Narendra Modi

Narendra Damodardas Modi (

listen),

born 17

September 1950) is the 15th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May
2014.[1][2] Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), previously served as the Chief
Minister of Gujarat statefrom 2001 to 2014. He is currently the Member of Parliament (MP)
fromVaranasi.
Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which resulted in an outright majority for the BJP
in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian parliament) the last time that any party had
secured an outright majority in the Lok Sabha was in 1984. Since then, Modi has also been
credited for the BJP's electoral victories in the states of Haryana and Maharashtra in October
2014. [3]
Modi is a Hindu Nationalist and a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).[4][5] He
is a controversial figure both within India as well as internationally[6][7][8][9] as his administration
has been criticised for failing to act to prevent the 2002 Gujarat riots.[9][10] Modi has been praised
for his economic policies, which are credited with creating an environment for a high rate of
economic growth in Gujarat.[11] However, his administration has also been criticised for failing to
make a significant positive impact upon the human development of the state.[12]

Early life and education

Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar,Mehsana
district, in Bombay State(present-day Gujarat).[13][14][15] His family belonged to the Ghanchi (oilpresser) community, which is categorised among the other backward classes by the Indian
government. He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand and Heeraben
Modi.[16] As a child, he helped his father Damodardas sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station,
and later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.[17][18] He completed his schoolingin
Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as being an average student, but a keen
debater with an interest in theatre.[17][19] An early gift for rhetoric in debates was noted by
teachers and students at the time.[20] Modi also showed a preference for playing larger than life
characters in theatre performances which has influenced the image he portrays of himself in
politics.[21][22]
At the age of eight, Modi came into contact with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and
began attending its localshakhas, or training sessions. There he met Lakshmanrao Inamdar,
popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who was to become Modi's political mentor. Inamdar inducted
Modi as a balswayamsevak, or junior cadet in the RSS.[23] While training with the RSS, he also

met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were
later founding members of the BJP's Gujarat unit in 1980.[24][25][26][27]
In keeping with the traditions of the Ghanchi caste, Modi's marriage was arranged by his
parents while he was still a child. He was engaged at the age of 13 to Jashodaben Chimanlal,
and married when he was 18. They spent little time together, and were soon estranged when
Modi decided to pursue an itinerant life.[17][28] The marriage was reportedly never
consummated.[29] Modi kept the marriage secret for most of his career, only acknowledging the
existence of his wife when filing his nomination for a parliamentary seat in the 2014 general
elections.[30][31]
Little is known of the time he spent traveling; however, in interviews Modi has spoken of visiting
various Hindu ashrams, or places of Hindu religious learning, founded by Swami Vivekananda.
The first of these was the Belur Math near Kolkata. He later visited the Advaita
Ashrama in Almora, and the Ramakrishna mission in Rajkot. However he was only able to stay
for a short period in each ashram, as he lacked a college education, and the institutions were
strictly limited to postgraduates.[32][33][34] After two years of travel, Modi returned to Vadnagar, and
after a brief visit left again for Ahmedabad. Here he lived with his uncle and worked at a canteen
also run by his uncle at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[35][36] In Ahmedabad, Modi
renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was then based at Hedgewar Bhavan, the RSS
headquarters in the city.[24][25][37] After the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped
working for his uncle and became a fulltime pracharak (campaigner) of the RSS.[36][38] In 1978,
Modi became a sambhaag pracharak (regional organiser) for the RSS, and also earned
an extramural degree in political science through a distance education course atDelhi
University.[29][39] In 1983, he completed his Master of Arts degree in political science from Gujarat
University.[19][40]

Early political career

On 26 June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a unilateral state of
emergency throughout the country, which lasted until 1977. During this period, many of her
political opponents were jailed, and organisations opposing her, including the RSS, were
banned.[41][42] At the time, Modi was the pracharak in-charge of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi
Parishad(ABVP), the student wing of the RSS. He was forced to go underground in Gujarat, and
frequently traveled in disguise to avoid being arrested. He became involved in printing booklets
against the central government and distributing them to Delhi, as well as organising
agitations.[17][43][44][45] During this period, he also wrote a book in Gujarati titled Sangharsh ma
Gujarat(The struggles of Gujarat) which described events during the emergency.[46][47]

