Algebra of CN

Mathematics for IIT-JEE
Algebra of Complex Numbers
CHAPTER
ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1.1 Square Roots
A square root of a number a is a number c such that c2 = a.

25 has a square root of 5 because 52 = 25.
25 has a square root of 5 because (5)2 = 25.
16 does not have a real - number square root because there is no real number such that c2 = 16.
We shall see that there is a number system, other than the real number system, in which negative
numbers do have square roots.
Every positive real number has two real - number square roots. The number 0 has just one square root,
0 itself. Negative numbers do not have real - number square roots.
The principal square root of a nonnegative number is its nonnegative square root. The symbol
represents the principal square root of a. The negative square root of a is written a .
is a radical sign. An expression written with a radical sign is a radical expression.

The symbol
The expression written under the radical sign is the radicand.
For any real number, a,
a 2 a . The principal (nonnegative) square root of a2 is the absolute value
of a.
1.2 Imaginary Numbers
Negative numbers do not have square roots in the system of real numbers. Certain equations have no
solutions. A new kind of number, called imaginary, was invented so that negative numbers would have
square roots and certain equations would have solutions. These numbers were devised, starting with an
imaginary unit named, i, with the agreement that i2 = 1 or i =
1 . All other imaginary numbers can be
expressed as a product of i and a real number.

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Illustration :
Express
5 and 7 in terms of i.
5 = 1 5 = 1 5 = i 5 ,
7 = 1 7 = 1 7 = i 7
It is also to be understood that the imaginary unit obeys the familiar laws of real numbers, such as the
commutative and associative laws.
Illustration :
Simplify
3 7
Important. We first expres the two imaginary numbers in terms of i.
3 7 i 3.i 7
Now, rearranging and combining, we have
i2 3 7 1. 21
=
21
Had we not expressed imaginary numbers in terms of i at the outset, we would have obtained
21
instead of 21
Important All imaginary numbers must be expressed in terms of i before simplifying.
Powers of i (IOTA)
Let us look at the powers of i :
i2 = 1,
i5 = i4. i = 1. i = i,
i3 = i2 . i = 1 . i = i,
i6 = i5. i = i . i = 1,
i4 = i2. i2 = 1 (1) = 1,
i7 = i6. i = 1 . i = i.
The first four powers of i are all different, but thereafter there is a repeating patterns, in cycles of four.
Note that i4 = 1 and that all powers of i4, such as i8, i16, and so on, are 1. To find a higher power we express
it in terms of the nearest power of 4 less than the given one.
Illustation :
Simplify i17, and i23.
i17 = i16. i
Since i16 is a power of i4 and i4 = 1, we know that i16 = 1 so
i17 = 1. i = i,
i23 = i20. i3
Since i20 is a power of i4, i20 = 1, so i23 = 1 . i3 = 1. (i) = i.
1.3 The system of Complex Numbers
If x is any real number, then x2 0, and hence x2 + 1 1. Thus the equation

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x2 + 1 = 0
(1)
has no solution the system R of real numbers. This is a limitation, and it would be desirable to extend
the system R to a larger number system in which the above equation does have a solution. This is indeed
possible, and in a manner such that the usual rules governing addition and multiplication continue to hold in
the larger system. Denote by i a solution of (1) in our new system, so that
i2 = 1.
(2)
Then this system contains every expression of the form

(3)
a + bi
(a, b, R).
The equations of the form x2 + 1 = 0, x2 + 4 = 0 etc. are not solvable in R. i.e. there is no real number
whose square is a negative real number. Euler was the first mathematician to introduce the symbol i (iota) for
the square root of 1 with the property i2 = 1. He also called this symbol as the imaginary unit.
1.4 Complex Numbers
Definition : A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers and i = 1, is called a
complex number. This may also be defined as an ordered pair of real numbers a and b and may be written as
(a, b), where the first member denotes the real part and the second member the imaginary part. Thus the
complex number 2 + 3i may also be written as (2, 3) and the number 2 3i as (2, 3). Similarly, if the real
and imaginary parts of a complex number d = a + ib are represented by R (d) and I(d) respectively, then we
have
R(d) = R (a + ib) = a,
and
I(d) = I (a + ib) = b.
Clearly, a complex number is real if its imaginary part is zero, and is purely imaginary if its real part
is zero.
1.5 Equality of Complex Numbers
Definition : Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + i b2 are equal if a1 = a2 and b1 = b2 i.e.,
Re (z1) and Im (z1) = Im (z2)
Thus, z1 = z2
Re (z ) = Re(z ) and Im (z ) = Im(z )

1
Illustration :
If z1 = 2 iy and z2 = x + 3i are equal, find x and y.
Sol. We have z1 = z2
2 iy = x + 3i
2 = x and y = 3
x = 2 and y = 3.
Illustration :
If (a + b) i (3a + 2b) = 5 + 2i, find a and b.
Sol. We have, (a + b) - i (3a + 2b) = 5 + 2i
a + b = 5 and (3a + 2b) = 2

a = 12, b = 17.
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1.6 The Algebra of a Complex Number
Algebra of complex numbers includes addition and multiplication of complex numbers and their
inverse operations subtraction and division will follow easily.
1.7 Addition of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 then their addition i.e., z1 + z2 is defined as

z1 + z2 = (a1 + ib1) + (a2 + ib2)
= (a1 + a2) + i(b1 + b2)
which shows that real parts of z1 and z2 are added and imaginary parts of z1 and z2 are added together.
Illustration :
z1 = 3 + 2i, z2 = 5 + 4i
z1 + z2 = (3 + 5) + i (2 + 4) = 8 + 6i.
1.8 The Properties of Addition
I. Closure
Since the addition of two complex numbers is a complex number hence addition is said to be closed.
II. Commutative Law
Let
z1 = a1 + ib1,
z2 = a2 + ib2, then
z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + i (b1 + b2)

Since real numbers are commutative w.r.t. addition i.e., a1 + a2 = a2 + a1, b1 + b2 = b2 + b1
So
z1 + z2 = (a2 + a1) + i (b2 + b1)

= (a2 + ib2) + (a1 + ib1) = z2 + z1
III. Associative Law :

Let z1 = a1 + ib1, z2 = a2 + ib2, z3 = a3 + ib3, then we have
(z1 + z2) = (a1 + a2) + i (b1 + b2)
(z1 + z2) + z3 = [(a1 + a2) + a3] + i [(b1 + b2) + b3]
= [a1 + (a2 + a3)] + i [b1 + (b2 + b3)]
= (a1 + ib1) + [(a2 + ib2) + (a3 + ib3)] = z1 + (z2 + z3)
IV. Additive Identity
Let
z1 = a1 + ib1, 0 = 0 + i0 then
z1 + 0 = (a1 + ib1) + (0 + i0)
= (a1 + 0) + i (b1 + 0) = a1 + ib1= z1.
Alternately,
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a + ib be identity
then
z1 + z2 = (a1+ ib1) + (a + ib)

= a1 + ib1 which implies that
(a1 + ib1) + (a + ib) = a1 + ib1

(a1 + a) + i(b1 + b) = a1 + ib1
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a1 + a = a1
and
b1 + b = b1
a=0
and
b=0
0 = 0 + i0 is additive identity.
Additive Inverse
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a + ib be its inverse then
z1 + z2 = 0 + i0
i.e.,
(a1 + a) + i(b1 + b) = 0 + i0
a1 + a = 0
a = a1
and
b1 + b = 0
and
b = b1
Hence, z2 = a1 ib1 is additive inverse of a1 + ib1

