EK GENERAL

Cargo tank pumping arrangements

Clean ballast lines led through cargo oil tanks are to be of steel of substantial thickness, not
less than 16 mm thick having welded or heavy flanged joints. The number of flanged joints is
to be kept to a minimum. Expansion joints are not to be fitted in these pipes within
the cargo tanks.
Location of cargo tank vents
Pressure/vacuum valve outlets should be located not less than1.8m above the deck. Open vents
which permit a free flow of vapour/air mixture must be not less than 4 m above the weather
deck, or within of the fore and aft gangway. They should be located not less than 10m from the
nearest air intake or openings to accommodation or enclosed working areas or any possible
sources of ignition.

Vent pipes incorporating high velocity heads which are arranged to discharge the vapour/air
mixture at a velocity of not less than 30 m/s, may be accepted in lieu of the open vent pipes.
The height of the outlets from such high velocity heads is to be not less than 1.8 m above the
deck and these may or may not incorporate the pressure/vacuum valve. Figure 4.5 shows a
typical high velocity vent head incorporating a PV valve.
Temperature of pipes in pump rooms and other hazardous areas
The temperature of steam or other fluid in pipes which pass through spaces which are likely to
contain hydro-carbon or other explosive vapours is not to exceed 220C.
Emergency fire pump
The exhaust gases from the diesel engine should be discharged through an efficient spark
arrester to a safe position well clear of the cargo tanks.

Thermal oil heating systems

Advantages of the system are that higher temperatures can be obtained than that with saturated
steam at normal pressures and since the circulating pressure of the thermal oil is low thin
walled tubes may he employed.
The flash point of the thermal oil should not he less than 60C.
The thermal piping should comply with the same requirements as for oil fuel systems.

In view of the dangerous situation which could arise in the event of contamination of the
thermal oil with low flash cargo oil, a permanent notice should be displayed in a prominent
position in the engine room and on deck. This should state that the thermal oil system should
remain under pressure, except when the ship is either carrying cargo having a flash point
above 60C or the cargo tanks are empty and gas free, and that the thermal oil system will be
pressurized before low flash oil is loaded. Figure 4.7 is a suggested arrangement. In general
the temperature of the heating medium should not exceed 220%.

It should be noted that the pressure setting of the P/V breaker should be higher than the setting
of the P/V valve(s) and/or high velocity vent, if fitted.
Keep automatically controlled valve closed. Shut off water supply to scrubber and check that
the blowers stop and the alarms and lights indicating low water pressure and blower failure
operate. Note that it should be impossible to start the blower(s) with the scrubber water supply
shut off.
Segregated ballast tanks (SBT)
This refers to a ballast tank which is completely separated from the cargo oil and oil systems
and which is permanently allocated to the carriage of ballast or cargoes other than oil or
noxious substances variously defined. Where segregated ballast lines pass in way of cargo
oil tanks they are to be of steel and substantial thickness (not less than 16 mm) having welded
or heavy flanged joints. The flanged joints must be kept to a minimum and expansion bends
(not glands) fitted.
Dedicated clean ballast (CB)
Dedicated clean ballast is the ballast in a tank which since oil was last carried therein, has been
cleaned for the purpose of carrying dedicated clean ballast only. Dedicated clean ballast tanks
shall be selected so as to provide adequate capacity to enable the tanker to comply with the
relative draft and trim requirements.

