Infinitive

An infinitive is the simple present form of a verb

used as either a noun, adjective, or adverb. The verb
of the infinitive is normally preceded by the word to.
When the infinitive follows some verbs as the direct
object, the to may be dropped.
An infinitive phrase is the infinitive plus any
complements and any modifiers of the infinitive and
complements.
As a Noun: He helped to write the program.
As an Adjective: Lydia was looking for a way to earn
money.

full infinitive or to-infinitive.)

I must run every day.

(After certain verbs, the to is dropped (more on
this below).)

I run every day.

(This is not in the infinitive form. This is a finite

verb, i.e., a verb functioning as the main verb.)
Note: The word to is not a preposition. It is often called
the sign of the infinitive.
An infinitive is a non-finite verb. In other words, it cannot
be the main verb in a sentence.

As an Adverb: He shouted to get our attention.

To Dropped: He helped write the program.

An infinitive can be used as a noun, an adjective or an

adverb.

The to-infinitive with adverbs

Examples of Infinitives as Nouns

Examples

Here are some examples of infinitive verbs as nouns:

There's too much sugar to put in this bowl.

I had too many books to carry.
This soup is too hot to eat.
She was too tired to work.
He arrived too late to see the actors.
I've had enough food to eat.
She's old enough to make up her own mind.
There isn't enough snow to ski on.
You're not old enough to have grandchildren!

What Is the Infinitive Form of a Verb? (with

Examples)
The infinitive form of a verb is the verb in its basic form. It
is the version of the verb which will appear in the
dictionary.

(The infinitive is the subject of was.)

Compare it to this:

I need to run every day.

(The infinitive form with the word to is called the

Dancing was her passion.

(This proves that the infinitive to dance is being

used a noun.)
Here is another example:

He likes to hunt.

(The infinitive is the direct object of likes.)

Compare it to this:

The infinitive form of a verb is usually preceded by to

(e.g., to run, to dance, to think). The infinitive form is not
always preceded by to. Look at these examples:

To dance was her passion.

He likes hunting.
(This proves that the infinitive to hunt is being
used a noun.)

Examples of Infinitives as Adjectives

An adjective modifies a noun to tell us something about
the noun (e.g., its colour, type, or number). You have to

bear this in mind when working out how infinitives

function as adjectives. Here are some examples of
infinitive verbs as adjectives:

Give him an ornament to polish.

(The infinitive modifies ornament. This means it is

functioning as an adjective.)
Compare it to this:

Give him an ornament that he can polish.

(The clause that he must polish is an adjective

clause. This proves that the infinitive to polish is
being used an adjective.)
Here is another example:

I need a volunteer to take the minutes.

(The infinitive modifies volunteer. This means it is

functioning as an adjective.)
Compare it to this:

The officer returned so he could help.

(The clause so he could help is an adverbial

clause. This proves that the infinitive to help is
being used an adverb.)
Here is another example:

He will complete the mission to set an example.

(The infinitive modifies the verb will complete.

This means it is functioning as an adverb.)
Compare it to this:

He will complete the mission so he can set an

example.
(The clause so he can set an example is an
adverbial clause. Therefore, the infinitive to set
an example is being used an adverb. Note how to
set is grouped with an example. This is an
infinitive phrase.)

I love to swim. (noun)

I need a volunteer who is prepared to take the

minutes.

The person to call is Jeff. (adjective)

(The clause who is prepared to take the minutes
is an adjective clause. Therefore, the infinitive to
take is being used an adjective. Note how to take
is grouped with the minutes. This is an infinitive
phrase.)
An infinitive that acts as an adjective usually appears
immediately after the noun it is modifying.

I can't wait to see! (adverb)

Kittens want to play. (noun)

Infinitive

Phrase

Examples of Infinitives as Adverbs

Edward loves to
run.

Edward loves to run

marathons.

An adverb usually modifies a verb to tell us when, where,

how, in what manner, or to what extent an action is
performed. You have to bear this in mind when working
out how infinitives function as adverbs. Here are some
examples of infinitive verbs as adverbs:

Esme used the

binoculars to see.

Esme used the binoculars to

see her favorite band.

Jack waited to eat.

Jack waited to eat the

cupcake.

The officer returned to help.

(The infinitive modifies the verb returned. This

means it is functioning as an adverb.)
Compare it to this:

Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or

adverbs. Look at these examples:

To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double

shift waiting tables at the neighborhood caf.

subject + verb + what? or who? = direct object

To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject

of the sentence.

Here are examples of the formula in action:

No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is,

Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.
To look functions as a noun because it is the direct
object for the verb refuses.

Zippy and Maurice played soccer with a grapefruit

pulled from a backyard tree.
Zippy, Maurice = subjects; played = verb. Zippy and
Maurice played what? Soccer = direct object.
Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin.

Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to

read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait.
To read functions as an adjective because it modifies
book.
Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly squid
eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster.

Zippy = subject; kicked = verb. Zippy kicked who?

Maurice = direct object.
Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer
and Maurice; other times they are phrases or clauses.
The formula nevertheless works the same.
Sylina hates biting her fingernails.

To throw functions as an adverb because it explains

why Richard braved the inclement weather.

The Direct Object

Recognize a direct object when you see one.

A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of

action verb]. Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns,
phrases, or clauses. If you can identify the subject
and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct
objectif one existsis easy. Just remember this
simple formula:

Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?

Biting her fingernails [a gerund phrase] = direct
object.
Even worse, Sylina hates when Mom lectures her
about hand care.
Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?
When Mom lectures her about hand care [a
subordinate clause] = direct object.

Article 67.
Applicable Law on Warranties
The provisions of the Civil Code on conditions and warranties shall govern all contracts of sale with conditions and
warranties.

Article 68.
Additional Provisions on Warranties
In addition to the Civil Code provisions on sale with warranties, the following provisions shall govern the sale of
consumer products with warranty:
a) Terms of express warranty. Any seller or m
anufacturer who gives an express warranty shall:
1) set forth the terms of warranty in clear and readily understandable language and clearly identify himself as the
warrantor;
2) identify the party to whom the warranty is extended;
3) state the products or parts covered;
4) state what the warrantor will do in the event of a defect, malfunction of failure to conform to the written warranty and
at whose expense;
5) state what the consumer must do to avail of the rights which accrue to the warranty; and
6) stipulate the period within which, after notice of defect, malfunction or failure to conform to the warranty, the
warrantor will perform any obligation under the warranty.
b) Express warranty operative from moment of sale. All
written warranties or guarantees issued by a manufacturer,
producer, or importer shall be operative from the moment of sale.

Article 73.
Penalties

a) Any person who shall violate the provisions of Article 67 shall be subject to fine of not less than Five hundred pesos
(P500.00) but not more than Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) or an imprisonment of not less than three (3) months but
not more than two (2) years or both upon the discretion of the court. A second conviction under this paragraph shall
also carry with it the penalty or revocation of his business permit and license.
b) Any person, natural or juridical, committing any of the illegal acts provided for in Chapter III, except with respect to
Article 67, shall be liable for a fine of not less than One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) but not more than Fifty thousand
pesos (P50,000.00) or imprisonment for a period of at least one (1) year but not more than five (5) years, or both, at the
discretion of the court. The imposition of any of the penalties herein provided is without prejudice to any liability
incurred under the warranty or guarantee.