Illustration :
Sum
Sol.
2 7i 7
3
, i and i .
3 3 2
4
2 7i 7 3
i i
3 3 2 4
2 7 7 3 2 28 42 + 9
+i +
= +i
3 3 2 4 3
12
2 37 42 2 7
i
i
3 12 3 12
Illustration :
Find additive inverse of 2 + 3i
Sol. Let
z1 = 2 + 3i
z1 z1 = 0
Hence, z1 = 2 3i so that
z1 z1 = 2 + 3i 2 3i = (2 2) + i (3 3) = 0 + i0 = 0
Illustration :
Find difference of two complex numbers :
z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2
Sol . z1 z2 = (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2)
= (a1 + ib1) a2 ib2 = (a1 a2) + i(b1 - b2)
1.9 Multiplication of Two Complex Numbers
Let z1 = (a + ib) and z2 = (c + id), then multiplication z1 z2 of z1 and z2 is defined as

z1z2 = (ac bd) + i(ad + bc)
As the matter of fact we multiply (a + ib) with (c + id) as usal and write i2 = 1.
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Illustration :
z1 = (2 + 3i), z2 = (4 + 5i) then
z1 z2 = (2 + 3i) (4 + 5i)
= 8 + 12i + 10i + 15i2
= 8 + 12i + 10i 15
[Here i2 = 1]
= 7 + 22i.
Illustration :
Solve : i8 + i10 + i11 + i12.
Sol. i8 + (i2)5 + i(i2)5 + (i2)6
= (i2)4 + (i2)5 + i(i2)5 + (i2)6
= (1)4 + (1)5 + i(1)5 + (1)6
= 1 1 i + 1 = 1 i.
The following properties on multiplications of complex numbers can be easily verified.

i) Closure
Since multiplication of two complex numbers is a complex number hence closed.
ii) Commuttive Law i.e., z1 z2 = z2 z1
iii) Associative Law z1 (z2z3) = (z1z2) z3
iv) (1 + i0) is multiplicative identity
v) Multiplicative inverse
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id is its multiplicative inverse such that
z1z2 = (a + ib) (c + id) = 1 + i0
i.e.,
ac + ibc + iad + i2bd = 1 + i0

ac + i (bc + ad) bd = 1 + i0
(ac bd) + i (bc + ad) = 1 + i0
ac bd = 1 and bc + ad = 0
Solving the above equation,
c=
, d=
a b
Distributive Law : z1 (z2 + z3) = z1 z2 + z1z3
2
b
provided a2 + b2 0.
a b2
2
Illustration :
Find multiplicative inverse of 4 3i.
Sol. Multiplicative inverse of a + ib is given by
So multiplicative inverse is
Verification
4
16 9
a
a b
2
bi
a b2
2
. Hence in this case a = 4, b = 3.
3i
25
16 9i 2
4 3i
(4

3i)

25
25
16 9 25

25
25
= 1 = 1 + i0.
=
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SALIENT POINTS
Operations on Complex Numbers
Let
d1 = a1 + ib1
and
d2 = a2 + ib2
be two complex numbers.

(i) Addition
d1 + d2 = a1 + ib1 + a2 + ib2
= a1 + a2 + i(b1 + b2)
= a3 + ib3.
which is also a complex number.
Using the notation of ordered pairs, the above can be written as
d1 + d2 = (a1, b1) + (a2, b2)
= (a1 + a2, b1 + b2)
(ii) Subraction
d1 d2 = a1 + ib1 (a2 + ib2)
= a1 a2 + i(b1 b2)
= (a1 a2, b1 b2)
We also have d1 + ( d1)
= a1 + ib1 + (a1 ib1)

= 0
Here (d1) is said to be an additive inverse of d1.

(iii) Multiplication
d1.d2
= (a1 + ib1) . (a2 + ib2)

= a1a2 + ia1b2 + ia2b1 + i2b1b2
= a1a2 b1b2 + i (a1b2 + a2b1)
= (a1a2 bib2, a1b2 + a2b1)
In particular,
1
d1 . d = 1
1
1
Here, d is said to be a multiplicative inverse of d1.
1
(iv) Division
d1 a1 ib1 a1 ib1
a 2 ib2

d 2 a 2 ib2 (a 2 ib2 )(a 2 ib2 )
(a1a2 + b1b2 ) + i (a2b1 a1b2 )

a22 + b22
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For example, if d1 = 2 + 3i and d2 = 3 + 4i, then we obtain
d1d2
= (2 + 3i) (3 + 4i)
= 6 + 8i + 9i + 12i2
= 6 + 17i 12
= 6 + 17i,
and
d1/d2
2 3i (2 3i)(3 4i)

3 4i (3 4i)(3 4i)
6 8i 9i 12
9 16
18 i 18 1
i.
25
25 25
(v) Equality of two complex numbers

Two complex numbers d1 = a1 + ib1 and d2 = a2 + ib2 are said to be equal if and only if a1 = a2 and
b1 = b2.
d1 + d2 = d2 + d1
d1.d2 = d2.d1
d1 + (d2 + d3) = (d1 + d2) + d3
d1 (d2d3) = (d1d2) d3
123 123
From definitions it is easy to deduce that complex numbers satisfy the commutative and associative
laws for multiplication and addition and also the distributive law :
d1(d2 + d3) = d1d2 + d1d3
commutative laws
associative laws
distributive law
1.10 Conjugate of a Complex Number
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then, the conjugate of z is denoted by z and is equal to a ib.
Thus,
z = a + ib
z = a ib
It follows from this definition that the conjugate of a complex number is obtained by replacing i by - i.
For example,
z = 3 + 4 i, then z = 3 4i.
1.11 Properties of Complex Conjugate
We know z1 = a1 + ib1 then conjugate of z1 is defined as a1 ib1

(i) Prove z1
= z1
Proof. Let
z1 = a1 + ib1
z1 = a1 ib1
z1 = a1 + ib1 = z.
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(ii) Prove
z1 z 2 = z1 z2
z1 = a1 + ib1
and z2 = a2 + ib2.
z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + i(b1 + b2)
z1 z 2 = (a1 + a2) i(b1 + b2)

= (a1 ib1) + (a2 ib2) = z1 z2
z1z 2 = z1 z2
(iii) Prove
Let
z1 = a1 + ib1,
z2 = a2 + ib2
z1 z2 = (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2)

= a1a2 + ib1a2 + ia1b2 + i2 b1b2
= (a1 a2 b1 b2) + i (b1a2 + a1 b2)
z1z 2 = (a1 a2 b1b2) i (b1a2 + a1 b2)

Now
z 1 = a1 ib1
z 2 = a2 ib2
z 1 z2 = (a1 ib1) (a2 - ib2)

= a1 a2 ia1 b2 ib1 a2 + i2b1 b2
= (a1a2 b1b2) i (b1a2 + a1b2)

z1z 2 z 1 z2
Proved.
1.12 Theorems on Complex Conjugate
(i) Prove
z1 z1
z z
2
2
Proof. By simple calculation we can prove it.

(ii) Prove
zz | z |2
z = a + ib
z = a - ib
z z = (a + ib) (a ib)
= a2 + b2 = | z |2
(iii) Prove
Proof.
z n (z)n
z n = ( zzzz....ntimes)
= z z z ..... n times with the use of formula z1z 2 z1 z2
= (z)n
Proved.
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(iv) Prove
z1 z 2 z1 z2
Proof. Let
z1 = a1 + ib1
z2 = a2 + ib2
z1 z2 = (a1 a2) + i(b1 b2)
z1 z 2 = (a1 a2) i (b1 b2)
z1 a1 ib1
z2 a 2 ib 2
\
\
z1 z 2 = a1 ib1 a2 + ib2 = (a1 a2) - i(b1 b2)

z1 z 2 z1 z2
Proved.
(v) Prove z + z is purely real.

Proof. Let
z = a + ib
z = a ib
z + z = 2a = Purely real.
(vi) Prove z z is purely imaginary.

Proof. Let
z = a + ib
z = a ib
z z = a + ib a + ib
= 2ib = Purely imaginary.
Proved.
1.13 Modulus of A complex Number
Definition : The modulus of a complex number z = a + ib is denoted by | z | and is defined as

|z|=
a 2 b2 {Re(z)}2 {Im(z)}2
Clearly, | z | 0 for all z C.

