
congenital
congenial
from the time of birth

pleasant surroundings
infested
infected
something present in large numbers

getting a disease
inextricable
inexplicable
smthng which cannot be separated

something which cannot be explained
conform
confirm
to obey a set of rules

to support smthng by stating as true
endemic
epidemic
pandemic
upbeat
RC TONES
corroborated
commiserating
contemptous
humanistic
incendiary
pedestrian
populist
provoking
speculative
technical
vituperative
fervid
flippant
prosiac
rebuke
rhetoric
didactic
analytical
descriptive
disease that occurs permanently in particular part or population .. Malaria is a constant worry in parts of Africa.
An outbreak of disease that attacks many peoples at about the same time and may spread t
When an epidemic spreads throughout the world.
model of working
model of working
someone with merit
showy
break the rules deliberately
toshow off
relating to climax
in fact
in law
serious intended to impress
FALSE
unbiased,broadminded
uniform throughout,even tempered.easy going,calm,composed,unflappble,unruffled
feeling,expressing surrow.
expressing contempt,disdain
expressing keen interest in himan affairs,nature,welfare values
causing strong felings
lacking vitality,imagination.
pertaining to the characterstics of the working class
inciting,stimulating
theoritical rather than practical
using technical jargon
angry ctiticism
passionate,ardent,burning hot
carefree, ant. Serious
lifeless,dull, dry mundane
warn,scold
extravagant, bombastic
instruct,teach
examining or tending to examine things carefully
one which is based on saying what the subject actually is rather than concentrating on the main theme
hyperbloic
narrative
critical
reproachful
facetious
equivocal
circular
rhetoric
unwarranted
adulatory
caviling
way of speaking so as to make something appear bigger than what they actually are
style similar to a fiction novel
giving opinions or judgement
to criticise someone esp for not being successful or not being what is expected
not serious, attempt to be amusing or the appear clever
unclear and seeming to have two opposite meanings,confusing or be able to understood in to ways
describe an argument which keeps returning to the same theme
describe an argument which keeps returning to the same point but very effective way
lacking good reason and therefore annoying
flattery
to raise trivial and frivilous objections
cellar
complaisant
mopped
moped
punitive
puny
dingy
dinghy
rigourously
vigourously
vigilant
vigilante
shear
sheer
shame
sham
pining
pinning
intermittent
comparative
comparable
untrammelled
untenable
enthocentrism
ceremonial
quantitative
alluding
exhort
prescribing
hedging
savour
irenic
usuriuos
exclusivity
diorama
gambol
grandious
retellings
regurgitate
siesmic
compunction
amatory
nonchalant
quiescence
genteel
sleek
rostrum
maudlin
vitiate
apotheosis
tautology
aposthesis
chequered
sodomize
parole
Penitentiary
covenant
utopian
bequeath
reproach
epoch
plastic
underground room or storage area

accepting what others are saying without complain
wipe with a piece of cloth
miserable
harsh
weak
small dark place
small boat
carefully and thoughtfully
with great energy and enthusiasm
harsh
group of people formed to protct their group from others
to cut
pure
embarrassment
not real, or not what it seems to be
feeling sad
fastening
not regular
study things for their similarity & dissimilarity
similar and so possible to be compared
unhandicapped
not able to be occupied
belief in ones group as superior
formal,ritual
pertaining or concerned with the quantity or its measurement
make an indirect reference
recommend earnestly
confine within bounds
preventing oneself against any loss
taste
pacific
excessive interest
scenic painting ,viewed thru a peephole
play
impressive, expressing extravagance
bring up and again to the mouth
like an earthquake
pangs of conscience.
pertaining to making love
calm and casual
silent,dormant
elegant
smooth
platform
clown
corrupt
quintessence
pedagogy
royal or national treasury
any form of sexual intercourse with a person of same or opposite sex
a promise by a criminal to abide by the laws of the society
social prison
mutual agreement,bond
impossibly ideal
uvre
look through
look over
vanguard
proselytize
sensitising
espoused
perturbed
indignant
infuriatied
somhpmoric
edifying
dissuade
hubris
effrontery
grate
inerrancy
gratuituous
natty
cadge
quotidian
dissemble ( different from disassemble)
outset
churlishness
complaisance
loll
sprint
ingratiating
sychophaitic
abstemious
temperate
achromatic
delirium
rectitude
examine
inspect
forefront, taking lead position
convert people folloeing a particular thing to another
take a person as a spouse,supporter of a cause
disturb
provoked by anger
provoked by anger
juvenile,nave
instruct so as to attain spiritual,ethical improvement
discourage
excessive selfconfidence
shameless audacity
irritating
flawless
uncalled for,unwarranted
neatly dressed
to beg
commonplace
hiding under false appearance
beginning
rude ill mannered person
eager to please
ease
rush
gain grace or favour
abstaining oneself from something
not excessive in degree
frenzy
moral uprighteousness,integrity
adherence
adherents
firm attachment
followers
especially
specially
standing apart uniquely from the rest

