For LTIADS (II Year)

SARVADE SHIVAJI M.

TOS
Analysis of Structures

PREREQUISITES:
Calculation of Reactions.
Conditions of Equilibrium.

M
F =0
F =0

@ any point

=0

To calculate reactions for the given beam, apply the above mentioned conditions of
equilibrium, (i. e. Sum of moments of all the forces about a point is equal to ZERO, Sum of all
vertical forces is equal to ZERO and Sum of all horizontal forces is equal to ZERO.)
Moment of Force: Moment of a Force about any point is the PRODUCT OF FORCE and ITS
PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE FROM THAT POINT.

General Sign Conventions.

For FORCE
For MOMENT
Upward Force= +ve
Clockwise Moment = + ve
Downward Force = - ve. Anti- Clockwise Moment = - ve

Illustrative Example:
10 kN

Equivalent Pt Load

20 kN

=Intensity of UDL X Span of UDL

10kN/m
C

1m
RB

RA
1m

1m

2m

UDL can be converted in EQUIVALENT POINT LOAD, which always acts at the centre of the
span over which the UDL acts.
In this case,

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For LTIADS (II Year)

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EQUIVALENT POINT LOAD= 10 kN/ m X 2 m = 20 kN, acting at the centre of the span DB,
i. e. at a distance of 1 m from the point D.
Applying Condition of Equilibrium,
M @A = 0
- RB x 4 + 15 x 1 + 20 x 2 + (10 x 2) x (2 + 1) =0
RB = 115/4=28.75 kN.
Fy = 0
RB + RA 15 20 (10 x 2) =0
RA = 55 - RB = 26.25 kN.

Chapter FIXED BEAM.

Definition : A beam whose end supports are such that THE END SLOPES REMAIN ZERO.

Advantages:

End slopes are zero.

More stiff, strong and stable than Simply Supported beam.
For same span and same loading, fixed beam has lower values of Bending Moments
and deflections compared with Simply Supported beam.

Disadvantages:

Little sinking at any support over the other induces additional moments at each end.
Care has to be taken to ensure the fixity.
Temperature stresses are induced due to variation in the temperature.

Principle of Superposition:
If numbers of forces/ moments are acting simultaneously on a body, then their combined effect
on the body is equal to the algebraic sum of the effects of the individual forces / moments
considered separately.

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For LTIADS (II Year)

SARVADE SHIVAJI M.

Steps to analyse FIXED BEAM.

1. Consider given fixed beam as a simply supported Beam and calculate reactions, shear
forces, bending moments for this simply supported beam. BMD for simply supported
condition is known as - Diagram
2. Now consider only fixed end moments are acting on the beam, predict the bending
moment pattern, i.e. if the loading is symmetrical then Fixed end BMD will be
RECTANGLE, if the loading is unsymmetrical then the fixed end BMD will be a
trapezoid. Based upon the loading decide if MA or MB is grater and draw the Fixed end
BMD accordingly. BMD for Fixed End Moments is called - Diagram
3. If the Fixed end BMD is rectangle, i. e. when the loading is symmetrical, then reactions
of SS beam are equal to the reaction of fixed beam.
4. If the fixed end BMD is a trapezoid then calculate reaction due to unbalanced moment
which will be applied in the form of restoring couple as follows,
if MB > MA then,
MB - MA = R x L
R=

5.
6.

7.
8.

 



Where, R = Reaction due to unbalanced load.

Apply this restoring couple in opposite sense of the unbalanced moment.
To get final reactions, take the algebraic sum of initial reactions of SS beam and the
REACTION DUE TO UNBALANCED MOMENTS (R).
To calculate BM for Fixed Beam, use following two relations,
a. Area of SS BMD = Area of Fixed End Moments BMD.
b. CG of SS BMD = CG of Fixed End BMD.
For symmetrical loading, only (a) relation is sufficient as, MA = MB , for unsymmetrical
loading, both relations are required as,   .
To draw final BMD, superimpose fixed end BMD on SS BMD, area common to both
gets cancelled as area of SS BMD is positive (Sagging in nature) and area of Fixed end
BMD is negative (Hogging in Nature).

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For LTIADS (II Year)

SARVADE SHIVAJI M.

Chapter CONTINUOUS BEAM.

Definition: A beam which is supported on more than two supports.

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Steps to analyse CONTINUOUS BEAM.

1. Consider the given beam as series of simply supported beam.
2. Analyse these SS beams and find individual reactions and BMD s.
3. Apply THREE moment theorem for two successive spans. Make sure that CG of 1st
span is calculated from LEFT END and CG of 2nd Span is calculated from RIGHT
END.
4. If support is FIXED, then add an IMAGINARY ZEORO span for which CG and BM
are zero.
5. To calculate final reactions, first calculate reaction due to UNBALANCED MOMENT
and apply corresponding RESTORING COUPLE, and take ALGEBRAIC SUM of all
the reactions for the point.
6. Finally draw SFD and BMD.

Chapter SLOPE AND DEFLECTION

There is only ONE relation.

 
= 
 

Where, Mx is moment at any section X-X.

Steps
1. Take a section X-X at a distance x from any support. If partial UDL is given then
preferably take section cutting the UDL.
 

2. Take moment at X-X section and equate it to

   .
3. Draw section line representing the portion from origin for which that moment is valid.
4. Integrate this equation with respect to x, 1st integration will result Slope i.e. dy/dx, and
2nd integration will result Deflection, i.e. y.
5. Never open brackets while performing integration.
6. Always write constants of integrations in the FIRST PORTION.
7. Calculate constants of integration C1 and C2 by applying BOUNDARY CONDITIONS,
for FIXED SUPPORT, both SLOPE and DEFLECTIONS are ZERO and for SIMPLE
SUPPORT, ONLY DEFLECTION IS ZERO.
8. Neglect the portion if the TERM IN BRACKET IS NEGATIVE AFTER PUTTING
VALUE OF x, it simply means that the force is not present at that section.
9. After getting constants value form FINAL SLOE and DEFLECTION equation by
putting the values of constants back in the appropriate equation.
10. From these equations slopes and deflections at any asked point can be calculated. Make
sure there is UNIFORMITY IN THE UNITS OF E, I, FORCE and DISTANCE.

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For LTIADS (II Year)

SARVADE SHIVAJI M.

References
1. Structutral Analysis - By Madan Mohan Das, Bhargab Mohan Das, Mini Das Saikia
2. Theory of Structures By S. S. Deo.

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