For example,
if z1 = 3 4i, z2 = 5 + 2i, and z3 = 1 +
and,
| z1 | =
32 ( 4)2 = 5,
| z2 | =
( 5)2 22 =
| z3 | = | 1 + i
3 , then
29
3 | = 12 ( 3)2 2
Remark: In the set C of all complex numbers, the order relation is not defined. As such z1 > z2 or, z1 < z2
has no meaning but | z1 | > | z2 | or, | z1 | < |z2| has got its meaning since | z1| and | z2 | are real
numbers.
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Properties of Modulus
If z, z1, z2 C, then
Theorem
(i)
| z | = 0 z = 0 i.e., Re (z) = Im (z) = 0
(ii)
(iii)
|z|=| z |=|z|
| z | Re (z) | z | ; | z | Im (z) | z |
(iv)
z z = | z | 2.
(v)
| z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
(vi)
z
z1
= 1 ; z2 0
z2
z2
(vii)
z 1 z 2 z1 z 2 2 Re (z1 z2 )
(viii)
z1 z 2 = z1 + z 2 2 Re( z1 z 2 )
(ix)
z1 + z 2 + z1 z 2 = 2( z1 + z 2 )
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
| a z1 b z2|2 + | b z1 + a z2|2 = (a2 + b2) +( |z1|2 + |z2|2), where a, b R.
| z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 |
| z1 z2 | | z1 | + | z2 |
| z1 + z2 | | z1 | - | z2 |
| z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 |
| z1 | | z2 | | z1 + z2|
and
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
Proof : (i) Let z = a + ib Then,

|z|=0
(ii)
a 2 b2 0
a2 + b2 = 0
a = 0 and b = 0
Re (z) = Im (z) = 0
Let z = a + ib. Then, z = a ib and z = a ib
|z|=
| z |=
and
|z|=
a 2 b2
a 2 b
a 2 b2
2
( a)2 ( b)2 a 2 b2
Clearly, | z | = z z
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(iii)
Let z = a + ib. Then, | z | =
a 2 b2
Since, a 2 b 2 c a c a 2 b 2
and,
a 2 b2 c b c a 2 b2
| z | Re (z) | z | and, |z| Im (z) | z|
(iv)
Let z = a + ib. Then, z = a ib.

z z = ( a + ib) (a ib)
= a2 i2 b2.
= a2 + b2
=
a 2 b2
= | z |2
(v)
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2, where a1, a2 and b1, b2 be real numbers. Then,
(vi)
= z1 z2 = (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2)

z1 z2 = (a1 a2 b1 b2) + i(a1 b2 + a2 b1)
z1 z2 = (a1a2 b1b2 ) 2 + (a1b2 + a2b1 ) 2
z1 z2 = (a12 a22 + b12b22 ) + (a12b22 + b12 a22 )
z1 z2 = a12 (a22 + b22 ) + b12 (a22 + b22 )
| z1 z2 | =
| z1z2| =
| z1 z2 | = | z1 | |z2 |
(a12 b12 )(a 22 b22 )

a12 b12 a 22 b22
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2, where a1, a2 and b1, b2 are real numbers. Then,
z1 a1 ib1

z 2 a 2 ib2
1
z1
= (a1 + ib1 )
z2
a2 + ib2
a
z1
(b )
(a1 ib1 ) 2 2 2 i 2 2 2
z2
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
z1 a1a 2 b1b2 a 2 b1 a1b2

i
z 2 a 22 b22 a 22 b22
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(vii)
a a b b a b a b
z1
1 22 12 2 2 21 12 2
z2
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
z1
(a1a 2 b1b2 )2 (a 2 b1 a1b2 )2

z2
(a 22 b22 )2
z1
a 2 a 2 + b 2b 2 + a22b12 + a12b22
(a12 + b12 )(a22 + b22 )
= 1 2 1 2
2
2
=
z2
a22 + b22
a22 + b22
z1
a12 b12
2 2
z2
a 2 b2
a12 b12
z
z1

1
2
2
z2
z2
a 2 b2
z1 z 2
We have,
\ z z = | z |2]
( z1 + z 2 )
= (z1 + z2)
\z
= (z1 + z2) (z z 2 )
z 2 z1 z2 ]
= z1 z1 + z2 z2 + z1 z2 + z2 z1
= z1 + z 2 + z1 z 2 + ( z1 z 2 )
2
\ z + z = 2 Re (z)]
= z1 z 2 2 Re(z1 z2 )
(viii)
We have,
| z1 z2| 2
\ z z = 2 Re (z)]
= (z1 z2) z1 z2
= (z1 z2) z1 z2
\z
z 2 z1 z2 ]
= z1 z1 + z 2 z 2 z1 z 2 z 2 z1
= z1 + z2 z1 z 2 ( z1 z 2 )
2
= z1 | z 2 |2 2 Re(z1 z2 )
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(ix)
Adding (vii) and (viii), we get

2
z1 z 2 | z1 z 2 |2 2(| z1 |2 | z 2 |2 )
(x)
We have,
| az1 bz2 |2
= (a z1 b z2) (a z1 b z 2 )
= (a z1 bz2) (a z1 b z2 )
= a 2 z1 z1 az1bz2 bz 2 az1 b2 z 2 z2
= a 2 | z1 |2 ab{z1 z2 z1 z2} b2 | z2 |2
2
= a2 z1 ab z1 z2 (z1 z2 ) b2 z 2
= a2 z1 2 ab \2 Re(z1 z2 )^ b2 z 2 2
2
= a2 z1 2ab Re(z1 z2 ) b2 z 2
Similarly, we have
| b z1 + a z2 | 2.
= b2 | z1 |2 + a2 | z2|2 + 2ab (z1 z 2)
\ | az1 bz2 |2 + | bz1 + az2 | 2
= a2 | z1 |2 2 ab Re (z1 z2 ) + b2 | z2 |2
+ b2 | z1 |2 + 2ab Re (z1 z2 ) + a2 | z2 | 2
= | z1 |2 (a2 + b2) + | z2 |2 (b2 + a2)
= (a2 + b2) ( | z1 |2 + | z2 |2)
(xi)
We have, | z1 + z2 |2
= (z1 + z2) (z1 z 2 )
[' z z = | z |2]
= (z1 + z2) (z1 z2 )
[' z1 z 2 = z1 + z2 ]
= z1 z1 + z2 z2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 Re (z1 z2 )
' Re (z1 z2 ) c | z1 z2 |
c | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 | z1 z2 |
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 | z1 | |z2 |
\ | z1 + z2 |2 c
(| z1 | + | z2 | )2
| z1 + z2 | c | z1 | + | z2 |.
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(xii)
We have,
| z1 z2 | 2
(z1 z2) (z1 z 2 )
= (z1 z2) (z1 z2 )
= z1 z1 + z2 z2 z1 z2 z1 z2
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 z1 z2 (z1 z2 )
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 2 | z1 z2 |
| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 | z1 z |
\ | z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 | z1 | | z |
| z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 | z1 | | z2 |
| z1 z2 |2 (| z1 | + | z2|)2
| z1 z2 | | z1 | + z2 |
2
['|z|
Re (z) | z |]
[' Re (z)
|z|]
(xiii)
We have,
| z1 + z2 |2
= (z1 + z2) (z1 z 2 )
= (z1 + z2) (z1 z2 )
= z1 z1 + z2 z2 = z1 z2 + z2 z1
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + z1 z2 + (z1 z2 )
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 Re (z1 z2 )
|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 2 | z1 z |
\ | z1 + z2 |2 | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 2 |z1 | | z |
| z1 + z2 |2 | z1|2 + | z2 |2 2 | z1 | | z1 |
| z1 + z2 |2 ( | z1 | | z2 |)2.
| z1 + z2 | | z1 | | z2 |
2
(xiv)
Proceed as in (xiii)
(xv)
Proceed as earlier.
1.14 Reciprocal of a Complex Number
Let z = a + ib be a non-zero complex number. Then,
1
1

z a ib
=
1
a ib
a ib
a ib
a ib
a i2 b2
2
15
15.7.07-rv

a ib
a 2 b2
a
i( b)
2 2
= 2
2
a b
a b
=
Clearly,
1
is equal to the multiplicative inverse of z. Also,
z
1 a ib
z
2 2 2
z a b
|z|
Thus, the multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex number z is same as its reciprocal and is given by
Re(z) Im(z)
z
i
2
2
2
|z|
|z|
|z|
1.15 Square Roots of a Complex Number
Let a + ib be a complex number such that
a ib = x + iy
x2 y2 = a
and,
2 xy = b
Now,
a ib = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers. Then,
(a + ib) = (x + iy)2
a + ib
= (x2 y2) + 2 i xy
(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 y2)2 + 4 x2 y2