The RSS assigned Modi to the BJP in 1985.[26] In 1988, Modi was elected an organising
secretary of BJP's Gujarat unit, marking his formal entry into electoral politics. [29][48] He rose to
prominence within the party after helping organise L. K. Advani's Ayodhya Rath Yatra in 1990
and Murli Manohar Joshi's Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity) in 199192.[17][49] His electoral strategy
as secretary was seen to be central to the BJP's victory in the 1995 state assembly
elections.[26][50][51]Later in the same year in November, Modi was elected National Secretary of the
BJP, and was transferred to New Delhi where he was assigned responsibility for the party's
activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[50][52] In 1996, Shankersinh Vaghela, one of the
most prominent leaders of the BJP in Gujarat, defected to the INC after he lost his parliamentary
seat in the 1996 Lok Sabha elections.[17] While on the selection committee for the 1998
Assembly elections in Gujarat, Modi favoured supporters of Patel over those loyal to Vaghela, in
an attempt to put an end to the factional divisions within the party. His strategies were credited
as being key to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 elections.[50][53] As a result, Modi
was promoted to the post of general secretary (Organisation) of the BJP in May 1998.

Chief Minister of Gujarat

In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing, and the BJP had lost seats in the by-elections.
Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were being made, and Patel's
standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of theBhuj Earthquake of
2001.[50][55][56] As a result, the BJP's national leadership sought a new candidate for the office of
chief minister, and Modi, who had aired his misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen
as a replacement.[17] L. K. Advani, a senior leader of the BJP, did not want to ostracise Patel and
was worried about Modi's lack of experience in governance. Modi declined an offer to be Patel's
deputy chief minister, informing Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully
responsible for Gujarat or not at all", and on 3 October 2001, Modi was named as the
replacement of Patel as the Chief Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the
BJP for elections in December 2002.[57][58][59]As Chief Minister, Modi's ideas of governance
revolved around privatisation and small government, which stood at odds with what political
commentator Aditi Phadnis has described as the anti-privatisation, anti-globalisation position of
the RSS.[55]

First term (200102)

On 7 October 2001, Modi was administered the oath of office by the Sunder Singh Bhandari,
Governor of Gujarat .[60] He then contested election from Rajkot - II assembly constituency in a
by-poll and won by defeating Congress's Ashwin Mehta by 14,728 votes.[61]
2002 Gujarat riots
Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots
On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers including large numbers of
Hindu pilgrims was burned nearGodhra, killing around 60 people.[a] Following rumours that the
fire was carried out by Muslim arsonists, anti-Muslim violencespread throughout
Gujarat.[64] Estimates of the death toll ranged from 900 to over 2,000, while several thousand
more people were injured.[65][66] The Modi government imposed a curfew in major cities, issued
shoot-at-sight orders, and called for the army to prevent the violence from
escalating.[67][68] However, human rights organisations, opposition parties, and sections of the
media all accused Gujarat's government of taking insufficient action against the riots, and even
condoning it in some cases.[67][68][69] Modi's decision to move the corpses of the Kar Sevaks who
had been burned to death in Godhra to Ahmedabad had been criticised for inflaming the
violence.[70][71]
In March 2008, the Supreme Court asked the state government to re-investigate nine cases in
the 2002 Gujarat riots, including the Gulbarg Society incident, and constituted a Special
Investigation Team (SIT) to probe the cases afresh.[69][72][73] Responding to a petition from Zakia
Jafri, widow of Ehsan Jafri who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, the Supreme court
in April 2009 asked the SIT to probe her complaint alleging that Modi and another minister had
been complicit in the killing.[72][74] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010, and in May 2010
presented its report before the Court, stating that it found no evidence to substantiate the
allegations.[72][75] In July 2011, the amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report
to the Supreme Court, stating that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence,
contrary to the position of the SIT. Ramachandran's report was criticised by the SIT for relying
on the testimony of Sanjiv Bhatt, who, it said, had fabricated the documents used as
evidence.[76][77] The Supreme court handed the matter to the magistrate court, and left it to the
SIT to examine Ramachandran's report. The SIT submitted its final report in March 2012,
seeking closure of the case, against which Zakia Jaffri filed a protest petition. In December
2013, the magistrate court rejected the protest petition and accepted the clean chit given to
Modi by SIT stating that there was no evidence against Modi in the case.[78]

