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x x
ds dt
f dS =
f (x(s, t))
s
t
S
T
where the expression between bars on the right-hand side
is the magnitude of the cross product of the partial derivatives of x(s, t), and is known as the surface element.
For example, if we want to nd the surface area of some
general scalar function, say z = f (x, y) , we have
dS =
A=
S
r
r
dx dy
y
T x
r
x
) (
)
(
1, 0, f 0, 1, f
dx dy
x
y
T
)
(
f , f , 1
dx dy
=
x
y
T
( )
( )2
2
f
f
+
+ 1 dx dy
=
x
y
T
A=
S
0
f = fz dx dy + fx dy dz + fy dz dx
be a dierential 2-form dened on the surface S, and let
A vector eld on a surface
both a tangential and a normal component, then only the Then, the surface integral of f on S is given by
normal component contributes to the ux. Based on this
reasoning, to nd the ux, we need to take the dot product
]
of v with the unit surface normal to S at each point, which [
(x, y)
(y, z)
(z, x)
fz (x(s, t))
+ fx (x(s, t))
+ fy (x(s, t))
ds d
will give us a scalar eld, and integrate the obtained eld
(s, t)
(s, t)
(s, t)
D
as above. We nd the formula
where
vdS =
vn dS =
S
v(x(s, t))
T
x x
s
t
x x
ds dt.
=
s
t
Advanced issues
6 See also
Divergence theorem
Stokes theorem
Line integral
Volume element
Volume integral
Cartesian coordinate system
Volume and surface area elements in spherical coordinate systems
Volume and surface area elements in cylindrical coordinate systems
HolsteinHerring method
7 External links
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), Surface integral, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN
978-1-55608-010-4
Surface Integral from MathWorld
Surface Integral Theory and exercises
8.1
Text
8.2
Images
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Surface_integral_illustration.
8.3
Content license