(x2 + y2)2 = a2 + b2
(x2 + y2) =
a 2 b2
Solving the equations (i) and (ii), we get
1
x2 =
2
xq
1
a 2 b2 a and , y2 =
2
1
2
a 2 b2 a and, y q
a 2 b2 a
1
2
a 2 b2 a
If b is positive, then by equation (ii), x and y are of the same sign. Hence,
1
2
a ib q
a 2 b2 a i
1
2
a 2 b2 a
If b is negative, then by equation (ii), x and y are of different signs. Hence,
1
2
a ib q
a 2 b2 a i
1 2
a b2
2
Remark To Find the square root of a - ib, replace i by - i in the above results.
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15.7.07-rv

Illustration :
Find the square root of 7 24i.
Sol. Let
7 24i x iy. Then,

7 24i x iy.
x2 y2 = 7
....................... (i)
and,
2 xy = 24
....................... (ii)
7 24 i = (x + iy)2
7 24i = (x2 y2) + 2 i xy
Now,
(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 y2)2 + 4x2 y2

(x2 + y2)2 = 49 + 476 = 625
x2 + y2 = 25
......................... (iii)
On solving (i) and (iii), we get

x2 = 16
and
y2 = 9
and
y=
x=
From (ii), we find that 2xy is negative. So, x and y are of opposite signs.
\
(x = 4 and y = 3) or, (x = 4 and y = 3)
7 24i = (4 3i)
Hence,
1.16 Cube Roots of Unity
Since x3 = 1, we have x3 1 = 0. Then,

(x 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0
i.e.,
x=1
or
x=
1 q 3
2
1 q i 3
2
The three cube roots of unity are therefore
1 i 3
1,
and
1 i 3
2
If we denote
w = 1 i
................. (1)
then
1 i 3 1 3i 2 2i 3
2
w = 2
4
=
2 2i 3
4
1 i 3
2
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15.7.07-rv
which shows that the three cube roots of unity may be written as 1, w and w2 where w is given by (1).
We now deduce some important properties of the cube roots of unity.
(i)
w3 = 1, w6 = 1, w9 = 1, etc. and, in general, w3n = 1, where n is any integer.

Also, w3n + 1 = w,
and
w3n+2 = w2.
2
1 i 3
1 i 3

(ii) We have seen that
2
2
1 i 3 1 i 3

Similarly, it can be shown that
2
2
(iii) Since w3 = 1, we have w.w2 = 1 or w = 1/w2. Hence, each of the complex cube roots of unity is the
reciprocal of the other.
(iv) We have
1 + w + w2 = 1 +
1 i 3
2
1 i 3
2
= 0,
which shows that the sum of the three cube roots of unity is zero.
18
15.7.07-rv
CONCEPT BUILDING EXAMPLES

1. Find multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i.
Sol. Let z be the multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i. then
z. (3 + 2i) = 1
z=
z=
1
3 2i
3 2i
(3 2i)(3 2i)
3 2
i
13 13
3 2
13 13 i
Ans.
2. Find the value of x and y for which (2 + 3i) x2 (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i where x, y R.

Sol. (2 + 3i) x2 (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i
if x = 0, y =
x = 0, y =
2x2 3y = 2x 3y
x2 x = 0
x = 0, 1
5
2
5
2
and
3x2 + 2y = 5
and
if x = 1, y = 1
and
x = 1, y = 1
are two solutions of the given equation which can also be represented as 0,
5
0,
2
, (1,1)
5
& (1,1)
2
Ans.
3. Find the value of expression x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x + 1 when x = 1 + i is a factor of expression.

Sol. x = 1 + i
x2 2x + 2 = 0
Now
x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x + 1
x1=i
(x 1)2 = 1
= (x2 2x + 2) (x2 3x 3) 4x + 7
\ when x = 1 + i
i.e.,
x2 2x + 2 = 0
x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x + 1 = 0 4 (1 + i) + 7
= 4 + 7 4i
= 3 4i.
3 4i Ans.
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15.7.07-rv

4. Solve for z if z2 + | z| = 0
Sol. Let z = x + iy
Ans.
x2 y2 = 0
(x + iy)2 +
x2 y2 +
x 2 y 2 = 0 and 2xy = 0
x = 0 or y = 0
when x = 0
y2 + | y | = 0
y = 0, 1, 1
z = 0, i, i
when y = 0
x2 + | x | = 0
x=0
z=0
z = 0, z = i, z = i.
5. Find square root of 9 + 40 i

Sol. Let (x + iy)2 = 9 + 40 i
x2 y2 = 9
..........................
(i)
and
xy = 20
.........................
(ii)
........................
(iii)
Squaring (i) and adding with 4 times the square of (ii)

We get x4 + y4 2x2 y2 + 4x2 y2 = 81 + 1600
(x2 + y2)2 = 1681

x2 + y2 = 41
From (i) + (iii) we get
x = 25
and
y = 16
5
y=4
x=
From equation (ii) we can see that x & y are of same sign
\
\
Ans.
x + iy = + (5 + 4i) or () (5 + 4i)
sq. roots of 9 + 40i =
(5 + 4i)
(5 + 4i)
6. If (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) .......... (1 + ni) = x + iy. Then show that 2.5.10 ....... (1 + n2) = x2 + y2
Sol. (1 + i) ( 1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ....... (1 + ni) = x + iy
................
(1)
................
(2)
Taking conjugate on both sides

(1 i)(1 2i)(1 3i)......(1 ni) x iy
(1 i) (1 2i) (1 3i)......(1 ni) x iy
(1 i) (1 2i) (1 3i) ...... (1 ni) = x iy
Multiplying (1) and (2), we get

(1 i2) (1 4i2) (1 9i2) ..... (1 n2i2) = x2 i2 y2
(1 + 1) (1 + 4) (1 + 9) ........ (1+ n2) = x2 + y2

2.5.10 ............... (1 + n2) = x2 + y2.
[Hence proved.]
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15.7.07-rv

7. Solve for z : (i z) (1 + 2i) + (1 zi) (3 4i) = 1 + 7i
Sol. Given equation
(i + 2i2) z (1+ 2i) + (3 4i) z(3i 4i2) = 1 + 7i

z (1 + 2i + 3i + 4) = i 2 + 3 4i 1 7i
z
10i
2i

5i 5
i 1
2i
( i 1)
2
= (i + i2) = i 1 (Ans.)
8. Express the following in the form a + ib :
(i)
Sol. (i)
i 5 i 9 i14
(ii) 6 11 13
i i i
1
1 cos R 2isin R
1
1 cos R 2isin R
=
(1 cos R 2i sin R)
1 cos R 2i sin R (1 cos R 2i sin R)
(1 cos R 2i sin R)
1 cos R 2i sin R

2
2
(1 cos R) 4 sin R 2 2 cos R 3sin 2 R
which is of the required form

(ii)
i 5 i 9 i14
i i i2

, since i4 = i8 = 1
i6 i11 i13 i 2 i3 i
9. If x + iy =
Prove that
Sol. Since
we have
1 2i
1 2i
1
a + ib
,
c + id
(x2
y2)2
a 2 b2
= 2
c d2
x + iy =
a ib
c id
x iy =
a ib
c id
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15.7.07-rv

and
(x + iy) (x iy) =
Hence,
x2
or,
(x2 + y2)2
y2
(a ib)(a ib)
(c id)(c id)
a 2 b2
c2 d2
a 2 b2
c2 d2
10. Find the smallest positive integer n for which
Sol. Since
1 + i
1- i
=1
1 i (1 i)(1 i) 1 i 2 2i

= i, the given equation becomes in = 1,
1 i (1 i)(1 i)
1 i2
from which we easily obtain n = 4.