Modi's involvement in the events of 2002 has continued to be debated. Several scholars have
described the events of 2002 as a pogrom, while others have called it an instance of state
terrorism.[79][80][81] Summarizing academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum stated that
"There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing,
that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the
state government and officers of the law."[82] In 2012, Maya Kodnani, a former minister in Modi's
Government from 200709, was convicted of having participated in the Naroda Patiya
massacre during the 2002 riots.[83][84] She was both the first female and the first MLA to be
convicted in a post-Godhra riots case.[85] While initially announcing that it would seek the death
penalty for Kodnani, Modi's government eventually pardoned her in 2013 and settled for a
prison sentence.[86][87][88]
A few months after the riots, New York Times reporter Celia Dugger asked Modi if he wished he
handled the riots any differently. He told her his only regret was that he did not handle the news
media better[89][90] and cited India's NDTVchannel as being irresponsible in its reporting.[91]
2002 election
Main article: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2002
In the aftermath of the violence, there were widespread calls for Modi to resign from his position
as chief minister of Gujarat. These came from both within and outside the state, including from
the leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and theTelugu Desam Party, which were allies
in then BJP-led NDA government at the centre. The opposition parties stalled the national
parliament over the issue.[92][93] In April 2002, at the national executive meeting of BJP at Goa,
Modi submitted his resignation; however, it was rejected by the party.[94] On 19 July 2002, Modi's
cabinet had an emergency meeting and offered its resignation to the Governor of Gujarat, S. S.
Bhandari, and the assembly was dissolved.[95][96] In the subsequent elections, the BJP, led by
Modi, won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[97] Modi made significant use of anti-Muslim
rhetoric during his election campaign, though he later denied it.[98][99][100][101] Modi won from the
Maninagar constituency receiving 1,13,589 votes of the total of 1,54,981 votes polled defeating
Congress Candidate Yatin Oza by a difference of 75,333 votes.[102] On 22 December 2002, Modi
was sworn in as the Chief Minister for a second time by the Governor Bhandari.[103]

Second term (200207)

Despite allegations of using anti-Muslim rhetoric during the campaign, Modi's emphasis shifted
during his second term fromHindutva to the economic development of Gujarat.[55][98] Modi's
decisions curtailed the influence of organisations of the Sangh Parivar such as the Bharatiya
Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),[104] which had become entrenched in

Gujarat after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile industry.[55] Modi dropped Gordhan Zadafia, an
ally of his former Sangh coworker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia, from the cabinet
ministry. When the BKS launched a farmers' agitation, Modi ordered their eviction from houses
provided by the state government. Modi's decision to demolish 200 illegal temples
in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with VHP.[104][105] Various organisations of the Sangh were no
longer consulted nor informed of Modi's administrative decisions prior to their enactment. [104]
The changes brought by Modi in the period 200207 has led to Gujarat being called an
attractive investment destination. Aditi Phadnis writes that "there was sufficient anecdotal
evidence pointing to the fact that corruption had gone down significantly in the state... if there
was to be any corruption, Modi had to know about it".[55] Modi started financial and technology
parks in the state. During the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real estate investment deals worth
6.6 trillion were signed in Gujarat.[55]
Despite his focus on economic issues during the second term, Modi continued to be criticised
for his relationship with Muslims. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then Prime Minister of India, who had
asked Modi not to discriminate between citizens in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence
and had pushed for his resignation as Chief Minister of Gujarat,[106][107] distanced himself from
Modi and reached out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 elections to the Lok Sabha. After
the elections, Vajpayee held that the violence in Gujarat had been one of the reasons for BJP's
electoral defeat and acknowledged that not removing Modi immediately after the Gujarat
violence was a mistake.[108][109]
2007 election
Further information: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2007
In the run up to the assembly elections in 2007 and the general election in 2009, the BJP
stepped up its rhetoric on terrorism.[110] On 18 July 2006, Modi criticised the Indian Prime
Minister, Manmohan Singh, "... for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislations" such as
the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act. He asked the national government to allow states to
invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 blasts in Mumbai.[111] Around this time Modi
frequently demanded the execution of Afzal Guru,[112] a collaborator of the Pakistani jihadists
who had been convicted of terrorism for his involvement in the2001 Indian Parliament
attack.[113][b] As a consequence of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a meeting to
discuss security of Gujarat's 1,600 km (990 mi) long coastline which resulted in the central
government authorisation of 30 highspeed surveillance boats.[114]

In July 2007, Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him
the longest-serving holder of that post.[115] The BJP won 122 of the 182 seats in the state
assembly in the 2007 election, and Modi continued as chief minister.[116]

Third term (200712)