given unusual treatment
incenerate
incinerate
burn up completely
suggest something unpleasant
accede
exceed
give in
go beyond a mark
ales
ail
drink
pain
collision
collusion
crash
conspiracy
fineness
finesse
state of being perfect

somoothness or tactfulness
lean
lien
tilt
legal claim over ones property
antecedents
antecedence
individuals who have gone before

going before time
divers
diverse
various ,several
markedly different
gibe
jibe
make fun of
agree with
mean
mein
lacking kindness
persons appearance
addenda
agenda
something added
list of things to do
elusive
illusive
hard to catch up or grasp

unreal
impetousness
precipitancy
zealous
zealous
freshet
spate
effluence
sudden overflowing of a river

sudden forceful flow of a river
sudden flow of river
duplicity
guilelessness
malapropism
raucous
palliative
exacerbating
chicanery, deceit
innocent
using word in a wrong place
harsh sounding
soothing pain
increase bitterness
discrete
discreet
separate from others,individually distinct

civil,polite,courteous
wean
ween
get accustomed to ,
think,
garner
gauge
collect
infer
continuously
continually
continuously
frequently
salubrious
lugubrious
healthy
sad
surged
purged
full of
emptied
banter
saunter
ridicule,tease
leisure walk
incisive
dotty
actute , sharp
crazy,eccentric
throw down a gauntlet

precarious
issue a challenge
uncertain
modalities
multiplicity
attribute or trait of personality

large no. of men
docile
utile
teachable
useful,advantegeous
corral
chorales
herd of cattle
song in church
mendicity
mendaticy
begging
habitual lying or deceiving
derisory
derisive
contemptful
ridiculous
abstruse
obtuse
difficult to understand
unwilling to undserstand
bawled
sob loudly
torte
tort
cake
civil wrong , breach of conduct
indignant
indigent
angry
poor
specious
whit
plausible but actually wrong

least possible amount
lampooned
satarical attack
moot
moor
debatable point
open uncultivable land
sloven
solecism
solipcism
untidy
grammatical error
philophical theory which says , self is all that u know exists
crimping
crumpling
join the ends together by pushing

to crush
foreboding
feeling that something is going to be wrong
amended
emended
edit something from a legal document

edit something from a normal text
iambic
written in metrical units of one short and one ong syllable
lumbered
to walk heavily or awkwardly
encumbered
make it difficult for someone to do something
gawk
gaunt
to stare stupidly
appearing worn or exhausted,emaciated
adjunct
vying
hawking
propaganda
addition, attachment,accesory
competing or contending
act of selling goods for aliving
organised promotion of information to assist or damage the cause of something
subsumed
wallowing
to include something under large classification or group

luxiuriate
sheepish
fearful , cowardly
obverse
envoi
antagonise
reorganize
opposite of something
concluding words
alienate
change way in something is done
authoritarian
authoritative
believing people to obey you

showing people to obey you
invoke
evoke
to give a theory or opinion to support urs

bring a feeling,memory or image to mind
depose
reposed
remove somebody from power