11. Find the real values of x and y for which the following equation is satisfied :
(1 i)x 2i (2 3i)y i

=i
3 i
3i
Sol. We have
(1 i)x 2i (2 3i)y i

i
3 i
3i
Simplifying the above, we obtain

[(1+i) x 2i] (3 i) + [(2 3i) y + i] (3 + i)
= i (3 i) (3 + i)
i.e.,
4x + 9y 3 + i (2x 7y 13) = 0
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we obtain

4x + 9y 3 = 0 and
2x 7y 13 = 0
Solving the above, we get x = 3 and y = 1.

12. If z (1 + a ) = b + ic and a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, show that
1 iz a ib

1 iz 1 c
Sol. We have
and so
Then,
1 1 a

z b ic
1 1 a
1 a

iz bi c c ib
1 iz 1 a c ib

1 iz 1 a c ib
22
15.7.07-rv

=
(1 a c ib)(1 a c ib)
(1 a c)2 b2
(1 a)2 c 2 ib(1 a) ibc ib(1 a c) b2

1 a 2 c 2 b2 2ac 2a 2c
a 2 2a 1 c 2 b 2 2ib 2iab
2 2a 2c 2ac
since a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
2a 2 2a 2ib(1 a)
=
, since 1 c2 b2 = a2.
2(1 a) 2c(1 a)
13. If z +
a ib
, on simplification.
1 c
1
= a, where z is a complex number and a is a positive real number, then find the greatz
est | z | and least |z|.

Sol. Let us first find greatest | z |
If | z | is greatest,
Write a = z
1
1
is least and hence |z| >
|z|
|z|
1
1
1
z s |z|
z
z
|z|
This gives | z |2 a |z| 1 0; and hence | z | lies between the roots of the equation
| z |2 a | z | 1 = 0
Roots are
a q a2 4
a a2 4
a a2 4
and hence
czc
2
2
2
It is known that |z| 0 while
.............
(i)
a a2 4
a a2 4
is < 0 and hence (i) gets modified as 0 c z c
2
2
and thus the greatest value of | z| is
a a2 4
2
Now for the least | z |

In this case
1
1
is greatest and hence
- |z| > 0
|z|
|z|
Write a = z
1 1
1
( z) s | z |
z
z
|z|
23
15.7.07-rv
This gives | z |2 + a | z | 1 0 and this is possible for all | z | lying outside the roots of | z |2 + a | z |
1=0
a q a 2 4
Roots are
negative value.
Therefore | z |
; and of these
a a 2 4
2
a a 2 4
2
is negative, hence | z | cannot be less than this
and this gives the least | z | value.
14. If | z 2 + | 2, then find the greatest and least value of | z |.

Sol. Given that
|z2+i|2
\
| z 2+ i | | | z | 2 i ||
|z2+i|||z|
5 |
...............
(i)
...............
(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
||z|
5 ||z2+i|2
||z|
5 |2
2 | z |
5 2|z|
5 +2
Hence greatest value of | z| is
5 + 2 and least value of | z | is
5 2.
z 1 - 2z 2
15. If z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that 2 - z z = 1 and | z2 | 1, what is the value of |
1 2
z1| ?
Sol. | z11 2z2 | = | 2 z1 z2 |
'
\
\
\
| z1 2z2 |2 = |2 z1 z2 |2
(z1 2z2) ( z1 2 z2 ) = (2 z1 z2 ) (2 z1 z2)
z1 z1 2 z1 z2 2z1 z2 + 4z2 z2 = 4 2z1 z2 2 z1 z2 + z1 z1 + z1 z2 z2
z1 z1 + 4z2 z2 4 z1 z1 z2 z2 = | z1|2 + 4 |z2|2 | z1 |2 | z2|2 4 = 0
2
2
i.e., | z1 | 4 | z 2 | 1 0
Since | z2 |
1 it is that | z1 |2 = 4 i.e., | z1| = 2
16. Find two complex numbers satisfying the conditions that

(i) the sum of their real parts is 3,
(ii) the product of their real parts is 2,
(iii) their products is 4 i.
24
15.7.07-rv

Sol. Take the complex numbers as a + ib, p + iq.
So that a + p = 3, ap = 2
ap 21 or pa 12
Also (a + ib) (p + iq) = ap bq + i (pb + aq) = 5 i

Given ap bq = 5; aq + bp = 1
Taking a = 2, p = 1; bq = 3 and b + 2q = 1
This gives b 3 2 i2
or
3
p 1 1 i
2
2 2i
The numbers are 2 i3
or
3
1 i 1 i
2
Thus there are two pairs of complex numbers satisfying the requirements.
It may be verified that a = 1, p = 2 give the same set of numbers.
17. Prove that
(i) | z1 + z2|2 + |z1 z2|2 = 2 (| z1|2 + | z2 |2),
2
2
2
2
(ii) Using above result, prove that B B C B B C = | a + b | + | a b|, where
b
are complex numbers.
Sol. | z1 + z2 |2 = z1 z2
z1 z2
z1z1 z2 z2 z1z2 z2 z1
2
z1 z 2 (z1 z 2 ) z1 z2
z1 z1 z 2 z2 z1 z2 z 2 z1
2
Adding, z1 z 2 (z1 z 2 ) 2(z1 z1 z 2 z2 )

= 2 (| z1|2 + | z2|2)
Now, for the second part,
2
2
2
2
= B B C B B C
1
2B 2 B 2 C 2 2 B 2 B 2 C2
2
1
B C B C 2 B 2 C 2 B C B C 2 B 2 C2
2
Since |z2| = |z|2 =
1
2
B C B C B C B C
25
15.7.07-rv

=
1
2
z1 z2 z1 z2
2
1
2
2( z 1 | z 2 |2 )
2
B C B C
= | a + b | + |a b |
18. If z be a complex number with | z | = 1, imaginary part of z 0, show that z can be represented
as
c+i
where c is real.
c-i
Sol. Since | z | = 1, z can be represented as (cos q i sin q)

\
z = (cos q + i sin q)
= cos isin cos isin

2
2
2
2
cos isin
2
2
=
cos isin
2
2
cot
cot
i
i
Dividing by sin 2
ci
R
where c = cot
is real.
2
ci
19. For every real b 0, find all the complex numbers z satisfying 2 |z| 4bz + 1 + ib = 0
Sol. Let z = x + iy. The equation is
2 x 2 y 2 4b ( x + iy) + 1 + ib = 0
Real part : 2 x 2 y 2 4 bx + 1 = 0
......................
(i)
Imaginary Part : 4 by + b = 0
.....................
(ii)
From (ii) either b = 0 and in that case from (i), 2 x 2 y 2 + 1 = 0 and this equation is not satisfied for
any (x, y)
\ b = 0, there is no solution for the equation, if b 0 but > 0; 4y + 1 = 0 from (ii)

26
15.7.07-rv

i.e., y =
1
4
Substituting y =
1
in (i)
4
2 x2
1
= 4bx 1
16
This requires that 4 bx 1 > 0 i.e., x >
................... (iii)
1
and b > 0 and hence x > 0
4b
2 1
Squaring (iii), 4 x = 16b2 x2 8bx +1
16
x2 (16b2 4) 8bx +
3
=0
4
8b q 16b 2 12 4b q 4b 2 3

Roots are
2(16b2 4)
16b2 4
1
(note already b > 0), the values of x are such that
2
(i) for the + sign x < 0 while the requirement is x > 0
If 16b2 4 < 0, which in effect means that b <
(ii) for the sign, even if x > 0, the condition x >
1
is not satisfied.
4b
\ for 0 < b < 21 , there is no solution.

For b >
1
, the solution is
2
4b 4b 2 3 1

z=
4
16b 2 4
20. Find the complex number with least value of | z| given that | z 2 + 2i | = 1.
Sol. | z 2 + 2i | = 1, hence z 2 + 2i = cos q + i sin q.
\
z = (2 + cos q) + i (sin q 2)
|z| =
4 4 cos R cos2 R 4 4sin R sin 2 R
9 4(cos R sin R)
9 4 2 cos R
3Q
least | z | corresponds to cos R = 1 q =
and in that case
4
4
27
15.7.07-rv

9 4 2 8 1 2 8
least | z | =
and then z = 2 2i
1
2
1
2
i 2
8 1
8 1 2 2 1
i
2
2 2
21. Find all non-zero complex numbers satisfying z = iz2.