Development projects
Successive BJP governments under Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the
creation of infrastructure projects for conservation of groundwater. Gujarat is a semi-arid state
and, according to Tushaar Shah, was "... never known for agrarian dynamism". By December
2008, 500,000 structures had been constructed, of which 113,738 were check dams. While
most check dams remained empty during the pre-monsoon season, they helped recharge
the aquifers that lie beneath them.[117] 60 of the 112 tehsils which were found to have over
exploited the groundwater table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater level by
2010,[118] meaning that Gujarat had managed to increase its groundwater levels at a time when
they were falling in all other Indian states. As a result, production of genetically-modified Bt
cotton, which could now be irrigated using tube wells, increased to become the largest in
India.[117] The boom in cotton production and utilisation of semiarid land[119] saw the agriculture
growth rate of Gujarat increase to 9.6% in the period 200107.[120] Though public irrigation
measures in the central and southern areas, such as the Sardar Sarovar Project, have not been
as successful in achieving their aims,[117] for the decade 200110, Gujarat recorded an
agriculturalgrowth rate of 10.97%, the highest among all Indian states.[119] However, sociologists
have pointed out that the growth rate under the Congress government during 199297 was at
12.9%
The Narendra Modi government also succeeded in bringing electricity to every village in
Gujarat, although Dipankar Banerjee points out that all but 170 of them had been electrified
under the previous Congress administration.[121] Modi also greatly changed the system of power
distribution in the state, with a significant impact on farmers. The state greatly expanded
the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which the agricultural electricity supply was rewired to
separate it from other rural power supplies. The electricity supplied was then rationed to fit
scheduled demand for irrigation, resulting in a cost reduction. Initial farmer protests died down
when the farmers who benefited found that supply had become more regular.[117] An assessment
study found that corporations and large farmers had significantly benefited from the policy, but
that small farmers and labourers had been negatively impacted.[122]
In his third term, progress was made on the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City project,
considered as one of Modi's pet projects. The first phase, which encompassed two skyscrapers,
GIFT One and Two, was completed in 2012.[123][124]

Debate on Gujarat's development under Modi

Modi's government has worked to brand Gujarat as a state of dynamic development, economic
growth and prosperity, using the slogan "Vibrant Gujarat".[125][126][127]However, critics have pointed
to Gujarat's relatively poor record on human development, poverty alleviation, nutrition, and
education. The state is 13th in India for poverty, 21st for education, 44.7 percent of children
under five are underweight and 23 percent are undernourished putting the state in the
"alarming" category on the India State Hunger Index.[128] In contrast, officials from the state of
Gujarat claim that Gujarat outperformed India as a whole in the rates of improvement of multiple
human indicators, such as female education, between 2001 and 2011. Furthermore, they claim
that the school drop-out rates declined from 20 percent in 2001 to 2 percent in 2011, and that
maternal mortality declined by 32 percent from 2001 to 2011.[129] Additionally, the Indian
Supreme Court, in a review of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, identified Gujarat as being one of
the few states from which there were no complaints of forcible land acquisition.[130]
Political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot asserts that the development in Gujarat has been limited
to the urban middle class, while rural dwellers and lower castes have become increasingly
marginalised. He cites the fact that Gujarat ranks 10th among the 21 Indian states in the Human
Development Index, which he attributes to the lower development in rural Gujarat. He states
that under Modi, the number of families living below the poverty line has increased, and that
particularly rural adivasi and dalits have become increasingly marginalised.[131] In July 2013,
Economics Nobel LaureateAmartya Sen criticised Narendra Modi's governance record and said
he did not approve of it, saying that under Modi's administration, Gujarat's "record in education
and healthcare is pretty bad".[132] However, economists Arvind Panagariyaand Jagdish
Bhagwati state that Gujarat's social indicator improved from a much lower baseline than other
Indian states. They state that Gujarat's performance in raising literacy rates has been superior
to other states in India, and the "rapid" improvement of health indicators in Gujarat as evidence
that "its progress has not been poor by any means."[133]

Fourth term (201214)