keep someone
rile
rack
to annoy someobne
to make someone suffer great pain
fictitious
fictional
invented by someone
only in stories
elect
select
raillery
railing
choose to do something
choose from a group of things
friendly banter
fence made from bars
sangiune
sanguinary
cohere
adhere
deduce
adduce
friendly
liking blood shed
work together on something
stick
inference from a evidence
provide evidence
latitude
salutary
cavil
freedom to choose
having a pleasant effect
to make unncecessary complains about something
contretemp
lithe
eclectic
entailing
depose
disport
nonchalant
noncommittal
serge
effete
effervescence
facetious
scud
scuff
confidant
confidante
concussion
concision
scud
scuff
unfortunate event
bending body in a way that is elegant
general, broadbased
demanding
forced to give up position
amuse or divert oneself in a happy,energetic way
carefree
deliberately not to take stand or opinion
wollen thick material
weak and powerless
cheerful bubbly
humorous in a foolish way
move quickly
make a mark on the surface due to movement
man
women
damage to the brain caused by a blow
conciseness
move quickly
to make a mark on the surface by movement
resolute
dissolute
goal
gaol
firm
degenerate
aim
jail
facetious
felicitious
foolish
suitable
gaggle
gaffe
noisy group of people

stupid mistake
sheaths
sheaves
skittered
scuppered
veneer, faade, modicum
covering for knives

pertaining to corn
run around quickly
spoil something
appearance
pathos
bathos
fwwl sad about

shift from something serious to silly
improvise
improve
make use of something present
pitying
piteous
showing pity in such a way that someone is better

deserving or arousing pity
eventually
subsequently
ultimately
as a result of
perceptrive
perceptible
pertaining to senses
see it long enuf to understand
urbane
urbanized
cheerful
pertaining to town
adverse
adversative
unpleasant
word or phrase said in opposition to
lovely
loveable
qualities that people find attractive and easier to love
quietude
quietus
state of being calm and quite

death
irrupted
enter suddenly with great force
individualism
pertaining to the fact that each person in the society has the right to take his own decisions
individuality
characterstic of a particular person
interfere
intervene
indulge into smthng , such that it looks umpleasant
contemporary
contemporenous
belonging to the same time ,mordern

belonging to same time .but not mordern

RC - Techniques - Compilation

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Reading Comprehension:

Chapter 1 Introduction To Principles

Principle 1: Engage In Passage

Principle2: Look for the Simple Story

Principle 3: Link to What you already know

Principle 4: Unpack the Beginning

Chapter 1 Introduction To Principles

Turn action back into verbs

Principle 5: Link to What you have just Read

Principle 6: Pay Attention to Signals

Chapter 1 Introduction To Principles

Indicate logical result

Therefore; Thus; As a result; So; Accordingly: Hence

Principle 7: Pick Up the Pace

Chapter 2 Components of Passage

- Most important message of the passage

Chapter 3 Short Passage

Support: There is theory X and Y

Chapter 4 Long Passage

Support: There is theory X and Y

Chapter 5 Seven Strategies

Chapter 6 Question Analysis Strategies

Type of wrong answer choices

Chapter 6 Question Analysis Strategies

Chapter 4 Long Passage

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

What are Keywords Transition Words

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

Pretty much like a good driver who seeing this sign

An introduction to keywords and their Function

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

Text Analysis: Topic statemement/main idea is underlined. Dogmatism is Necessary in statement 1

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

Function: Consequence, Conclusions

consequence knsikwns; kwens

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

Sample text and analysis

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

Function: Exemplification, Illustration, Moving to Specific Details

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

Function : Emphasis , Focus , Special attention, Most important, special attention

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

Function: Similarity , comparison , analogy

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

To change the line of reasoning (contrast):

A course in Reading. Keywords/Transition words

CAUSE AND EFFECT...

Top Careers & You

Why this Ordeal of Reading Comprehension in CAT?

Top Careers & You

NittyGritties of Reading Comprehension

Top Careers & You

It will improve your RC as stated and also increase your comfort

It will improve your vocabulary, as different subjects use different

It will enrich your oral and written expression through the

Sticking to the Purpose of Reading

Top Careers & You

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS REGARDING RC FOR

What is the subject of the passages that we get for RC?

Biological Sciences (Biochemistry, Botany, Medicine, Microbiology,

Humanities (Art, Cinema, Literature, Music etc.)

Physical Sciences (Astronomy, Astrophysics, Chemistry,

Social Sciences (Anthropology, Philosophy and this one is a favorite