Sol. Let z = x + iy; z = x iy ; z2 = x2 y2 + 2ixy
\ The equation is x iy = i (x2 y2 + 2ixy)
Equating real and imaginary parts x = 2xy

y = x2 y2
...................
(i)
..................
(ii)
(i) gives either x = 0, in that case y = 0; y = 1

or
y=
1
1 1
2
, in that case x
2
4 2
x= q
3
2
The non-zero z, satisfying the equation are

z1 = i; z2 =
3
1
3
1
i
i ; z3 =
2
2
2
2
22. Solve the equation; z + a | z + 1 | + i = 0 (a is a real number 1).

Sol. Taking z = x + iy, the equation reduces to x + iy + a x 2 2x 1 y 2 i 0
Imaginary part = 0
Real part = 0
y = 1
x+ a
x 2 2x 1 y 2 = 0
Eliminating y, the equation in x is

x2 = a2 (x2 + 2x + 2)
x2 (a2 1) + 2a2x + 2a2 = 0
This gives real x only if 4a4 8a2 (a2 1) 0
i.e.,
if a4 + 2a2 0
i.e.,
if 0 a2 2
and a 1, the value of a are 1 a
x=
a 2 q a 2 a 2
< 0 for the negative sign and for the positive sign also x < 0
a2 1
a2 q a 2 a2
1 where 1 a 2
a2 1
Hence the solutions are z
28
15.7.07-rv

x 2 y 2 1 x y 31
+
+
+
+
y 2 x 2 2i y x 16
23. Find the square root of
Sol.
x 2 y 2 1 x y 31

y 2 x 2 2i y x 16
2
x y
1 x y 31
22
=
x
2i y x 16
y
x y
x y 1 x y 31
2
= 2. .
y x 2i y x 16
y x
(Adding & subtracting 2)
x y
1
1 x y
=
y x 16 2i y x
2
x y i
x y i
= 2 .
y x 4
y x 4
x y i
=
y x 4
\ Required square root = q y x 4

y
24. If z1 and z2 are 1 i, 2 + 4i respectively, find Im
Sol.
z1 z 2
z
1
z1z 2 (1 i)( 2 4i)

z1
1 i
=
2 2i 4i 4
1 i
2 6i 1 i
t
1 i 1 i
2 6i 2i 6
2
(By Rationalisation)
= 4 + 2i
z1z 2
z1
\ Im
=2
29
15.7.07-rv

25. If
Sol. If
3
= a+ ib, prove that a2 + b2 = 4a 3.
2 + cosR + i sinR
3
2 cos R isin R
= a + ib then
2 cos R isin R
1

3
a ib
1
a ib
a ib
a ib
2 2
a ib a b
(By Rationalisation)
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
2 cos R
a
2 2 and
3
a b
cos q =
and sin q =
3a
a b2
2
sin R
b
2 2
3
a b
2
3b
a b2
2
But cos2 q + sin2 q = 1

\
9a 2
12a
9b2
4

1
(a 2 b2 )2
a 2 b2 (a 2 b2 )2
i.e., a2 + b2 = 9 + 4 (a2 + b2) 12a

or
as a2 + b2 0
a2 + b2 = 4a 3
26. If | z | = 1 then show that the
1+z
is equal to z.
1+ z
Sol. | z | = 1 | z |2 = 1 z z = 1
Now,
1 z zz z

1 z 1 z
=
z(z 1)
z
1 z
27. Find x and y if (3x 2iy) (2 + i)2 = 10 (1 + i)

Sol. (3x - 2iy (2 + i)2 = 10(1 + i)
(3x 2iy) (4 + 4i + i2) = 10 + 10i
(3x 2iy) (3 + 4i) = 10 + 10i
9x + 8y + i (12x 6y) = 10 + i. 10
30
15.7.07-rv

and
9x + 8y = 10
.................
(1)
12x 6y = 10
................
(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get x =
14
1
,y
15
5
28. Find a quadratic equation whose one root is a square root of 47 + 8
3 .
Sol. First of all we find the square root of 47 + 8 3
3 i = 12 + (4 3 i)2 + 2.1 4 3 i
47 + 8
= (1 + 4 3 i)2
\
Let
47 8 3i q (1 4 3i
3 i, then b = 1 4
=1+4
and
and
ab
3i
+b=2
= 49
Required equation is x2 2x + 49 = 0
29. If b + ic = (1 + a) z and a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, prove that
a + ib 1 + iz
=
, where a, b, c are real numbers
1 + c 1 - iz
and z is a complex number.

Sol. a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 (given)
a2 + b2 = 1 c2
or
(a + ib) (a ib) = (1 + c) (1 c)
or
a ib 1 c 1

(say)
1 c a ib u
i.e.,
1 c = u (a + ib) and a ib = u (1 + c)
Now,
z=
b ic
;
1 a
iz =
i(b ic) c ib

1 a
1 a
.................
(1)
.............
(2)
1
1 a

iz c ib
Applying componendo and dividendo
1 iz 1 a c ib (a ib) (1 c)

1 iz 1 a c ib (a ib) (1 c)
31
15.7.07-rv

1 iz a ib u(a ib)

1 iz u(1 c) (1 c)
If
(1 u)(a ib)
(1 u)(1 c)
a ib
1 c
a 2 + b2
a + ib
prove that (x2 + y2)2 = 2
c + id
c + d2
30. If x + iy =
Sol.
(using 1)
x + iy =
a ib
then
c id
x iy =
a ib
c id
(using property)
Multiplying both equations, we get

x2 + y2 =
(a ib)(a ib)
a 2 b2
2 2
(c id)(c id)
c d
a 2 b2
Hence (x + y ) = 2
c d2
2
2 2
31. If iz3 + z2 z + i = 0, then show that 1 z | = 1

Sol. iz3 + z2 z + i = 0 (given)
(z i) (iz2 1) = 0
z=i
or
When z = i
and
z2 = 1 then
|z|2 = 1
z2 =
1
= i
i
then
|z|=|i|=1
|z|2 = | i |
|z|=1
Hence in both cases | z | = 1

1 1 1
32. If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that | z1 | = |z2 | = | z3 | = z + z + z = 1, then find the
1
2
3
value of z1 + z2 + z3.
Sol. We have | z1 | = |z2 | = | z3 | = 1
\|z|= z
z1 z1 z2 z2 z3 z 3 1
1 1
1
Now z1 + z2 + z3 | = | z1 z 2 z 3 = z1 z2 z3 z z z 1
1
2
3
32
15.7.07-rv

i i
33. Find
Sol. i =
1
(0 + 2i)
2
1 2 2
1
(1 + i + 2i) =
(1 + i)2
2
2
iq
1
2
(1 i)
i q
Taking, conjugates we get
i q
1
2
1
2
(1 i)
(1 + i + 1 i)
= q 2
34. For complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 we write z1 z 2 if x1 x2 and y1 y2. Then
1- z
0.
show that for all complex numbers z with 1 z we have
1+z
x2 and y1 y2 (given)
z if Re (z1) Re (z2) and Im (z1) Im (z2)
Sol. z1 z 2 if x1
i.e., z1
Let z = x + iy and , 1 z
Let u =
(1 + 0.i)
x + iy
i.e., 1
x and 0 y
.................
(1)
..............
(2)
1 z 1 x iy 1 x iy

.
1 z 1 x iy 1 x iy
1 x 2 y 2 i[y(1 x) y(1 x)]

=
(1 x)2 y 2
1 x 2 y 2 i.2y
(1 x)2 y 2
(1 x 2 ) y 2
2y
i
2
2
(1 x) y
(1 x)2 y 2
0
\ Re (u) 0
' (1 x2)
0
Im (u) 0
and y
[From (2)]
33
15.7.07-rv

Re (u) 0 and Im (u) 0
0 + i0
1 z
0
1 z
Hence
35. If iz3 + z2 z + i = 0, then show that | z | = 1

Sol. iz3 + z2 z + i = 0 (given)
(z i) (iz2 1) = 0
z=i
When z = i
1
= -i
i
or
z2 =
then
|z|=|i|=1
and
z2 = i then
| z |2 = |i |
| z |2 = 1
|z|=1
Hence in both cases | z | = 1