In the 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly elections, Modi won from the constituency of
Maninagar with a majority of 86,373 votes over Sanjiv Bhatt's wife, Shweta, who was contesting
for the Indian National Congress.[134] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing the majority
that the party has had throughout Modi's tenure,[135]and allowing the party to form the
government, as it has in Gujarat since 1995.[136]
In later by-elections, the BJP won an additional four assembly seats and 2 Lok Sabha seats that
were all held by the Indian National Congress prior to the by-elections, even though Modi never

campaigned for its candidates.[137] This brought the number of seats held by the BJP in the state
assembly up to 119.
In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton School of the University of
Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi after some IndianAmericans lobbied against Modi.[138]
After being elected as Prime Minister, Modi resigned from the post of chief minister on 21 May
2014, and his MLA seat from the Maninagar constituency, after delivering a leaving speech
described as emotional. Anandiben Patel was chosen as his replacement.[139]

National government
2009 election
Modi played a role in the 2009 national general election campaign of the BJP[140] and was one of
their star campaigners.[141]

2014 general election

On 31 March 2013, Modi was appointed to the BJP Parliamentary Board, the highest decisionmaking body of the party.[142][143] On 9 June 2013, Modi was appointed Chairman of the BJP's
Central Election Campaign Committee for the 2014 general election, at the national level
executive meeting of BJP.[144] The party's senior leader and founding member Lal Krishna
Advani resigned from all his posts at the party following the selection, protesting against leaders
who were "concerned with their personal agendas"; the resignation was described by The
Times of India as "a protest against Narendra Modi's elevation as the chairman of the party's
election committee". However, Advani withdrew his resignation the next day at the urging of
RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat.[145] In September 2013, BJP announced Modi as their prime
ministerial candidate for the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[146] Narendra Modi contested the election
from two constituencies: Varanasi[147] and Vadodara.[148] His candidacy was supported by
spiritual leaders Ramdev and Morari Bapu,[149] and by economists Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind
Panagariya, who have stated that they, "...are impressed by Modi's economics."[150] His
detractors included Nobel Prize laureate economist Amartya Sen, who said that he did not want
Modi as a Prime Minister because he had not done enough to make minorities feel safe, and
that under Modi, Gujarat's record in health and education provision has been "pretty bad".[132]
During his campaign, Modi, pledged to speed government decision-making and remove
bureaucratic hurdles that have slowed development.[151]

Modi won from both seats he contested; defeating Arvind Kejriwal, leader of the Aam Aadmi
Party, in Varanasi andMadhusudan Mistry of the Indian National Congress in Vadodara (by a
margin of 570,128 votes, the second highest ever).[152] He led the BJP-led NDA to a decisive
victory in the general elections in which the ruling Indian National Congress suffered its worst
ever defeat.[153][154][155] Modi was unanimously elected as the leader of the BJP parliamentary
party following his party's victory in the Indian parliamentary elections and was subsequently
appointed the prime minister by India's president.[156][157] To comply with the rule that a MP can
not hold two constituencies, Modi vacated the Vadodara seat.[158]
In "India's first social media election", Modi effectively used social media like Twitter, Facebook
and Google in his campaign, besides Google Hangouts and holograms for campaign
appearances. He even posted a selfie on Twitter and his victory tweet emerged as the most
retweeted in India.[159]

Prime Minister
Narendra Modi was sworn in as Prime Minister on 26 May 2014 at the Rastrapati Bhavan. He is
India's first prime minister born after the country's independence.[160] In a first of its kind, Modi
invited all SAARC leaders to attend his swearing-in ceremony;[161]the attendees included
Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai, Sri Lankan PresidentMahinda Rajapaksa, Bhutan Prime
Minister Tshering Tobgay, Maldives PresidentAbdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom, Prime
Minister Navin Ramgoolam of Mauritius (SAARC observer), Nepal Prime Minister Sushil
Koirala, Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif,[162] and Speaker of the National Parliament of
Bangladesh Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury.[163][164] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina could
not attend since she had a scheduled state visit to Japan and deputed the Speaker of National
Parliament of Bangladesh to attend the ceremony on her behalf.[165]
Modi's first cabinet consisted of 45 ministers, less than the 70 ministers of the previous
government.[166]

International diplomacy
As chief minister of Gujarat
To attract foreign investment in Gujarat during his time as chief minister, Modi made visits to
countries such as China, Singapore and Japan.[167] He also visited China in November 2006 to
study the Special Economic Zones that were about to be implemented in Gujarat.[168] He again
visited in September 2007[169] and later in November 2011. A month after his visit of 2011,
the Chinese Government released 13 diamond traders from India who had been jailed by
the Shenzhen Customs, which Modi attributed to his diplomatic efforts and statesmanship.

