Looping c الفصل الثانى

Program 5-1
The Increment and Decrement Operators
// This program demonstrates the increment and decrement

// operators.
++ and -- are operators that add and subtract

one from their operands.
num = num + 1;
num += 1;
num++;
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
int bigVal = 10, smallVal = 1;
cout << "bigVal is " << bigVal
<< " and smallVal is " << smallVal << endl;
smallVal++;
bigVal--;
Program continues
Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output
Program continued from previous slide.

++smallVal;
--bigVal;
bigVal is 10 and smallVal is 1

Program 5-2
//This program demonstrates the prefix and postfix modes of the
// increment and decrement operators.
Program Output
bigVal starts as 10 and smallVal starts as 1
bigVal--: 10
smallVal++: 1
Now bigVal is: 9
Now smallVal is: 2
--bigVal: 8
++smallVal: 3
void main(void)
{
int bigVal = 10, smallVal = 1;
cout << "bigVal starts as " << bigVal;
cout << " and smallVal starts as " << smallVal << endl;
cout << "bigVal--: " << bigVal-- << endl;
cout << "smallVal++: " << smallVal++ << endl;
cout << "Now bigVal is: " << bigVal << endl;
cout << "Now smallVal is: " << smallVal << endl;
cout << "--bigVal: " << --bigVal << endl;
cout << "++smallVal: " << ++smallVal << endl;
}
Using ++ and -- in Mathematical

Expressions
Using ++ and -- in Relational

Expressions
a = 2;
b = 5;
c = a * b++;
cout << a <<
x = 10;
if ( x++ > 10)
cout << x is greater than 10.\n;
<< b <<
<< c;
Two operations are happening:

the value in x is tested to determine if it is
greater than 10
then x is incremented
Results: 2 6 10
Program 5-3
5.2 Introduction to Loops - The while

Loop
// This program demonstrates a simple while loop.

A loop is part of a program that repeats.

A while loop is a pre test loop - the
expression is tested before the loop is
executed
void main(void)
{
int number = 0;
cout << "This program will let you enter number
after\n";
cout << "number. Enter 99 when you want to quit the
";
cout << "program.\n";
while (number != 99)
cin >> number;
}
while (expression)
statement;
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10
Program Output with Example Input
Terminating a Loop
This program will let you enter number after number. Enter
99 when you want to quit the program.
1 [Enter]
2 [Enter]
30 [Enter]
75 [Enter]
99 [Enter]
A loop that does not have a way of stopping is called

an infinite loop
int test = 0;
while (test < 10)
cout << Hello\n;
A null statement is also an infinite loop, but it does
nothing forever:
while (test < 10);
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12
Programming Style and the while Loop
5.3 Counters
If there is only one statement repeated by

the loop, it should appear on the line after
the while statement and be indented one
additional level
If the loop repeats a block, the block should
begin on the line after the while statement
and each line inside the braces should be
indented
A counter is a variable that is incremented

or decremented each time a loop iterates.
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14
Program 5-4
// This program displays the numbers 1 through 10 and
// their squares.
void main(void)
{
int num = 1;
Program Output
number
number Squared
------------------------1
1
2
4
3
9
4
16
5
25
6
36
7
49
8
64
9
81
10
100
// Initialize counter
cout << "number

number Squared\n";
cout << "-------------------------\n";
while (num <= 10)
{
cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl;
num++;
// Increment counter
}
}
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16
Program 5-5
// This program displays the numbers 1 through 10
and
// their squares.
Program Output
number
number Squared
------------------------1
1
2
4
3
9
4
16
5
25
6
36
7
49
8
64
9
81
10
100
void main(void)
{
int num = 0;
cout << "number
number Squared\n";
cout << "-------------------------\n";
while (num++ < 10)
cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) <<
endl;
}
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18
Program 5-6
5.4 Letting the User Control the Loop
// This program averages a set of test scores for multiple