36. z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers and p, q, r are real numbers such that
p
q
r
p2
q2
r2
=
=
+
+
=0
| z 2 - z 3 | | z 3 - z1 | | z1 - z 2 | . Prove that z 2 - z 3 z 3 - z 1 z 1 - z 2
Sol. We have
p2
z2 z3
q2
z3 z1
r2
z1 z 2
k (say)
p2
q2
r2

(z z )(z z ) (z z )(z z ) (z z ) z z k
2
3
2
3
3
1
3
1
1
2 1
2
p2
q2
r2
z z k(z 2 z3 ). z z k(z3 z1 ), z z k(z1 z2 )

1
2
2
3
3
1
p2
z z
2
3
q2
z 3 z1
r2
z1 z 2
= k (z2 z3 z 3 z1 z1 z2 ) 0
37. (i) Prove that the polynomial X3n + X2m+1 + X3k+2 is exactly divisible by x2 + x+ 1 if m, n, k are
non negative integers.
(ii) Show that the polynomial xn sin q pn1 x sin n q + pn sin (n1) q is divisible by x2 2px cos
q + p2.
Sol. (i) x2 + x + 1 = (x w) (x w2), where w is a cube root of unity.
We have to prove that x w and x w2 are factors of the polynomial.

Put x = w
34
15.7.07-rv
w3n + w3m+1 + w3k+2 = 1 + w + w2 = 0

(x w) is x factor of the polynomial
Put x = w2
w6n + w6m+2 + w6k+4 = 1 + w2 + w = 0
x w2 is also a factor of the polynomial.
Hence the polynomial X3n + X3m+1 + X3k+2 is exactly divisible by x2 + x + 1

(ii) We can write, x2 2px cos q + p2 = (x p (cos q + isin q)) (x p(cos q is in q))
Case - 1 x = p (cos q + i sin q) is substituted in the given expression the given
expression z pn (cos nq + 1 sinnq) sinq pn (cos q + i sinq) sin nq + pn (sin n 1 q)
= pn [(cosnqsinq + isinnq sinq) (cosq sin nq +i sin q sin n q) + (sinnq cosq cosn q sinq)] = 0
Case - II Like wise x = P (cos q i sin q) can be substituted in the expression to show it equal to zero.
Hence the result.
35
15.7.07-rv
CONCEPT BUILDING OBJECTIVES

1. The solution of the |z + 1| = z + 2 + 2i is
a) 1 + i
b)
1
+i
2
c)
1
2i
2
d) none of these
Sol. Ans (c)

Let z = x + iy
|z + 1| = z + 2 + 2i
i.e.,
(x 1)2 y 2 = (x + 2) + (y + 2) i

(x + 1) 2 + y 2 = (x + 2) and (y + 2) = 0
i.e.,
(x + 1)2 + y2 = (x + 2)2 and y = 2

x2 + 2x + 1 + 4 = x2 + 4x + 4, y = 2
2x = 1, y = 2
z=
1
2i
2
1 1
1
2. If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = z + z + z = 1, then |z1 + z2 + z3| is
1
2
3
a) equal to 1
b) less than 1
Sol. Ans (a)
We have |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1
c) greater than 3
d) equal to 3
z`1 z1 = z2 z 2 = z3 z3 = 1
1 1
1
Now |z1 + z2 + z3| = z1 + z 2 + z 3 = z1 + z 2 + z 3 = z + z + z = 1
1
2
3
Hence (a) is correct.
3. The square roots of 7 24i is
a) (4 3i)
b) (3 + 4i)
Sol. Ans (c)
Let
c) (3 4i)
d) (4 + 3i)
(7 24i) = x + iy
7 24i = (x2 y2) + 2i xy
Equating real and imaginary parts we get

&
x2 y2 = 7
............. (i)
2xy = 24
............. (ii)
36
15.7.07-rv

(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 y2)2 + 4x2y2 = 72 + (24)2 = 625
x2 + y2 = 25
(Q x + y can't be negative
\ (i) + (iii)
............. (iii)
\ we have rejected 25)
x = 3 y = 4
But from equation (ii) xy < 0

So x and y must be of opposite sign.
\
square roots of 7 24i are 3 4i & 3 + 4i i.e.,
(3 4i)
4. If 3 + ix2y and x2 + y + 4i be conjugate of each other, then the value of x and y is

a) 1, 4
b) 1, 4
c) 1, 4
d) none of these
Sol. Ans (a)
We are given that
-3+ix 2 y = x2 + y + 4i
(given)
3 ix2y = x2 + y + 4i
3 = x2 + y and x2y = 4
The quadratic equation whose roots are x2 and y is
t2 (x2 + y) t + x2y
t2 + 3t 4 = 0
t = 4, t = 1
2
As x 0, we taken x2 = 1 and y = 4
\
x = 1, y = 4
i.e.
5. Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers suppose A = ||z1| |z2||, B = |z1| + |z2| and C = |z1 + z2|, then
which is the greatest of A, B and C.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) none of these
Sol. Ans (b)
We know that
||z1| |z2|| |z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|
A C B
i.e., B is the greatest
6. The smallest positive integer for which (1 + i)2n = (1 i)2n is
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
Sol. Ans (b)
The given equation is (1 + i)2n = (1 i)2n
d) 4
2n
1+ i
=1
1 i
i.e.,
(i)2n = 1
1 + i 1 + i 1 + i
=
1 i 1 i 1 + i
37
15.7.07-rv

(1 + i) 2
=1
1+1
The smallest positive integer is 2.
7. i2 + i4 + i6 + ............... + upto (2n + 1) terms =

a) i
b) i
Sol. Ans (c)
i2 + i4 + i6 + i8 + ..... + (2n + 1) terms
c) 1
d) 1
= i2 + (i4 + i6) + (i8 + i10) + ......... + (i4n + i4n+2)

= 1 + 0 + 0 + ............. + 0
But
i4m
+ i4m + 2 = 1 1 = 0, for an integer m

=1
8. If |z i Re (z)| = |z Im(z)|, then

a) Re(z) = 2
b) Im (z) = 2
Sol. Ans (d)
Let z = x + iy
|z iRe (z)| = |z Im (z)|
|x + iy ix| = |x + iy y|
i.e.,
x2 + (y x)2 = (x y)2 + y2
or
x2 = y2
x=y
Hence, Re (z) = Im(z)
c) Re (z) + Im(z) = 2
9. If a, b, c, p, q, r are complex numbers such that
d) none of these
a b c
p q r
+ + = 1 + i and + + = 0, then the value
p q r
a b c
p2 q2 r 2
of 2 + 2 + 2 is
a
b
c
a) 0
Sol. Ans (c)
b) 1
c) 2i
d) 2i
p q r
+ + =1+i
a b c
2
p q r
+ + = (1 + i)2 = 2i
a b c
i.e.,
qr rp pq
p2 q2 r 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + + = 2i
2
bc ca ab
a
b
c
2 abc a b c
p2 q2 r 2

+
+
+
pqr p q r = 2i
a 2 b2 c2
38
15.7.07-rv

i.e.,
a b c
' + + = 0
p q r
p2 q2 r 2
+
+
= 2i
a 2 b2 c2
10. If arg ( z1 ) = arg (z2), then

a) z2 = kz11 (k > 0)
b) z2 = kz1 (k > 0)
c) |z2| = | z1 |
d) none of these
Sol. Ans (a)
z1z1
z1 = z = |z1|2 z11
1
arg (z
1)
= arg ( z1 ) = arg (z2)
z = kz
2
1
1
(k > 0)
Hence (a) is the correct answer.