Bilge pipes
Pipes should be of steel, but other suitable material having a melting point of not less than
800C may be permitted.
Remote operated bilge valves
In electric-hydraulic systems the pumping unit should be supplied from the main and
emergency sources of power.
The working pressure in the system should be not less than 25% greater than the pressure
required to open a valve to the full open position, particularly when pneumatic opening is

employed and the valve is kept closed by a spring or similar device. Electric valve position
indicators should take their electrical supply from both main and emergency sources of electric
power.
Bilge mud boxes and strum boxes
The suction ends in hold
spaces and tunnel wells shall be enclosed in strum boxes having perforations approximately
3/8 in dia, and the combined area of such perforations shall be not less than twice that of the
end of the suction pipe.
FUEL OIL SYSTEMS IN PASSENGER SHIPS
The main difference from cargo ships regarding oil fuel transfer systems is that in the case of
passenger ships the pumping arrangements are such that oil fuel can be transferred from any
storage or settling tank appropriated for the use of oil fuel to any other storage or settling tank
so appropriated. In other words, it must be possible to transfer oil fuel from tanks located on
the same side of the ship in addition to those fore and aft and port to starboard. This is not the
case in respect of cargo ships as it is sufficient if oil fuel can be transferred from any tank to
the settling and/or service tanks.
Flexible pipes
Non-metallic pipes conveying oil to boiler fronts, or conveying fuel oil whether in pressure
pipe lines or not, which are situated in places where a fire risk is present shall be of a type
accepted by the Department.
Non-metallic flexible pipes shall be of a design which is inherently fire resistant. The inner
tube shall be of seamless construction and the flexible pipe wholly oil resistant.
Metallic flexible pipes shall be of steel, bronze or other suitable material acceptable to the
Department. They shall have a bursting pressure of not less than five times the working
pressure, however, when the working pressure exceeds 10 bar, the bursting pressures
should not be less than 3.5 times the working pressure, but in no case less than 50 bar. The
Surveyor should ensure that such pipes are properly fitted in the piping system, and that they
will withstand the degree and nature of vibration to which they will be subjected in
service. End fittings shall be of iron, steel or equivalent construction and shall not depend on
brazing or silver solder for their security and pressure tightness.
Centrifgal pump
Properly defined, this pump is one in which the pressure is developed principally by the action
of centrifugal force and the flow through the impeller is radially outwards. A particular feature
of centrifugal pumps is that the power absorbed is a minimum at zero flow, and for this reason
they can be started up against closed valve.
The vanes can be backward curving, which is the most common, straight or forward curving.
The choice is determined by the duty required. Forward curving vanes give a power curve that
goes through a maximum, and then reduces with increased throughput: The backward curving
vane has a power requirement increasing with throughput.
Axial flow or propeller pump
In this type the pressure is developed by the propelling action of the impeller vanes or blades
and the flow is axially through the impeller. As distinct from the centrifugal, the axial flow
pump absorbs the maximum power at zero flow.
Axial flow pumps have the disadvantage that they develop a very low head. This is offset by
their ability to give this small head increase or a very large mass flow of fluid..

These plumps have a very limited suction capacity; hence they are prone to cavitations.
All of these factors considerably limit their application.
They are used for high volume flow rates, requiring low heads. e.g. Circulating duties. In this
respect they arc useful as, in a scoop system they can be left idling when not required, as they
offer very little resistance to flow. They will also pump in either direction, so can be used for
heeling and trirnming applications.
Mixed flow pump
In this type the pressure is developed partly be centrifugal action and partly by propulsion by
the vanes and, as the name implies, the flow is both axial and radial through the impeller.
Materials of construction of pumps
The materials used in the construction of the pumps must of course be suitable for the service
intended. Casings may be a high grade cast-iron or gun-metal. For salt water or bilge pumps
gun-metal is normally used. Impellers are aluminium bronze the shaft being of stainless steel
casing rings are of leaded bronze and the neck bush is of gun-metal.
Starting of centrifugal pump
Check that the discharge valve it shut, open the pump suction valve fully and flood pump with
liquid to be pumped. Under no circumstances must a pump be run without being fully primed.
Vent any trapped air from the pump by means of the air cock. Turn the pump shaft by hand to
ensure that it is free to rotate. Start the motor and bring up to operation speed, check rotation
of pump. Slowly open the discharge valve. (The suction valve should not be used for throttling
the pump output.) If out put has to be reduced, this can be achieved by adjusting the discharge
valve. To stop the pump, shut the discharge valve, stop the motor.
Excessive noise or vibration in centrifugal pump
This may be caused by cavitation due to unsuitable such conditions. The impeller balance may
he disturbed due to foreign material (such as rags) being trapped in the impeller. Mechanical
faults such as a badly worn impeller, pump neck bush or bottom bearing bush liner worn
excessively could also be the cause of vibration at the pump. Another cause could be
incorrectly supported pipe work
PUMPS RELATED DEFINITATIONS.
Capacity is the amount of liquid a pump is required to deliver during a certain period of time,
and may be expressed in a variety of ways, such as: gallons per minute, gallons per hour, tons
per hour, cubic feet per second, litres per second, etc.
Viscosity is the measure of the degree of fluidity of a liquid. This is generally recorded as the
number of seconds taken by a given quantity to flow through an orifice of given dimensions,
e.g. cold water has a viscosity of 29 s Redwood No. 1.
Net positive suction head (NPSH) is the term generally applied to the differential pressure
between that at the pump suction and the vapour pressure of the liquid at the pumping
temperature.

