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ANAT321
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhuUhaNI
WLQ#t=110
The Eye
Cornea
Lens
Lens
Vitreous
humor
Vitreous
Choroid
Sclera
Iris
Retina
Optic disc
Optic Disk
Optic nerve
Fovea
Fovea
Retina
Lens
Pupil
Lens
The fovea is directly in line with the visual axis. It is the high
acuity region of the retina
Macula
Fovea
This is what your eyes are doing when you look at a face.
The rapid eye movements are called saccades.
The optic disk has no photoreceptors, so each eye has a blind spot
The Retina
Morphology of Photoreceptors
Discs
Outer segment
Outer segment
Mitochondria
Inner segment
Inner segment
Nucleus
Soma
Soma
Synaptic terminal
Synaptic terminal
Rod
Cone
cGMP Phosphodiesterase
Rhodopsin
Transducin
(G-Protein)
cGMP
Na+
5GMP
-40 mV
-60 mV
Cone
Bipolar Cell
Glutamate (Inhibitory)
Glutamate (Excitatory)
To Optic Nerve
Horizontal Cell
Horizontal Cell
Surround
Center
Surround
Surround
Center
Surround
Excitatory synapse
Cone
Glutamate (Inhibitory)
Bipolar Cells
Glutamate (Excitatory)
OnGanglion cell
Key Points
Information from multiple photoreceptors converges on
individual retinal ganglion cells.
As a result of this convergence, through the complex lateral
circuitry of the retina, the receptive fields of the retinal ganglion
cells are more complex than the receptive fields of the
photoreceptors.
Retinal ganglion cells are especially good at detecting
edges/boundaries between light and dark regions of visual
space.
The axons of retinal ganglion cells project as the optic nerves to the lateral
geniculate nuclei. The fibers partially cross at the optic chiasm and continue
as the optic tracts.
Optic Chiasm
Optic nerves
Optic chiasm
Optic tracts
Lateral geniculate
Inputs from the two eyes and from the M and P pathways are
segregated in distinct layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Optic nerves
Optic chiasm
Lateral geniculate
nucleus
Optic
tracts
Dorsal
Ventral
M pathway
P pathway
Primary visual
cortex
Off-center
Primary visual
cortex (V1)
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate
nucleus
Visual Pathways
Fovea
5
6
10
13
24
7
8
12
Visual Field
Right
Left
V1
4 8
3 7
Calcarine fissure
12
11
10
9
6 2
5 1
V1
Left eye
Right eye
Nissl stain
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-ixpsychophysics-of-vision/the-primary-visualcortex/
V2 (Thin stripe)
V2 (Interstripe)
2
Blob
Interblob
V2 (Thick stripe)
Ventral stream
Dorsal stream
4A
4B
4B
4C
4C
4C
4C
M and P connections in V1
Blob
4A
4B
4C
4C
In 1981, Torsten Wiesel (left) and David Hubel (right) won the Nobel Prize for their
discoveries concerning how brain neurons encode visual stimuli. Hubel went to
grade school in Outremont, obtained his undergraduate (in math and physics) and
medical degrees from McGill and studied neurology for three years at the
Montreal Neurological Institute, before moving to the U.S. (Johns Hopkins and
then Harvard).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KE952yue
VLA
_
_ + _
_
_
_ + _
_
Dorsal (where)
Ventral (what)
Detection of Motion
Neurons in MT respond to the movement of the entire object in the visual field
rather than to its component parts.
Dorsal stream
Detection of Form
The human retina contains three types of cones, called S, M and L. Each
type is tuned to respond best to a restricted range of wavelengths within
the visible spectrum.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colcon.html
M
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colcon.html
Reflectance
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
700
L M = red/green
S LM = Yellow/Blue
P-type ganglion cells have red-green or yellow-blue, on- and offcentered receptive fields.
_ + _ _ + _
_
_
On-center
+
_ +
+
+
+
+ _ +
+
Off-center
_ + _ _ + _
_
_
On-center
+
+ _ +
+
+
+ _ +
+
Off-center
Dorsal (where)
Ventral (what)
Key Ideas
Information destined for the cortex passes through the thalamus (the
lateral geniculate nucleus).
Information is processed at multiple levels (LGN, V1, the dorsal and
ventral streams). Neurons at high levels in the hierarchy have more
complex receptive fields than neurons at low levels in the hierarchy.
Lateral inhibition plays an important role in shaping receptive fields.
Information flows through multiple parallel pathways (the M and P
pathways). Information flowing through the separate pathways is bound
together, through a process that is not fully understood, to create a
unified percept.
Perception of color is a combinatorial process.
Perception is an abstraction not a replication of the external world.