11. If a > 0, a R, z = a + 2i and z|z| az + 1 = 0 then
a) z is always a positive real number
b) z is always a negative real number
c) z is purely imaginary number
d) such a complex z does not exist
Sol. Ans (d)
Putting z = a + 2i in the given equation and comparing imaginary parts, we get
a2 + 4 = a2, which is not possible
Hence (d) is the correct answer.
12. If |z| = min {|z 1|, |z + 1|}, then
1
a) |z + z | =
2
b) z + z = 1
c) |z + z | = 1
d) none of these
Sol. Ans (c)

|z| = min {|z 1|, |z + 1|} = |z 1| for Re (z) > 0
But |z| = |z 1| Re (z) =
1
2
Similarly, |z| = min {|z 1|, |z + 1|} = |z + 1|, for Re (z) < 0
|z| = |z + 1| Re(z) =
Where Re(z) =
1
2
1
, z + z = 1, |z + z | = 1
2
When Re(z) = 0 z + z = 0 and |z + z | = 0

Hence the argument is |z + z | = 1
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
13. If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id; a, b, c, d R, be two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| = 1 and Re
(z1 z 2 ) = 0, then for a1 = a + ic and a2 = b + id.
a) |a1| 1
c) Re (a1 2 ) = 0
b) |a2| 1
d) Re (a1 2 ) = 1
39
15.7.07-rv

Sol. Ans (c)
|z1| = 1, |z2| = 1
a2 + b2 = 1 and c2 + d2 = 1
................... (i)
Also Re (z1 z 2 ) = 0
Re {(a + ib) (c id)} = 0
ac + bd = 0
ac = bd
a2c2 = b2d2
a2c2 = (1 a2) (1 c)2
a2 + c2 = 1 |a1| = 1
So,
a2 + b2 = a2 + c2 = c2 + d2 = 1
b2 = c2 and a2 = d2
b2 + d2 = a2 + c2 = 1
|a2| = 1
................... (ii)
(usng (i))
Now Re (a1 2 ) = Re {(a + ic) (b id)} = ab + cd

and
(ab + cd)2 = a2b2 + c2d2 + 2abcd = a2c2 + b2d2 + 2abcd (Q c2 = b2)

(ac + bd)2 = 0
(using (ii))
ab + cd = 0
Re (a1 2 ) = 0
Hence answer is (c)
2
14.
If z2 + z + 1 = 0, then the value of
to
a) 21
Sol. Ans (b)
z2 + z + 1 = 0
If z = w, then
b) 42
1 2 1 3 1
21 1
z + + z + 2 + z + 3 + ......... + z + 21 is equal
z
z
z
z
c) 0
d) none of these
z = w or w2
1
1
= w2 and if z = w2, then
= w. So, we may take z = w.
z
z
2
n 1
n 1
When n is a multiple of 3, then z + n = + n = (1 + 1)2 = 4
z

and when n is not a multiple of 3, then

2
2
n 3 n
n 1 n 1
z + n = + n = + n

z

= (wn + w2n)2 = (1)2 = 1 (' when n is not a multiple of 3, then wn + w2n = -1)
This means that in the given series 7 brackets have value 4 each and the remaining 14 brackets have
value 1 each. So, the sum of the series = 7 4 + 14 1 = 42.
Hence answer is (b)
40
15.7.07-rv
15. If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that the polynomial h(x) = x f(x3) + x2 g(x6) is divisible by
x2 + x + 1, then
a) f(1) = g(1)
b) f(1) = g(1)
c) f(1) = g(1) 0
d) f(1) = g(1) 0
Sol. Ans (a) & (b)
Roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0 are complex cube roots of unity,
so h(w) = h(w2) = 0
wf(1) + w2 g(1) = 0 and w2 f(1) + wg (1) = 0
f(1) = g(1) = 0
Hence (a) and (b) are the correct answers.

1
1
1
3
1 1 2
, then the value of the determinant
16. If w = + i
2
2
1
2
a) 3w
Sol. Ans (b)
Given determinant
1
1 1
1
2
c) 3w2
b) 3w (w 1)
1
=
4
1 2
1
2
is
4
d) 3w (1 w)
X X2
X2 X4
=
4
0
operator C1 C1 + C2 + C3
Hence answer is (b)
17. The sum of the series
2(w + 1) (w2 + 1) + 3 (2w + 1) (2w2 + 1) + 4(3w + 1) (3w2 + 1) + ..... + (n + 1) (nw + 1) (nw2 + 1) is
n(n + 1)
a)
2
n(n + 1)
n
b)
2
n(n + 1)
+n
c)
2
d) none of these
Sol. Ans (c)

Sum of the given series
n
= (r + 1) (rw + 1) (rw2 + 1)
r =1
n
= (r + 1) (r2 + r(w + w2) + 1)

r =1
n
= (r + 1) (r2 r + 1)
r =1
n
3
= (r + 1)
r =1
41
15.7.07-rv

2
n(n + 1)
+n
=
2
Hence answer is (c)
18. If w is a non-real cube root of unity, then (a + bw + cw2)3 + (a + bw2 + cw)3 is equal to
a) (a + b c) (b + c a) (c + a b)
b) (a b c) (b c a) (c a b)
c) (2a b c) (2b c a) (2c a b)
d) none of these
Sol. Ans (c)
We know that A3 + B3 = (A + B) (Aw + Bw2) (Aw2 + Bw)
Substituting A = a + bw + cw2 and B = a + bw2 + cw, we obtain
(a + bw + cw2)3 + (a + bw2 + cw)3
= (a + bw + cw2 + a + bw2 + cw) (aw + bw2 + cw3 + aw2 + bw4 + cw3)
2
3
4
3
2
(aw + bw + cw + aw + bw + cw )
4
3
2
= (2a b c) (2c a b) (2b a c)
(Q w = w w = w and w + w = 1)
Hence answer is (c)
42
15.7.07-rv

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Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.1 Square Roots

A square root of a number a is a number c such that c2 = a.

is a radical sign. An expression written with a radical sign is a radical expression.

a 2  a . The principal (nonnegative) square root of a2 is the absolute value

1 . All other imaginary numbers can be

expressed as a product of i and a real number.

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

Important. We first expres the two imaginary numbers in terms of i.

If x is any real number, then x2 0, and hence x2 + 1 1. Thus the equation

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

Then this system contains every expression of the form

Re (z ) = Re(z ) and Im (z ) = Im(z )

a + b = 5 and (3a + 2b) = 2

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 then their addition i.e., z1 + z2 is defined as

z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + i (b1 + b2)

z1 + z2 = (a2 + a1) + i (b2 + b1)

III. Associative Law :

z1 + z2 = (a1+ ib1) + (a + ib)

(a1 + ib1) + (a + ib) = a1 + ib1

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

Hence, z2 = a1 ib1 is additive inverse of a1 + ib1

Let z1 = (a + ib) and z2 = (c + id), then multiplication z1 z2 of z1 and z2 is defined as

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

The following properties on multiplications of complex numbers can be easily verified.

ac + ibc + iad + i2bd = 1 + i0

Solving the above equation,

. Hence in this case a = 4, b = 3.

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

be two complex numbers.

= a1 + ib1 + (a1 ib1)

Here (d1) is said to be an additive inverse of d1.

= (a1 + ib1) . (a2 + ib2)

(a1a2 + b1b2 ) + i (a2b1 a1b2 )

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

(v) Equality of two complex numbers

d1(d2 + d3) = d1d2 + d1d3

1.10 Conjugate of a Complex Number

1.11 Properties of Complex Conjugate

We know z1 = a1 + ib1 then conjugate of z1 is defined as a1 ib1

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + i(b1 + b2)

z1 z 2 = (a1 + a2) i(b1 + b2)

z1 z2 = (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2)

z1z 2 = (a1 a2 b1b2) i (b1a2 + a1 b2)

z 1 z2 = (a1 ib1) (a2 - ib2)

= (a1a2 b1b2) i (b1a2 + a1b2)

1.12 Theorems on Complex Conjugate

Proof. By simple calculation we can prove it.

Mathematics for IIT-JEE

Algebra of Complex Numbers

z1 z 2 = a1 ib1 a2 + ib2 = (a1 a2) - i(b1 b2)

(v) Prove z + z is purely real.

a 2 a . The principal (nonnegative) square root of a2 is the absolute value

1 . All other imaginary numbers can be

z1 a1a 2 b1b2 a 2 b1 a1b2

7 24i x iy. Then,

(1 i) (1 2i) (1 3i)......(1 ni) x iy