Modi's relationship with many Western nations was a troubled one during his tenure as Chief
Minister. Questions about his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots resulted in a boycott by the UK, the
US and the EU. He was barred from entering the United States under a provision of
the Immigration and Nationality Act.[172] Modi is the only person ever denied a visa to the U.S.
under this provision.[173] The UK as well as the European Union refused to deal with Modi
because of perceptions of his role in the riots. However, as Modi emerged as a national leader
in India, the UK[174] and the EU[175] lifted their boycotts in October 2012 and March 2013
respectively and, following Modi's election as the Prime Minister of India, the US invited him to
Washington.[176][177]
In 2011, the Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry, impressed with the development of
Gujarat, invited Modi to visit Pakistan and address prominent business leaders. They also asked
him to consider a flight between Karachi and Ahmedabad, on account of the historical cultural
and economic relations between the two regions of Gujarat and Sindh. Modi wanted to help
Pakistan out of its power crisis, especially in Sindh, suggesting Pakistan can follow the 'Gujarat
Model' in two ways Gujarat Solar Park and Kalpasar Project.[178]
In April 2014, in a move described as "unexpected", senior Pakistani diplomats told The Daily
Telegraph that Modi is their preferred choice for the Prime Minister of India, "as he could provide
the strong leadership necessary for peace talks".[179]
Although boycotted by Western nations, Modi visited Japan in 2012. According to Ryohei Kasai,
research fellow at the Center for South Asian Studies, Gifu Women's University, Japan, "There
is a growing interest in Modi in Japan with much anticipation that he will reshape India by
revitalizing its economy and better governance. I believe Japan has an excellent relationship
with him. Not only have successive Japanese ambassadors to India been regular guests in
'Vibrant Gujarat' investors' summit (organised biennially) but Japanese private companies also
made a big amount of investment in the state."[180]

As Prime Minister of India

Modi invited the leaders of SAARC countries to his swearing-in ceremony for taking office as
Prime Minister, to strengthen the diplomatic relationship and increase business.[181] Continuing
with the aim of promoting close ties with neighbouring countries, Modi's first foreign visit as
Prime Minister of India was to Bhutan . He later visited Nepal on August 8, 2014.[182][183] Later, he
made a 5 day bilateral visit to Japan starting on August 30, 2014.[184] On 17 September
2014, Chinese President Xi Jinpingarrived in India and several financial MoUs and agreements
of cooperation were signed between the two countries.[185] which Modi termed as a new chapter
in the economic relations of both them.[186] Modi visited the United States in the last week of

September 2014, which was described as very successful, leading to a boosting of bilateral
relations between India and the US.[187]

Personality and image

Modi is a vegetarian.[188] He has a frugal lifestyle, is a workaholic and an introvert.[189] He writes
poems in Gujarati.[190] As a speaker, he is known as a crowd-puller.[191] In the critical opinion of
Somini Sengupta, writing for The New York Times in a 2009 article on the Supreme Court's
ordering of an investigation into Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots, "Mr. Modi has assiduously
sought to reinvent himself from a scruffy mascot of Hindu nationalism to a decisive corporatestyle administrator".[69] He emerged as social media savvy politician and since September 2014
is the second most followed leader in the world with over 6 million followers on Twitter.[159][192] His
interaction on Google Hangouts on 31 August 2012 made Modi the first Indian politician to
interact with netizens through live chat on the internet.[193][194]
Modi has been labelled by the media and some articles in peer-reviewed journals as a
controversial, polarising and divisive figure,[195][196][197] but British economist Jim O'Neill, author of
the BRIC report, wrote on his blog that Modi is "good on economics", one of the things that
"India desperately needs in a leader".[198] In August 2013, financial analyst Chris Wood, chief
strategist of CLSA, wrote in his weekly Greed & Fear that "the Indian stock market's greatest
hope is the emergence of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi as the BJP's prime ministerial
candidate".[198]

Awards and recognitions

Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on
celebration of centenary year.[199]

e-Ratna award by the Computer Society of India.[200]

Best Chief Minister In a nationwide survey conducted in 2007 by India Today magazine,
Narendra Modi was declared the Best Chief Minister in the country.[201]

Asian Winner of the fDi Personality of the Year award for 2009 by FDi magazine.[202]

In March 2012, Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time, one of India's few
politicians to have done so.[203]

Modi was featured in Time's 2014 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[204]

Modi has become the most followed Asian leader on Twitter.[205]

In 2014, he was ranked as the world's 15th most powerful person by Forbes.[206]