The 'Static suction head at the datum level shall be that which would be recorded by the
suction gauge with the whole system filled the liquid being pumped but with the pump not
working and with the pump delivery valve closed, subject to a correction for any difference in
the level of the water in the gauge and the datum level.
The 'Static delivery head' at the datum level shall be that which would be recorded by the
delivery gauge with the whole system filled with the liquid being pumped but with the pump
not working and with the pump suction valve closed, subject to a correction for any difference
in the level of the liquid in the gauge and the datum level.
The 'Suction head' at the datum level shall be that which would be recorded by the suction
gauge with the pump operating under the specified conditions subject to the correction for any
difference in the level of the liquid in the gauge and the datum level.
The 'Delivey head' at the datum level shall be that which would be recorded by the delivery
gauge with the pump operating under the specified conditions subject to a correction for any
difference in the level of the liquid in the gauge and the datum level.
The 'Total head' is made up of the sum of the readings of the suction and delivery gauge.
All pump selections must be based on total head.

Shipside valves
Shipside valves are made of steel or other approved ductile materials. Ordinary cast iron is not
acceptahle but spheroidal graphite cast iron to BS 2789 grade 420112 or equivalent is
acceptahle for the purpose. The valves are to be made at foundries approved by the
Classification Society.

Oxygen/acetylene storage
Storage spaces must be constructed of steel and have access to the open deck. Further
electrical fittings or other possible sources of ignition are not to be provided in storage rooms
containing acetylene. The storage spaces must be adequately ventilated. Ventilation
arrangements should be independent of the ship's ventilation systems.
Piping for acetylene systems should be of steel, the piping for oxygen systems should be of a
material suitable for this service. Cylinder securing devices should be capable of easy and
quick release so that in the event of fire the cylinders can be readily removed.

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Central cooling water system

Emergency Fire Pump

Emergency fire pumps is to be positioned, so that it will be able to operate at the lightest
draught to be encountered (also allowing for fall in pump performance).
A means of air extraction, for priming purposes, must be provided, When the pump is more
than 2 meters above this lightest draught, unless the pump is of the positive displacement type.
Emergency fire pump should provide 2 jets of water, with a throw of 12.5 m, through 12.5mm
diameter nozzles.

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Chemical treatment for portable water

Manually adding silver salts or solutions, allows for precise dosing of small amount of water
produced on board, while larger volume flows are controlled by a metering pump.
The electrolytic process is the one currently employed by many ships, as it forms a continuous
treatment which is cheap and meets the requirements. In electrolytic process positive silver
ions are released from a silver anode. The amount of metal released is controlled by the
current setting of the electrical supply. This current value is influenced by the conductivity of
the water, which in the case of water produced on bard, is low.
The operating costs of such a system are relatively low. One electrode has the capacity to treat
4000 m3 of water during its life span. Such a system is the 'Electro-Katadyn' system.

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Cable stopper

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