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Knowledge
Representation
and Reasoning
University Politehnica of Bucharest
Department of Computer Science
Fall 2014
Adina Magda Florea
Lecture 1
Lecture outline
Course goals
Grading
Textbooks and readings
Syllabus
Why KR?
KR&R Challenges
What is KR&R?
Formal logic: why and how
Links for the young researcher
2
Course goals
Provide an overview of existing representational
frameworks developed within AI, their key
concepts and inference methods.
Acquiring skills in representing knowledge
Understanding the principles behind different
knowledge representation techniques
Being able to read and understand research
literature in the area of KR&R
Being able to complete a project in this research
area
3
Grading
Course grades
Mid-term exam
Final exam
Projects
Laboratory
20%
30%
30%
20%
Class participation
Bonus points
Readings
Syllabus
1. General knowledge representation issues
2. Logical agents Logical knowledge representation and
reasoning
Syllabus
3. Rule based agents
Rete: Efficient unification
The Soar model, universal subgoaling and chunking
Modern rule based systems
4. Probabilistic agents
Markov decision processes
Bayesian networks
Hidden Markov models
Dynamic Bayesian networks
Syllabus
5. Reasoning with actions
Planning
Introduction to robotics
6. Knowledge representation in learning
Calls Debate
Academic publishing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing
Lecture 1
Readings for Lecture 1:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ai/
Readings for Lecture 2
AIMA Chapter 7
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchap07.pdf
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1. Why KR?
What is knowledge?
We understand by "knowledge" all kinds of
facts about the world.
Knowledge is necessary for intelligent
behavior (human beings, robots).
In this course we consider representation of
knowledge and how we can use it in making
intelligent artifacts(based on software,
hardware or both).
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2. KR&R Challenges
Challenges of KR&R:
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3. What is KR?
Randall Davis, Howard Shrobe, Peter Szolovits, MIT
What is KR?
It is a theory of intelligent reasoning
comprising:
the representation's fundamental
conception of intelligent reasoning;
the set of inferences the representation
suppor
It is a medium of human
expression, i.e., a language in which
we say things about the world.
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What is KR?
If A represents B, then A stands for B and
is usually more easily accessible than B.
Symbolic representations
Non-symbolic representations
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4. What is Reasoning?
Reasoning is the use of symbolic
representations of some statements in
order to derive new ones.
Inference a form of reasoning
Use of inferences (rules of inference)
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5. Models of KRR
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6. Formal logic
Formal logic is the field of study of entailment
relations, formal languages, truth conditions,
semantics, and inference.
All propositions/statements are represented as
formulae which have a semantics according to
the logic in question.
Logical system = Formal language +
semantics
Formal logics gives us a framework to discuss
different kinds of reasoning.
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S =< A , F , A , >
R
R
R F n F , y = y1 ,..., y n x, x, y i F , i = 1, n
Premise set
= {y1 , ... , yn }
E1 = E 0 U {x| y E 0n , y x}
n 1
Consequence of
E0 = A
E 2 = E1 U {x| y E1n , y x}
n 1
E i ( i 0)
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| R x, x is povable
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Model theory
Generate new wffs that are necessarily true, given that the old wffs
are true - entailment
KB |=L
Proof theory
Derive new wffs based on axioms and inference rules
KB |-i
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PrL, FOPL
Linear model
Extend PrL, PL
Sentential logic
of beliefs
Uses beliefs atoms BA()
Index PL with agents
Situation calculus
Adds states, actions
Symbol level
Knowledge level
Modal logic
Modal operators
Structured models
Description Logics
Subsumption relationships
Logics of knowledge
and belief
Modal operators B and K
Temporal logic
Modal operators for time
Linear time
Branching time
CTL logic
Branching time
and action
Dynamic logic
Modal operators
for actions
BDI logic
Adds agents, B, D, I
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knowledge
propositional first-order
Paul is a man
man(Paul)
Bill is a man
man(Bill)
(x) (man(x)
mortal(x))
First order logic
c
knowledge
first-order
second-order
smaller is
transitive
( x) (( y) (( z)
((<(x,y) <(y,z)
<(x,z)))))
( x) (( y) (( z)
((part-of(x,y)
part-of(y,z)
part-of(x,z)))))
transitive(<)
part-of is
transitive
R is transitive iff
not expressible
transitive(part-of)
( R) ((transitive(R)
( x) (( y) (( z)
((R(x,y) R(y,z)
R(x,z)))))))
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A logical puzzle
Someone who lives in Dreadbury Mansion killed Aunt
Agatha.
Agatha, the butler, and Charles live in Dreadbury
Mansion, and are the only people who live therein.
A killer always hates his victim, and is never richer than
his victim.
Charles hates no one that Aunt Agatha hates.
Agatha hates everyone except the butler.
The butler hates everyone not richer than Aunt Agatha.
The butler hates everyone Aunt Agatha hates.
No one hates everyone.
Agatha is not the butler.
Who killed Aunt Agatha?
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