// students. It lets the user decide how many.
We can let the user indicate the number of

times a loop should repeat.
void main(void)
{
int numStudents, count = 0;
cout << "This program will give you the average of
three\n";
cout << "test scores per student.\n";
cout << "How many students do you have test scores for? ";
cin >> numStudents;
cout << "Enter the scores for each of the students.\n";
cout.precision(2);
19
Program continues
20
while (count++ < numStudents)

{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
cout << "\nStudent " << count << ": ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
}
This program will give you the average of three test scores per student.
How many students do you have test scores for? 3 [Enter]
Enter the scores for each of the students.
Student 1: 75 80 82 [Enter]
The average is 79.
The average is 86.67.
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Program 5-7
5.5 Keeping a Running Total
// This program takes daily sales figures over a period of

// time and calculates their total.
A running total is a sum of numbers that

accumulates with each iteration of a loop.
The variable used to keep the running total
is called an accumulator.
void main(void)
{
int days, count = 0;
float total = 0.0;
cout << "For how many days do you have sales figures? ";
cin >> days;
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Program continues
24
Program continues
while (count++ < days)
{
float sales;
cout << "Enter the sales for day " << count << ": ";
cin >> sales;
total += sales;
}
cout.precision(2);
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);
cout << "The total sales are $" << total << endl;
For how many days do you have sales figures? 5 [Enter]

Enter the sales for day 1: 489.32 [Enter]
The total sales are $2448.15
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Program 5-8
5.6 Sentinels
// This program calculates the total number of points a

// soccer team has earned over a series of games. The user
// enters a series of point values, then -1 when finished.
A sentinel is a special value that marks the

end of a list of values.
void main(void)
{
int count = 0, points = 0, total = 0;
cout << "Enter the number of points your team has earned\n";
cout << "so far in the season, then enter -1 when\n";
cout << "finished.\n";
27
Program continues
28

while (points != -1)
{
count++;
cout << "Enter the points for game " << count << ": ";
cin >> points;
if (points != -1)
total += points;
}
cout << "The total points are " << total << endl;
Enter the number of points your team has earned so far in the
season, then enter -1 when you are finished.
Enter the points for game 1: 7 [Enter]
Enter the points for game 6: -1 [Enter]
The total points are 34
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30
Program 5-9
5.7 The do-while Loop and for

Loops
//This program averages 3 test scores. It repeats as many times as

// the user wishes
void main(void)
{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
char again;
do
{
cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
cout << "Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) ";
cin >> again;
} while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
}
In addition to the while loop, C++ also

offers the do-while and for loops.
A do-while loop is similar to a while loop,
but in post-test format:
do
statement;
while (expression);
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The for Loop
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter]

The average is 80.
Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) y [Enter]
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 60 75 88 [Enter]
Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) n [Enter]
Ideal for situations that require a counter

because it has built-in expressions that
initialize and update variables.
for (initialization; test; update)
statement;
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Program 5-11
// This program displays the numbers 1 through 10 and
// their squares.
Program Output
Number
Number Squared
------------------------1
1
2
4
3
9
4
16
5
25
6
36
7
49
8
64
9
81
10
100
void main(void)
{
int num;
cout << Number
Number Squared\n";
cout << "-------------------------\n";
for (num = 1; num <= 10; num++)
cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl;
}
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36
Omitting the for Loops Expressions
Using initialization and update lists
int num = 1;
for ( ; num <= 10; num++)
cout << num << \t\t << (num * num) << endl;
You may need to perform more than one

statement in the initialization part of a for
loop. In that case, just separate the
statements with commas.
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Program 5-12
// This program takes daily sales figures for one week
// and calculates their total.
cin >> sales;

total += sales;
void main(void)
{
const int days = 7;
int count;
float total;
for (count = 1, total = 0.0; count <= days; count++)
{
float sales;
cout << "Enter the sales for day " << count << ": ";
Program continues
39
}
cout.precision(2);
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);
cout << "The total sales are $" << total << endl;
}
40
10
5.8 Other forms of the update

expression
Incrementing the counter by something besides 1:

The total sales are $3413.71
for(number = 2; number <= 100; number +=2)

cout << number << endl; // print the even numbers 2
100
Going backwards:
for(number = 10; number >= 0; number--)
cout << number << endl; //count from 10 to 0
A stand-alone for loop

//This one prints the integers from 1 to 10
for(number = 1; number <= 10; cout << number++)
There are quite a few variations, try some of your

own!
41
5.8 Focus on Software Engineering:

Deciding Which Loop to Use
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5.9 Focus on Software Engineering:

Nested Loops
The while Loop

A pre-test loop.
Use when you do not want the loop to iterate if the condition is false from
the beginning.
Ideal if you want to use a sentinel.
The do-while Loop
A post-test loop.
Use if you always want the loop to iterate at least once.
The for Loop
A pre-test loop.
Automatically executes an update expression at the end of each iteration.
Ideal for situations where a counter variable is needed.
Used when the exact number of required iterations is known.
43
A loop that is inside another loop is called a

nested loop.
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11
Program 5-13
for (int count1 = 1; count1 <= numStudents; count1++)

{
total = 0;
// Initialize accumulator
for (int count2 = 1; count2 <= numTests; count2++)
{
int score;
cout << "Enter score " << count2 << " for ";
cout << "student " << count1 << ": ";
cin >> score;
total += score;
// accumulate running total
}
average = total / numTests;
cout << "The average score for student " << count1;
cout << " is " << average << ".\n\n";
}
// This program averages test scores. It asks the user for the
// number of students and the number of test scores per student.
void main(void)
{
int numStudents, numTests, total;
float average;
cout << "This program averages test scores.\n";
cout << "For how many students do you have scores? ";
cin >> numStudents;
cout << "How many test scores does each student have? ";
cin >> numTests;
}
Program continues
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5.10 Breaking Out of a Loop

This program averages test scores.
For how many students do you have scores? 2 [Enter]
How many test scores does each student have? 3 [Enter]
Enter score 1 for student 1: 84 [Enter]
The average for student 1 is 86.
The break statement causes a loop to

terminate early.

The average for student 2 is 91.
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12
Program 5-14
// This program raises the user's number to the powers
// of 0 through 10.
#include <math.h>
for (int count = 0; count < 10; count++)

{
cout << value << " raised to the power of ";
cout << count << " is " << pow(value, count);
cout << "\nEnter Q to quit or any other key ";
cout << "to continue. ";
cin >> choice;
if (choice == 'Q' || choice == 'q')
break;
}
void main(void)
{
int value;
char choice;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> value;
cout << "This program will raise " << value;
cout << " to the powers of 0 through 10.\n";
Program continues
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Program Output
Enter a number: 2 [Enter]
This program will raise 2 to the powers of 0 through 10.
2 raised to the power of 0 is 1
Enter Q to quit or any other key to
continue. C [Enter]
Enter Q to quit or any other key to continue. C [Enter]
Enter Q to quit or any other key to continue. Q [Enter]
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13

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Program 5-1

The Increment and Decrement Operators

// This program demonstrates the increment and decrement

++ and -- are operators that add and subtract

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program continued from previous slide.

bigVal is 10 and smallVal is 1

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Using ++ and -- in Mathematical

Using ++ and -- in Relational

Two operations are happening:

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

5.2 Introduction to Loops - The while

// This program demonstrates a simple while loop.

A loop is part of a program that repeats.

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example Input

A loop that does not have a way of stopping is called

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Programming Style and the while Loop

If there is only one statement repeated by

A counter is a variable that is incremented

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

cout << "number

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

// This program averages a set of test scores for multiple

We can let the user indicate the number of

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program continued from previous slide.

Program Output with Example Input

while (count++ < numStudents)

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

// This program takes daily sales figures over a period of

A running total is a sum of numbers that

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example Input

For how many days do you have sales figures? 5 [Enter]

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

// This program calculates the total number of points a

A sentinel is a special value that marks the

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program continued from previous slide.

Program Output with Example Input

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

5.7 The do-while Loop and for

//This program averages 3 test scores. It repeats as many times as

In addition to the while loop, C++ also